Gastroparesis
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Gastroparesis is a chronic condition that doesn’t allow the stomach to fully empty itself during digestion. Learn more.
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Gastroparesis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment
Gastroparesis is a condition in which a human stomach cannot empty itself of food in a normal manner. Gastroparesis disorder is also known as delayed gastric emptying.
Gastroparesis
This document discusses gastroparesis, a condition where the stomach takes too long to empty its contents. It describes a case study of a 52-year-old woman with symptoms of fullness, nausea, and vomiting. The document outlines various diagnostic tests for gastroparesis including gastric scintigraphy and discusses treatments including dietary changes, medications, gastric electrical stimulation, and surgery. It provides details on the Enterra therapy device and clinical trials showing improvement in symptoms, gastric emptying, and quality of life for many patients.
Gastroparesis high yield points
Gastroparesis is a syndrome of objectively delayed gastric emptying in the absence of a mechanical obstruction and cardinal symptoms of nausea, vomiting, early satiety, bloating, and/or upper abdominal pain
Gastroparesis CSGNA 2016
Presentation on gastroparesis presented to the Canadian Society for GI Nurses and Associates, 10/2016
Approach, indications and surgical management of gerd 2
GERD is diagnosed clinically or with endoscopy and pH monitoring. Surgical options include laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication, which is the gold standard for treating failed medical management, complications, or large hiatal hernias. Complications include dysphagia, which can be reduced using a partial fundoplication or short wrap. Newer minimally invasive options include the LINX device and endoscopic fundoplication but long-term data is still emerging. Revisional surgery is an option for failed initial antireflux procedures.
Peptic ulcer disease
This document discusses peptic ulcer disease (PUD), including its causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. PUD is characterized by erosion of the GI mucosa from stomach acid and pepsin. It commonly affects the lower esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. The two main types are gastric and duodenal ulcers. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Diagnosis involves endoscopy and tests for H. pylori bacteria. Treatment focuses on reducing stomach acid with PPIs or H2 blockers, eradicating H. pylori, and protecting the mucosa. Complications can include bleeding, perforation, and obstruction if not properly treated.
GERD (Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease)
Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease- To Know the symptoms and cause of the GERD, Visit at Gisurgery.info
Gastroparesis
This document discusses endoscopic and surgical therapies for gastroparesis. It summarizes various etiologies of gastroparesis including diabetes, connective tissue disorders, and idiopathic causes. It reviews diagnostic tests for gastroparesis and discusses novel medications and interventional treatments including transpyloric stent placement, laparoscopic pyloroplasty, gastric electric stimulation, botulinum toxin injection, gastrectomy, and gastric per-oral endoscopic myotomy. It provides details on clinical studies that have evaluated these therapies and their effectiveness in improving gastroparesis symptoms.
Recommended
Gastroparesis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment
Gastroparesis is a condition in which a human stomach cannot empty itself of food in a normal manner. Gastroparesis disorder is also known as delayed gastric emptying.
Gastroparesis
This document discusses gastroparesis, a condition where the stomach takes too long to empty its contents. It describes a case study of a 52-year-old woman with symptoms of fullness, nausea, and vomiting. The document outlines various diagnostic tests for gastroparesis including gastric scintigraphy and discusses treatments including dietary changes, medications, gastric electrical stimulation, and surgery. It provides details on the Enterra therapy device and clinical trials showing improvement in symptoms, gastric emptying, and quality of life for many patients.
Gastroparesis high yield points
Gastroparesis is a syndrome of objectively delayed gastric emptying in the absence of a mechanical obstruction and cardinal symptoms of nausea, vomiting, early satiety, bloating, and/or upper abdominal pain
Gastroparesis CSGNA 2016
Presentation on gastroparesis presented to the Canadian Society for GI Nurses and Associates, 10/2016
Approach, indications and surgical management of gerd 2
GERD is diagnosed clinically or with endoscopy and pH monitoring. Surgical options include laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication, which is the gold standard for treating failed medical management, complications, or large hiatal hernias. Complications include dysphagia, which can be reduced using a partial fundoplication or short wrap. Newer minimally invasive options include the LINX device and endoscopic fundoplication but long-term data is still emerging. Revisional surgery is an option for failed initial antireflux procedures.
