A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2010 to March 2011 in Bahir Dar municipality abattoir, Northwest Ethiopia to identify the major causes of organ and carcass condemnations and to estimate the direct economic losses. A total of 413 cattle were taken for antemortem and postmortem examination. SPSS version 19 was used for chi-square test and p-values < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Postmortem examination revealed that 379 (91.7%) livers, 116(28%) lungs, 10(2.4%) hearts, 9(2.2%) kidneys, and 28 (6.7%) carcasses were rejected in both age categories due to various causes. Fasciolosis, (64%) Hydatidosis, (24.6%) pericarditis, (1.2%) hydronephrosis, (0.5%) Abscessation, (0.7%) and bruising, (2.9%) were found to be the major causes responsible for rejection. There was statically insignificant difference observed between the two age categories of cattle for all causes of liver (χ2 = 35.80; P> 0.05), Kidney and Carcass, (χ2= 16.9; p> 0.05) and heart (χ2 =19.1; P>0.05) condemnation. However, there was statistically significant difference observed (χ2=63.2; P<0.05) for all causes of lung condemnation between the two age categories. However, there were no statistically significant difference detected between body condition scoring categories and causes of liver, lung, heart, kidney and carcass condemnations (χ2 =76.1, 35.0, 10.7, 11.0; p>0.05) respectively. The average annual economic losses was calculated and found 170, 676 ETB. The current study revealed that Fasciolosis and Hydatidosis were the major causes for condemnation that lead to huge economic losses. Therefore, to alleviate these, further studies and preventive measures should be carried out to reduce unnecessary financial losses encountered in the industry.
This document provides guidance for investigating and responding to foodborne illness outbreaks in Kansas. It contains five sections that outline the epidemiologic, laboratory, and environmental components of an outbreak investigation. The preface describes improvements made to this updated manual based on user feedback. It serves as a comprehensive reference for outbreak investigators in Kansas.
Collection and Handling of Specimens for Laboratory DiagnosisPerez Eric
This document provides guidelines for collecting and handling specimens for laboratory diagnosis of animal diseases. It discusses the importance of collecting sufficient samples before treatment for various diagnostic tests. Guidelines are provided for collecting samples from live animals and during necropsy, including types of samples, containers, labeling, and storage/transport. Proper personal protective equipment, supplies, and documentation are emphasized to ensure sample integrity and lab results.
This study investigated human-to-bovine tuberculosis transmission in Chennai, India using molecular epidemiology techniques. Milk and lymph node samples from cattle were tested, and 3 milk samples were found to contain M. tuberculosis strains matching human strains, showing potential reverse zoonotic transmission. The study establishes a baseline for effective public health and One Health control measures against tuberculosis in humans and animals through disease screening, interventional strategies, and policy changes to stop cross-species transmission.
Zoonoses :- derived from the Greek words
Zoon- Animal & Noson – Disease
Zoonoses was coined and first used by Rudolf Virchow who defined it for communicable diseases.
Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans - WHO 1959
Of the 1415 microbial diseases affecting humans, 61% are zoonotic with 13% species regarded as emerging or reemerging
Link b/w human & animals with their surrounding are very close especially in developing countries
Monitor and Control of Vertically Transmitted Poultry DiseasesRafael Monleon
A presentation covering the monitor and control of common vertically transmitted diseases in poultry with concentration in chickens.
Presented at various locations including BioChek Seminar in Manila, Philippines in 2014 by Dr. Rafael Monleon
Contact me in LinkedIn for any question: www.linkedin.com/rafaelmonleon
This document discusses zoonoses, which are diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. It covers the definition of zoonoses, factors that influence their prevalence, classification, and modes of transmission. Specific zoonotic diseases discussed include rabies, herpes B, foot and mouth disease, monkeypox, Ebola, Nipah virus, and influenza. The laboratory diagnosis and treatment of some diseases is also reviewed.
This document provides an overview of genetic selection in beef cattle. It discusses basic genetic concepts such as single gene action, multiple gene interactions, and how these relate to phenotypic and genotypic relationships. The principles of selection and various selection methods are covered, including visual selection, weight ratios, and BREEDPLAN estimated breeding values (EBVs). The benefits of performance recording using BREEDPLAN for genetic improvement are also summarized.
Important Zoonotic disease and its prevention and control By: Dr.Manoj karkimanojj123
Zoonosis are those disease and infection which are naturally transmitted between animals and human. (WHO & FAO, 1959).
Zoonosis word derived from Greek word “ZOO” means Animals and “NOSES” means Disease.
One Health is not a new concept, but it has become more important in recent years because many factors have changed the interaction among human, animals and the environment. These changes have caused the emergence and re-emergence of many disease.
This document provides guidance for investigating and responding to foodborne illness outbreaks in Kansas. It contains five sections that outline the epidemiologic, laboratory, and environmental components of an outbreak investigation. The preface describes improvements made to this updated manual based on user feedback. It serves as a comprehensive reference for outbreak investigators in Kansas.
Collection and Handling of Specimens for Laboratory DiagnosisPerez Eric
This document provides guidelines for collecting and handling specimens for laboratory diagnosis of animal diseases. It discusses the importance of collecting sufficient samples before treatment for various diagnostic tests. Guidelines are provided for collecting samples from live animals and during necropsy, including types of samples, containers, labeling, and storage/transport. Proper personal protective equipment, supplies, and documentation are emphasized to ensure sample integrity and lab results.
This study investigated human-to-bovine tuberculosis transmission in Chennai, India using molecular epidemiology techniques. Milk and lymph node samples from cattle were tested, and 3 milk samples were found to contain M. tuberculosis strains matching human strains, showing potential reverse zoonotic transmission. The study establishes a baseline for effective public health and One Health control measures against tuberculosis in humans and animals through disease screening, interventional strategies, and policy changes to stop cross-species transmission.
Zoonoses :- derived from the Greek words
Zoon- Animal & Noson – Disease
Zoonoses was coined and first used by Rudolf Virchow who defined it for communicable diseases.
Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans - WHO 1959
Of the 1415 microbial diseases affecting humans, 61% are zoonotic with 13% species regarded as emerging or reemerging
Link b/w human & animals with their surrounding are very close especially in developing countries
Monitor and Control of Vertically Transmitted Poultry DiseasesRafael Monleon
A presentation covering the monitor and control of common vertically transmitted diseases in poultry with concentration in chickens.
Presented at various locations including BioChek Seminar in Manila, Philippines in 2014 by Dr. Rafael Monleon
Contact me in LinkedIn for any question: www.linkedin.com/rafaelmonleon
This document discusses zoonoses, which are diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. It covers the definition of zoonoses, factors that influence their prevalence, classification, and modes of transmission. Specific zoonotic diseases discussed include rabies, herpes B, foot and mouth disease, monkeypox, Ebola, Nipah virus, and influenza. The laboratory diagnosis and treatment of some diseases is also reviewed.
This document provides an overview of genetic selection in beef cattle. It discusses basic genetic concepts such as single gene action, multiple gene interactions, and how these relate to phenotypic and genotypic relationships. The principles of selection and various selection methods are covered, including visual selection, weight ratios, and BREEDPLAN estimated breeding values (EBVs). The benefits of performance recording using BREEDPLAN for genetic improvement are also summarized.
Important Zoonotic disease and its prevention and control By: Dr.Manoj karkimanojj123
Zoonosis are those disease and infection which are naturally transmitted between animals and human. (WHO & FAO, 1959).
Zoonosis word derived from Greek word “ZOO” means Animals and “NOSES” means Disease.
One Health is not a new concept, but it has become more important in recent years because many factors have changed the interaction among human, animals and the environment. These changes have caused the emergence and re-emergence of many disease.
Infrastructure req of modern slaughterhousePavan Kumar
1. The document discusses the infrastructural requirements for modern slaughterhouses, including considerations for site selection, size requirements based on daily throughput, and essential areas and facilities.
2. It provides guidelines for key areas of a slaughterhouse including the lairage, slaughter hall with stunning and bleeding sections, chill rooms, and effluent treatment.
3. The document emphasizes hygienic design principles for floors, drains, lighting and layout to ensure forward product flow and separation of clean and dirty operations.
The document provides information about modern slaughterhouses and the current status of slaughterhouses in India. Some key points:
- Slaughterhouses act as the starting point of the meat industry where livestock enter the food chain. Billions of animals are slaughtered annually worldwide for human consumption.
- Most slaughterhouses in India are over 50 years old and lack basic amenities. They produce significant waste and pollution.
- The project aims to develop a modern slaughterhouse in Trivandrum with advanced machinery to improve meat quality, environmental protection, and a zero waste concept through waste recycling.
- A suitable site for the slaughterhouse was identified using GIS technology, considering criteria like proximity to roads, distance from water
This document discusses parameters of physical examination including temperature, auscultation, percussion, and palpation. It describes measuring temperature using a mercury or digital thermometer inserted rectally. Factors that can affect normal temperature are discussed as well as hypothermia, hyperthermia, and fever. Examination of the pulse, heart, and veins is also covered, identifying locations to take the pulse in different animals like the external maxillary artery in horses or the femoral artery in dogs. The rate, rhythm, and quality of the pulse are important aspects to detect during examination.
This document provides an overview of basic sheep and goat husbandry for land managers. It discusses the differences between sheep and goats, their reproductive basics, nutrition needs, common health issues and diseases, parasite control, hoof care, and strategies for integrated pest management. Reproductive topics covered include breeding seasons, gestation periods and litter sizes. Common diseases addressed are internal and external parasites, foot rot, coccidiosis and other respiratory and digestive issues.
We are a consortium of agriculture specialists that provides consultancy and training services for organic crop and livestock production. Our services include training farmers on organic methods, direct marketing of organic products, and promoting indigenous crops and animals. Livestock should be raised organically without synthetic inputs to produce healthy, residue-free products and allow animals to exhibit natural behaviors. A conventional farm can convert to organic by following certification procedures and withdrawal periods for treated animals. Organically certified livestock products are distinguished by certification labels.
Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals like cattle, pigs, sheep and goats. It is caused by a picornavirus with multiple serotypes. The virus is transmitted through direct contact or contact with infected animals/materials. Clinical signs include fever and blister-like lesions in the mouth and on the feet. Diagnosis involves identifying lesions, virus isolation from samples, and serological tests. Treatment focuses on supportive care while prevention relies on quarantine, vaccination, and good biosecurity practices.
1. Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle caused by the bacteria Anaplasma marginale. It is characterized by fever, weakness, anemia, emaciation, and jaundice.
2. The disease is transmitted by ticks of several genera and can also be spread mechanically by flies or contaminated surgical instruments.
3. Anaplasmosis causes major losses to cattle industries in tropical and subtropical regions. It infects red blood cells and clinical signs vary from mild to severe depending on factors like age and previous exposure.
Infectious Bronchitis in Chickens (laying Hens)Field Vet
More original pictures, http://fieldcasestudy.com/field-data-for-poultry-learning-and-presentations-materials/
Infectious Bronchitis, IB in chickens caused many clinical symptoms. Respiratory symptoms, decreased egg production, hens can not lay eggs, false layer, or death in very young chickens.
In these slides, is a case of Infectious Bronchitis in laying hens. This Poultry disease is caused by a virus IB QX variant. If this virus affecting chickens young age, it can cause the appearance of cystic oviduct which can be observed in adult chickens.
In young chickens, the visible symptoms are respiratory symptoms. Once the chicken grows up, it will look a chicken belly bulge, cystic oviduct, mostly chicken like this do not lay eggs, but there are unique, a little of the chicken can lay eggs,Why? visit fieldcasestudy.com
This document discusses various animal diseases including bacterial, viral, parasitic, and non-infectious diseases. It describes how diseases are spread, the body's immune response to fight off pathogens, and methods to prevent disease such as vaccination, quarantine, and selective breeding practices. Key points covered include the types of bacteria and viruses that cause illness, how antibodies are produced during active and passive immunity, pioneers in vaccine development like Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur, and common diseases stemming from nutritional deficiencies or toxins.
This document provides an overview of meat-borne diseases. It discusses zoonotic, foodborne, and meat-borne diseases and outlines their significance to public health. Historical outbreaks of diseases like E. coli and salmonellosis transmitted through meat are described. Key bacterial diseases transmitted by meat consumption including E. coli, salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, and listeriosis are summarized. The document also discusses factors that influence microbial growth on meat and points of contamination.
This document summarizes information about avian influenza, including its epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention/control measures. It discusses the recent outbreak in Kerala, India in 2014 where around 200,000 birds were culled. Surveillance efforts in Kerala examined over 900,000 people from 256,575 houses but found no human cases, demonstrating effective control measures in response to the avian influenza outbreak.
Infectious Bronchitis is a highly contagious viral disease affecting chickens worldwide. It causes respiratory disease and drops in egg production. The document outlines the etiology, transmission, economic impact, pathogenesis, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, and diagnosis of the disease. Definitive diagnosis requires isolation or identification of the Infectious Bronchitis Virus through laboratory tests.
Veterinary public health administration and organisationAneesha K N
This document discusses veterinary public health administration and organization. It describes key veterinary public health activities including addressing zoonotic diseases, food safety inspection, and environmental protection. It outlines the roles of public health teams at the local, district and national levels. The document also discusses planning and implementing veterinary public health programs in India, including constraints around resources, infrastructure and inter-sectoral collaboration. Effective veterinary public health requires an interdisciplinary approach and continued development given emerging issues.
The document discusses biosecurity measures for poultry production. It defines biosecurity, lists its objectives of preventing disease entry and spread, and describes benefits like reduced costs and improved health. It also outlines classifications of poultry production systems from minimal to high biosecurity, how diseases spread, and key biosecurity practices like controlling access, cleaning/disinfection, and pest control.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
This document provides information on important poultry diseases, including infectious respiratory diseases like avian influenza, infectious bronchitis, and infectious laryngotracheitis. It also covers neoplastic, viral, bacterial, parasitic, deficiency, and food safety diseases. For each disease, it discusses the cause, transmission, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control methods. The document is intended to give poultry managers a basic understanding of common poultry health issues.
Ruminants, such as cattle, goats, and sheep, have a four-chambered stomach that allows them to digest plant-based foods like grass. Their stomach consists of the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. In contrast, monogastrics like humans, pigs, and horses have a single-chambered stomach. Ruminants and monogastrics differ in their stomach morphology and histology, with ruminants having a complex, multi-chambered structure adapted for digesting cellulose and monogastrics having a simpler stomach.
Recent Advances in Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth DiseasePervaiz Dar
This document discusses recent advances in diagnosing foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). It covers the importance of timely FMD diagnosis, the diagnostic window period, and methods for clinical and laboratory diagnosis. Key laboratory diagnostic techniques discussed include virus detection methods like real-time PCR and sequencing to identify FMD virus serotypes and lineages. Rapid pen-side diagnostics using lateral flow devices, infrared thermography and portable PCR platforms are also summarized. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) provides a sensitive molecular diagnostic alternative in a portable, lab-on-card format. The conclusion calls for increasing molecular diagnostics in Kashmir to identify circulating strains and support vaccine selection and monitoring.
This document provides a review of beef cattle production systems, marketing, and constraints in Ethiopia. It discusses the following key points:
1. The main beef cattle production systems in Ethiopia are traditional extensive systems, by-product based feedlot systems, and the Hararghe intensive fattening system.
2. Beef cattle are typically marketed through traditional routes, passing from primary to secondary to tertiary markets. Livestock also experience cross-border exports.
3. The major constraints to beef cattle production in Ethiopia include feed shortages, diseases/parasites, drought, lack of grazing land, poor market access, insufficient veterinary and extension services, and inadequate infrastructure.
Infrastructure req of modern slaughterhousePavan Kumar
1. The document discusses the infrastructural requirements for modern slaughterhouses, including considerations for site selection, size requirements based on daily throughput, and essential areas and facilities.
2. It provides guidelines for key areas of a slaughterhouse including the lairage, slaughter hall with stunning and bleeding sections, chill rooms, and effluent treatment.
3. The document emphasizes hygienic design principles for floors, drains, lighting and layout to ensure forward product flow and separation of clean and dirty operations.
The document provides information about modern slaughterhouses and the current status of slaughterhouses in India. Some key points:
- Slaughterhouses act as the starting point of the meat industry where livestock enter the food chain. Billions of animals are slaughtered annually worldwide for human consumption.
- Most slaughterhouses in India are over 50 years old and lack basic amenities. They produce significant waste and pollution.
- The project aims to develop a modern slaughterhouse in Trivandrum with advanced machinery to improve meat quality, environmental protection, and a zero waste concept through waste recycling.
- A suitable site for the slaughterhouse was identified using GIS technology, considering criteria like proximity to roads, distance from water
This document discusses parameters of physical examination including temperature, auscultation, percussion, and palpation. It describes measuring temperature using a mercury or digital thermometer inserted rectally. Factors that can affect normal temperature are discussed as well as hypothermia, hyperthermia, and fever. Examination of the pulse, heart, and veins is also covered, identifying locations to take the pulse in different animals like the external maxillary artery in horses or the femoral artery in dogs. The rate, rhythm, and quality of the pulse are important aspects to detect during examination.
This document provides an overview of basic sheep and goat husbandry for land managers. It discusses the differences between sheep and goats, their reproductive basics, nutrition needs, common health issues and diseases, parasite control, hoof care, and strategies for integrated pest management. Reproductive topics covered include breeding seasons, gestation periods and litter sizes. Common diseases addressed are internal and external parasites, foot rot, coccidiosis and other respiratory and digestive issues.
We are a consortium of agriculture specialists that provides consultancy and training services for organic crop and livestock production. Our services include training farmers on organic methods, direct marketing of organic products, and promoting indigenous crops and animals. Livestock should be raised organically without synthetic inputs to produce healthy, residue-free products and allow animals to exhibit natural behaviors. A conventional farm can convert to organic by following certification procedures and withdrawal periods for treated animals. Organically certified livestock products are distinguished by certification labels.
Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals like cattle, pigs, sheep and goats. It is caused by a picornavirus with multiple serotypes. The virus is transmitted through direct contact or contact with infected animals/materials. Clinical signs include fever and blister-like lesions in the mouth and on the feet. Diagnosis involves identifying lesions, virus isolation from samples, and serological tests. Treatment focuses on supportive care while prevention relies on quarantine, vaccination, and good biosecurity practices.
1. Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle caused by the bacteria Anaplasma marginale. It is characterized by fever, weakness, anemia, emaciation, and jaundice.
2. The disease is transmitted by ticks of several genera and can also be spread mechanically by flies or contaminated surgical instruments.
3. Anaplasmosis causes major losses to cattle industries in tropical and subtropical regions. It infects red blood cells and clinical signs vary from mild to severe depending on factors like age and previous exposure.
Infectious Bronchitis in Chickens (laying Hens)Field Vet
More original pictures, http://fieldcasestudy.com/field-data-for-poultry-learning-and-presentations-materials/
Infectious Bronchitis, IB in chickens caused many clinical symptoms. Respiratory symptoms, decreased egg production, hens can not lay eggs, false layer, or death in very young chickens.
In these slides, is a case of Infectious Bronchitis in laying hens. This Poultry disease is caused by a virus IB QX variant. If this virus affecting chickens young age, it can cause the appearance of cystic oviduct which can be observed in adult chickens.
In young chickens, the visible symptoms are respiratory symptoms. Once the chicken grows up, it will look a chicken belly bulge, cystic oviduct, mostly chicken like this do not lay eggs, but there are unique, a little of the chicken can lay eggs,Why? visit fieldcasestudy.com
This document discusses various animal diseases including bacterial, viral, parasitic, and non-infectious diseases. It describes how diseases are spread, the body's immune response to fight off pathogens, and methods to prevent disease such as vaccination, quarantine, and selective breeding practices. Key points covered include the types of bacteria and viruses that cause illness, how antibodies are produced during active and passive immunity, pioneers in vaccine development like Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur, and common diseases stemming from nutritional deficiencies or toxins.
