vulnerability of the livestock sector in changing climate conditionsIJEAB
In India, livestock sector plays an important role in socio-economic development of rural households. Over 70 percent of the country’s rural households own livestock and a majority of livestock owning households are small, marginal, and landless farmers. The reality of climate change and the fact that life in the poorest and vulnerable economies will be worst affected is set to have far-reaching consequence on the animal and its owners. At the same time, livestock have always shouldered a portion of the blame for rising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, recent extensive scientific evidence and report by FAO and universities in the US has brought to light the fact that the large GHG emission figure of livestock emission was big data hype. The developed countries play clever by shifting blame for anthropogenic GHG emission away from the fossil fuel based power generation, transportation, industries and lifestyle of the global North to activities in developing countries such as paddy cultivation and animal husbandry.
The Impact of Climate Change on Teff Production in Southeast Tigray, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
The document discusses a study on the impact of climate change on teff production in Southeast Tigray, Ethiopia. It finds that climate factors, particularly temperature and rainfall, significantly influence net teff revenues. Increasing temperature was found to reduce teff revenues, while increasing rainfall was found to increase teff revenues. Adaptation to climate change was also found to play a key role in net revenues. The study utilized a Ricardian model and data from 210 farming households across three agro-ecological zones to analyze how various factors, including climate, socioeconomic characteristics, and adaptations strategies, influence teff production and revenues.
Drivers of change in crop-livestock systems and their potential impacts on ...ILRI
Presented by M. Herrero, P.K. Thornton, A. Notenbaert, S. Msangi, S. Wood, R. Kruska, J. Dixon, D. Bossio, J. van de Steeg, H. A. Freeman, X. Li, C. Sere, J. McDermott M. Peters and P. Parthasarathy Rao at the Nairobi Forum, ILRI, Nairobi, 21 September 2010
Climate change poses a threat to food and nutrition security in Kenya. Over 10 million Kenyans currently suffer from chronic food insecurity and malnutrition. Climate change is projected to reduce agricultural production through increasing temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events. This would worsen food insecurity in Kenya by reducing food availability, access, and stability. The government has policies aimed at food security, the environment, and agriculture, but challenges remain in integrating and implementing these policies holistically.
Adapting Livestock Production System to Climate Change in Nepal (Durga D. Pou...Colorado State University
A talk presented by Dr. Durga Poudel, Project Leader of the LCC CRSP SLPS Project (http://lcccrsp.org/projects/central-asia/slps/), to the School of Geosciences at the University of Louisiana, Lafayette on September 20, 2011.
1.climate change and food security in eac region a panel data analysisAsimHafeez18
This document analyzes the impact of climate change on food security in the East African Community (EAC) region using panel data analysis from 2000-2014. The study finds that food security in the EAC is negatively affected by increased temperatures. However, greater precipitation and increased areas of cereal crop cultivation can help ensure food security. Actions to mitigate global warming are important for the EAC countries to support economic, political, and social development in the region.
Ecohealth: Research to Policy Influence - Canada International Development Re...Tata Naipospos
The document discusses the ecosystem approaches to human health research framework. It provides two case examples of emerging infectious diseases - Nipah virus and H5N1 avian influenza - to illustrate how this framework works. For both cases, a transdisciplinary investigation considered social, ecological, economic, and behavioral factors and their interactions. This led to insights into disease emergence and spread. The research then influenced policies to regulate industries, improve sanitation, and stem wildlife trade - protecting both human and animal health.
Climate Change and Human Insecurity in South AsiaNaeem Akram
The document discusses how climate change threatens human security in South Asia, particularly food security and health security. It notes that Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan are among the most vulnerable countries to climate change impacts. Rising temperatures and shifts in precipitation patterns from climate change negatively impact agricultural production and increase risks from heat waves, flooding, drought and spread of diseases. While some effects like increased CO2 could boost crop yields, climate change is expected to significantly reduce food availability and accessibility in South Asia. The document calls for urgent global action to control climate change and protect human security in the region.
vulnerability of the livestock sector in changing climate conditionsIJEAB
In India, livestock sector plays an important role in socio-economic development of rural households. Over 70 percent of the country’s rural households own livestock and a majority of livestock owning households are small, marginal, and landless farmers. The reality of climate change and the fact that life in the poorest and vulnerable economies will be worst affected is set to have far-reaching consequence on the animal and its owners. At the same time, livestock have always shouldered a portion of the blame for rising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, recent extensive scientific evidence and report by FAO and universities in the US has brought to light the fact that the large GHG emission figure of livestock emission was big data hype. The developed countries play clever by shifting blame for anthropogenic GHG emission away from the fossil fuel based power generation, transportation, industries and lifestyle of the global North to activities in developing countries such as paddy cultivation and animal husbandry.
