Dr. Nanyingi public health economics 2011

Spencer Ash, MSHIA, MPS, CSSBB, CHFP, CSBI

crypto

Different environmental drivers operate on HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe. The probability of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry increases in areas with a higher human population density and a shorter distance to lakes or wetlands. This reflects areas where the location of farms or trade areas and habitats for wild birds overlap. In wild birds, HPAI H5N1 outbreaks mostly occurred in areas with increased NDVI and lower elevations, which are typically areas where food and shelter for wild birds are available. The association with migratory flyways has also been found in the intra-continental spread of the low pathogenic avian influenza virus in North American wild birds. These different environmental drivers suggest that different spread mechanisms operate. Disease might spread to poultry via both poultry and wild birds, through direct (via other birds) or indirect (e.g. via contaminated environment) infection. Outbreaks in wild birds are mainly caused by transmission via wild birds alone, through sharing foraging areas or shelters. These findings are in contrast with a previous study, which did not find environmental differences between disease outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe.

Different environmental drivers of H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birds

Harm Kiezebrink

T_Prince_4197295_InfectionScience-signed

Tessa Prince

The epidemic of Hepatitis C virus infection is continuously evolving in Albania such as in Europe. Until now the intravenous drug use has become the main risk factor for the HCV transmission, prevalent infections have increased and genotype distribution has changed and diversified. Meanwhile in Eastern European countries epidemiological data are limited such as in Albania. Through this study, we furnish more information about the prevalence of HCV virus genotypes in Albania. Methods: In this study we enrolled 174 subjects HCV RNA positive during the period 2007-2015 with an median age of 38.7 years old, from the Public Health Institute and National Blood Transfusion Centre, Albania. Results: The HCV virus genotype 1b is the most frequent with 35.6% (62/174). It’s important to mention that genotype 3 and 3a is more frequent among IDU (Intravenous drug users). Conclusions: Even though limited data, we noticed that HCV virus genotype 1b is the most frequent in Albania such as in other countries of Central-South Europe. Parenteral route of transmission of different subtypes of this virus in Albania is very evident, but further epidemiological studies are required.

Prevalence of HCV virus genotypes in Albania

theijes

Malaria is a major health problem in India with 1.04 million cases reported in 2012 leading to 504 deaths. The clinical spectrum depends on the infecting species, level of parasitemia and the immune status of the host. Malaria pathogenesis is based on extensive changes in hematological and biochemical parameters. The objective of this study was to study the clinical features, hematological and biochemical parameters in malaria patients and correlate them with the parasitic index (PI). Material and methods: We conducted a study on 300 malaria patients. The frequency of various symptoms and signs of malaria caused by various plasmodium species were determined. The degree of anemia, WBC count, platelet count serum bilirubin, liver enzymes and serum creatinine levels were studied and their variation depending on the parasitic index was documented. Results: 197 patients had vivax malaria, 76 patients had falciparum malaria and 27 patients had mixed infection. 171 patients had a PI of less than 2%, 100 patients had PI between 2 to 5%, 23 patients had PI between 5 to 10% and only 6 patients had PI of more than 10%. 72.3% of patients had thrombocytopenia, 46.66% had anaemia, 25% had increased bilirubin 29.66% showed increased liver enzymes and 7.66% had increased creatinine levels. Conclusion: There was a correlation between degree of parasitemia and severity of malaria in majority of cases. Derangements in hematological and biochemical parameters were more frequently seen in patients with higher PI. Hence PI can be used as an indicator by the clinician to know the severity of infection and plan appropriate treatment.

Hematological and biochemical alterations in malaria and their correlation wi...