This document provides an overview of meat-borne diseases. It discusses zoonotic, foodborne, and meat-borne diseases and outlines their significance to public health. Historical outbreaks of diseases like E. coli and salmonellosis transmitted through meat are described. Key bacterial diseases transmitted by meat consumption including E. coli, salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, and listeriosis are summarized. The document also discusses factors that influence microbial growth on meat and points of contamination.
This document summarizes information about avian influenza, including its epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention/control measures. It discusses the recent outbreak in Kerala, India in 2014 where around 200,000 birds were culled. Surveillance efforts in Kerala examined over 900,000 people from 256,575 houses but found no human cases, demonstrating effective control measures in response to the avian influenza outbreak.
Infectious Bronchitis is a highly contagious viral disease affecting chickens worldwide. It causes respiratory disease and drops in egg production. The document outlines the etiology, transmission, economic impact, pathogenesis, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, and diagnosis of the disease. Definitive diagnosis requires isolation or identification of the Infectious Bronchitis Virus through laboratory tests.
Veterinary public health administration and organisationAneesha K N
This document discusses veterinary public health administration and organization. It describes key veterinary public health activities including addressing zoonotic diseases, food safety inspection, and environmental protection. It outlines the roles of public health teams at the local, district and national levels. The document also discusses planning and implementing veterinary public health programs in India, including constraints around resources, infrastructure and inter-sectoral collaboration. Effective veterinary public health requires an interdisciplinary approach and continued development given emerging issues.
The document discusses biosecurity measures for poultry production. It defines biosecurity, lists its objectives of preventing disease entry and spread, and describes benefits like reduced costs and improved health. It also outlines classifications of poultry production systems from minimal to high biosecurity, how diseases spread, and key biosecurity practices like controlling access, cleaning/disinfection, and pest control.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
This document provides information on important poultry diseases, including infectious respiratory diseases like avian influenza, infectious bronchitis, and infectious laryngotracheitis. It also covers neoplastic, viral, bacterial, parasitic, deficiency, and food safety diseases. For each disease, it discusses the cause, transmission, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control methods. The document is intended to give poultry managers a basic understanding of common poultry health issues.
Ruminants, such as cattle, goats, and sheep, have a four-chambered stomach that allows them to digest plant-based foods like grass. Their stomach consists of the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. In contrast, monogastrics like humans, pigs, and horses have a single-chambered stomach. Ruminants and monogastrics differ in their stomach morphology and histology, with ruminants having a complex, multi-chambered structure adapted for digesting cellulose and monogastrics having a simpler stomach.
Recent Advances in Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth DiseasePervaiz Dar
This document discusses recent advances in diagnosing foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). It covers the importance of timely FMD diagnosis, the diagnostic window period, and methods for clinical and laboratory diagnosis. Key laboratory diagnostic techniques discussed include virus detection methods like real-time PCR and sequencing to identify FMD virus serotypes and lineages. Rapid pen-side diagnostics using lateral flow devices, infrared thermography and portable PCR platforms are also summarized. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) provides a sensitive molecular diagnostic alternative in a portable, lab-on-card format. The conclusion calls for increasing molecular diagnostics in Kashmir to identify circulating strains and support vaccine selection and monitoring.
This document provides a review of beef cattle production systems, marketing, and constraints in Ethiopia. It discusses the following key points:
1. The main beef cattle production systems in Ethiopia are traditional extensive systems, by-product based feedlot systems, and the Hararghe intensive fattening system.
2. Beef cattle are typically marketed through traditional routes, passing from primary to secondary to tertiary markets. Livestock also experience cross-border exports.
3. The major constraints to beef cattle production in Ethiopia include feed shortages, diseases/parasites, drought, lack of grazing land, poor market access, insufficient veterinary and extension services, and inadequate infrastructure.
The document summarizes a study on the prevalence and distribution of bovine cysticercosis in cattle slaughtered at Ghimbi municipal abattoir, Ethiopia from October 2008 to February 2009. The following key points are made:
- The overall prevalence of cysticercosis was found to be 4.5% (18/400 cattle). The highest prevalence was from Ghimbi at 3.5% and the lowest was from Haru at 0%.
- The cysts were mostly found distributed in the heart (44.4%), triceps muscle (38.9%), and masseter muscle (22.2%).
- The prevalence varied between the origin of the animals, being
Sero prevalence of infectious bursal disease in backyard chickens at selected...Alexander Decker
This study examined the prevalence of infectious bursal disease (IBD) in backyard chickens in central Ethiopia by testing serum samples from 552 chickens. The results found that 83% of samples tested positive for IBD antibodies. Higher rates of infection were found in younger chickens aged 3-6 weeks (94.5% positive) and in crossbreed chickens (90.5% positive) compared to local breeds. The highest prevalence of IBD was detected in Wenji woreda at 92.1%. The study concludes that IBD is highly prevalent in backyard chicken populations in the study areas.
Dairy Production System in Lowland Areas of Gambella, EthiopiaAI Publications
The objective of this study was to identify and assessing the different types of dairy cattle production systems, management practices, marketing and its constraints that exist in the Itang district. A total of 120 households were selected from four kebeles using simple random selection method after identifying the dairy owner from the community using purposive sampling method. Descriptive statistics, one way ANOVA, chi-square and ranking were analysed using SPSS statistical package. The majority of producers (63.3%) in the pastoral system produced milk for home consumption, while the majority of mixed crop–livestock producers (40.0%) produced milk for selling purpose. In the mixed crop–livestock system, mostly cereal crop based grazing is the major feed resource but these feed resources were managed in a traditional ways. Almost all respondents in the mixed crop-livestock system (96.5%) and pastoral system (100%) did not supplement their lactating cow with additional feeds. More than 400 cattle herds from 2-3 villages graze together between 10 am to 4 pm daily. The majority of households (68.3%) in the mixed crop–livestock system kept their cattle separately in barn, while other 8.3% of the households did the same in pastoral areas. Constraints for dairy development in the area are diseased condition, thieves, lack of veterinary services, lack of credit, feed and feeding and poor extension services. It can be concluded dairy cattle production in the mixed crop-livestock system was economical and based on mixed agriculture (crops plus livestock) with some fishing activity, mining and wild food collection.
Prevalence of Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethi...Premier Publishers
A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to April 2016 in Jimma zone of Oromiya region, to determine the prevalence of abomasal nematodes of sheep slaughtered at Jimma municipal abattoir. A systematic random sampling technique was applied to select the sheep. Abomasum of sheep was incised following the standard procedures. A total of 387 abomasums were incised and using standards of parasite identification methods two genera of nematodes were identified with an overall prevalence of 78.29%. The prevalence of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus axei was 66.67% and 53.5%, respectively. A statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was not found between origins in prevalence of these parasites. However, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was noticed between the level of the prevalence and different body conditioned animals. The highest prevalence was in poor body condition (97.26%). The overall mean worm count was 5334.97 and the mean worm count of specific nematode were 675.19 and 690.82 for Hemonchus and T. axei, respectively. The great majority of the infected sheep was with light, moderate and heavy degree of infestation. The current study epitomized that the prevalence of nematodiasis was high and consequently; sustainable control programs should warrant.
This paper aims to update information for a better understanding of the functioning of the sector of
animal and meat production in Benin’s socio-economic context. It highlights (i) structure of livestock population
and production, (ii) competitiveness of meat sector, (iii) identifies constraints and possible prospective solution to
increase meat production in Republic of Benin. The traditional animal production systems remain largely widespread.
However, industrial and modern livestock farming systems for all species are developing. Cattle (57%), chicken (19%),
small ruminants (13%) and pigs (7%) are the main meat producers in the country. Non-conventional species such as
rabbit (3%) and grass cutters (1%) contribute also to the national meat production. Despite religious prohibitions,
pork consumption increased during the last years notably in southern Benin. The households with a higher monthly
income spend more money to purchase meat than poor households. Taste, texture, price, and juiciness are the main
criteria of choice. Also, consumers prefer the meat of local breeds to that of exotic breeds. Thus local species and
breeds have a great role in the development of this sector. Although policies have been implemented to boost the
national meat production, the sector is still undeveloped. That is why, the implementation of new approaches and
practices including improvement of animals’ genetic resources, housing, health care, and feeding should be developed
to intensify production.
Production and marketing behaviour of hadiya pastoralists southern ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the cattle production system of Hadiya pastoralists in southern Ethiopia. Some key findings:
1) Hadiya pastoralists keep large herds of cattle, not just as an economic asset but due to their cultural obligation, with herd sizes and cattle ownership associated with social status.
2) Households engaged in selling cattle (the "selling position") tended to be older, with more wives and experience, and owned significantly more cattle than other households.
3) While cattle are the most important livestock, goats, donkeys and poultry are also raised, but environmental factors prevent rearing of camels and sheep.
4) The study
11.production and marketing behaviour of hadiya pastoralists southern ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the cattle production system of Hadiya pastoralists in southern Ethiopia. Some key findings:
1) Hadiya pastoralists keep large herds of cattle, not just as an economic asset but due to their cultural obligation to attain titles based on herd size.
2) Households with a selling position had significantly larger herds than other households, with older household heads who had more experience in herding and selling.
3) Cattle are the most important livestock species for the Hadiya pastoralists, followed by goats, due to the local environment and culture not supporting camel or sheep rearing.
Review on Sheep and Goat management practices, Constraints, Opportunities and...Premier Publishers
In the present review, an attempt has been made to briefly sheep and goat management practices, marketing systems, constraints and opportunities in the country to deliver summarized and synthesized information for the beneficiaries, users and help the researchers to develop well-organized strategies to improve their productivity in Ethiopia. Sheep and goats are an integral part of livestock keeping in Sub-Saharan Africa that are mainly kept for immediate cash sources, milk, meat, wool, manure and saving or risk distribution. There are about 31.3 million sheep and 32.74 million heads of goats in the country, playing an important role in the livelihood of resource-poor farmers.