Peptic ulcer disease
This document discusses peptic ulcer disease (PUD), including its causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. PUD is characterized by erosion of the GI mucosa from stomach acid and pepsin. It commonly affects the lower esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. The two main types are gastric and duodenal ulcers. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Diagnosis involves endoscopy and tests for H. pylori bacteria. Treatment focuses on reducing stomach acid with PPIs or H2 blockers, eradicating H. pylori, and protecting the mucosa. Complications can include bleeding, perforation, and obstruction if not properly treated.
GERD (Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease)
Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease- To Know the symptoms and cause of the GERD, Visit at Gisurgery.info
Gastroparesis
This document discusses endoscopic and surgical therapies for gastroparesis. It summarizes various etiologies of gastroparesis including diabetes, connective tissue disorders, and idiopathic causes. It reviews diagnostic tests for gastroparesis and discusses novel medications and interventional treatments including transpyloric stent placement, laparoscopic pyloroplasty, gastric electric stimulation, botulinum toxin injection, gastrectomy, and gastric per-oral endoscopic myotomy. It provides details on clinical studies that have evaluated these therapies and their effectiveness in improving gastroparesis symptoms.
Gerd
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects over 60 million Americans and is commonly diagnosed and treated by family physicians. GERD is defined as reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus, causing symptoms like heartburn and acid regurgitation. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are highly effective at relieving GERD symptoms and different PPIs provide similar relief. Long-term PPI use may be associated with complications like hypomagnesemia, hip fractures, and pneumonia. Endoscopy is useful for diagnosing GERD complications but not sensitive for diagnosing GERD itself. Surgery should be reserved for severe cases that are poorly controlled by lifestyle changes and high doses
Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when gastric contents reflux into the esophagus in excessive amounts, potentially causing injury. It results from lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction or impaired esophageal clearance. Symptoms include heartburn and regurgitation. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, manometry, and pH monitoring. Treatment consists of lifestyle modifications, antacids, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, prokinetics, and surgery for severe cases. In infants, GERD is common and usually resolves by age 1 with conservative measures like thickened feedings and upright positioning.
Diabetic gastroparesis.pptx
Diabetic gastroparesis is a complication of diabetes that results from dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system and stomach muscles. It causes delayed emptying of food from the stomach. The presentation includes nausea, vomiting, early fullness and weight changes. Diagnosis involves testing for delayed gastric emptying. Treatment focuses on diet, glycemic control, prokinetic medications, and in severe cases, procedures like gastric stimulation. Education is important for managing the chronic nature of the condition and preventing complications like malnutrition.
Presentation gerd
This document summarizes recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It discusses definitions, pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic tests including 24-hour pH monitoring and endoscopy, and treatment options including lifestyle modifications, medications like PPIs, and surgical procedures. Key recent advances mentioned include new diagnostic markers, multichannel intraluminal impedance pH monitoring, narrow-band imaging, and endoscopic assessment of mucosal impedance. Surgical treatments discussed are laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery and the Linx device, and recent studies comparing partial versus complete fundoplication and surgical versus medical therapy.
Gastritis
Gastritis is a condition in which the stomach
lining—known as the mucosa—is inflamed. The stomach lining contains special
cells that produce acid and enzymes, which help break down food for digestion,
and mucus, which protects the stomach lining from acid. When the stomach lining
is inflamed, it produces less acid, enzymes, and mucus.
Gastritis may be acute or chronic. Sudden,
severe inflammation of the stomach lining is called acute gastritis. Inflammation
that lasts for a long time is called chronic gastritis. If chronic gastritis is
not treated, it may last for years or even a lifetime.
Erosive gastritis is a type of gastritis that
often does not cause significant inflammation but can wear away the stomach
lining. Erosive gastritis can cause bleeding, erosions, or ulcers. Erosive
gastritis may be acute or chronic.
The relationship between gastritis and
symptoms is not clear. The term gastritis refers specifically to abnormal
inflammation in the stomach lining. People who have gastritis may experience
pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, but many people with gastritis do not
have any symptoms.
The term gastritis is sometimes mistakenly
used to describe any symptoms of pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. Many
diseases and disorders can cause these symptoms. Most people who have upper
abdominal symptoms do not have gastritis.
