This document summarizes a study that assessed ectoparasite infestation on goats and domestic fowls in Vunania, Ghana. Approximately 76% of goats and 84% of domestic fowls were found to be infested with ticks, fleas, mites, and lice. A total estimated population of 4,110 ectoparasites was found on goats, and 9,688 ectoparasites were found on domestic fowls. The most common locations of infestation varied between parasite type and animal. The results suggest rainfall influences ectoparasite activity and survival. Further control efforts are needed to address the health effects on livestock.
The document summarizes a study on the prevalence and distribution of bovine cysticercosis in cattle slaughtered at Ghimbi municipal abattoir, Ethiopia from October 2008 to February 2009. The following key points are made:
- The overall prevalence of cysticercosis was found to be 4.5% (18/400 cattle). The highest prevalence was from Ghimbi at 3.5% and the lowest was from Haru at 0%.
- The cysts were mostly found distributed in the heart (44.4%), triceps muscle (38.9%), and masseter muscle (22.2%).
- The prevalence varied between the origin of the animals, being
Emerging parasitic infections in goats in pastoral systems in kenyaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on parasitic infections in goats in pastoral systems in Kenya. A total of 832 goats from 76 herds across 5 provinces were sampled to analyze tick infestation and strongyle egg counts. The overall mean tick count was 21 ticks per animal, with some districts having much higher counts. The overall strongyle egg count was 545 eggs per gram of feces. Both ticks and strongyle parasite infections were widely prevalent and at high levels. The study suggests these parasitic infections will become more economically important for pastoralists due to increasing pressure on grazing land and water sources. Further research is needed to understand disease transmission and impacts, and develop effective control strategies.
Hepatic and Rumenal Worms Infestations of Cattle in Vina Division (Adamawa – ...AI Publications
The main objective of this work is to describe a preliminary epidemiological account of major hepatic and rumenal distome worms of cattle in Vina Division, Adamawa Region of Cameroon. A total of 1361 cattle dung specimens and 450 blood samples were collected between April 2018 and March 2019 in 06 subdivisions within Vina Division. The dung and blood samples were placed in a cooler. The cooler was immediately transported to the medical and veterinary laboratory of Special Mission of tsetse fly Eradication where samples were kept cold at +4°C for at most 48 hours. The qualitative method of concentration of worm eggs by simple sedimentation was performed.Blood parameters were measured using a haematology automated system. Of the 1361 cattle dung specimens examined, 424 presented distome eggs giving a prevalence of 31.15 %.These were Fasciola gigantica, Paramphistomum daubneyi and Dicrocoelium hopes eggs.All cattle age groups were infected by worms. In terms of prevalence, medium cattle were found to be the most infected. In lean cattle the parasitic loads of F. gigantic and D. hopes were high and then decreased as the health of the animals improved. All cattle breeds were infected by at least one of the worm species. Bokolo and Djafoun were most infected by F. gigantica, while Holstein and Aku were more influence by P. daubneyi. Goudali breed is the one that has undergone the least parasitic pressure. Male cattle were more infected than females, but females exhibited higher mean intensity of infestation. Older cattle were more susceptible to F. gigantic and D. hopes infection while Adults were more infected by P. daubneyi. Whatever the parasite considered, parasitic load progressively increased with the age of the cattle. The number of cattle infected by P. daubneyi and D. hopeswas greater in the rainy season unlike F. gigantic infection which was more recurrent in the dry season. Mbe locality had a high prevalence of F. gigantica and P. daubneyi. However, Ngaoundere 1, 2 and 3 presented the highest mean intensities for all worm species. Prevalence and mean intensities of cattle have been more important in extensive livestock status. All the worms were encountered all year round, except for November and December 2018 where D. hopes was absent. Polyparasitic cases were observed. Nevertheless, bispecifics associations were most frequent. Mean Corpuscular Volume, Platelet Concentrations, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin, Total Leucocytes Count and Granulocytes mean values were higher in cattle with significant parasitic loads while Total Erythrocyte Count and Packed Cell Volume were low. Today, it is well established that distomatoses represent one of the major parasitoses of cattle in Vina Division of Cameroon.
Prevalence of Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethi...Premier Publishers
A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to April 2016 in Jimma zone of Oromiya region, to determine the prevalence of abomasal nematodes of sheep slaughtered at Jimma municipal abattoir. A systematic random sampling technique was applied to select the sheep. Abomasum of sheep was incised following the standard procedures. A total of 387 abomasums were incised and using standards of parasite identification methods two genera of nematodes were identified with an overall prevalence of 78.29%. The prevalence of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus axei was 66.67% and 53.5%, respectively. A statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was not found between origins in prevalence of these parasites. However, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was noticed between the level of the prevalence and different body conditioned animals. The highest prevalence was in poor body condition (97.26%). The overall mean worm count was 5334.97 and the mean worm count of specific nematode were 675.19 and 690.82 for Hemonchus and T. axei, respectively. The great majority of the infected sheep was with light, moderate and heavy degree of infestation. The current study epitomized that the prevalence of nematodiasis was high and consequently; sustainable control programs should warrant.
This study tested 480 camel sera from northern Nigeria for antibodies to brucellosis. The overall incidence of positive titres was 7.5%, indicating exposure to Brucella abortus. Camel meat and milk are increasingly important sources of protein for humans in the region, presenting a potential public health risk. A national brucellosis control program is needed to address this zoonotic disease in livestock and protect human health.
Cattle Ticks and Risk Factors Related to Tick Infestation of Livestock in Per...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Tick-borne diseases are a global public health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the disease is caused by malaria and many other diseases of viral, parasitic or bacterial origin. This study aimed to identify the bovine tick's species in cattle farms and to determine possible risk factors related to tick infestation in Abidjan district and Azaguié commune. Thus, in July 2019, thirteen (13) herds distributed in these localities were visited for tick sampling and to conduct epidemiological investigations. At each visit, ticks were harvested from 15 cattle per herd. All the farms visited were infested with ticks. 96.92% of sampled animals had ticks. A total of 1796 ticks were collected of which 89.42% (1606) were adults, 10.41% (187) were pupae and 0.17% (3) was larvae. Two species of ticks have been identified, Amblyomma variegatum with 25% of the population and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus with 75%. 96% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species R. (B.) microplus and 56% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species A. variegatum. The co-infestation of cattle by the two identified species was 53%. The distribution of the sexes showed that in the species A. variegatum, males were more numerous (13.44% for males and 8.76% for females). However in the species R. (B.) microplus, females were more numerous (5.08% for males and 62.3% for females).The analysis of risk factors associated with tick infestation in cattle has shown that factors such as Undefined parks, Type of pasture, Training in the use of acaricides and Presence of wild animals contribute to major ectoparasite infestations in cattle. Tick samples collected from peri-urban farms in the district of Abidjan and the locality of Azaguié as part of this study, indicate that the relatively recent introduction of the species Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus presents a threat to animal and human health.
Prevalence of Coccidiosis in Back Yard Chicken in and Around DebereTabere Tow...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Prevalence of Coccidiosis in Back Yard Chicken in and Around DebereTabere Town, South Gondar Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia by Temesigen W Molla in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Persistence of African swine fever outbreak in a farm in Kaduna, Nigeria.David Dazhia Lazarus
This document summarizes a study on the persistence of African swine fever outbreak in a farm in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The study found that five breeder houses on the farm were wiped out within a week of the outbreak. Testing of samples from the single surviving piglet confirmed the presence of African swine fever virus through serology and PCR analysis. The outbreak demonstrates that African swine fever continues to be a problem in Nigeria due to unregulated pig movements and lack of effective control strategies. Comprehensive surveillance, improved biosecurity, and government support are recommended to improve management of the disease.
The document summarizes a study on the prevalence and distribution of bovine cysticercosis in cattle slaughtered at Ghimbi municipal abattoir, Ethiopia from October 2008 to February 2009. The following key points are made:
- The overall prevalence of cysticercosis was found to be 4.5% (18/400 cattle). The highest prevalence was from Ghimbi at 3.5% and the lowest was from Haru at 0%.
- The cysts were mostly found distributed in the heart (44.4%), triceps muscle (38.9%), and masseter muscle (22.2%).