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Public health is dependent on animal health in rural areas because poor animal health directly affects the human food supply. Veterinary public health entails the diagnosis, surveillance, epidemiology, control, prevention and elimination of Zoonoses. Unsatisfactory implementation of stringent disease control, meat inspectorate and drug dispensation legislations prevents the efficient production of food of animal origin; creating obstacles to international trade in animals and animal products and hence an impediment to overall socioeconomic development

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ILC-UK is delighted to be working with Alliance Boots and the University College London School of Pharmacy to explore why public health has just got ‘personal’ and if such a trend will yield cost savings or cost some groups of society or sections of the economy more than others. The event will also mark the launch of a report produced by Professor David Taylor and Dr Jennifer Gill from the UCL School of Pharmacy, supported by Alliance Boots entitled ‘Active Ageing: Live longer and prosper? Towards realising a second demographic dividend in 21st century Europe’. The debate will focus on the balance between encouraging individual accountability and accepting collective responsibility for achieving longer lives and the consequent implications for health outcomes and cost. The Coalition Government (like its predecessors) is trying to move away from the ‘nanny state’ towards ‘nudging’ people in the direction of choosing healthier behaviours. Few people would question the desirability of encouraging more informed personal decision making to prevent avoidable illness. But too much reliance on individual choice and responsibility could fail those most at risk and potentially impose needless costs and losses on individuals, their families and the wider community. Promoting the behavioural and cultural changes needed to deliver better public health and keep NHS and social care costs as affordable as possible remains a pressing and complex challenge. Subject areas to discuss will include: The philosophical and political underpinnings of public health policy, including: social solidarity, fairness, entitlement, risk and personal responsibility. Are we in danger of unravelling the principle tenets of the Beveridge model welfare state in ways which may not only disadvantage the most vulnerable, but may in time increase financial pressures on other sectors of society? Determining the boundaries of personal and societal level responsibility, and the legitimate as opposed to illegitimate need for publicly funded care and support. In areas ranging from smoking cessation to reducing the threat of an obesity driven diabetes epidemic, communities have to make tough choices between limiting risks and accepting the consequences of personal, social and corporate freedom. The impact of current trends and possible future policy decisions in areas ranging from the costs of health and life insurance to the price of pensions for individuals and society. The role of private employers in promoting and requiring healthy living. The winners and losers if the trend towards personal responsibility continues, with particular regard to older people and disadvantaged groups and what impact could this trend have on the cost of care? Agenda from the event 16:00 Registration 16:30 Welcome, Baroness Sally Greengross 16:40 – 18:25 Presentations and responses from: Prof. David Taylor Prof. Nick Bosaonquet Tricia Kennerley Martin Green

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Pre conference workshop Economic Evaluations of Public Health Interventions Amsterdam, EUPHA 2010 Public health economics was one of the themes of a pre conference at the 3rd European Public Health Conference in Amsterdam that took place from 10-13 November of 2010. Around 40 people participated at this pre conference. In four presentations the main topics in Public Health economics were introduced and illustrated. Economics is concerned with allocation of scarce resources in society over alternative uses. Some different types of evaluations were shown. The preference (utility) based health measure QALY (Quality Adjusted Life Years) was explained and discussed. In general methods for economic evaluations can be applied for evaluation of Public Health interventions. This was illustrated by a presentations on the economic impact of prevention strategies in tackling obesity. This study showed some good results in improving population health and decreasing health expenditure. However in many Public Health areas the effectiveness of public health interventions is still limited and should be assessed carefully concerning assumptions, costs calculated and models used. More attention should be paid to inter-sectoral effects, equity considerations and a societal perspective in performing economic evaluations. Finally the involvement of relevant stakeholders is key to the success of Prevention. The chair of this meeting concluded that Public Health and Economics could make a good couple. However for a longstanding relationship, we should put more effort in the evidence base of Public Health interventions. It is important that Public Health interventions demonstrate value for money!