The Impact of Climate Change on Teff Production in Southeast Tigray, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
The document discusses a study on the impact of climate change on teff production in Southeast Tigray, Ethiopia. It finds that climate factors, particularly temperature and rainfall, significantly influence net teff revenues. Increasing temperature was found to reduce teff revenues, while increasing rainfall was found to increase teff revenues. Adaptation to climate change was also found to play a key role in net revenues. The study utilized a Ricardian model and data from 210 farming households across three agro-ecological zones to analyze how various factors, including climate, socioeconomic characteristics, and adaptations strategies, influence teff production and revenues.
Drivers of change in crop-livestock systems and their potential impacts on ...ILRI
Presented by M. Herrero, P.K. Thornton, A. Notenbaert, S. Msangi, S. Wood, R. Kruska, J. Dixon, D. Bossio, J. van de Steeg, H. A. Freeman, X. Li, C. Sere, J. McDermott M. Peters and P. Parthasarathy Rao at the Nairobi Forum, ILRI, Nairobi, 21 September 2010
Climate change poses a threat to food and nutrition security in Kenya. Over 10 million Kenyans currently suffer from chronic food insecurity and malnutrition. Climate change is projected to reduce agricultural production through increasing temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events. This would worsen food insecurity in Kenya by reducing food availability, access, and stability. The government has policies aimed at food security, the environment, and agriculture, but challenges remain in integrating and implementing these policies holistically.
Adapting Livestock Production System to Climate Change in Nepal (Durga D. Pou...Colorado State University
A talk presented by Dr. Durga Poudel, Project Leader of the LCC CRSP SLPS Project (http://lcccrsp.org/projects/central-asia/slps/), to the School of Geosciences at the University of Louisiana, Lafayette on September 20, 2011.
1.climate change and food security in eac region a panel data analysisAsimHafeez18
This document analyzes the impact of climate change on food security in the East African Community (EAC) region using panel data analysis from 2000-2014. The study finds that food security in the EAC is negatively affected by increased temperatures. However, greater precipitation and increased areas of cereal crop cultivation can help ensure food security. Actions to mitigate global warming are important for the EAC countries to support economic, political, and social development in the region.
Ecohealth: Research to Policy Influence - Canada International Development Re...Tata Naipospos
The document discusses the ecosystem approaches to human health research framework. It provides two case examples of emerging infectious diseases - Nipah virus and H5N1 avian influenza - to illustrate how this framework works. For both cases, a transdisciplinary investigation considered social, ecological, economic, and behavioral factors and their interactions. This led to insights into disease emergence and spread. The research then influenced policies to regulate industries, improve sanitation, and stem wildlife trade - protecting both human and animal health.
Climate Change and Human Insecurity in South AsiaNaeem Akram
The document discusses how climate change threatens human security in South Asia, particularly food security and health security. It notes that Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan are among the most vulnerable countries to climate change impacts. Rising temperatures and shifts in precipitation patterns from climate change negatively impact agricultural production and increase risks from heat waves, flooding, drought and spread of diseases. While some effects like increased CO2 could boost crop yields, climate change is expected to significantly reduce food availability and accessibility in South Asia. The document calls for urgent global action to control climate change and protect human security in the region.
Food is life and the global food sustainability is essential to human being survival. The global food system is highly
complex and is driven by various factors including environment, cultural, social and economic drive. It is vital to understand
these drivers and their interaction in order to help to improve the public food sustainability policies. Global polices and projects
desperately required in order improving the global food sustainability. Food sustainability is one of the unsolved global issues
and great commitment is required starting from global policy makers, national governments, and every individual home. This
research paper includes analysis and study of various elements such as global change science, policy, food crisis, factor affecting
and challenging food security, data on status and future projection and potential ways of solving problems. The goal of food
sustainability is to enable all people throughout the world to satisfy their basic needs and have a reasonable quality of life without
compromising the quality of life of future generations. Agriculture sustainability is the best solution which can feed the world
without compromising the environment or threatening human health. Scientific evidence that global environment has changed
is overwhelming and indisputable. These phenomena have a direct impact on agriculture which in turn affects food
sustainability. The food price is always toward upward trend which is validated by the periodic average global food price
monitoring report released by the Food and agricultural organizations. The factors affecting and challenging the food security
are many including increased food consumption due to population increase, uneven distribution, changes in living styles, limited
resources, environmental problems, economic problems and others. The potential ways to solve food sustainability need to be
established and implemented effectively across the world.