- The prevalence varied between the origin of the animals, being
Emerging parasitic infections in goats in pastoral systems in kenyaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on parasitic infections in goats in pastoral systems in Kenya. A total of 832 goats from 76 herds across 5 provinces were sampled to analyze tick infestation and strongyle egg counts. The overall mean tick count was 21 ticks per animal, with some districts having much higher counts. The overall strongyle egg count was 545 eggs per gram of feces. Both ticks and strongyle parasite infections were widely prevalent and at high levels. The study suggests these parasitic infections will become more economically important for pastoralists due to increasing pressure on grazing land and water sources. Further research is needed to understand disease transmission and impacts, and develop effective control strategies.
Hepatic and Rumenal Worms Infestations of Cattle in Vina Division (Adamawa – ...AI Publications
The main objective of this work is to describe a preliminary epidemiological account of major hepatic and rumenal distome worms of cattle in Vina Division, Adamawa Region of Cameroon. A total of 1361 cattle dung specimens and 450 blood samples were collected between April 2018 and March 2019 in 06 subdivisions within Vina Division. The dung and blood samples were placed in a cooler. The cooler was immediately transported to the medical and veterinary laboratory of Special Mission of tsetse fly Eradication where samples were kept cold at +4°C for at most 48 hours. The qualitative method of concentration of worm eggs by simple sedimentation was performed.Blood parameters were measured using a haematology automated system. Of the 1361 cattle dung specimens examined, 424 presented distome eggs giving a prevalence of 31.15 %.These were Fasciola gigantica, Paramphistomum daubneyi and Dicrocoelium hopes eggs.All cattle age groups were infected by worms. In terms of prevalence, medium cattle were found to be the most infected. In lean cattle the parasitic loads of F. gigantic and D. hopes were high and then decreased as the health of the animals improved. All cattle breeds were infected by at least one of the worm species. Bokolo and Djafoun were most infected by F. gigantica, while Holstein and Aku were more influence by P. daubneyi. Goudali breed is the one that has undergone the least parasitic pressure. Male cattle were more infected than females, but females exhibited higher mean intensity of infestation. Older cattle were more susceptible to F. gigantic and D. hopes infection while Adults were more infected by P. daubneyi. Whatever the parasite considered, parasitic load progressively increased with the age of the cattle. The number of cattle infected by P. daubneyi and D. hopeswas greater in the rainy season unlike F. gigantic infection which was more recurrent in the dry season. Mbe locality had a high prevalence of F. gigantica and P. daubneyi. However, Ngaoundere 1, 2 and 3 presented the highest mean intensities for all worm species. Prevalence and mean intensities of cattle have been more important in extensive livestock status. All the worms were encountered all year round, except for November and December 2018 where D. hopes was absent. Polyparasitic cases were observed. Nevertheless, bispecifics associations were most frequent. Mean Corpuscular Volume, Platelet Concentrations, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin, Total Leucocytes Count and Granulocytes mean values were higher in cattle with significant parasitic loads while Total Erythrocyte Count and Packed Cell Volume were low. Today, it is well established that distomatoses represent one of the major parasitoses of cattle in Vina Division of Cameroon.
Prevalence of Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethi...Premier Publishers
A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to April 2016 in Jimma zone of Oromiya region, to determine the prevalence of abomasal nematodes of sheep slaughtered at Jimma municipal abattoir. A systematic random sampling technique was applied to select the sheep. Abomasum of sheep was incised following the standard procedures. A total of 387 abomasums were incised and using standards of parasite identification methods two genera of nematodes were identified with an overall prevalence of 78.29%. The prevalence of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus axei was 66.67% and 53.5%, respectively. A statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was not found between origins in prevalence of these parasites. However, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was noticed between the level of the prevalence and different body conditioned animals. The highest prevalence was in poor body condition (97.26%). The overall mean worm count was 5334.97 and the mean worm count of specific nematode were 675.19 and 690.82 for Hemonchus and T. axei, respectively. The great majority of the infected sheep was with light, moderate and heavy degree of infestation. The current study epitomized that the prevalence of nematodiasis was high and consequently; sustainable control programs should warrant.
This study tested 480 camel sera from northern Nigeria for antibodies to brucellosis. The overall incidence of positive titres was 7.5%, indicating exposure to Brucella abortus. Camel meat and milk are increasingly important sources of protein for humans in the region, presenting a potential public health risk. A national brucellosis control program is needed to address this zoonotic disease in livestock and protect human health.
Cattle Ticks and Risk Factors Related to Tick Infestation of Livestock in Per...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Tick-borne diseases are a global public health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the disease is caused by malaria and many other diseases of viral, parasitic or bacterial origin. This study aimed to identify the bovine tick's species in cattle farms and to determine possible risk factors related to tick infestation in Abidjan district and Azaguié commune. Thus, in July 2019, thirteen (13) herds distributed in these localities were visited for tick sampling and to conduct epidemiological investigations. At each visit, ticks were harvested from 15 cattle per herd. All the farms visited were infested with ticks. 96.92% of sampled animals had ticks. A total of 1796 ticks were collected of which 89.42% (1606) were adults, 10.41% (187) were pupae and 0.17% (3) was larvae. Two species of ticks have been identified, Amblyomma variegatum with 25% of the population and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus with 75%. 96% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species R. (B.) microplus and 56% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species A. variegatum. The co-infestation of cattle by the two identified species was 53%. The distribution of the sexes showed that in the species A. variegatum, males were more numerous (13.44% for males and 8.76% for females). However in the species R. (B.) microplus, females were more numerous (5.08% for males and 62.3% for females).The analysis of risk factors associated with tick infestation in cattle has shown that factors such as Undefined parks, Type of pasture, Training in the use of acaricides and Presence of wild animals contribute to major ectoparasite infestations in cattle. Tick samples collected from peri-urban farms in the district of Abidjan and the locality of Azaguié as part of this study, indicate that the relatively recent introduction of the species Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus presents a threat to animal and human health.
Prevalence of Coccidiosis in Back Yard Chicken in and Around DebereTabere Tow...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Prevalence of Coccidiosis in Back Yard Chicken in and Around DebereTabere Town, South Gondar Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia by Temesigen W Molla in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Persistence of African swine fever outbreak in a farm in Kaduna, Nigeria.David Dazhia Lazarus
This document summarizes a study on the persistence of African swine fever outbreak in a farm in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The study found that five breeder houses on the farm were wiped out within a week of the outbreak. Testing of samples from the single surviving piglet confirmed the presence of African swine fever virus through serology and PCR analysis. The outbreak demonstrates that African swine fever continues to be a problem in Nigeria due to unregulated pig movements and lack of effective control strategies. Comprehensive surveillance, improved biosecurity, and government support are recommended to improve management of the disease.
A systematic review of zoonoses transmission and livestock/wildlife interacti...ILRI
Presentation by Grace, D., Pfeiffer, D., Kock, R., Rushton, J., Mutua, F., McDermott, J. and Jones, B. 2011. A systematic review of zoonoses transmission and livestock/wildlife interactions: Preliminary findings. Presentation at the 1st International One Health Congress, Melbourne, Australia, 14-16 February 2011.
Causes of ovine’s mortality at the National ovine Center of Bétècoucou in Ben...Innspub Net
The management of animals in pasture at the National ovine Center in the breeding farm of Bétécoucou is confronted by some constraints that make the level of production remain low for several years. This study aims to identify the causes of animal’s mortality at the national ovine center of the Bétécoucou breeding farm in Benin. The biological material consisted of sheep from the National Ovine Center. It is a flock of pregnant ewes, lactating ewes, rams and lambs. The sampling unit is consisted of the small ruminants of the Bétècoucou breeding farm. The study included a population of 576 sheep of the center of which 41 rams, 21 male yearlings, 18 female yearlings, 301 pregnant and lactating ewes, 83 lambs and 112 ewes. The analyzed data relate to the feeding, livestock management, livestock buildings and watering animals at the National ovine Center. During the study, we recorded 38.46% mortality of lambs of the study sample and 15.46% mortality of the total study sample. Thus, we have shown that animal mortality at the center is not only related to pathologies but to feeding, livestock management, operations carried out on animals, consanguinity and livestock buildings.