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Each technological age has been marked by a shift in how the industrial platform enables companies to rethink their business processes and create wealth. In the talk I argue that we are limiting our view of what this next industrial/digital age can offer because of how we read, measure and through that perceive the world (how we cherry pick data). Companies are locked in metrics and quantitative measures, data that can fit into a spreadsheet. And by that they see the digital transformation merely as an efficiency tool to the fossil fuel age. But we need to stretch further…

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Escherichia coli belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae, is a facultative anaerobic, non-spore forming, and gram-negative bacilli bacteria. The isolation and identification of E.coli O157:H7, and its antimicrobial susceptibility have been done in fi sh from skin and muscle samples taken from Lake Hawassa in Southern Ethiopia. A total of 343 healthy fish was randomly sampled (212 skin swab and 131 muscle swab) which comprise three species Nile tilapia, Africancatfi sh and Barbus (golden) fish. From a total of 343 fish samples, 80 (23.3%) E.coli was isolated, while 8 (2.3%) strain O157:H7 was isolated. In case of part of fish where swab samples were taken from a total of 212 skin swabs and 131 muscle swabs 69(32.54%) and 11(8.4%) E.coli was isolated, respectively. Similarly, from 212 skin swabs and 131 muscle swabs, 7(3.3%) and 1(0.76%) pathogenic strain (O157:H7) of E.coli was isolated, respectively. The occurrence of E.coli from fish skin and muscle is statically significant with p-value (0.000). Therefore, E.coli was more prevalent in fish skin than muscle. However the occurrence of E.coli and its strain O157:H7 in Nile tilapia, African catfish and Barbus fish was not showing a Significance difference, where that p-value is greater than 0.05. E.coli O157:H7 isolates were tested with nine available antimicrobial drugs. All eight isolates were 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, trimethoprim, and Sulfamethoxazole. Whereas all of the isolates were 100% resistant to some antibiotics like ampicillin and cefoxitin. Isolates for tetracycline were 1(12.5%), 4(50%) and 3(37.5%) were resistant, intermediate and susceptible, respectively. And 3(37.5%) resistant, 1(12.5%) intermediate and 4(50%) isolates were susceptible for streptomycin. For doxycycline 5(62.5%), 2(25%) and 1(12.5%) were susceptible, intermediate and resistant, respectively. E.coli and the starin O157:H7 are among the common microbial threats to the fishery practice. Indiscriminate uses of antibiotics to treat bacterial infection promote the development of drug-resistant bacteria. Further study should be conducted in the fi sh environment for assessment of water quality, isolation and identification of pathogenic microorganism that has great zoonosis importance like E.coli O157:H7.

Animal Health And Disease Monitoring In The Abattoir

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ABSTRACT- The biochemical and histopathological changes in rats experimentally infected with T. evansi isolated from camels in El-Gadarif State, Sudan, were studied. A number of 18 adult male outbred albino rats, weighing between 133-137g were used in the study. The rats were divided into 3 groups of 6 animals each (A,B and E). Group A and B were intraperitoneally infected with T. evansi (Showak stabilate) with 1×104 trypanosoma for the inoculum. Group B was given quinapyramine sulphate (20 mg/kg bwt) after parasitaemia was evident. Group E was left healthy uninfected controls for the stabilate. There was significant reduction in serum glucose and phosphorus; compared to significant increase in Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (GOT), Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (GPT) and total protein in groups (A and B). Microscopically, the brain tissues of the infected rats revealed acute congestion of the meningeal capillaries, perivascular oedema, neuronecrosis (vaculation), gliosis and trypomastigotes in dilated capillaries. The lung revealed oedema, congestion, multifocal alveolar emphysema, hyperplasia of the peri-bronchiolar lymphoid tissues and haemorrhages. The spleen showed extensive haemorrhages, haemosiderosis and aggregation of histiocytes resulting in multinuclear giant cells formation. The kidneys showed acute congestion of the glomerular tufts. All tissues obtained showed exactly the same histopathological changes. No significant histopathological alterations were observed in the liver and heart. The most consistent histopathological changes were seen in the brain, lungs, spleen and kidneys. These changes were consistent with trypanosome infection and were conﬁrmed by the presence of trypanosomes in most of the tissue sections examined. Key-words- histopathological, biochemical, changes, T. evansi, dromedary camels, Sudan

Sero prevalence of infectious bursal disease in backyard chickens at selected...