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)
Powerpoint file pptx: https://www.mediafire.com/file/99zkmdzpoatgtaj/
GERD Management recent advances.pptx
GERD is a common condition where stomach acid refluxes into the esophagus. It is classified into NERD (non-erosive reflux disease) and ERD (erosive reflux disease). Complications include esophagitis, peptic stricture, and Barrett's esophagus which increases cancer risk. Diagnosis involves symptom response to PPI trial or pH monitoring. Treatment begins with lifestyle changes and uses PPIs. New drugs under development target the proton pump or motility in novel ways. Surgery is an option for refractory or complicated cases.
Irritable bowel syndrome - diagnosis, pathophysiology and pharmacology
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder that affects the large intestine. Signs and symptoms include cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, gas, and diarrhoea or constipation, or both. IBS is a chronic condition that you'll need to manage long term.
Acute diverticulitis
A 60-year-old female presented with acute cramping pain in her lower left quadrant and diminished appetite. Her temperature was 37.6°C. Additional laboratory tests showed a raised white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein. A CT colonography revealed colonic wall thickening, diverticula, and pericolic abscesses, confirming the diagnosis of acute diverticulitis. Treatment options included oral antibiotics for mild cases or intravenous antibiotics and bowel rest with admission for severe cases.
Gastroparesis case study (2)
Gastroparesis is delayed gastric emptying without mechanical obstruction. It is commonly caused by autonomic neuropathy like in diabetes. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, bloating and weight loss. Diagnosis involves ruling out obstruction and scintigraphy showing retained food after meals. Treatments include prokinetic medications, botulinum toxin injections, enteral feeding tubes, and gastric pacemakers which use electrical stimulation to increase motility. While many can live normally with treatment, diabetes-related gastroparesis often requires more intensive intervention.
GERD: Current Paradigms
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a common disorder that has undergone many paradigm changes in the last 15 years. We discuss the current paradigms in the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of GERD.
Chronic Kidney Disease
This document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD), including its definition, stages, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and relationship to kidney failure, end-stage renal disease, and uremia. CKD is defined as glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL/min/1.73m2 or kidney damage for over 3 months. As CKD progresses, compensatory mechanisms disrupt homeostasis, leading to accumulation of waste and abnormalities. Later stages involve loss of over 90% of nephrons and inability to maintain fluid, electrolyte and hormone balance without dialysis or transplant.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Update in Pathophysiology and Management
Irritable bowel syndrome is the commonest health problem in hospital outpatient clinics and in private health care facilities and represents a big challenge for patients and physicians. This presentation discusses a different aspect of the disease from pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management
Gallstone presentation
Mr. B, a middle-aged man, experienced abdominal pain after eating fatty foods that radiated to his back and caused nausea. An examination and ultrasound were planned to evaluate for possible biliary diseases like cholelithiasis. Cholelithiasis, or gallstones, occur when bile contains too much cholesterol and not enough bile salts, causing stones to form in the gallbladder or ducts. Gallstones are often diagnosed by ultrasound and may be treated by laparoscopic cholecystectomy to remove the gallbladder.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
GERD is caused by backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction. It commonly causes heartburn and can lead to complications like esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications, medications like antacids, H2 blockers, and PPIs. Surgery to reinforce the LES may be needed in severe cases. Nursing focuses on pain management, dietary changes, medication administration, and education on GERD and its treatment.
Inflammatory bowel disease
This document provides an overview of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), focusing on Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. It discusses the anatomical distribution and prevalence of Crohn's, potential risk factors, pathogenesis involving immune dysregulation and tumor necrosis factor, and clinical presentations including abdominal pain, fistulas, and perianal disease. Diagnostic tests like bloodwork, imaging, and endoscopy are outlined. The document also reviews complications, medical treatments including aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, antibiotics, and biologicals. Surgical treatment and management of IBD are briefly discussed, as well as prognosis. Ulcerative colitis forms, features, and experience with IBD patients
Refractory heartburn
This document discusses refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in a patient taking a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). It defines refractory GERD as persisting symptoms or lack of esophageal healing despite standard PPI treatment. It then explores potential mechanisms for refractory GERD related to PPIs, such as non-compliance, improper dosing, or PPI resistance, as well as mechanisms unrelated to PPIs like weakly acidic or alkaline reflux, bile reflux, esophageal hypersensitivity, and nocturnal acid breakthrough. Finally, it discusses diagnostic tests and therapeutic approaches for evaluating and managing refractory GERD.