An overview of the current trends in precision pig farming technologies 2ma...Eduardo J Kwiecien
The document discusses precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies for pig farming. It describes how PLF uses sensors and data collection/analysis systems to continuously monitor pigs on an individual and pen level. This can help improve animal welfare, productivity, and farm efficiency by detecting health issues early and monitoring environmental and behavioral factors. The document provides an overview of the current state of PLF technologies for pigs and their potential to address issues in intensive commercial pig production systems.
Epidemiology of African Swine Fever: A prerequisite to controlILRI
This document outlines the objectives and progress of a project studying African swine fever (ASF) in East Africa. The project aims to 1) genotype and sequence ASF virus genomes, 2) evaluate rapid diagnosis methods, 3) understand ASF epidemiology in the field, 4) assess the livelihood impact of ASF, 5) identify biosecurity measures, and 6) understand social networks related to ASF transmission. To date, the project has genotyped and sequenced viruses, trained researchers in rapid diagnosis, conducted field studies to examine virus prevalence and transmission pathways, and developed surveys to analyze the economic effects of ASF on smallholder farmers.
Brief Overview of Global and Regional HPAI Situation 2011Tata Naipospos
The document provides an overview of the global and regional situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. It discusses how the virus has been circulating in poultry and wild birds in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Middle East since 2003. While some countries have regained HPAI-free status, the virus remains endemic in poultry in 5 countries and there are still sporadic outbreaks occurring. Human cases also continue to occur sporadically wherever the virus is present in poultry. The majority of poultry outbreaks and human cases have been concentrated in a few Southeast Asian countries. Live bird markets and cross-border trade are risk factors contributing to the virus's persistence in
Bovine anaplasmosis and tick borne pathogens in cattle of the galapagos islandNoor Zada
This summarizes a study that analyzed cattle on three Galapagos Islands for tick-borne pathogens. Blood samples from 395 cattle were tested by PCR for Anaplasma species and sequenced when positive. A. marginale was found to be widespread at a 100% herd prevalence and 93% within-herd prevalence, with older cattle more likely to be infected. A. platys-like strains were detected in 36.7% of positive samples by sequencing. No A. phagocytophilum was found. All ticks collected from cattle were identified as R. microplus, which tested positive for A. marginale, B. bigemina, B. theileri and a Francisella-like
Dr. Thomas Gidlewski - Update on Feral Swine Diseases and SurveillanceJohn Blue
Update on Feral Swine Diseases and Surveillance - Dr. Thomas Gidlewski, Program Manager, Surveillance/Biological Labs, Wildlife Services, USDA APHIS National Wildlife Disease Program, from the 2018 NIAA Annual Conference, Livestock Traceability: Opportunities for Animal Agriculture, plus the Traceability and the Real World Interactive Workshop, April 10 - 12, Denver, CO, USA.
More presentations at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeUDeS810OcOfuEYwj1oHKQ
African swine fever epidemiology and control in smallholder pig systems: The ...ILRI
This document summarizes information about African swine fever (ASF) in smallholder pig systems in Africa, including:
1) ASF is caused by a virus that can survive for long periods outside a host. It has no vaccine and causes high mortality in pigs.
2) ASF transmission cycles involve domestic pigs, wild boar, soft ticks, and human activities. It is endemic in many African countries and has spread to Europe and Asia.
3) Controlling ASF is challenging due to multiple transmission cycles and lack of vaccines. Key control strategies include early detection, movement restrictions, culling, and improving biosecurity through practices like sanitation and restricting food waste access.
4) A One Health
African Swine Fever (ASF) control: An entry point for enhancing human welfare...ILRI
Presented by Richard Bishop, Jocelyn Davies, Cynthia Onzere, Steve Kemp, Vish Nene, Guenther Keil, Marisa Arias and Edward Okoth at the ILRI BioSciences Day, Nairobi, 27 November 2013
Epg count of migratory flock of Ghanpokhara, Lamjung, Nepal Autistic Brain
The document summarizes a study on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in migratory sheep and goats in Ghanpokhara, Lamjung, Nepal. The following key points are made:
- Fecal samples from 100 sheep and goats were tested, and 80% were positive for parasites. Strongyle (78%) and Trichostrongyle (44%) were most prevalent.
- Overall egg count was 1227.53±167.43 eggs per gram. Strongyle had the highest count at 829.49±110.41 eggs per gram.
- Prevalence increased with age, being highest in animals over 2 years old. Females had higher prevalence and egg counts than
Animal Genetic Resources Updates - South West Pacific RegionExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/genetics/natcord.html
This presentation by Tomasi N. Tunabuna was held at a side event during the 9th Session of the Intergovernmental Technical Working Group on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, from 6-8 July 2016 in Rome, Italy.
Global health - People, animals, plants, the environment: towards an integrat...Agropolis International
This document provides an overview of integrated approaches to health from the scientific community in the Occitanie region of France. It discusses how integrated health looks at human health as interconnected with animal and environmental health. It describes the factors involved in disease emergence and transmission, including pathogens, reservoirs, vectors, interfaces, and mechanisms of change over time. The scientific community in Occitanie studies these factors across human, animal, plant and environmental health through various research laboratories. The document also discusses how integrated approaches consider food systems and global health.
The document discusses current transboundary animal diseases (TADs) in the Asia-Pacific region from the perspective of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). It identifies the top 5 priority TADs as foot and mouth disease, highly pathogenic avian influenza, classical swine fever, peste des petits ruminants, and rabies. For each disease, it provides maps showing global and regional distribution and trends over time in the percentage of countries reporting the disease as present or absent. It also discusses OIE standards, reporting systems, and role in facilitating safe international trade in animals and animal products.
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)Mohammad Nassar
1) The document discusses a study on factors influencing adoption of New Castle Disease (NCD) vaccine in Kakamega County, Kenya. NCD is a major killer of indigenous chicken flocks. Only 35% of respondents had adopted the NCD vaccine.
2) The study found that effectiveness, availability, lack of alternatives, and affordability were the main factors influencing adoption of the NCD vaccine. Mortality from NCD and other diseases/predation was high, reducing potential profits from poultry.
3) Widespread vaccination could help reduce mortality rates and improve incomes for small-scale farmers in the region who rely on indigenous chicken but face challenges adopting the NCD vaccine.
Dr. Lindsey Holmstrom - Feral Swine and Foreign and Emerging Animal DiseasesJohn Blue
Feral Swine and Foreign and Emerging Animal Diseases - Dr. Lindsey Holmstrom; Diagnostic Epidemiologist, Center for Foreign Animal and Zoonotic Center, from the 2013 NIAA Merging Values and Technology conference, April 15-17, 2013, Louisville, KY, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2013-niaa-merging-values-and-technology
Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of domestic turkeyAlexander Decker
- The study examined 196 domestic turkey gastrointestinal tracts collected from slaughter slabs in Kaduna, Nigeria.
- An overall prevalence of 57.7% gastrointestinal parasite infection was found. The nematode Ascaridia spp. had the highest prevalence at 26%.
- Higher prevalence was seen in male turkeys compared to females. Multiple parasitic infections per turkey were common.
- The small intestine was the most common site of infection for nematodes and protozoa. No parasites were found in the proventriculus.
Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths and Protozoa Parasites of Ruminants in Min...iosrjce
This study investigated the prevalence of intestinal helminths and protozoa parasites in ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats) presented with diarrhea to a veterinary hospital in Minna, Nigeria between 2012-2013. Fecal samples were collected and examined for parasites. In 2012, 59.2% of samples were positive, compared to 82.7% in 2013. The most common parasites found across all years and species were Coccidia spp, Fasciola spp, and Ascaris spp. Higher prevalence was observed in 2013 possibly due to differences in climatic factors and management practices between the years. The study highlights the need for improved veterinary infrastructure, strategic deworming programs,
A systematic review of zoonoses transmission and livestock/wildlife interacti...ILRI
Presentation by Grace, D., Pfeiffer, D., Kock, R., Rushton, J., Mutua, F., McDermott, J. and Jones, B. 2011. A systematic review of zoonoses transmission and livestock/wildlife interactions: Preliminary findings. Presentation at the 1st International One Health Congress, Melbourne, Australia, 14-16 February 2011.