Sheep and goat productions are highly affected by feed shortage, disease and parasites, water shortage, management, high predatory, and market instability. There are opportunities to increase their production like population growth, increasing urbanization, rising incomes, the domestic demand for meat, the establishment of different agro-industrial parks, several development partners involved in higher learning; research and development are currently dedicated to sheep and goat development. Depending on this review it is imperative to practice modern production systems with better technology in urban and rural areas to improve the traditional system through feed supplementation and better health care.
Participatory evaluation of chicken health and production constraints in Ethi...Emmanuel Sambo
Chicken production has a major role in the economy of developing countries and backyard production is particularly important to women. Several programmes, in Ethiopia and else-where, have attempted to improve chicken production as a means to reduce poverty. A key constraint to chicken production identified by farmers is disease. This study used participatory rural appraisal methods to work with chicken-keepers in order to prioritise chicken diseases, place these within the context of other production constraints, and to explore perceptions of disease risk factors and biosecurity measures.The study, focused on Debre Zeit, Ethiopia, included 71 poultry keepers (41 backyard and 30 semi-intensive chicken producers). Although women played an important role in backyard production systems, semi-intensive farms were more likely to be controlled by men. Participants identified 9 constraints to production: 7 of 8 groups of backyard producers and 15/31 semi-intensive producers ranked diseases as the most important constraint to chicken production. In contrast to previous reports, farmers in both groups had considerable knowledge of diseases and of factors affecting disease risk. Both groups, but particularly semi-intensive producers, highlighted access to feed as a constraint. Many of the challenges faced by both groups were associated with difficulty accessing agricultural and veterinary inputs and expertise. The low involvement of women in semi-intensive production needs to be recognised by poultry development schemes. Provision needs to be made to allow access to inputs for a wide range of business models, particularly for those, such as women, who have limited access to the capital to allow them to make the jump from backyard to semi-intensive producer, and require support to slowly build up a flock into a profitable venture.
Pastoral growth study policy retrospective paper 1 final p1haramaya university
This document summarizes a report on pastoral economic policies in Ethiopia from 1991-2008. It finds that reliable data and information on the pastoral economy is lacking, leading to an undervaluation of the sector's contributions. Pastoralism is estimated to contribute over 16% to Ethiopia's GDP, over 50% more than the commonly cited figure, as official statistics do not account for home consumption of products. Better data is needed on production, marketing, trade, and linkages to other sectors to improve policymaking.
1. Ethiopia has the largest livestock population in Africa, with over 65 million cattle, 40 million sheep, 51 million goats, and 49 million chickens.
2. Livestock play a vital role in the Ethiopian economy by providing food, draft power for cultivation, manure for fertilizing farmland, transportation, and a means of storing wealth.
3. However, the livestock sector faces several challenges including limited availability of feed, disease, low genetic potential, lack of water, and lack of marketing infrastructure. Addressing these constraints is key to sustainably developing the livestock industry in Ethiopia.
Effects of Feeding Whole Cottonseed, Cotton Seed Cake and Guizotia abyssinica...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The present study was designed to investigate the effect of feeding whole cotton seed, of Gossipium hirustum spp (WCS), cottonseed cake (CSC) and noug seed cake (NSC) on blood serum parameters of growing male goats. Twenty four Arsi-Bale growing male goats of 6-12 months of age were assigned at random to four dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments were; (T1) local grass hay only (control), (T2) control +20% WCS, (T3) control+30% CSC all amount on total daily DMI basis and (T4) control + recommended level noug seed cake(50% wheat bran (WB) and 49% NSC). Blood samples were collected in 10ml vactainer tube by jugular vein puncture every 30, 60 and 90 days of the experimental days and were allowed to clot at room temperature and centrifuged for 15minutesat 3000 rpm. The separated serum samples were stored in a deep freezer at-20 o C until they were analyzed. Te samples were analyzed for serum parameters: albumin, total protein, glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine and alkaline phosphate Significant (P<0.05)>0.05) difference between treatments were observed in the levels of total serum protein and glucose. Moreover, no visible clinical sign of gossypol toxicity was observed on the experimental goats fed WCS and CSC during the 90 days of the experimental period. Hence, it was concluded that supplementation of growing male goat diets with recommended levels of NSC,20 and 30% WCS and CSC respectively have no adverse effect on blood serum parameters of growing male goats. Keywords— blood serum parameters, cotton seed cake, goats, noug seed cake, whole cottonseed.
This document summarizes a study that assessed ectoparasite infestation on goats and domestic fowls in Vunania, Ghana. Approximately 76% of goats and 84% of domestic fowls were found to be infested with ticks, fleas, mites, and lice. A total estimated population of 4,110 ectoparasites was found on goats, and 9,688 ectoparasites were found on domestic fowls. The most common locations of infestation varied between parasite type and animal. The results suggest rainfall influences ectoparasite activity and survival. Further control efforts are needed to address the health effects on livestock.
1) The study surveyed lung and liver diseases in cattle slaughtered at 9 abattoirs in Khwisero, Kenya over 12 months in 2010. Livers were most commonly condemned (41.23%) due to conditions like fascioliasis. Lungs were commonly condemned for pneumonia (18.09%) and emphysema (14.47%).
2) An estimated annual economic loss of 85,289 KSH (≈$1200 USD) was calculated based on average organ prices and number condemned.
3) Improved meat inspection, disease control measures, and establishment of well-equipped abattoirs were recommended to minimize health risks and economic losses from zoonotic diseases.
Characteristics of village chicken production in farming system in Côte d’Ivo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A study on the local chicken production parameters has been undertaken in the area of Korhogo. The work was conducted by a survey focused on 110 small farms from 20 villages (Koulélékaha, Natyo- Kobadara, Bafimé, Paroginékaha, Latakaha, Lénékaha, Lérikaha, Dyègbè, Pokaha, Torgokaha, Dokaha, Karakoro, Tyoronyaradougou, Nanbadyélékaha, Konborodougou, Dobyankaha, Lonakaha, Nalougovogo, Nalolokahaand Nanvikaha)in the department of Korhogo. The herd of the poultry farms varied from 10 to 105 chickens. The work shown that traditional poultry farming is practiced in majority by women and young with respective distributions of 60 % and 62.27 %. In 82 % of cases, breeding products are both for home consumption and marketing. Only 20 % of that product are solely for sale and marketing. The breeding system of that farm is extensive with a dietary and sanitary behavior which does not comply with the art standard. The housing of these animals are precarious henhouses which do not fit norms and good hygiene practice to guarantee the well-being of those birds. Three (3) types of chickens were defined on the basis of the tradition of the Sénoufo(people of the north of the Côte d’Ivoire) considerations. The age for chickens to start laying varied from 6 to 8 months for39 ± 4 eggs in 3 ± 1.10 laying per year. The eggs per laying were 9.75 ± 4 eggs for an average weight of 35 ± 3.48 g. The average incubation duration was 21 ± 2 days with a hatching rate varying between 50 % and 90 %. The adulthood traditional chickens' weight in that farm varied from 1 to 1.5 kg.
Evolution and health status of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genetic res...Open Access Research Paper
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a foodstuff that plays a very important role for the world population. In Côte d’Ivoire, its production is estimated at 6.5 million tons after yam. With a view to preserving the genetic diversity of the cassava collection of the National Centre for Agronomic Research, several research projects have been carried out on the characterization (morphological, agronomic) and health status (diseases and pests) of the cassava genetic resources conserved in the station. The present study consisted in analysing the composition and evolution of cassava genetic resources and assessing the incidence of diseases and pests in 727 cassava accessions in the collection of the National Centre for Agronomic Research. After analysis, the collection contained a total of 759 accessions of which 32 had disappeared. Of this total, 603 accessions or 83% of the total were from Côte d’Ivoire, 104 or 14% from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture and 20 accessions or 3% from various origins. Referring to time and different agronomic research structures, the cassava collection had 106 accessions from 1953 to 1981 for the Office for Scientific and Technical Research Overseas, 101 accessions from 1982 to 1998 for the Savannah Institute and 520 accessions from 1998 to 2019 for the National Centre for Agronomic Research. It was found that the accessions from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture were more resistant to virus than the accessions from the Côte d’Ivoire farmers’ environment. For mites, the attack was strong with 60% of the accessions.
Hydatidosis of camels and cattle slaughtered in sokoto state, nothern nigeriaAlexander Decker
This study examined 189 camels and 285 cattle slaughtered in Sokoto, Nigeria to assess the prevalence of hydatidosis. The study found:
1. Hydatid cysts were found in 44.4% of camels and 1.8% of cattle examined, with the prevalence significantly higher in camels.
2. The majority of cysts in camels were found in the lungs (93.2%) while most cysts in cattle were found in the liver (80%).
3. Most cysts recovered from camels and cattle were small, and there was no association between cyst size and infected organ.
The results indicate hydatidosis is common in the study
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
The document discusses a case study of enhancing social capital among rural women in Bukidnon Province, Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic through a livelihood project. Key findings include:
1) Technical trainings provided by the project increased the women's knowledge, allowing them to generate additional household income through vegetable gardening during the pandemic.
2) The women's social capital, as measured by groups/networks, trust, and cooperation, increased by 15.5% from 2019 to 2020 through increased participation in their association.