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE
GERD is a chronic condition where gastric contents flow back into the esophagus due to a weak lower esophageal sphincter. Risk factors include hiatal hernia, obesity, medications, and smoking. Symptoms include heartburn, regurgitation, and dysphagia. Complications include esophagitis, strictures, asthma, and Barrett's esophagus which increases cancer risk. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications, antacids, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, prokinetics, and sometimes Nissen fundoplication surgery.
Management of GERD.pptx
The document discusses the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It provides details on the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical features, investigations, diagnosis and various treatment options for GERD. For initial treatment, lifestyle modifications and proton pump inhibitors are recommended. For refractory cases, surgical options like laparoscopic fundoplication are the gold standard. Endoscopic procedures and bariatric surgery may also be considered in certain situations.
Achalasia
Achalasia is a rare disorder of the esophagus that results from damaged nerves that control food movement. It causes difficulty swallowing and food getting stuck. The document discusses the causes, symptoms, tests used to diagnose (endoscopy, manometry), and treatments of achalasia. Treatments include medications to relax muscles, botox injections, balloon dilation procedures, and surgeries like Heller myotomy to cut the lower esophageal sphincter muscle.
Pancreatic diseases
The document discusses various types of pancreatic diseases including pancreatitis, acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, hereditary pancreatitis, and autoimmune pancreatitis. It provides details on the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for each type. The key points are: pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (long-term); acute pancreatitis symptoms include severe abdominal pain and require hospitalization; chronic pancreatitis can lead to diabetes or malnutrition from poor nutrient absorption; hereditary pancreatitis is genetic; and autoimmune pancreatitis is thought to be caused by the immune system attacking the pancreas.
Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, which is a gland located behind the stomach that produces enzymes and hormones. There are two types: acute pancreatitis, which comes on suddenly and lasts for days, and chronic pancreatitis, which occurs over many years. Causes include gallstones, abdominal surgery, certain medications, smoking, alcohol, cystic fibrosis and others. Symptoms depend on the type but can include abdominal pain, fever, nausea and vomiting. Complications may include pseudocysts, infection, malnutrition, kidney failure and diabetes. Tests used for diagnosis include blood tests, CT scans, ultrasounds and ERCP. Treatment focuses on pain relief, intravenous fluids, underlying cause removal and lifestyle changes like diet
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Gerd
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects over 60 million Americans and is commonly diagnosed and treated by family physicians. GERD is defined as reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus, causing symptoms like heartburn and acid regurgitation. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are highly effective at relieving GERD symptoms and different PPIs provide similar relief. Long-term PPI use may be associated with complications like hypomagnesemia, hip fractures, and pneumonia. Endoscopy is useful for diagnosing GERD complications but not sensitive for diagnosing GERD itself. Surgery should be reserved for severe cases that are poorly controlled by lifestyle changes and high doses
Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when gastric contents reflux into the esophagus in excessive amounts, potentially causing injury. It results from lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction or impaired esophageal clearance. Symptoms include heartburn and regurgitation. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, manometry, and pH monitoring. Treatment consists of lifestyle modifications, antacids, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, prokinetics, and surgery for severe cases. In infants, GERD is common and usually resolves by age 1 with conservative measures like thickened feedings and upright positioning.
Diabetic gastroparesis.pptx
Diabetic gastroparesis is a complication of diabetes that results from dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system and stomach muscles. It causes delayed emptying of food from the stomach. The presentation includes nausea, vomiting, early fullness and weight changes. Diagnosis involves testing for delayed gastric emptying. Treatment focuses on diet, glycemic control, prokinetic medications, and in severe cases, procedures like gastric stimulation. Education is important for managing the chronic nature of the condition and preventing complications like malnutrition.
Presentation gerd
This document summarizes recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It discusses definitions, pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic tests including 24-hour pH monitoring and endoscopy, and treatment options including lifestyle modifications, medications like PPIs, and surgical procedures. Key recent advances mentioned include new diagnostic markers, multichannel intraluminal impedance pH monitoring, narrow-band imaging, and endoscopic assessment of mucosal impedance. Surgical treatments discussed are laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery and the Linx device, and recent studies comparing partial versus complete fundoplication and surgical versus medical therapy.