Causes of ovine’s mortality at the National ovine Center of Bétècoucou in Ben...Innspub Net
The management of animals in pasture at the National ovine Center in the breeding farm of Bétécoucou is confronted by some constraints that make the level of production remain low for several years. This study aims to identify the causes of animal’s mortality at the national ovine center of the Bétécoucou breeding farm in Benin. The biological material consisted of sheep from the National Ovine Center. It is a flock of pregnant ewes, lactating ewes, rams and lambs. The sampling unit is consisted of the small ruminants of the Bétècoucou breeding farm. The study included a population of 576 sheep of the center of which 41 rams, 21 male yearlings, 18 female yearlings, 301 pregnant and lactating ewes, 83 lambs and 112 ewes. The analyzed data relate to the feeding, livestock management, livestock buildings and watering animals at the National ovine Center. During the study, we recorded 38.46% mortality of lambs of the study sample and 15.46% mortality of the total study sample. Thus, we have shown that animal mortality at the center is not only related to pathologies but to feeding, livestock management, operations carried out on animals, consanguinity and livestock buildings.
An overview of the current trends in precision pig farming technologies 2ma...Eduardo J Kwiecien
The document discusses precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies for pig farming. It describes how PLF uses sensors and data collection/analysis systems to continuously monitor pigs on an individual and pen level. This can help improve animal welfare, productivity, and farm efficiency by detecting health issues early and monitoring environmental and behavioral factors. The document provides an overview of the current state of PLF technologies for pigs and their potential to address issues in intensive commercial pig production systems.
Epidemiology of African Swine Fever: A prerequisite to controlILRI
This document outlines the objectives and progress of a project studying African swine fever (ASF) in East Africa. The project aims to 1) genotype and sequence ASF virus genomes, 2) evaluate rapid diagnosis methods, 3) understand ASF epidemiology in the field, 4) assess the livelihood impact of ASF, 5) identify biosecurity measures, and 6) understand social networks related to ASF transmission. To date, the project has genotyped and sequenced viruses, trained researchers in rapid diagnosis, conducted field studies to examine virus prevalence and transmission pathways, and developed surveys to analyze the economic effects of ASF on smallholder farmers.
Brief Overview of Global and Regional HPAI Situation 2011Tata Naipospos
The document provides an overview of the global and regional situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. It discusses how the virus has been circulating in poultry and wild birds in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Middle East since 2003. While some countries have regained HPAI-free status, the virus remains endemic in poultry in 5 countries and there are still sporadic outbreaks occurring. Human cases also continue to occur sporadically wherever the virus is present in poultry. The majority of poultry outbreaks and human cases have been concentrated in a few Southeast Asian countries. Live bird markets and cross-border trade are risk factors contributing to the virus's persistence in
Bovine anaplasmosis and tick borne pathogens in cattle of the galapagos islandNoor Zada
This summarizes a study that analyzed cattle on three Galapagos Islands for tick-borne pathogens. Blood samples from 395 cattle were tested by PCR for Anaplasma species and sequenced when positive. A. marginale was found to be widespread at a 100% herd prevalence and 93% within-herd prevalence, with older cattle more likely to be infected. A. platys-like strains were detected in 36.7% of positive samples by sequencing. No A. phagocytophilum was found. All ticks collected from cattle were identified as R. microplus, which tested positive for A. marginale, B. bigemina, B. theileri and a Francisella-like
Dr. Thomas Gidlewski - Update on Feral Swine Diseases and SurveillanceJohn Blue
Update on Feral Swine Diseases and Surveillance - Dr. Thomas Gidlewski, Program Manager, Surveillance/Biological Labs, Wildlife Services, USDA APHIS National Wildlife Disease Program, from the 2018 NIAA Annual Conference, Livestock Traceability: Opportunities for Animal Agriculture, plus the Traceability and the Real World Interactive Workshop, April 10 - 12, Denver, CO, USA.
More presentations at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeUDeS810OcOfuEYwj1oHKQ
African swine fever epidemiology and control in smallholder pig systems: The ...ILRI
This document summarizes information about African swine fever (ASF) in smallholder pig systems in Africa, including:
1) ASF is caused by a virus that can survive for long periods outside a host. It has no vaccine and causes high mortality in pigs.
2) ASF transmission cycles involve domestic pigs, wild boar, soft ticks, and human activities. It is endemic in many African countries and has spread to Europe and Asia.
3) Controlling ASF is challenging due to multiple transmission cycles and lack of vaccines. Key control strategies include early detection, movement restrictions, culling, and improving biosecurity through practices like sanitation and restricting food waste access.
4) A One Health
African Swine Fever (ASF) control: An entry point for enhancing human welfare...ILRI
Presented by Richard Bishop, Jocelyn Davies, Cynthia Onzere, Steve Kemp, Vish Nene, Guenther Keil, Marisa Arias and Edward Okoth at the ILRI BioSciences Day, Nairobi, 27 November 2013
Epg count of migratory flock of Ghanpokhara, Lamjung, Nepal Autistic Brain
The document summarizes a study on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in migratory sheep and goats in Ghanpokhara, Lamjung, Nepal. The following key points are made:
- Fecal samples from 100 sheep and goats were tested, and 80% were positive for parasites. Strongyle (78%) and Trichostrongyle (44%) were most prevalent.
- Overall egg count was 1227.53±167.43 eggs per gram. Strongyle had the highest count at 829.49±110.41 eggs per gram.
- Prevalence increased with age, being highest in animals over 2 years old. Females had higher prevalence and egg counts than
Animal Genetic Resources Updates - South West Pacific RegionExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/genetics/natcord.html
This presentation by Tomasi N. Tunabuna was held at a side event during the 9th Session of the Intergovernmental Technical Working Group on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, from 6-8 July 2016 in Rome, Italy.
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This document provides an overview of integrated approaches to health from the scientific community in the Occitanie region of France. It discusses how integrated health looks at human health as interconnected with animal and environmental health. It describes the factors involved in disease emergence and transmission, including pathogens, reservoirs, vectors, interfaces, and mechanisms of change over time. The scientific community in Occitanie studies these factors across human, animal, plant and environmental health through various research laboratories. The document also discusses how integrated approaches consider food systems and global health.
The document discusses current transboundary animal diseases (TADs) in the Asia-Pacific region from the perspective of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). It identifies the top 5 priority TADs as foot and mouth disease, highly pathogenic avian influenza, classical swine fever, peste des petits ruminants, and rabies. For each disease, it provides maps showing global and regional distribution and trends over time in the percentage of countries reporting the disease as present or absent. It also discusses OIE standards, reporting systems, and role in facilitating safe international trade in animals and animal products.
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)Mohammad Nassar
1) The document discusses a study on factors influencing adoption of New Castle Disease (NCD) vaccine in Kakamega County, Kenya. NCD is a major killer of indigenous chicken flocks. Only 35% of respondents had adopted the NCD vaccine.
2) The study found that effectiveness, availability, lack of alternatives, and affordability were the main factors influencing adoption of the NCD vaccine. Mortality from NCD and other diseases/predation was high, reducing potential profits from poultry.
3) Widespread vaccination could help reduce mortality rates and improve incomes for small-scale farmers in the region who rely on indigenous chicken but face challenges adopting the NCD vaccine.
Dr. Lindsey Holmstrom - Feral Swine and Foreign and Emerging Animal DiseasesJohn Blue
Feral Swine and Foreign and Emerging Animal Diseases - Dr. Lindsey Holmstrom; Diagnostic Epidemiologist, Center for Foreign Animal and Zoonotic Center, from the 2013 NIAA Merging Values and Technology conference, April 15-17, 2013, Louisville, KY, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2013-niaa-merging-values-and-technology
Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of domestic turkeyAlexander Decker
- The study examined 196 domestic turkey gastrointestinal tracts collected from slaughter slabs in Kaduna, Nigeria.
- An overall prevalence of 57.7% gastrointestinal parasite infection was found. The nematode Ascaridia spp. had the highest prevalence at 26%.
- Higher prevalence was seen in male turkeys compared to females. Multiple parasitic infections per turkey were common.
- The small intestine was the most common site of infection for nematodes and protozoa. No parasites were found in the proventriculus.
Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths and Protozoa Parasites of Ruminants in Min...iosrjce
This study investigated the prevalence of intestinal helminths and protozoa parasites in ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats) presented with diarrhea to a veterinary hospital in Minna, Nigeria between 2012-2013. Fecal samples were collected and examined for parasites. In 2012, 59.2% of samples were positive, compared to 82.7% in 2013. The most common parasites found across all years and species were Coccidia spp, Fasciola spp, and Ascaris spp. Higher prevalence was observed in 2013 possibly due to differences in climatic factors and management practices between the years. The study highlights the need for improved veterinary infrastructure, strategic deworming programs,
Sero prevalence of infectious bursal disease in backyard chickens at selected...Alexander Decker
This study examined the prevalence of infectious bursal disease (IBD) in backyard chickens in central Ethiopia by testing serum samples from 552 chickens. The results found that 83% of samples tested positive for IBD antibodies. Higher rates of infection were found in younger chickens aged 3-6 weeks (94.5% positive) and in crossbreed chickens (90.5% positive) compared to local breeds. The highest prevalence of IBD was detected in Wenji woreda at 92.1%. The study concludes that IBD is highly prevalent in backyard chicken populations in the study areas.
The purpose of the study was to know the conduct of pig farms, the state of cysticercosis and its consequences on the quality of production of pigs in N'Djamena, Chad. Three methods were used: (i) the transverse and retrospective survey for information related to the conduct and hygiene in 64 farms sampled in eight blocks belonging to three districts, (ii) the langueyage to observe cysts and (iii ) documentary investigation for total seizures in the slaughter house over six years. All farms had barns which were considered in good condition (66%). However, most of the farms (91%) did not practice permanent confinement. The majority (81%) accounted for two per day of food distributions to pigs against three for the minority (19%). According to 64% of the farmers, 50% of citizens of their respective square have latrines. Of 861 pigs identified, 20% were examined and 9.7% were carriers of cysts. Carcasses at slaughter percentage seizures ranged from 2.5% to 5% depending on the year; an average of about 4% over six years. The prevalence of infestations remained generally lower than those observed in some cities of northern Cameroon. Losses were estimated to average 5,31,900 FCFA / year. Knowledge and practice of screening techniques for this disease by producers would minimize economic losses, improvement of production quality and avoiding human contamination. Further investigation seems necessary to highlight the animal health status and quality of pork production in this area.
Mortality of Fayoumi and Sonali Chicks in Scavenging Rearing Systempaperpublications3
Abstract: Fayoumi and Sonali breeds are commonly reared under scavenging system in Bangladesh. Chick mortality has the very important impact on economy of farmers. The aim of the present study was to determine the mortality rate and the causes of mortality of Fayoumi and Sonali chicks. One observational cross-sectional study was done on the Fayoumi and Sonali chicks at Chittagong and Noakhali district from October 2005 to July 2006. A total of 48 farmers (24 from each Upazila) were selected randomly, who rear chicks under scavenging condition and as well as had broody hens. Twelve eggs of each breed were supplied to each farmer. The chicks were hatched out by the broody hens. Then the chicks were reared under scavenging system. The mortality detected for Fayoumi was 57.3%, which was less than that of the Sonali (68.8%) but did not vary significantly (χ2 = 1.21, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality of Fayoumi chicks at Noakhali site was little higher (59.1%) than that of Chittagong (55.4%), but it did not vary significantly (χ2 = 0.28, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality of Sonali chicks also did not differ significantly (χ2 = 0.16, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality was more by diseases than predators. The common predators were crow, wildcat, domestic cat, mongoose and rat in both study sites. The crow predated (Fayumi; 63.64% and Sonali; 70.83%) more baby chicks than others predators. The highest proportional mortality was caused by Mycoplasmosis + Colibacillosis (36.05 % and 36.94 %) in case of Fayoumi and Sonali followed by the second highest attributed to Mycoplasmosis (26.74%) and (22.52%) respectively. Fayoumi chicks were lower mortality than Sonali under scavenging rearing condition.
Hydatidosis of camels and cattle slaughtered in sokoto state, nothern nigeriaAlexander Decker
This study examined 189 camels and 285 cattle slaughtered in Sokoto, Nigeria to assess the prevalence of hydatidosis. The study found:
1. Hydatid cysts were found in 44.4% of camels and 1.8% of cattle examined, with the prevalence significantly higher in camels.
2. The majority of cysts in camels were found in the lungs (93.2%) while most cysts in cattle were found in the liver (80%).
3. Most cysts recovered from camels and cattle were small, and there was no association between cyst size and infected organ.
The results indicate hydatidosis is common in the study
Characteristics of village chicken production in farming system in Côte d’Ivo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A study on the local chicken production parameters has been undertaken in the area of Korhogo. The work was conducted by a survey focused on 110 small farms from 20 villages (Koulélékaha, Natyo- Kobadara, Bafimé, Paroginékaha, Latakaha, Lénékaha, Lérikaha, Dyègbè, Pokaha, Torgokaha, Dokaha, Karakoro, Tyoronyaradougou, Nanbadyélékaha, Konborodougou, Dobyankaha, Lonakaha, Nalougovogo, Nalolokahaand Nanvikaha)in the department of Korhogo. The herd of the poultry farms varied from 10 to 105 chickens. The work shown that traditional poultry farming is practiced in majority by women and young with respective distributions of 60 % and 62.27 %. In 82 % of cases, breeding products are both for home consumption and marketing. Only 20 % of that product are solely for sale and marketing. The breeding system of that farm is extensive with a dietary and sanitary behavior which does not comply with the art standard. The housing of these animals are precarious henhouses which do not fit norms and good hygiene practice to guarantee the well-being of those birds. Three (3) types of chickens were defined on the basis of the tradition of the Sénoufo(people of the north of the Côte d’Ivoire) considerations. The age for chickens to start laying varied from 6 to 8 months for39 ± 4 eggs in 3 ± 1.10 laying per year. The eggs per laying were 9.75 ± 4 eggs for an average weight of 35 ± 3.48 g. The average incubation duration was 21 ± 2 days with a hatching rate varying between 50 % and 90 %. The adulthood traditional chickens' weight in that farm varied from 1 to 1.5 kg.
Analysis of ectoparasites and gastrointestinal parasites of chickens in moder...Innspub Net
A study was carried out in the commune of Korhogo to assess gastrointestinal parasites and ectoparasites in modern poultry farms. To achieve this, 214 droppings samples, including 129 broilers and 85 laying hens from 40 broiler farms and 12 laying chicken farms were collected and analyzed using the flotation method. The results highlighted two (2) species of mallophagous lice namely Menopon gallinae (50%) and Menacanthus stramineus (33%) and a species of bug namely Cimex lectularius (17%) for ectoparasites. As for the gastro-parasites, two (2) species and four (4) genera namely Trichostrongylus tenuis (17%), Syngamus trachea (19%); Heterakis sp (10%), Ascaridia sp (17%), Raillietina sp (8%) and Eimeria sp (29%) have been identified. Coccidiosis (Eimeria) was the most important pathology in broiler farms with 67% and less important in laying hens (33%). Helminth eggs have been observed more in laying hens. Ultimately laying hens are more infested than broilers.
The study found an overall prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation of 11.14% among goats in the Toba Tek Singh district of Pakistan. Ticks were the most prevalent ectoparasite, followed by lice, fleas, mites, and flies. The highest prevalence of ectoparasites was found during the winter months for lice, fleas, and mites, while ticks and flies were most common in summer and spring, respectively. Non-cemented flooring was associated with higher prevalence of ectoparasites compared to cemented flooring. Host characteristics like age, sex, and breed did not influence prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation.
A new look at ectoparasites affecting indigenous village poultry in EthiopiaILRI
Poster prepared by M. Collins, R. Christley, J.M. Bettridge, A.R. Walker and E. MacLeod for the Annual Meeting of the Society of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Madrid, Spain, 20-22 March 2013.
Effect of sowing date and crop spacing on growth, yield attributes and qualit...IOSR Journals
This document discusses a study that aimed to isolate Salmonella gallinarum from poultry droppings used for manure in Jos metropolis, Nigeria. The researchers collected 150 samples from 50 poultry farms in four towns. They found Salmonella gallinarum in samples from two farms located in Vom and Bukuru towns, representing an isolation rate of 1.3%. Other common bacteria isolated included E. coli, Klebsiella species, Proteus species, and Pseudomonas species. The presence of Salmonella gallinarum in the poultry droppings poses health risks and underscores the need for improved hygiene practices on poultry farms.
Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths and Protozoa Parasites of Ruminants in Min...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
PREVALENCE OF GASTRO-INTETINAL PARASITES IN MIGRATORY SHEEP AND GOAT OF GHANP...Autistic Brain
The document summarizes a study on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in migratory sheep and goats in Ghanpokhara, Lamjung, Nepal. The following key points are made:
- Fecal samples from 100 sheep and goats were tested, and 80% were positive for parasites. Strongyle (78%) was the most common, followed by Trichostrongyle (44%).
- Overall egg count was high, averaging 1227.53 eggs per gram. Counts for strongyle and Trichostrongyle exceeded levels indicative of clinical disease.
- Prevalence increased with age, being highest in animals over 2 years old. Females also had a higher prevalence and egg count
Studies on Prevalence of Ixodid Ticks Infesting Cattle and Their Control by P...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence of ixodid ticks infesting cattle in Lucknow, India and the evaluation of plant extracts to control ticks. The key points are:
1) A total of 2150 cattle were examined, of which 1262 (58.6%) were infested with ticks. The most common ticks identified were Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (68.69%) and Hemaphysalis bispinosa (31.30%).
2) Highest tick prevalence was found in calves less than 1 year old (77.1%), followed by cattle aged 1-4 years (64.66%), and lowest in cattle over 4 years (48
This study determined the seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants in and around Bahir Dar, Ethiopia from 2008-2009. A total of 500 serum samples from sheep and goats were tested using the Rose Bengal plate test and complement fixation test. The overall prevalence of brucellosis was 1.2% by the Rose Bengal plate test and 0.4% by the complement fixation test. All positive samples by complement fixation test were from adult female goats. While the prevalence was low, the study concluded that brucellosis exists in the area and positive animals should be eliminated to control spread of the disease in small ruminants.
Dairy Production System in Lowland Areas of Gambella, EthiopiaAI Publications
The objective of this study was to identify and assessing the different types of dairy cattle production systems, management practices, marketing and its constraints that exist in the Itang district. A total of 120 households were selected from four kebeles using simple random selection method after identifying the dairy owner from the community using purposive sampling method. Descriptive statistics, one way ANOVA, chi-square and ranking were analysed using SPSS statistical package. The majority of producers (63.3%) in the pastoral system produced milk for home consumption, while the majority of mixed crop–livestock producers (40.0%) produced milk for selling purpose. In the mixed crop–livestock system, mostly cereal crop based grazing is the major feed resource but these feed resources were managed in a traditional ways. Almost all respondents in the mixed crop-livestock system (96.5%) and pastoral system (100%) did not supplement their lactating cow with additional feeds. More than 400 cattle herds from 2-3 villages graze together between 10 am to 4 pm daily. The majority of households (68.3%) in the mixed crop–livestock system kept their cattle separately in barn, while other 8.3% of the households did the same in pastoral areas. Constraints for dairy development in the area are diseased condition, thieves, lack of veterinary services, lack of credit, feed and feeding and poor extension services. It can be concluded dairy cattle production in the mixed crop-livestock system was economical and based on mixed agriculture (crops plus livestock) with some fishing activity, mining and wild food collection.
Developing countries like Nepal, the disease like fascioliasis has made its existence and is prevailing in every shed of the ruminants. Untimely deworming practices and herding the ruminants together have made an economic loss. So routine examination of the ruminants, timely deworming, and good pasture management are necessary to be practiced to decrease the prevalence of the fascioliasis.
This study investigated the seroprevalence of bluetongue virus in sheep and goats in Ethiopia. A total of 1420 serum samples were collected from sheep and goats in various areas and tested using c-ELISA. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 69.1% in sheep and 60.53% in goats. Seroprevalence varied between study areas, ranging from 14.5% to 91.43%. Higher seroprevalence was seen in adult animals compared to young animals, and in females compared to males. While there was no difference between local and crossbreed animals, seroprevalence was higher in sheep than goats. The study indicates that blu
This study assessed the prevalence of endoparasites in wild rodents captured in Kirimiri Forest, Embu County, Kenya between January and May 2016. A total of 355 rodents from 3 species were captured and examined. The overall endoparasite prevalence was higher in Rattus spp. at 61.67% compared to Mastomys spp. at 59.82% and Hylomyscus spp. at 36.51%. A total of 533 endoparasites from 7 genera were identified. The most prevalent was Asyphalia obvelata at 44.79%. Endoparasite prevalence was higher in male rodents and in areas with tea plantations. The
1. Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 3371-3377, June 2015
Online ISSN: 1920-3853; Print ISSN: 1715-9997
Available online at www.cjpas.net
SURVEY ON ARTHROPOD ECTOPARASITES ON GOATS
AND DOMESTIC FOWLS IN VUNANIA, NAVRONGO, GHANA
*Elijah Dakorah Angyiereyiri, I Sackey and MST Bonu-Ire
Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University for Development Studies
PO Box 24, Navrongo, Ghana
ABSTRACT
Traditional free-range rural animal production system which forms an integral part of farming systems, in almost all rural
communities in Ghana is characterized by mismanagement, malnutrition, theft, predation, diseases and parasites
infestation resulting in high mortality and low productivity. This study assessed the types and degree of ectoparasites
infestation and their distribution on the body parts of goats and domestic fowls in Vunania in order to generate a data set
that could help in formulating strategies for their control in the area and its environs. Ten houses were randomly selected
and adaptive sampling was employed for the selection of neighbourhood units for sample collection. Fifty goats and fifty
domestic fowls of any age, one each from each house, were randomly selected for screening for ectoparasites using hand
picking and brushing. The ectoparasites collected were transferred to laboratory for processing and identification. About
76% of the studied goats and 84% of domestic fowls were infested with ticks, fleas, and mites respectively, while lice
were recorded in domestic fowls only. The estimated populations of ectoparasites of all kinds on goats and domestic
fowls were 4,110 and 9,688, respectively. In goats, the ears and underside of limbs were preferred by ticks and mites
while fleas were common around the neck and back regions of the body. In domestic fowls, lice and fleas were
distributed almost on all the body parts, although fleas preferred the vent. Lice were, conversely, found around the neck,
back, and the chest. Ticks particularly liked the underside of limbs, the chest and the wings. The presence of the
ectoparasites calls for stringent control efforts to curtail their health effects and more research to ascertain their negative
effects on the livestock industry in the study area.
Keywords: Arthropod, ectoparasite, goat, domestic fowl, free-ranging production system.
INTRODUCTION
Ghana’s Traditional rural animal production systems are
mainly based on free-range. The indigenous animals
mostly reared are sheep, goats, pigs, poultry and cattle. It
is an essential agricultural activity of almost all rural
communities and is an integral part of the farming
systems and needs low inputs. Livestock rearing provides
scarce animal protein as meat and eggs; farm yard
manure, prestige and act as a reliable source of petty cash
(FAO, 1987). Animal production at the local level fulfills
a number of other functions. These include the use of
domestic animals and poultry for performance traditional
ceremonies and festivals.
The importance of rural poultry and livestock in the
national economy of developing countries and improving
the nutritional status and income of many smallholder
farmers and landless communities is highly rated
(Creavey, 1991; FAO, 1987). Strategic increases in the
productivity of rural livestock greatly assist in poverty
alleviation; improve household food-security and protein
intake of both urban and rural dwellers ((Kitalyi, 1998).
Unfortunately, livestock production is not rated highly in
the third-world national economies because of the lack of
measurable indicators. Production levels of rural poultry
and animals in many African countries fall far below
desirable levels (Calnek et al., 1997). In many cases,
weight gain, number of eggs per fowl and number of
offspring per year are very low, while mortality rates are
relatively high. Several reasons, including
mismanagement of animals, malnutrition, disease and
parasite infestation, theft and predation account for the
high mortality and low productivity (Awuni, 1990;
Calnek et al., 1997).
Animal health is one of the factors that affect the
efficiency with which domestic livestock convert food
into animal protein for human consumption (Horst, 1996)
and income for the farmers. Among the numerous animal
health problems is the prevalence of arthropod
ectoparasites and their impacts on farm animals (Byford
et al., 1992; Nnadozie, 1996).