3) Main occupations, income sources, and ethnicity influenced the women's social capital. The project enhanced social ties that empowered the rural women economically and socially despite challenges of the pandemic.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the effects of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation, and yield of two soybean varieties in Nigeria. Phosphorus application significantly affected growth, nodulation, yield, and some yield components, with 60 kg P2O5/ha giving the highest growth and yield. Phosphorus also increased nodulation, with 30 kg P2O5/ha providing the highest nodulation. Zinc application did not significantly affect most growth characters or nodulation, except for reducing plant height. Phosphorus increased soybean yield significantly to 1.9 t/ha compared to the control of 1.7 t/ha. Protein and oil contents were not significantly affected by phosphorus but were by zinc
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated 13 upland rice varieties over two locations in Ethiopia for yield and other traits. Significant differences were found among varieties for several traits. The highest yielding varieties were Chewaka, Hiddassie, and Fogera 1. Chewaka yielded 5395.8 kg/ha on average, 25.8-35% more than the check. Most varieties matured within 120-130 days. High heritability was found for days to heading, panicle length, and grain yield, indicating these traits can be easily improved through selection. Grain yield also had high genetic variation and heritability with genetic advance, suggesting yield can be improved through selection. This study identified variability that can be used
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the scanning electron microscopic structure and chemical composition of urinary calculi (stones) found in geriatric dogs. Microscopic examination of urine samples revealed increased numbers of blood cells, epithelial cells, pus cells, casts, bacteria and crystals of various shapes, predominantly struvite, calcium oxalate dihydrate and monohydrate, and ammonium urate. Scanning electron microscopy showed perpendicular columnar strata of struvite crystals and wavy phases of uric acid. Chemical analysis identified calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate and urea stones. The study characterized the microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of crystals and chemical composition of urinary calculi in geriatric dogs.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
2. Major Causes of Organ and Carcass Condemnation in Cattle Slaughtered at Bahir Dar Municipality Abattoir, North West Ethiopia
Ayenew and Simeneh 040
recognized in an attempt to avoid the introduction of
clinically diseased animals into the slaughter hall and
should be done within 24 hours of slaughter and repeated
if slaughter has been delayed over a day (Gracey et
al.,1999, Teka, 1997).
The purposes of meat inspection, comprising of
antemortem and postmortem examination, are to remove
gross abnormalities from meat and its products, prevention
and distribution of contaminated meat that could result to
disease risk in man and animals and assisting in detecting
and eradication of certain diseases of livestock (Van
Longtestijn, 1993). It is necessary to be aware of the extent
to which the public is exposed to certain zoonotic diseases
detected in abattoirs and the financial losses through
condemnation of affected organs and carcass (Nfi and
Alonge,1987).
As meat is the main source of protein to man, it should be
clean and free from diseases of particular importance to
the public such as tuberculosis, hydatidosis, cysticercosis
and fasciolosis (Sirak, 1991). A proper antemortem
inspection of the animal makes the task of routine
postmortem inspection simpler and straight forward
procedure (Gracey et al.,1999). Postmortem inspection is
the center around which meat hygiene revolves since it
provides information indispensable for the scientific
evolution of clinical signs and pathological processes that
affect the wholesomeness of meat (Libby, 1975, Gracey et
al.,19991). It is necessary to be aware of the extent to
which the public is exposed to certain zoonotic disease
detected in the abattoirs and the financial losses through
condemnation of affected organs and carcasses (Nfi and
Alonge,1987).Various investigations have been conducted
through abattoir surveys to determine the economic
importance of organs and carcass condemnation in
Ethiopia (Jembere, 2002, Yimam, 2003, Aseffa, 2005,
Marta, 2010).
Disease causes extensive financial wastes as a result of
direct and indirect economic losses, because disease is
the major concern to livestock industry. Study conducted
in different abattoirs of Ethiopia revealed that parasitic
infection of livers, lungs (pneumonia), pericarditis and
pyelonephyritis are found to be the major causes of organs
condemnation, with an approximate annual loss of 2.7
million ETB at Debre Zeit HELIMEX abattoir (Jibat, 2006);
106,788.18 ETB in Gondar municipal abattoir (Yimam,
2003); 180,942.4 ETB in Bahir Dar Municipality Abattoir
(Yohannes, 1994).
Even though various investigation have been conducted
through abattoir survey to determine the prevalence and
economic losses resulting from organs condemnation in
Ethiopia, most of the survey focused on parasitic case
such as hydatidosis, fasciolosis and cysticercosis (Aseffa,
2005, Yimam, M., 2003, Jembere, 2002, Marta, 2010,
Gomol, 2010, Zilalu, 2010, Fitsum, 2009, Yetnayet, 2010)
cause of organ condemnation due to other factors were
lacking.
In addition to many municipality abattoirs in Ethiopia,
recently, several modern export abattoirs like ASHIRAF,
HELIMEX, ELFORA Metehara, Mojo and Luna have been
established. This increase number of export abattoirs
showing increase in demand of carcass and organs
supply, but the supply is decreasing due to disease,
production and other various problems. In view of this,
proper evaluation of economic losses due to organ and
carcass condemnation resulting from various causes of
abattoirs is needed. Therefore, the objectives of this study
are:
❖ To identify the major causes of organs and carcass
condemnation in cattle slaughtered at Bahir Dar
municipality abattoir.
❖ To determine the magnitude of direct economic loss
attributed to the condemned organs and carcasses.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Major causes of organ and carcass condemnation
Parasitic causes of organ and carcass condemnation
Fasciolosis: is one of the major parasitic causes
contributing to liver condemnation. Fasciola hepatica (F.
hepatica) and Fasciolagigantica(F. gigantica) are the
principal causes of fasciolosis and the most prevalent
helimenth infections of ruminants in different parts of the
world including Ethiopia. It causes significant morbidity
and mortality (Okewole et al., 2000, WHO,1995). It affects
liver of mammals especially ruminants (cattle, sheep and
goat) occasionally human being an accidental host for F.
hepatica and F. gigantic (Gracey et al.,1999). F. hepatica
is unique among the common helminthes of ruminants in
that it has an asexual multiplication phase of the life cycle
in snail intermediate host that is highly sensitive to the
environmental conditions (Smith, 2009). In recent years
small scale traditional of irrigated agriculture will create
favorable habitat for fluke transmitting snail vectors and
there by influence the life cycle progression occurrence of
fasciolosis (Mechael et al., 2004.).
Hydatidosis/Echinococcosis: is one of the major parasitic
causes of intensification not only its effect on animal
production but also due to its public health importance. It
is one of the world’s most geographically widespread
zoonotic diseases (OIE, 2002). Hydatidosis in cattle is
caused by the larval stage of the 2 - 7 mm long tape worm
Echinococcus granulosus, lives in the intestine of dogs
and other carnivores (FAO, 2007). Hydatidosis is one of
the major causes of organ condemnation and causes huge
economic losses (Yimer et al., 2005).
Bovine Cysticercosis: infection with Taenia saginata is
among the zoonotic in that it is maintained in nature with
human as sole definitive host. Its life cycle is entirely
dependent on the link between human and cattle so that
any break in this link can result in the total elimination of
the parasite (FAO, 2007).
Major pathological causes of organ and carcass
condemnation
Cirrhosis: is the end stage of diffuse hepatic disease
characterized by nodular regeneration with fibro-vascular
bridging scars in which there is intera-hepatic or portal-
hepatic vascular shunts. Cirrhosis involves disruption of
the architecture of the entire liver; a reflection of diffuse
parenchymal injury and subsequent fibrosis (Jubb et al.,
2007). In cattle, cirrhosis usually occurs as result of
infestation with F. hepatica (Gracey et al.,1999).
Necrosis: is death of cells and tissues in the living animal.
Necrotic tissue appears grossly as pale, coagulated,
amorphous mass of dead tissue that stands out against
the texture and color of normal organ. Common causes are
ischemia and variety of exogenous agents including
physical agents (burns and trauma), chemical poisons,
viruses, and other microorganisms and their toxins
(Cheville, 2006).
Abscess: an abscess is a localized collection of
liquefaction necrosis caused by suppuration deep in
tissues. It is designed to contain a dangerous pathogenic
agent, sequestering necrotic tissue from spreading in the
animal organs and carcass. Abscess starts as a focal
collection of neutrophils in space created by necrosis and
are nearly always produced by pyogenic bacteria. Abscess
formation is an integral component of the inflammatory
response (Cheville, 2006).
Calcification: is the deposition of calcium salts in dead
and degenerating tissue. Calcification is seen in parasitic
infections and in many chronic infections such as,
Hydatidosis and Tuberculosis. Irregularly rounded and
3. Major Causes of Organ and Carcass Condemnation in Cattle Slaughtered at Bahir Dar Municipality Abattoir, North West Ethiopia
Int. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 041
frequently honeycombed calcification is detected on
postmortem examination by a gritty sound up on incision
with knife (FAO, 2007). The two forms of calcification are;
dystrophic calcification, in which calcium is deposited in
degenerating tissues and cells, and metastatic
calcification, in which calcium is deposited in normal
tissues in the presence of hypercalcemia (Jubb et al.,
2007).
Pneumonia: is inflammation of the lung parenchyma
usually accompanied by inflammation of the bronchiole
and often by pleurisy. It may be associated with viruses,
bacteria or a combination of both, fungi, metazoan
parasites and physical and chemical agents (Radostits et
al., 2007).
Emphysema: refers to tissue puffed up by air or other gas
in the lung and are two major forms; Alveolar(vesicular)
emphysema is excessive amount of air with in air spaces
of the lung. Interstitial emphysema is the presences of air
with in inter lobular sub pleural and other major interstitial
zones of the lung (Jubb et al., 2007). Emphysema is
caused by an obstruction to the out flow of air or by
extensive gasping respiration during slaughter
procedures. All species may be affected with alveolar
emphysema. However, interstitial emphysema occurs
mostly in cattle. The lobules of the lungs become
separated by the distended interstitial tissues and marked
lobulation of lungs is observed (FAO, 2007).
Nephritis: nephritis of the kidney and associated structure
that can be caused by various causes. These pathological
conditions are found to be the sole cause of kidney
condemnation (Marta, 2010). Renal Calculi: is the main
cause of urinary tract obstruction. Renal or ureteral calculi
can be produced partial or complete obstruction of one or
both sides of the upper urinary tract (Smith, 2009).
Infarcts: infarcts of the kidney are common lesions of
localized coagulative necrosis produced by embolic or
thrombotic occlusion of the renal artery or of one its
branches. The sequelae depend on whether the
obstructing material is septic or bland and, on the size, and
number of vessels obstructed. Blood thrombi produce
typical infarcts; septic thrombi produce abscess that may
heal sequestrate or discharge into the pelvis (Jubb et al.,
2007). The margin of the infarct may be irregular, are
reflection of the vascular supply from adjacent, non-
affected tissue, initially, infarcts are commonly red due to
hyperemia, but by 48 hours most become progressively
paler. At necropsy infarcts of the kidney are usually white
ischemic, and are clearly demarcated from the
surrounding normal tissue (Cheville, 2006).