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DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.7 ABSTRACT- The aim of the study was to determine the values of selected haematological indices in Gallus gallus domesticus, which is naturally infected with cesode parasites. In spite of the fact that the haematological value of birds (Gallus gallus domesticus) are of clinical significant rate than commercial importance. The total erythrocytes and leukocyte count, haemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume were determined. There is a decrease in RBC count i.e (Normal host- 3.98 x 106/μl to infected host-2.96 x 106/μl) and Hb concentration (Normal host- 10.1g/dl to infected host-8.5g/dl). While the total WBC count was increase up to (Normal host- 86.9 x 103/μl to infected host-98.2 x 103/μl) while PCV, MCH, MCV is a decrease in the infected as compare to the normal Gallus gallus domesticus. The study deepens and organizes the knowledge within the possibilities of using and interpreting levels of haematological indicators for monitoring health. Key-words- Cestode parasite, Gallus gallus domesticus, Haematological parameters

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Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral, vector borne zoonosis that has significant threat to livestock health and production and public health in Africa. Recent outbreaks have led to high livestock mortalities and human morbidity and socio economic impacts in Garissa. To assess the level of knowledge of pastoralists to causation and transmission risk factors and describe their attitude and practices in response to RVF outbreaks and management in the context of climate change shocks. To estimate the livelihood losses and burden impacts in Garissa. A population based cross sectional household survey was conducted in March 2012 and March 2013 in four hotspots. A multistage purposive sampling was used to identify 250 participants who included pastoralists, veterinary and medical personnel and livestock traders. KAP evaluation was by questionnaires in depth key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Participatory rural appraisal tools were used to assess the economic significance of the RVF outbreaks, risk factors and management costs. 185 respondents (74%) had good knowledge of RVF (symptoms scored >50%) and risk factor analysis indicated > 150 (60%) understood the consumption of meat of dead or infected animal, milk, touching aborted foetuses caused disease. Estimated lost revenue due to closure of livestock markets and bans was over Ksh.3 billion. Intervention costs and burden of the outbreaks is discussed. There is good knowledge and attitude on RVF risk, transmission and control. It re-emergence is associated with negative impacts on livelihoods and economic endpoints in Garissa.

The Socio-Economics and Burden Impact of Rift Valley Fever in Garissa, Kenya

The management of animals in pasture at the National ovine Center in the breeding farm of Bétécoucou is confronted by some constraints that make the level of production remain low for several years. This study aims to identify the causes of animal’s mortality at the national ovine center of the Bétécoucou breeding farm in Benin. The biological material consisted of sheep from the National Ovine Center. It is a flock of pregnant ewes, lactating ewes, rams and lambs. The sampling unit is consisted of the small ruminants of the Bétècoucou breeding farm. The study included a population of 576 sheep of the center of which 41 rams, 21 male yearlings, 18 female yearlings, 301 pregnant and lactating ewes, 83 lambs and 112 ewes. The analyzed data relate to the feeding, livestock management, livestock buildings and watering animals at the National ovine Center. During the study, we recorded 38.46% mortality of lambs of the study sample and 15.46% mortality of the total study sample. Thus, we have shown that animal mortality at the center is not only related to pathologies but to feeding, livestock management, operations carried out on animals, consanguinity and livestock buildings.