*Corresponding author e-mail: eangyiereyiri@gmail.com
2. Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences3372
Diverse and highly adapted species of ectoparasites of
veterinary importance inhabit the external body surfaces
of these animals (Loomis, 1978). Some of the parasites
live permanently on their hosts or they may occupy the
host’s nest and immediate environment, and visit the body
of the host periodically. The mechanisms by which the
parasites seek, identify, establish and maintain contacts
with their host are sophisticated and complex (Byford et
al., 1992; Combes, 2001). Some ectoparasites that affect
sheep, goats, dogs, cattle and fowls include ticks, lice,
mite, flies and fleas (Adene and Dipeolu, 1975). Although
these ectoparasites are not critical limiting factors, their
presence can affect productivity in these animals and the
economics of production (Haward and James, 1979).
Another study, Permin and Hansen (1998) and Ruff
(1999) reported that parasitism causes reduced growth,
reduced egg and milk production, emaciation, anaemia
and mortality. Permin et al. (1997) indicated that the
prevalence of ectoparasitic infestations in village chicken
flocks is close to 100% and in most cases individual birds
can harbour more than one parasite species. Currently,
there is paucity of information regarding ectoparasites of
local livestock in the study area. There is also the need to
constantly assess the status of village livestock production
constraints and dynamics of their interaction. As cofactors
in livestock diseases, their prevalence is essential in
understanding the epidemiology of such diseases and the
design of their control measures.
Control of ectoparasites is, therefore, one of several
important ways of improving productivity of the livestock
and poultry industry (Drummond et al., 1988) in the study
area and Ghana as a whole. Hence there is the need for
informed knowledge on the bionomics of these
ectoparasites and their activities. Unfortunately, in the
Kassena-Nankana East Municipal Assembly of Ghana
and, in particular, Vunania, research on ectoparasites of
domestic livestock has been fragmentary leading to a
dearth of knowledge on ectoparasite infestation in goats
and domestic fowls, although it is generally known that
parasitic infestation is one of the common causes of
mortality of domestic livestock. This study, therefore,
assessed ectoparasites infestation and their distribution on
the body parts of goats and domestic fowls in Vunania
with a view to generating a dataset that could help in
formulating strategies for ectoparasites control in the area
and its environs.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
Vunania, the study area, is about 5 km from Navrongo
along the Navrongo-Kolgo road. The main occupation of
the inhabitants of 1,474 people is subsistence farming. As
at 2012, there were 180 houses or compounds with a total
population of 560 goats and 1,205 domestic fowls (Nii:
personal communication). Navrongo, the nearest big
town, has mean minimum and maximum temperatures of
19.4 and 35.6°C, respectively. The area is usually under
the full influence of the harmattan winds from November
to January. The single rainy season lasts for 4 months
from July - October (Navrongo Metrological Station,
2012).
Selection of houses and study animals
In total, 10 houses were selected for the study following
Sampath (2001) methods. First, the numbers of all the
houses were written on pieces of paper. The papers were
then folded, put in a box and shaken for them to mix well.
Ten pieces of paper, representing 10 houses, were
randomly picked from the box without replacement. The
adaptive sampling method of Thompson (1990) was
subsequently employed to select neighbourhood units or
houses using the initial 10 houses. In this method, the
initial 10 houses selected were each entered for screening
of the study animals for the presence of ectoparasites, and
whenever ectoparasites were found, additional 4 houses in
the neighbourhood of that house to the north, south, east
and west were selected for data collection as well.
Ectoparasites were found in all the initial 10 houses, thus,
giving a total of 50 houses. In each study house, one each
of domestic fowl and goat were randomly selected for
screening for ectoparasites.
Screening of study animals for ectoparasites
The study animals were screened for ectoparasites using
the following techniques employed by Hall (2006).
Hand-picking
With the aid of light surgical gloves, the ectoparasites
were hand-picked by systematically searching the various
body regions of the study animals. Ectopareasites
obtained from the different animals, as well as the
different body regions were kept separately in 70%
alcohol in labeled collecting tubes for identification and
counting.
Brushing
With this method, each study animal was placed on a
piece (about 2 yards) of white calico and the ectoparasites
systematically brushed off the feathers (for domestic
fowls) and hair (for goats) unto the calico. The
ectoparasites were recovered from the calico by dipping
the finger into 70% alcohol and tapping gently with the
finger. The ectoparasites were then detached into labeled
collecting tubes. Macroparasites which fell on the white
calico were easily hand-picked into the collecting tubes.
Ectopareasites from the different animals, as well as the
different body regions were kept separately for
identification and counting in the laboratory. The study
animals were also examined for their general condition.
Signs of ill-health due possibly to parasite infestation
were recorded.
3. Angyiereyiri et al. 3373
Data analysis
The total populations of the various ectoparasites in
domestic fowls and goats in the study area were estimated
using the following formulae by Thompson (2001):
n mi
T = Nµ; µ = 1
/n ∑ wi, wi = 1
/mi ∑ yi, where
i=1 i=1
• wi = mean number of observations in a network;
• yi = variable of interest (ectoparasites);
• mi = number of housing units in a network
• N = the usual finite population
• T = estimated population of ectoparasites.
RESULTS
The ectoparasites found on domestic fowls from April to
June comprised ticks, fleas, lice and mites, while those on
goats were ticks, fleas and mites. The numbers of each
type of ectoparasites found on the study animals are
summarized in tables 1 and 2. Through observation, many
of the domestic fowls infested by ticks were severely sick,
while some majority of them died. Also, during survey,
the level of ticks’ infestation increased from the end of
April to the end of June.
Of the 50 goats and domestic fowls examined, 38 (76%)
goats and 42 (84%) domestic fowls were infested with
arthropod ectoparasites. Approximately 34.2, 60.5 and
5.3% of goats were infested with ticks, fleas and mites,
respectively (Fig. 1). Among tick species that infested
goats, 69.2, 7.7 and 23.1% were Rhicepicaphalus bursa,
Boophilus annulatus and Ornithodoros lahorensis,
respectively. Also among flea species that infested goats,
65.2 and 34.8% were Ctenocephalides felis felis and
Tunga penetrans, respectively. Only two goats were
infested with Sarcoptes scabiei. Also, of the 42 domestic
fowls infested with ectoparasites, 7.2, 21.4, 47.6 and
23.8% had been infested by mites, fleas, ticks and lice,
respectively (Fig. 2). The tick species found were Argas
persicus and Ornithodoros sp., while flea species
identified were Echidnophaga gallinae (stickfast flea) and
Xenopsylla sp. Lice found were Menapon gallinae and
Goniodes gallinae, while mites were mainly the scaly leg
mite.
The estimated arthropod ectoparasite populations on goats
and domestic fowls in Vunania are shown in table 2. The
populations of arthropod ectoparasites of all kinds in
goats and domestic fowls were 4110 and 9688,
respectively. The ectoparasite load per goat was 0.66 ±
0.13, 1.62 ± 0.15 and 5.04 ± 0.71 for ticks, fleas and mites
respectively, giving a total of 7.32 ± 0.72 parasites per
goat. The total parasite load on domestic fowls was 8.04 ±
0.49 parasites per fowl, and this comprised 1.82 ± 0.15,
1.52 ± 0.16, 1.84 ± 0.17 and 2.86 ± 0.49 parasites per
fowl for ticks, lice, fleas and mites, respectively.
Generally, domestic fowls had heavier infestation of
ectoparasites of all kinds than goats except mites (Tables
1 and 2).
Table 1. Total Number of Ectoparasites.
Number (and %) of ectoparasites in
50 each of the study animalsEctoparasites
Goats Domestic Fowl
Ticks 32 (8.7) 91 (22.7)
Lice 0 (0.0) 75 (18.7)
Fleas 83 (22.6) 92 (22.9)
Mites 252 (68.7) 143 (35.7)
Total 367 401
The distribution of ectoparaites on the body regions of the
study animals is shown in figures 1 and 2. The body
regions of domestic fowls infested by ticks were basically
the underside of the limbs, the chest, the wings and the
legs. Lice were commonly found on the crop, back, neck
and legs. For fleas, their main location was the vent,
although they could also be found around the legs, back
and underside of limbs (Fig. 1). Tick infestation on the
ears and underside in goats was high (Fig. 2). Similarly,
two goats had their ears infested by mites. The fleas
Table 2. Estimated populations of ectoparasites on goats and domestic fowls in Vunania.