Hydronephrosis: is a dilation of the renal pelvis and
calyces associated with progressive atrophy and cystic
enlargement of the kidney. The cause is some form of
urinary obstruction, which may be complete or incomplete,
existing at any level from the urethra to the renal pelvis.
The obstruction may be caused by anomalous
development of the lower urinary passage or it may be
acquired. Acquired causes include urinary calculi in any
location. Cystitis especially if it is hemorrhagic,
compression of the ureter by surrounding inflammatory or
neoplastic tissue, displacement of the bladder in perennial
hernias, and acquired urethral strictures. Depending up on
the site of obstruction, hydronephrosis may be by
unilateral or bilateral, and there may be some degree of
hydro-ureter and dilation of the bladder (Jubb et al., 2007).
Pericarditis: inflammation of the pericardium that results in
the accumulation of fluid or exudates between the viscera
and parietal pericardium. Pericarditis in large animals can
be caused by trauma from penetration of ingested foreign
objects or external wounds, hematogenous spreads
(septicemia) of infection, extension of infection from the
lung or pleura, viral infections such as equine viral arthritis
or equine influenza, and neoplasia (Smith, 2009).
Major causes of carcass condemnation
Management fault: bruises are frequently found on
antemortem and postmortem examination in food
producing animals and poultry. It is the result of traumatic
injury with subsequent trapping of blood in and around
muscle bundles and associated structures. The underlying
causes are considered to be lack of bedding, mixing of
horned and hornless animals, over and under loading and
also due to extensive use of stick during transportation or
handling are commonly found in the hip, chest and
shoulder areas (FAO, 2007).
Emaciation: is often a pathological condition (poor body
conditions) of food animals and is characterized by a loss
of fat and flesh following the loss appetite, starvation and
cachexia. It is associated with gradual diminution in the
size of organs and muscular tissues as well as edema in
many cases. The organs and muscular tissues appear
thinner, moist and glossy (FAO, 2007). So, emaciated
carcass is condemned because if the condition associated
with systemic cases. As result, emaciated animals are
esthetically an acceptable for food (Marta, 2010).
Cysticercosis: is common finding in animal’s carcasses
where meat is eaten raw or imperfectly cooked and usually
where cattle have access to human feces due to poor
hygiene (Gracey et al.,1999). Beef measles have been in
Ethiopia for many centuries. The disease is locally known
as “kosso” is mainly related to eating of uncooked or raw
meat in many parts of the country (Richard, 1999).
Bovine tuberculosis (BTB): is a chronic infectious
disease of animals characterized by the formation of
granulomatous lesions in tissues and organs, more
significantly in lungs, lymph nodes and intestine. The
etiological agents of mammalian tuberculosis, classified as
member of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: like
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberclosis),
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) and Mycobacterium
avium (M. avium). However, M. bovis is the most universal
pathogen among mycobacterium species and affects
many vertebrate animals of all age groups including man,
although, cattle, goats and pigs are found to be most
susceptible, while sheep and horses are showing a high
natural resistance (Radostits et al., 2007).
In Sub- Saharan Africa, human and animals are sharing
the same micro environment and water holes, especially
during drought and dry season, there by potentially
promoting the transmission as M. bovis from animals to
man. Depending on route of entry and where the condition
becomes generalized, one or several lymph nodes may
contain tuberculosis granulomas. In the respiratory system
it is the mediastenum or bronchial lymph nodes that are
involved possibly with abscess in the lungs (Andrews and
Windsor, 2004).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
The study was conducted from November 2010 to March
2011 at Bahir Dar municipality abattoir. Bahir Dar, the
capital city of the Amhara Regional State, is situated in
West Gojjam Administrative Zone of Amhara Region
Northwest Ethiopia that is situated 570 kilometers away
from the capital Addis Ababa and found at an altitude of
1,802 meters above sea level and latitude of 11o15’N from
the equator. It has warm humid climate with an average
annual rain fall of 700mm. The annual temperature of the
area ranges from 20oc – 30oc. The climatic condition of the
area is featured predominated by moderate “Woynadega”
and the area has two seasons; namely “Bega” and
“Kermit”; the month of “Bega” includes December to May,
and “Kerement” from June to September, Wet Season
(NMSA, 2010). The presence of the biggest lake and river
4. Major Causes of Organ and Carcass Condemnation in Cattle Slaughtered at Bahir Dar Municipality Abattoir, North West Ethiopia
Ayenew and Simeneh 042
in Ethiopia, Tana and Abay respectively, influences the
climate of the study area. The land is covered by various
bush formations, low woods mainly evergreen plants and
some semi-humid and humid highland vegetation with
major agricultural products like teff, wheat, sorghum,
millet, maize, and all pulse crops. The livelihood of the
people mainly depends on agricultural/mixed crop-
livestock production is the type of farming system in this
area. According to CSA (CSA, 2008), there are 11 zones
in the region with the population number of males,
8,641,580 and female 8,580,396, all over population of
Amhara region is 17,221,976. The total area of the Bahir
Dar district is 128,356 hectare. In the study area there are
158,564 cattle, 23, 464 shoat, and 8,000 equine and
366,666 poultry (CSA, 2008). In the abattoir, maximum of
70 and minimum of 20 cattle and on average 30 cattle were
slaughtered per day.
Study Animals
The cattle destined for slaughter were almost all male
cattle originated from different parts of the country
including Adet, South Gondar, Achefer, Gonge, Quarite,
and Wollo and even from Harar. They were transported to
the abattoir using vehicles and on foot. A total of 413 cattle
distend for slaughter were inspected during antemortem
and postmortem inspections with their specific
identification numbers and recorded accordingly on a
format prepared for this purpose (Annex 1, Annex 3 and
Annex 4).
Study design and sample size determination
Across-sectional study was conducted in cattle
slaughtered in the abattoir. Every animal during the study
period was examined and data was recorded. In this study,
according to (Pace and Wakeman, 2003) (Annex 4), cattle
were grouped into young (<2 years), young adult (2 – 6
years), and adult ( 6years) and age estimation based on
eruption of one or more incisor teeth according to (De-
Lahunta and Habel, 1986) (Annex 3) were recorded. In this
study, cattle were randomly sampled using systematic
random sampling methods selected for every 3rd entry and
examined by antemortem and postmortem examination for
three days per week of visiting the abattoir (Friday,
Saturday and Wednesday).
STUDY METHODS
Antemortem examination
Antemortem inspections were conducted on individual
animals, while the animals were entering into the lairage
and after they entered into the lairage in mass. Both sides
of the animals were inspected at rest and in motion.
Moreover, the general behavior of the animals, gait,
structure, conformation, body condition scoring and signs
of disease and abnormalities of any type were registered
according to the standard antemortem examination
procedures (Gracey et al.,1999). Following the judgments
was passed based on FAO (FAO, 2007) animals fit for
human consumption were allowed for slaughtered.
Postmortem examination.
During postmortem examination, liver, lungs, heart, kidney
and carcass were thoroughly inspected by visualization,
palpation and making systemic incisions where necessary
for the presence of cyst parasites and other gross
abnormalities. Pathological lesions were differentiated and
judged according to guidelines on meat inspection for
developing countries and the results were recorded
(Annex 2). The decisions at postmortem inspection are
classified into the following categories of judgment such
as, approved as fit for human consumption, conditionally
approved as fit for human consumption, totally condemned
as unfit for human consumption and partially condemned
as fit for human consumption according to (FAO, 2007)
guideline on meat inspection for developing countries.
Assessment of direct economic loss
All affected organs and partially trimmed off carcass were
rejected from local market. Since total condemnation of
carcass was not allowed to practice in the abattoir due to
economic reason and the analysis was based on the
average annual slaughter capacity of the abattoir
considering market demand, average market prices in
local market and the rejection rates of specific organ and
carcass in Bahir Dar municipality abattoir. Average market
price of each organ and carcass was determined from
interviews made with personnel’s of the abattoir and
butcher houses. The economic loss due to condemnation
was estimated by the formula set by Ogunrinade and
Ogunrinade (Orgunrinade and Orunrinade, 1980) as
follows:
EL= Srx X coy X Roz
Where;
EL= average annual economic loss estimated due to organ
and carcass condemnation fromlocal market.
Srx = average annual cattle slaughter rate of the
abattoir.
Coy= average cost of each cattle liver/lung/heart/ kidney
and carcass.
Roz = average condemnation rate of cattle
liver/lung/heart/kidney and carcass.
Data Analysis
Data generated from both antemortem and postmortem
examination were entered in to Microsoft excel worksheet
and were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS) software version 19. Descriptive
statistics was used to determine the level of organs and
carcasses condemnation rates defined as proportion of
condemned organs and carcass to the total number of
organs and carcasses examined. The significant
difference among the prevalence rates of organs and
carcass were determined using Descriptive statistics; Chi-
Square test (χ2). The data obtained during the study was
subjected to 95% confidence interval statistical analysis for
possible variation, rejection rates of specific organs and p
–values > 0.05 is considered as statistically significant.
RESULTS
Abattoir survey
Antemortem examination
The Antemortem inspection was carried out on all of the
413 cattle slaughtered for the detection of any
abnormalities encountered in Bahir Dar municipality
abattoir. A total of 18 (4.4%) cattle were found to have the
abnormalities listed below (Table 1) and rough hair coat
was the highest in both age categories. There were
statistically significant variation observed among the
various conditions encountered during antemortem
inspection with the two age categories of cattle (χ2= 4.5;
p> 0.05).
Table 1: Summary of abnormalities (conditions)
encountered during antemortem inspection.