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The main objective of this work is to describe a preliminary epidemiological account of major hepatic and rumenal distome worms of cattle in Vina Division, Adamawa Region of Cameroon. A total of 1361 cattle dung specimens and 450 blood samples were collected between April 2018 and March 2019 in 06 subdivisions within Vina Division. The dung and blood samples were placed in a cooler. The cooler was immediately transported to the medical and veterinary laboratory of Special Mission of tsetse fly Eradication where samples were kept cold at +4°C for at most 48 hours. The qualitative method of concentration of worm eggs by simple sedimentation was performed.Blood parameters were measured using a haematology automated system. Of the 1361 cattle dung specimens examined, 424 presented distome eggs giving a prevalence of 31.15 %.These were Fasciola gigantica, Paramphistomum daubneyi and Dicrocoelium hopes eggs.All cattle age groups were infected by worms. In terms of prevalence, medium cattle were found to be the most infected. In lean cattle the parasitic loads of F. gigantic and D. hopes were high and then decreased as the health of the animals improved. All cattle breeds were infected by at least one of the worm species. Bokolo and Djafoun were most infected by F. gigantica, while Holstein and Aku were more influence by P. daubneyi. Goudali breed is the one that has undergone the least parasitic pressure. Male cattle were more infected than females, but females exhibited higher mean intensity of infestation. Older cattle were more susceptible to F. gigantic and D. hopes infection while Adults were more infected by P. daubneyi. Whatever the parasite considered, parasitic load progressively increased with the age of the cattle. The number of cattle infected by P. daubneyi and D. hopeswas greater in the rainy season unlike F. gigantic infection which was more recurrent in the dry season. Mbe locality had a high prevalence of F. gigantica and P. daubneyi. However, Ngaoundere 1, 2 and 3 presented the highest mean intensities for all worm species. Prevalence and mean intensities of cattle have been more important in extensive livestock status. All the worms were encountered all year round, except for November and December 2018 where D. hopes was absent. Polyparasitic cases were observed. Nevertheless, bispecifics associations were most frequent. Mean Corpuscular Volume, Platelet Concentrations, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin, Total Leucocytes Count and Granulocytes mean values were higher in cattle with significant parasitic loads while Total Erythrocyte Count and Packed Cell Volume were low. Today, it is well established that distomatoses represent one of the major parasitoses of cattle in Vina Division of Cameroon.

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In Kenya, RVF outbreaks have occurred cyclically in 1996 to 2007. Characterizing RVF vector habitat requirements allows for the identification of areas at risk of viral amplification and transmission. Ecological niche models were developed using records of potential RVF Kenyan vector mosquito species to predict their habitat suitability range and to investigate possible geographical associations with RVF outbreak occurrence in Kenya in 2006 -2007. The contribution of different environmental variables to the niche models was also assessed. Suitable habitats for Culex pipiens, Culex univittatus, Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex zambaensis were widely distributed in the county stretching from the western to the coastal strip while ; Aedes quasiunivittatus, Aedes aegypti were concentrated in Eastern Kenya with occupations in Rift Valley, Central and the coastal areas. High precipitation variables showed the highest predictive power for aedes while length of dry months determined the Culex distribution. It would be important to investigate the contributions of ruminant host population and landscape variables. RVF outbreaks had a significantly higher probability to occur in habitats suitable for both Aedes and Culex species, providing circumstantial evidence that the potential distribution of these two species coincides geographically with the observed distribution of the disease.

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Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne, viral, zoonotic disease that threatens human and animal health. In Kenya the geographical distribution is determined by spread of competent transmission vectors. Existing RVF predictive risk maps are devoid of vectors interactions with eco-climatic parameters in emergence of disease. We envisage to develop a vector surveillance system (VSS) by mapping the distribution of potential RVF competent vectors in Kenya; To evaluate the correlation between mosquito distribution and environmental-climatic attributes favoring emergence of RVF and investigate by modeling the climatic, ecological and environmental drivers of RVF outbreaks and develop a risk map for spatial prediction of RVF outbreaks in Kenya. Using a cross-sectional design we classified Kenya into 30 spatial units/districts (15 case, 15 control for RVF) based on historical RVF outbreaks weighted probability indices for endemicity. Entomological and ecological surveillance using GPS mapping and monthly (May 2013- February 2014) trapping of mosquitoes is alternatively done in case and control areas. 2500 mosquitoes have been collected in 15 districts (50% geographical target for each for case and control). Species identified as (Culicines-86%, Anophelines-9.7%, Aedes- 2.6%) with over 65% distribution in RVF endemic areas. We demonstrate the applications of spatial epidemiology using GIS to illustrate RVF risk distribution and propose utilizing a Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) approach to develop Ecological Niche Models (ENM) for prediction of competent RVF vector distributions in un-sampled areas. Targeting RVF hotspots can minimize the costs of large-scale vector surveillance hence enhancing vaccination and vector control strategies. A replicable VSS database and methods can be used for risk analysis of other vector-borne diseases.