Iniciativa para el Monitoreo de la Agricultura GlobalEduardo Rollero
This document proposes the "G20 Global Agricultural Monitoring" initiative to improve sustainable data collection for worldwide food security and commodity market transparency. Currently, instability in global food supply and demand leads to price volatility and market uncertainty. The three pillars of agricultural monitoring - satellite imagery, meteorological data, and regional agricultural knowledge - can help reduce this uncertainty by providing timely information on crop status, yield forecasts, and supply predictions. Existing public and private monitoring systems provide early crop estimates and forecasts, but an international coordination of efforts could generate more comprehensive and transparent global agricultural data for policymaking and market stability.
Review on Sheep and Goat management practices, Constraints, Opportunities and...Premier Publishers
In the present review, an attempt has been made to briefly sheep and goat management practices, marketing systems, constraints and opportunities in the country to deliver summarized and synthesized information for the beneficiaries, users and help the researchers to develop well-organized strategies to improve their productivity in Ethiopia. Sheep and goats are an integral part of livestock keeping in Sub-Saharan Africa that are mainly kept for immediate cash sources, milk, meat, wool, manure and saving or risk distribution. There are about 31.3 million sheep and 32.74 million heads of goats in the country, playing an important role in the livelihood of resource-poor farmers.
Sheep and goat productions are highly affected by feed shortage, disease and parasites, water shortage, management, high predatory, and market instability. There are opportunities to increase their production like population growth, increasing urbanization, rising incomes, the domestic demand for meat, the establishment of different agro-industrial parks, several development partners involved in higher learning; research and development are currently dedicated to sheep and goat development. Depending on this review it is imperative to practice modern production systems with better technology in urban and rural areas to improve the traditional system through feed supplementation and better health care.
Livestock and Climate Change - Tara Garnett, Food Climate Research Network, U...guycollender
This document summarizes livestock and dairy production's significant contributions to greenhouse gas emissions and discusses options for reducing emissions. Livestock accounts for around 15-18% of global GHG emissions. Meeting projected global demand increases in meat and dairy by 2050 without changes would be unsustainable. Technological improvements could reduce emissions by 13-30% by 2020 and 50% by 2050, but reductions in consumption are also needed to see an actual decrease in emissions. To meet UK climate targets, livestock consumption may need to be cut by 11-36% by 2020 and 48% by 2050. Approaches that focus on ecological constraints and meeting needs rather than demand are recommended.
The document discusses the importance of sustainable agriculture for achieving a truly "green circular economy." It argues that no attempt to build a green economy can succeed without fully integrating sustainable primary agricultural production, which is based on nature's own circular economy. The document provides examples from China and other countries to illustrate how sustainable organic agriculture can meet food demands while reducing pollution, conserving resources, and building resilience against threats like climate change. It concludes that sustainable agriculture is essential for both ensuring food security and realizing an economically and environmentally sustainable human economy.
Strategies for managing climate risk: a case study of smallholder farmers in ...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on strategies for managing climate risk among smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. It finds that plot characteristics like slope, soil type and fertility, and farm size significantly affect farmers' choice of adaptation and coping strategies. Farmers employ ex-ante adaptation strategies like leaving crop residues and intercropping, as well as ex-post coping strategies like selling livestock and borrowing when facing climate impacts. The study advocates for increasing farmer education on improved farm management practices to reduce vulnerability to climate change.
This document discusses food security in Egypt, focusing on the 2008 global food price crisis. It provides background on Egypt's reliance on food imports and subsidies. It then summarizes the causes and effects of the 2008 price spike, including political, social, and nutritional implications. The document also outlines Egypt's policy responses, such as expanding food subsidies, reducing import tariffs, and banning rice exports, and discusses criticisms of targeting and effectiveness.
Climate change adaptation opportunities and challenges from two communities i...Alexander Decker
Climate change is disproportionately affecting poor communities in developing countries like Ethiopia. Two communities in Ethiopia were surveyed to understand their perceptions of and ability to adapt to climate change impacts like drought. The communities demonstrated good awareness of climate impacts but lagged in adaptation efforts due to limited resources. While communities are actively adapting, their capacity is insufficient to deal with increasing disaster frequency and severity expected due to climate change. Increased global support is urgently needed to help vulnerable communities adapt.