Conditions
encountered
Young adult
(n=88)
Adult
(n=325)
Total
(n=413) (%)
Abdominal hernia 1(0.2) 1(0.2) 2(0.5)
Branding 0(0) 2(0.5) 2(0.5)
Lameness 1(0.2) 1(0.2) 2(0.5)
Rough hair coat 4(1) 4(1) 8(2)
Stick marks/scar 0(0) 1(0.2) 1(0.2)
Local swelling 0(0) 1(0.2) 1(0.2)
Tick infestation 0(0) 2(0.5) 2(0.5)
Total 6(1.5) 12(2.9) 18(4.4)
χ2= 4.5; p> 0.05
5. Major Causes of Organ and Carcass Condemnation in Cattle Slaughtered at Bahir Dar Municipality Abattoir, North West Ethiopia
Int. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 043
Postmortem examination
All cattle that had been examined by antemortem
inspection were subjected to postmortem examination. A
total of 413 cattle were slaughtered and thoroughly
examined by following standard postmortem procedures.
From total organs examined in both age categories of
cattle 379 (91.7%) livers, 116(28%) lungs, 10 (2.4%) heart,
9 (2.2%) kidney and 28 (6.7%) carcass were condemned
from the local market based on their gross pathological
lesions (Table 2).
Table 2: Total number of cattle slaughtered and rejection rate of specific organs/carcass in each study month.
Organs/
Carcass/
Frequency of lesions and percentage of rejected organs (%) in each
study month
Total χ2
value
November December January February
Liver 164 (91.1) 52(92.8) 119(97.5 ) 44(80) 379(91.7) 35.80
Lung 49(27.2) 21(37.5) 29(23.7) 17(30.9) 116(28) 63.235
Heart 0(0) 0(0) 3(2.5) 7(12.7) 10(2.4) 19.170
Kidney 2(1.6) 3(5.4) 2(2.5) 2(3.6) 9(2.2) 16.9
Carcass 10(5.5) 6(10.7) 6(4.9) 6(10.9 ) 28(6.7) 16.9
Total 180(43.6) 56(13.5) 122(29.5) 55(13.3) 413
Table 3 describes16.9% and 74.8% liver in young adult
and adult and 9.2% and 18.8% lung in young adult and
adult respectively were condemned. 2.4% heart, 2.2%
kidney, and 6.7% carcass were condemned in both age
categories. There were statically significant difference (χ2=
32.25; p< 0.05) between the two age categories and
frequencies of organs condemned.
Table 3: Rejection rates of specific organs and carcasses
based on age categories.
Age Total
number of
cattle
slaughtered
Frequency of lesions and percentage
of rejected organs (%)
Liver Lung Heart kidney carcass
Young-
adult
88 70
(16.9 )
38
(9.2)
5 (1.2) 4 (1) 3 (0.7)
Adult 325 309
(74.8)
78
(18.8)
5 (1.2) 5 (1.2) 6 (1.4)
Total 413 379
(91.7)
116
(28)
10
(2.4)
9 (2.2) 28 (6.7)
χ2= 32.25; p< 0.05
Table 4 depicts 93.4% of organs that were condemned
from poor body conditioned cattle were judged by totally
condomenation while 54% of organs and or carcass that
were condemned from good body conditioned cattle were
judged by total condemnation whereas 8 % of organs and
or carcass condemned from good body conditioned cattle
were judged by partial condemnation. Therefore, there
was no statistically significant difference observed
between the judgment given and different body condition
scoring categories (χ2 = 9.782; p >0.05).
Table 4: The rejection rates and the association between
body condition scoring and judgments.
Body
condition
Total
number of
cattle
slaughtered
Judgments
Partial
condemnation
(%)
Total
condemnation
(%)
Poor 151 9(5.9) 141(93.4)
Medium 212 12(5.6) 168(79.2)
Good 50 4(8) 27(54)
Total 413 25(6.05) 336(81.4)
χ2 = 9.782, p >0.05
From the total 413 cattle slaughtered (Table 5), 72.9% and
6.05% were condemned totally and partially respectively.
From the above totally condemned organs and carcasses,
81.6%, 7.1%, 84.4%, 85.5%, condemned in November,
December, January, and February respectively. Among
the partial condemned organs and carcasses, 7.2%,
14.3%, 2.5%, and 1.8% were condemned in the months of
November, December, January, and February
respectively. There was no statistically significant
difference between judgments given and each study
months (χ2 =12.454; p >0.05).
Table 5: The rejection rates and the association between
months and the judgments given
Month Total number of
cattle
slaughtered (%)
Judgments
Partial
condemnation
(%)
Total
condemnation
(%)
November 180 13(7.2) 147(81.6)
December 56 8(14.3) 4(7.1)
January 122 3(2.5) 103(84.4)
February 55 1(1.8) 47(85.5)
Total 413 25( 6.05) 301(72.9)
χ2=12.454; p >0.05
Out of the total 379 (91.7%) livers condemned in both age
groups, the principal causes of condemnation were
parasitic causes like Fasciolosis, 264 (64%) Hydatidosis,
102 (24.5%) Calcification, 18 (4.3%) and Abscess, 8 (2%)
in both age groups (Table 6). There is no significant
difference (χ2= 35.80; P> 0.05) observed for all causes of
liver condemnation between young adult and adult cattle.
Table 6: Summary of liver condemnation and its rejection
rates.
Cause of Liver
condemnation
Young adult
(n=88)
Adult
(n=325)
Total
(n=413) %
Fasciolosis 29(7) 189(45.8) 218(52.9)
Fasciolosis and
Hydatidosis
6(1.5) 40(9.7) 46(11.1)
Hydatidosis 12(3) 44(10.6) 56(13.5)
Abscess 2(0.5) 6(1.5) 8(2)
Cirrhosis 1(0.2) 6(1.5) 7(1.7)
Cloudy swelling 4(1) 10(2.4) 14(3.3)
Calcification 9(2.2) 9(2.2) 18(4.3)
Congestion 1(0.2) 6(1.5) 7(1.7)
Schistosomosis 1(0.2) 4(1) 5(1.2)
Total 65(15.7) 314(76) 379(91.7)
χ2= 35.80; p >0.05
A total of 116 (28%) lungs in both age groups were
condemned (Table 7). The major causes of lung
condemnation was Hydatid cyst, 94 (22.7%) and
Emphysema, 11(2.6%) in both age groups. Others
accounted 2.7%. There is statistically significance
difference (χ2= 63.235; p<0.05) for all causes of lung
condemnation between the two age categories.
Table 7: Summary of lung condemnation and its rejection
rate
Cause of lung
condemnation
Young
adult
(n=88)
Adult
(n=325)
Total (n=413)
%
Hydatid cyst 31(7.5) 63(15.3) 94(22.7)
Emphysema 2(0.5) 9(2.2) 11(2.6)
Abscess 1(0.2) 5(1.2) 6(1.5)
Pneumonia 3(0.7) 0(0) 3(0.7)
Mass 1(0.2) 1(0.2) 2(0.5)
Total 38(9.2) 78(18.8) 116(28)
χ2= 63.235; p <0.05
6. Major Causes of Organ and Carcass Condemnation in Cattle Slaughtered at Bahir Dar Municipality Abattoir, North West Ethiopia
Ayenew and Simeneh 044
The major causes of heart condemnation were found to be
pericarditis 5 (1.2%) and Hydatid cyst 4(0.9%) in both age
groups (Table 8). There was no statistical significant
difference (χ2= 19.170; p>0.05) observed between the two
age categories.
Table 8: summary of heart condemnation and its rejection
rates
Cause of heart
condemnation
Young-adult
(n=88)
Adult
(n=325)
Total
(n=413) %
Pericarditis 1(0.2) 4(0.9) 5(1.2)
Hydatid cyst 2(0.5) 2(0.5) 4(0.9)
Abscess 0(0) 1(0.2) 1(0.2)
Total 3(0.7) 7(1.5) 10(2.4)
χ2= 19.170; p >0.05
Renal problems were observed in, 9( 2.2%) the kidney
examined accounting for, 0.5% and 1.7% kidneys in
young-adult and adult respectively, were rejected. Hydatid
cyst was the major cause for kidney condemnation in both
age groups (Table 2 and 9). There was no statistically
significant difference detected for the causes of kidney
condemnation and the two age categories (χ2= 16.9; p
>0.05).
Table 9: Summary of kidney condemnation and its
rejection rates
Cause of kidney
condemnation
Young
adult (n=88)
Adult
(n=325)
Total
(413)%
Hydatid cyst 2(0.5) 4(0.9) 6(1.5)
hydronephrosis 0(0) 2(0.5) 2(0.5)
Mass (tumor) 0(0) 1(0.2) 1(0.2)
Total 2(0.5) 7(1.7) 9(2.2)
χ2= 16.9; p >0.05
Out of 413 carcass examined, 28 (6.7%) were partially
condemned, from which bruising accounts 12(2.9%) in
both age groups (Table 10). There was no statistically
significant difference observed between the cause of
carcass condemnation and the two age categories (χ2=
16.9; p >0.05).
Table 10: Summary of carcass condemnation and its
rejection rates
Cause of carcass
condemnation
Young
adult (n=88)
Adult
(n=325)
Total
(n=413) %
Bruising 1(0.2) 11(2.6) 12(2.9)
Contamination 0(0) 4(0.9) 4(0.9)
Abscess 0(0) 3(0.7) 3(0.7)
Iatrogenic lesion 2(0.5) 7(1.7) 9(2.2)
Total 3(0.7) 25(6) 28(6.7)
χ2= 16.9; p >0.05
Assessment of Direct Economic Loss
The average annual direct economic loss from domestic
market of organs and carcass condemnation at Bahir Dar
municipality abattoir was estimated to be 170, 676 ETB
according to the formula set by Ogunrinade and
Ogunrinade (1980) (Table 8).
Table 11: Findings of the study used in the direct
economic loss assessment.
Organ/carcass Average
rejection
rate of
organs and
carcass
Average
annual
slaughter
rates
Average
price of
organ and
carcass
Liver 45.85% 7, 200 40 ETB
Lung 14% 7, 200 20 ETB
Heart 1.2% 7, 200 30 ETB
Kidney 1.1% 7, 200 15 ETB
Carcass 3.4% 7, 200 60/Kg ETB
DISCUSSIONS
The most commonly encountered abnormalities during
antemortem inspection were 8(2%) rough hair coat,
2(0.5%) branding, 2(0.5%) lameness, 1(0.2%) local
swelling, 1(0.2%) stick marks and 2(0.5%) tick infestation.