Gastritis
Gastritis is a condition in which the stomach
lining—known as the mucosa—is inflamed. The stomach lining contains special
cells that produce acid and enzymes, which help break down food for digestion,
and mucus, which protects the stomach lining from acid. When the stomach lining
is inflamed, it produces less acid, enzymes, and mucus.
Gastritis may be acute or chronic. Sudden,
severe inflammation of the stomach lining is called acute gastritis. Inflammation
that lasts for a long time is called chronic gastritis. If chronic gastritis is
not treated, it may last for years or even a lifetime.
Erosive gastritis is a type of gastritis that
often does not cause significant inflammation but can wear away the stomach
lining. Erosive gastritis can cause bleeding, erosions, or ulcers. Erosive
gastritis may be acute or chronic.
The relationship between gastritis and
symptoms is not clear. The term gastritis refers specifically to abnormal
inflammation in the stomach lining. People who have gastritis may experience
pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, but many people with gastritis do not
have any symptoms.
The term gastritis is sometimes mistakenly
used to describe any symptoms of pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. Many
diseases and disorders can cause these symptoms. Most people who have upper
abdominal symptoms do not have gastritis.
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)
Powerpoint file pptx: https://www.mediafire.com/file/99zkmdzpoatgtaj/
GERD Management recent advances.pptx
GERD is a common condition where stomach acid refluxes into the esophagus. It is classified into NERD (non-erosive reflux disease) and ERD (erosive reflux disease). Complications include esophagitis, peptic stricture, and Barrett's esophagus which increases cancer risk. Diagnosis involves symptom response to PPI trial or pH monitoring. Treatment begins with lifestyle changes and uses PPIs. New drugs under development target the proton pump or motility in novel ways. Surgery is an option for refractory or complicated cases.
Irritable bowel syndrome - diagnosis, pathophysiology and pharmacology
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder that affects the large intestine. Signs and symptoms include cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, gas, and diarrhoea or constipation, or both. IBS is a chronic condition that you'll need to manage long term.
Acute diverticulitis
A 60-year-old female presented with acute cramping pain in her lower left quadrant and diminished appetite. Her temperature was 37.6°C. Additional laboratory tests showed a raised white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein. A CT colonography revealed colonic wall thickening, diverticula, and pericolic abscesses, confirming the diagnosis of acute diverticulitis. Treatment options included oral antibiotics for mild cases or intravenous antibiotics and bowel rest with admission for severe cases.
Gastroparesis case study (2)
Gastroparesis is delayed gastric emptying without mechanical obstruction. It is commonly caused by autonomic neuropathy like in diabetes. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, bloating and weight loss. Diagnosis involves ruling out obstruction and scintigraphy showing retained food after meals. Treatments include prokinetic medications, botulinum toxin injections, enteral feeding tubes, and gastric pacemakers which use electrical stimulation to increase motility. While many can live normally with treatment, diabetes-related gastroparesis often requires more intensive intervention.
GERD: Current Paradigms
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a common disorder that has undergone many paradigm changes in the last 15 years. We discuss the current paradigms in the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of GERD.
Chronic Kidney Disease
This document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD), including its definition, stages, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and relationship to kidney failure, end-stage renal disease, and uremia. CKD is defined as glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL/min/1.73m2 or kidney damage for over 3 months. As CKD progresses, compensatory mechanisms disrupt homeostasis, leading to accumulation of waste and abnormalities. Later stages involve loss of over 90% of nephrons and inability to maintain fluid, electrolyte and hormone balance without dialysis or transplant.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Update in Pathophysiology and Management
Irritable bowel syndrome is the commonest health problem in hospital outpatient clinics and in private health care facilities and represents a big challenge for patients and physicians. This presentation discusses a different aspect of the disease from pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management
Gallstone presentation
Mr. B, a middle-aged man, experienced abdominal pain after eating fatty foods that radiated to his back and caused nausea. An examination and ultrasound were planned to evaluate for possible biliary diseases like cholelithiasis. Cholelithiasis, or gallstones, occur when bile contains too much cholesterol and not enough bile salts, causing stones to form in the gallbladder or ducts. Gallstones are often diagnosed by ultrasound and may be treated by laparoscopic cholecystectomy to remove the gallbladder.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
GERD is caused by backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction. It commonly causes heartburn and can lead to complications like esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications, medications like antacids, H2 blockers, and PPIs. Surgery to reinforce the LES may be needed in severe cases. Nursing focuses on pain management, dietary changes, medication administration, and education on GERD and its treatment.