Category Animal name Estimated ectoparasites population
Goats 4110General ectoparasites population
Domestic fowls 9688
Specific ectoparasites population
Goats 930Fleas
Domestic fowls 2241
Goats 2822Mites
Domestic fowls 3446
Lice Domestic fowls 1711
Goats 358Ticks
Domestic fowls 1976
4. Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences3374
identified in goats were more limited to the back and neck
regions.
DISCUSSION
This study revealed that arthropod ectoparasites really
infested domestic livestock to a large extent in Vunania.
Out of 50 goats and 50 domestic fowls surveyed, 76 % of
goats and as high as 84% domestic fowls were infested
with external parasites with overall populations of 367
and 401, respectively.
Generally, the distributions of ectoparasites on the body
regions of goats and domestic fowls in Vunania are
consistent with the findings of Hall (2006) in Gognia in
the same district. During the study, the numbers of
ectoparasites recorded, particularly ticks, increased
markedly from the end of April to that of June. This may
be attributed to the increase in rainfall at the time,
suggesting that rainfall influences the development,
survival and activity of these organisms. This is in
accordance with the work of Mohammad and Ali (2006)
and Hall (2006) who found tick activity to be high from
June to August in the tropics. Again, with the increment
in the moisture content, many of the domestic fowls
examined showed a high level of infestation by ticks, lice
and fleas in the community.
With regards to ticks, R. bursa was more common on
goats followed by O. annulatus while in domestic fowls,
Fig. 1. Distribution of ectoparasites on the body regions of domestic fowls.
Fig. 2. Distribution of ectoparasites on the body regions of goats.
Key: bk = back, Tl = tail, A/V = anus/vulva, S/U = scrotum/udder, Lg = leg, Udl = underside of limbs, Er = ears, Ey =
eyes, Nk = neck
5. Angyiereyiri et al. 3375
A. persicus predominated. These tick species are most
common in the tropics according to literature. Domestic
fowls were more infested than goats and majority died as
was observed by Drummond et al. (1981, 1988). Some
farmers explained that the death of their fowls could be
attributed to the presence of the ectoparasites, particularly
ticks and lice. It was observed that many of the ticks
engorged so much blood from the animals that any
attempt to remove them from the animals resulted in their
crashing.
The engorging females of certain ticks, feeding on the
neck or near base of skull of their hosts (birds and
animals), inject venom that produces paralysis which may
be fatal if the tick is not removed. Apart from their
annoyance due to their blood sucking activity, some serve
as vectors of numerous arboviruses (encephalitis,
haemorrhagic fever); various rickettsiae (spotted fever,
tick typhus fever, Q fever and protozoan causing cattle
fever that is transmitted transovarially and few bacteria
(tularaemia) to man, other mammals and birds. Tick
infestation of domestic livestock could result in reduction
in milk and meat production and death due to
exsanguination. For instance, Dermacentor andersoni
Stiles can withdraw 1.7-2 ml of blood in an act of
engorgement resulting in tick-host anaemia and possibly
death. Tick-borne lesions can lead to dermatosis
(inflammation, itching, swelling and ulceration at site of
bite; or skin ulceration and lesions resulting from
improper or partial removal of tick mouthparts).
Envenomization which is the inoculation of toxic salivary
fluids at site of bite resulting in severe systemic
disturbances has been reported. Besides, ticks infestation
can predispose their host to myiasis and secondary
bacterial infections such as piroplasmoses (babesiosis,
rickettsioses) through the bite injuries (Service, 1996).
Hence they were assumed to be responsible for the death
of the domestic fowls.
In 1999, Ruff reported that mites cause crusted scabies
known as sarcoptic mange in goats, sheep and rabbits, and
scaly-leg in birds. Mites also cause painful bite, irritation
and dermatitis. Ectoparasitic adult fleas’ diet consists
solely of blood. Although most species of fleas have one
or two favourite species of hosts, they are not entirely
host-specific. For example, cat and dog fleas,
Ctenocephalides felis felis and C. f. canis, will readily
feed on human. Stick-fast fleas attack skin around eyes,
the wattles and comb and other bare spots of poultry.
Ulceration and wartlike swellings often results in
blindness and death due to starvation. Fleas account for
more than half of all dermatological conditions requiring
medical or veterinary assistance, and even a single flea
bite to a hypersensitive animal or person may cause
intense itching, irritation, allergic reaction, dermatitis and
loss of blood (Koutinas et al., 1995).
Contrary to other studies that found lice such as Damalina
caprae, Haematopinus spp. and Linognathus setnosis in
goats (e.g. Mohammad and Ali, 2006; Hall, 2006), no lice
were found in goats in the present study. Lice require the
presence of hair or feathers for development and survival
(Cameron, 1938), and this explained their prevalence in
domestic fowls in the study area. Their absence on goats
could probably be due to the nature of the hair coat and
climatic factors. Poultry lice infest ducks, turkeys and
guinea fowls when housed with chicken and attack
horses’ stables nearby. They frequently obtain blood by
gnawing through the skin or by rupturing the quills of pin
feathers and feeding on barbs and barbules. Their biting
and feeding behaviour cause irritation or itching. Affected
poultry become restless thereby affecting its feeding
habits, proper digestion; egg production is greatly reduced
and development retarded (Peter, 1995).
The present study clearly demonstrated that ectoparasites
are abundant in free-range livestock production system in
Vunania. It showed that animals in the extensive system,
particularly poultry harbour ectoparasites of some kind
throughout the year with particular high parasitic loads
during the warm, wet season. It also revealed that
ectoparasites receive less attention probably in all
production systems in the district as there is no
documentation for arthropod ectoparasites in Vunania.
But these ectoparasites are of great economic importance.
They cause anaemia due to blood loss, serve as vectors of
animal diseases and pathogens, act as intermediate hosts
for a range of helminthes such as Heterakis gallinarum, as
well as causing direct harm to their hosts. Similar reports
were made by Loomis in 1978. To minimize this problem,
application of suitable pesticide routinely and particularly
just prior to the warm, wet season is recommended in the
extensive system of animal production. Further research
to assess the impact of these parasites on the health and
production performance of the free-range domestic
animals including cost effectiveness of control strategies
and thorough education of the smallholder farmers are
suggested.
CONCLUSION
From the survey, ticks, fleas, lice and mites were
identified as the major ectoparasites of domestic animals
in the Phylum Arthropoda in the Kasena-Nankana East
Municipal of the Upper East Region of Ghana, especially
in Vunania. These parasites are considered to have a high
infestation rate in the affected animals. Their presence
should be considered serious regarding their negative
effects on domestic livestock, especially small ruminants
and poultry. Majority of the domestic fowls infested by
ticks were sick, while some died as a result of the
infestation. This calls for more attention in the control of
ticks on fowl flocks in the Kassena-Nankana East
Municipal of the Upper East Region. Climatic conditions,
6. Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences3376
national economy and that of individual farmers, and the
relevance of livestock production call for more research
efforts. Information about ectoparasites prevalence has
become necessary since these parasites also parasitize
humans especially those who work in close contact with
the animals. Ectoparasites infestation is not taken
seriously by the farmers, and this calls for intensification
of extension work to be carried out, if control of
ectoparasites can succeed in the area. Further studies are
also needed to estimate the economic losses caused by
these parasites and to formulate measures for their
control, while intensive education on the negative effects
of ectoparasites and how to control them is needed if
animal production is to be stepped up in the district.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Director and staff of Animal Health Institute, Accra
assisted in undertaking the parasite identification. The
staff also provided technical support. We appreciate very
much the technical and material support provided by Dr.
Henry Nii Ayi of Navrongo Veterinary Clinic and the
Late Dr. C. A. Kyorku, Snr. Lecturer, UDS, Navrongo.
Special thanks go to Bencyn Pharmacy Ltd for the
financial support. The support of the chiefs, volunteers
and the entire Vunania community members in the
Kassena-Nankana East Municipal Assembly is duly
acknowledged.
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Received: Jan 29, 2015; Revised: May 4, 2015; Accepted: May 5, 2015