Postmortem examination of the carcass of animals with
local swelling and lameness at antemortem inspection
revealed that the swelling was localized and the lameness
was due to trauma while being driven to market places and
during transportation to the abattoir by inappropriate
vehicles and frequent striking by stick during driven the
animals on foot to the abattoirs. Hence, in both cases
affected parts were trimmed off and the rest part of the
carcasses was passed as fit for human consumption.
Diseased animals that show signs of abnormality during
antemortem inspection should not be allowed to enter the
abattoir for slaughtered as indicated by (Teka, 1997).
Out of 413 cattle slaughtered in Bahir Dar municipal
abattoir, liver 379(91.7%), lung 116 (28%) heart 10 (2.4%),
kidneys 9 (2.2%) and carcass 28(6.7 %) were rejected
from local market based on their gross pathological
lesions. Even through the spleen, 8 (0.01%) is not needed
at market for consumption; it was examined for the
purpose of breaking the transmission cycle of animal
diseases like Hydatid cyst.
In the current study, out of the total 88 young-adult cattle
slaughtered, 65(15.7%), 38(9.2%), 3(0.7%), 2(0.5%),
2(0.5%) and liver, lungs, heart, kidney and carcasses
respectively and out of the total 325 adult cattle
slaughtered, 314 (76%), 78 (18.8%), 7 (1.7%), 7 (1.7%)
and 25 (6) liver, lungs, heart, kidney and carcasses
respectively were condemned due to gross pathological
lesions.
From the total number of young-adult cattle slaughtered,
35 (8.5%) and 18 (4.5%) liver were condemned due to
Fasciolosis and Hydatidosis respectively. Similarly, from
the total 325 number of adult cattle slaughtered, 229
(55.5%) and 84 (20.3%) liver were condemned due to
Fasciolosis and Hydatidosis respectively. Hydatidosis
31(7.5%) and 63 (15.3%) in young-adult and adult cattle
and emphysema 2(0.5%) and 9(2.25) in young-adult and
adult respectively contributed for lungs condemnation
during the study period. Among disease conditions
encountered during postmortem examination, Fasciolosis,
264(64%) and hydatidosis, 102(24.6%) were the major
causes of liver condemnation while Hydatidosis, 94
(22.7%) and emphysema, 11 (2.6) were the major causes
of lung condemnation. It was subjected that particularly the
lung was the organ mostly affected by Hydatidosis
because at old age, the liver capillaries dilated and most
cysts passed directly to the lungs. Secondly, the cyst
passes to the lungs through thoracic duct without involving
the liver as stated by (Gracey et al.,1999).
Out of the total 413 cattle slaughtered 379 (91.7%) liver,
116 (28%) lung, 10(2.4%) heart, 9(2.2%) kidney, and
28(6.7%) carcass were rejected by various gross
pathological lesions. From these 70(16.9%) liver,38(9.2%)
lung, 5(1.2%) heart, 4(1%) kidney and 3(2.9%) carcasses
in young-adult and 309 (74.8%) liver, 78 (18.8%) lung,
5(1.2%) heart,5 (1.2%) kidney and 6(3.8%) carcass in
adult were rejected due to various gross pathological
lesions. As the age of the animal increase, the exposure
to different diseases increases. This result also shows a
significant difference observed (X2= 32.25; p< 0.05)
between the two age categories and frequency of
organs/carcasses rejected. Among the study months, liver
was the most condemned organ (97.5%) in January and
followed by (92.8%) December. However, the lowest liver
was condemned (80%) in February. In lung the highest
and lowest prevalence rate was recorded in December
37.5% and 23.7% in January respectively. It implies that
Fasciolosis was the principal cause of liver condemnation
and in January, the highest snail population; intermediate
7. Major Causes of Organ and Carcass Condemnation in Cattle Slaughtered at Bahir Dar Municipality Abattoir, North West Ethiopia
Int. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 045
host were found than other study months to exacerbate the
condemnation of the liver.
The organs and carcasses passed for consumption in the
abattoirs are marketed in different hotels, cafeterias,
butcher shops and higher institutions. The condemned
organs having poor aesthetic value and pathologically unfit
for human consumption incinerated in the abattoir so as to
break the transmission cycle of the various diseases.
In Ethiopia many studies have been under taken to identify
the major disease conditions encountered during
antemortem and postmortem examination. Fasciolosis has
been reported to be one of the major disease problems of
livestock industry. The study conducted by (Jembere,
2002, Mezigebu, 2003, Seid, 2007, Fitsum, 2009, Marta,
2010,) at Nazareth, Gondar, Ambo, Hawassa, and Sebeta
abattoir respectively revealed that liver and lungs were
highly rejected organs by postmortem examination and
Fasciolosis and Hydatidosis were the major causes of
rejection.
The current study agrees with the findings of (Teka, 1997,
Andualem, 2007, Shegaw, 2008, Fitsum, 2009, Marta,
2010) who stated that liver flukes in the liver and Hydatid
cyst in the lungs were among the major causes of organ
condemnation during postmortem examination. Similarly,
(Manyazewal, 1995, Shegaw, 2008, Andualem, 2007,
Birhanu, 2006, Sirak, 1991) reported a rejection rate of
35.2%, 43.7%, 36%, 35% and 58% of liver due to
Fasciolosis at Mekele, Kombolcha, Addis Ababa and Bahir
Dar respectively. (Tilahun, 1994) Reported a prevalence of
71% in cattle slaughtered at Bahir Dar Abattoir.
Additionally, 52%, 61%, 50.2%, 21.6%, and 40.7%
prevalence were obtained around Lake Tana, Bahir Dar,
Hawassa, Ambo, and Sebeta Abattoir respectively by
(Yihenew, 1985, Yohannes, 1994, Fitsum, 2009, Seid,
2007, Marta, 2010) respectively.
Compared to these findings, 64% bovine Fasciolosis
obtained from the current study seems to be relatively
lower from Tilahun (Tilahun, 1994) but higher from
Yohannes (Yohannes, 1994, Sirak, 1991, Yihenew, 1985,
Fitsum, 2009, Andualem, 2007, Marta, 2010) and these
could be due to differences in environments and ecological
conditions of the study area.
Hydatidosis is also an important disease of major
economic and public health significance in many countries
of the world (Moidrage and Slough, 1981). Many
researchers reported that liver and lung were the most
common organs affected by Hydatid cyst (Jobre et al.,
1996, Sirak, 1991). The reason as explain by Gracey
(Gracey et al., 1999) is that lung and liver contain the
highest capillary bed in the body and therefore, the
majority of the oncospheres are filtered out and trapped in
the fine blood capillaries and only small number of
oncospheres reach the remaining organs. Factors
governing the prevalence of hydatidosis in the given
locality may be associated with prevailing specific social,
cultural, environmental and epidemiological situations
(Macpherson, 1985).
In the present study, higher prevalence of bovine
Hydatidosis in lung was found as compared to the previous
prevalence rate reported by Shegaw (Shegaw, 2008) , as
19.4% but lower from Andualem (Andualem, 2007, Seid,
2007, Marta, 2010, Yilkal, 1989, Fitsum, 2009), as
25.2%,26.7%,32.8%,38.8%,66.9% respectively. These
variations may be due to difference in the origin of animals
brought from and also due to changes in environment and
epidemiological factors, which could affect the rate of
transmission of Echinococcosis/hydatidosis.
In addition to Hydatidosis, 11 (2.6%) emphysema and 6
(1.5%) abscesses were also observed as the cause of lung
condemnation. The occurrence of the diseases that lead
to lung condemnation could be due to inefficiency of
slaughtering procedure, lack of proper disposal of infected
organs and distribution of stray dogs and wild vultures. The
principal pathological lesions that cause carcasses to be
rejected partially from local market were bruising 12 (2.9%)
followed by iatrogenic lesion 9 (2.2%).
Many reports in Ethiopia have indicated that an annual
basis of higher economic loss in the abattoir was
condemnation of edible organs and carcass due to
parasitic infestations (Jembere, 2002, Fitsum, 2009,
Yetnayet, 2010): 130, 718.49 ETB, 81, 480.00 ETB,
473,239.12ETB, 165.81 million ETB respectively. The
average annual cattle slaughter capacity of Bahir Dar
Municipality abattoir was 7, 200 and according to this
study, the estimated economic loss per annum due to
condemnation of organs and carcasses was 170, 676 ETB
which was equivalent to 10,040 USD per annum based on
the current change.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Disease is the major causes of organ and carcass
condemnation and the major concern to the livestock
industry as it causes extensive financial waste as a result
of direct and indirect economic losses. According to the
result of this study; Fasciolosis, Hydatidosis, Pneumonia,
Pericarditis, Hydronephrosis, Abscessation and bruising
were the most and major causes for organ/ carcass
condemnation of cattle to be rendered from local market
and this results extensive financial loss about 170, 676
ETB per annum. Hence, the current study may be valuable
for the country by providing data in monitoring disease
conditions and management practices of animals that
have public health hazard and aesthetic value and
consequently of economic significance as most of the
observed conditions leading to condemnation of organs
and carcasses. Based on the above conclusions the
following points are recommended.
➢ Immediate, safe and controlled elimination of all
condemned abattoir materials and the source of
contaminated offal as dog’s feed should be prohibited
by law.
➢ Regular de-worming of dogs and elimination of stray
dogs should be practiced and training of abattoir
workers on procedures and cares during flaying and
evisceration should be done.
➢ Standard regulations and functional meat inspection
policies should be formulated for organs and carcass
approval/rejection for abattoirs in order that a positive
relation with costumers and profitable and sustainable
domestic and national meat trade relationships to
continue.
➢ Different workshops should be prepared to enhance the
awareness of the animal attendant, farmers,
customers, abattoir workers and butchers pertaining
the public health significance of the disease, and proper
disposal of condemned offal and carcasses.
➢ Further studies should be carried out in ruminants that
are going to be slaughtered in different abattoirs of the
country and introduce preventive measures to reduce
unnecessary financial losses encountered in the
industry.
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