Inflammatory bowel disease
This document provides an overview of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), focusing on Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. It discusses the anatomical distribution and prevalence of Crohn's, potential risk factors, pathogenesis involving immune dysregulation and tumor necrosis factor, and clinical presentations including abdominal pain, fistulas, and perianal disease. Diagnostic tests like bloodwork, imaging, and endoscopy are outlined. The document also reviews complications, medical treatments including aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, antibiotics, and biologicals. Surgical treatment and management of IBD are briefly discussed, as well as prognosis. Ulcerative colitis forms, features, and experience with IBD patients
Refractory heartburn
This document discusses refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in a patient taking a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). It defines refractory GERD as persisting symptoms or lack of esophageal healing despite standard PPI treatment. It then explores potential mechanisms for refractory GERD related to PPIs, such as non-compliance, improper dosing, or PPI resistance, as well as mechanisms unrelated to PPIs like weakly acidic or alkaline reflux, bile reflux, esophageal hypersensitivity, and nocturnal acid breakthrough. Finally, it discusses diagnostic tests and therapeutic approaches for evaluating and managing refractory GERD.
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE
GERD is a chronic condition where gastric contents flow back into the esophagus due to a weak lower esophageal sphincter. Risk factors include hiatal hernia, obesity, medications, and smoking. Symptoms include heartburn, regurgitation, and dysphagia. Complications include esophagitis, strictures, asthma, and Barrett's esophagus which increases cancer risk. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications, antacids, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, prokinetics, and sometimes Nissen fundoplication surgery.
Management of GERD.pptx
The document discusses the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It provides details on the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical features, investigations, diagnosis and various treatment options for GERD. For initial treatment, lifestyle modifications and proton pump inhibitors are recommended. For refractory cases, surgical options like laparoscopic fundoplication are the gold standard. Endoscopic procedures and bariatric surgery may also be considered in certain situations.
Achalasia
Achalasia is a rare disorder of the esophagus that results from damaged nerves that control food movement. It causes difficulty swallowing and food getting stuck. The document discusses the causes, symptoms, tests used to diagnose (endoscopy, manometry), and treatments of achalasia. Treatments include medications to relax muscles, botox injections, balloon dilation procedures, and surgeries like Heller myotomy to cut the lower esophageal sphincter muscle.
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The document discusses various types of pancreatic diseases including pancreatitis, acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, hereditary pancreatitis, and autoimmune pancreatitis. It provides details on the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for each type. The key points are: pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (long-term); acute pancreatitis symptoms include severe abdominal pain and require hospitalization; chronic pancreatitis can lead to diabetes or malnutrition from poor nutrient absorption; hereditary pancreatitis is genetic; and autoimmune pancreatitis is thought to be caused by the immune system attacking the pancreas.
Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, which is a gland located behind the stomach that produces enzymes and hormones. There are two types: acute pancreatitis, which comes on suddenly and lasts for days, and chronic pancreatitis, which occurs over many years. Causes include gallstones, abdominal surgery, certain medications, smoking, alcohol, cystic fibrosis and others. Symptoms depend on the type but can include abdominal pain, fever, nausea and vomiting. Complications may include pseudocysts, infection, malnutrition, kidney failure and diabetes. Tests used for diagnosis include blood tests, CT scans, ultrasounds and ERCP. Treatment focuses on pain relief, intravenous fluids, underlying cause removal and lifestyle changes like diet
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This document discusses several upper gastrointestinal disorders including GERD, peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer, and their associated risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnoses, and treatments. GERD is caused by esophageal reflux and common symptoms include heartburn and acid regurgitation. Risk factors include obesity, smoking, and high-fat foods. Diagnoses may involve barium swallow, endoscopy, or acid perfusion tests. Treatment involves dietary changes, medications like antacids or proton pump inhibitors, and lifestyle modifications. Peptic ulcers are breaks in the stomach or duodenal mucosa and are associated with protein meals, alcohol, smoking, NSAIDs, and H. pylori infection. Gastric cancer
Pancreatitis
The document provides an overview of pancreatitis including:
- The signs and symptoms of acute and chronic pancreatitis including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.