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Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is an arthropod-borne viral zoonosis with a potential global threat to domestic animals and humans. Climate variability is recognized as one of the major drivers contributing RVF epidemics and epizootics that have been closely linked to cyclic occurrence of the warm phase of the El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Using retrospective reanalysis and cross sectional participatory approaches we evaluate the impacts of climate change on pastoral communities and outline their roles in community based early warning systems for RVF. We compare the spatiotemporal correlation of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and Rainfall Estimate Differences as surrogate predictors of RVF outbreaks in Garissa over the past decade. A bivariate regression model to provide a month-ahead lead-time for earlier prediction of RVF is described. We also explore the recent RVF outbreaks linkage to other environmental conditions using long-term sentinel data collected on the field. The results indicate a significant correlation between elevated rainfall and NDVI (> 0.43) anomalies with recent RVF epidemics (P < 0.5). Persistent elevated rainfall and NDVI suggest that there is a likelihood of another RVF outbreak due to enhance vector competence. Given the nearly linear relationship between rainfall and NDVI it is thus possible to utilize these factors to examine and predict spatially and temporally RVF epidemics for effective surveillance with limited resources. This small-scale focal study will contribute to various existing predictive tools and present a good opportunity for preparedness and mitigation of RVF by local, national and international organizations involved in the prevention and control of RVF.

Perspectives of Predictive Epidemiology and Early Warning Systems for Rift Va...

Interdecadal and interannual climate variability has led to emergence and reemergence of zoonoses in Kenya. We take cognizance of a community based approach in early and timely detection of RVF is vital to veterinary, health authorities and policy-makers in immediate decision making. It contributes to an integrated climate risk assessment of livestock vulnerability analysis using climate dependent RVF model to develop predictive risk maps that will be crucial in current and future control plans of other climate sensitive diseases and possibly provide Early Warning Systems (EWS). The output will contribute to institutional contingency frameworks dealing with concepts and indicators of warning systems which will facilitate the early identification of potential climate sensitive epidemics and decision support systems.

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The Kenyan rural communities face a myriad of challenges including poverty, food security, scarcity of water, and challenges emerging due to global warming and climate change. Notable direct effects include higher temperatures and drastic changes in rainfall patterns, consequently aberrant transmission models, and increased spread of existing vector-borne diseases, emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases. Major challenges for adaptation interventions in Kenya include insufficient local level historic and future climate change information. Given the complexity of livestock and crop-livestock systems, a mix of technological, policy and institutional innovations will inevitably be required. Here we propose approaches that can be used to develop reliable climate databases and to incorporate these data into predictive risk models. We hypothesize that techniques should be further refined to produce detailed relational databases. The proposed climate system models are to provide insights on climate variability and impacts on livestock, they are designated as problem-solving tools that allow users to process and analyse climate data in a multidisciplinary context. They should be ideal for storage, archiving, display, analysis and interpretation of the localised impacts, and the importance of identifying appropriate options that can help livestock keepers adapt to climate change. However we reckon the overarching issues of shrinking government budgets, curriculum suitability and need for collaboration to expand our knowledge of how climate change and increasing climate variability will affect livestock systems and the livelihoods of the people who depend on them.

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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum Program

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kevinkariuki227

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drtabassum4

Relationship between vascular system disfunction, neurofluid flow and Alzheim...