- The causes of pancreatitis including gallstones, alcohol use, autoimmune diseases, and genetic factors.
- The diagnostic tests used including blood tests, imaging like CT scans, and endoscopy.
- The management of acute pancreatitis focuses on pain control, IV fluids, antibiotics if infected, and diet restriction. Chronic pancreatitis management centers on pain control, insulin if diabetic, pancreatic enzymes, and sometimes surgery.
- Complications can include kidney failure, infection, pseudocysts, malnutrition, and diabetes.
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Gallstones form in the gallbladder from changes in bile components and can be made of cholesterol, calcium bilirubin, or a mix. They develop due to conditions that cause sluggishness in the gallbladder. Gallstones may cause no symptoms but can result in pain if they block bile ducts. Causes include too much cholesterol in bile, too much bilirubin, or issues with gallbladder emptying. Complications include gallbladder inflammation, bile duct blockage, or pancreatitis. Treatment depends on symptoms and complications.
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Gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach lining that can be either acute or chronic. Acute gastritis is short-term and caused by factors like NSAIDs, alcohol, bile reflux, or radiation/chemotherapy. Chronic gastritis is long-term inflammation that can result from repeated acute episodes or be caused by H. pylori bacteria or chemical irritants. Symptoms include epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and bleeding. Treatment involves antacids, H2 blockers, PPIs, and antibiotics for H. pylori. Nursing care focuses on pain relief, nutrition, fluid balance, education, and symptom management.
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Dyspepsia is a common condition affecting up to 80% of the population at some point. It has many potential causes including food intolerances, gastrointestinal disorders like peptic ulcers or gastroesophageal reflux, systemic diseases, drugs, and functional or idiopathic dyspepsia. Evaluation involves taking a thorough history and physical exam to identify alarm features requiring further investigation or to determine the likely cause. Initial tests may include bloodwork and imaging depending on suspected conditions. Treatment is aimed at the underlying cause if identified or supportive measures like antacids, anti-secretory drugs, prokinetics or lifestyle changes for functional dyspepsia.
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Gastroparesis
- 2. What is Gastroparesis? Gastroparesis is a chronic condition that prevents the stomach from fully emptying during digestion, which results in discomfort, nutritional deficiencies, electrolyte imbalance and dehydration.
- 3. Gastroparesis Symptoms The following symptoms are common for a patient with Gastroparesis: • Acid reflux • Heartburn • Belching • Nausea • Vomiting • Bloating • Loss of appetite • Chronic abdominal pain • Burning sensation in the stomach • Feeling full after only a few bites of food
- 4. Nausea and Gastroparesis In many patients, the feeling of nausea is ever present and intensifies a few hours after eating a meal. When the patient vomits, the regurgitated food is easily recognizable since it has not been digested.
- 5. Gastroparesis Diagnosis Diagnosing Gastroparesis involves evaluating symptoms, medical history, blood tests, and/or any of the following: • Ultrasound • Endoscopy • Gastric Manometry (Measures the function of the lower esophageal sphincter) • Gastric Scintigraphy (Gastric motility study)
- 6. Foods to Eat • Low Fiber Foods • Soup • Smoothies • Canned Fruit • Cooked Vegetables • Eggs • Yogurt • Bananas • Mashed Potatoes
- 7. Foods to Avoid • Dairy • High Fat Foods • Fried Foods • Alcohol • Carbonated Beverages • Raw Vegetables • Nuts, Seeds and Corn
- 8. Causes of Gastroparesis Gastroparesis is often caused by damage to the vagus nerve, which controls the muscles in the stomach. Other causes include a history of gastric surgery, certain medications, viral infections or amyloidosis.
- 9. Complications of Gastroparesis When food remains in the stomach instead of moving through the intestines, it will ferment. This leads to bacteria growth. The food can also create blockages which could prevent additional food from passing through the intestines.
- 10. Risk Factors The most common risk factors for Gastroparesis include: • Uncontrolled Diabetes • Muscular Dystrophy • Multiple Sclerosis • History of Gastric Surgery • Side Effects of Some Medications
- 11. Can Gastroparesis Be Reversed? There is no cure for Gastroparesis, however, following a treatment plan can significantly improve your quality of life and put the condition into remission.
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