This document discusses the role of livestock in food security, climate change, and resource use. It notes that livestock accounts for about 24% of global greenhouse gas emissions and that beef has the highest GHG intensity of various animal proteins. Rising incomes in developing countries are driving increased consumption of meat and dairy. Meeting future global food demand will require boosting productivity while reducing losses and limiting new agricultural land clearing and conversion to pasture. Improving the sustainability and efficiency of livestock production systems worldwide can help address these challenges.
On the Edge: Linking Climate Change, Food Security, and Population in EthiopiaMEASURE Evaluation
The document discusses the linkages between climate change, food security, and population in Ethiopia. It presents results from a modeling analysis on how climate change is expected to decrease agricultural outputs and challenge food security for Ethiopians. Specifically, it finds that rising temperatures and erratic rainfall from climate change will decrease crop yields and food availability. This will exacerbate food insecurity issues, as many Ethiopians already face challenges meeting their nutritional needs. However, lowering population growth through increased family planning can help offset the negative impacts of climate change on food security by reducing food demand. The analysis estimates that with low population growth, food shortages from climate change can be almost entirely mitigated by 2050.
Food insecurity is both a consequence and cause of conflict. Improving food security can help reduce conflict risk. Droughts increase civil conflict risk in Somalia by depressing livestock prices and incomes. Climate adaptation is key to prevent future conflict. Mapping tools can help plan projects to boost resilience to food insecurity, conflict, and climate challenges.
Changing Feeding Routines as a Strategy for Coping with Drought in Rural Kenya Julius Huho
- A drought in Nyairoko sub-location in Kenya in 2016-2017 caused severe food shortages due to failed rains and crop damage from pests.
- Households typically depended on potatoes and maize from their farms as their main food sources. The drought depleted food stores.
- To cope with the shortage, households changed their feeding routines by removing some meals, reducing portion sizes, and substituting the types of foods eaten. However, this led to poor health due to small food intake and lack of preferred foods.
11.population growth and sustainable land management in indiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the relationship between population growth, sustainable land management, and food security in India. It notes that India faces challenges of high population growth putting pressure on limited land and water resources, leading to issues like land degradation, water scarcity, and food crises. Sustainable land management is presented as a solution that can help increase agricultural production to meet food demands while preserving land quality and the environment for future generations. Key concepts discussed include Malthusian theory of population growth outpacing food supply, the environmental impacts of intensive cultivation and groundwater extraction for irrigation, and balancing economic development with sustainable resource use.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Almaz Demessie on the impact of climate change on gender. Some key points:
- Climate change will disproportionately impact women, who make up the majority of the world's poor and have less access to resources. Changes in things like agriculture and natural disasters due to climate change will affect women differently than men.
- Examples from Ethiopia show trends of decreasing rainfall in many areas, which threatens rain-fed agriculture that many small-scale farmers and the poor rely on. As women disproportionately experience poverty, they will be especially vulnerable.
- Gender roles mean that climate change will impact men and women differently. Women's roles in activities like maintaining agricultural knowledge are
The document discusses the causes and consequences of the 2008 global food crisis and proposes policy changes. It analyzes several long-term trends that contributed to the crisis, including increasing fuel prices, diversion of crops to biofuel production, and the growth of meat consumption. Short-term issues like financial speculation and export bans exacerbated the crisis. Two policy changes are proposed: developed countries should gradually reduce agricultural subsidies while developing countries receive capacity building to improve yields and reduce food waste, in order to ensure adequate food supplies during the transition.
The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challengesFAO
Description: the presentation features main findings and highlights of the report “The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges”. The report sheds some light on the nature of the challenges that agriculture and food systems are facing now and throughout the 21st century. It provides some insights as to what is at stake and what needs to be done.
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6583e.pdf
A comparative study of food security in Africa amid growing populationHakeemSulaimon1
Using trend analysis, this study is an attempt to compare the nature of food security from 2000 to 2014 in Nigeria to selected African countries in each region
Presentation by Mario Herrero, Philip Thornton and Iain Wright to Workshop on climate change vulnerability and adaptation in the livestock sector, Kathmandu, Nepal, 28-29 October 2010.
Food is life and the global food sustainability is essential to human being survival. The global food system is highly
complex and is driven by various factors including environment, cultural, social and economic drive. It is vital to understand
these drivers and their interaction in order to help to improve the public food sustainability policies. Global polices and projects
desperately required in order improving the global food sustainability. Food sustainability is one of the unsolved global issues
and great commitment is required starting from global policy makers, national governments, and every individual home. This
research paper includes analysis and study of various elements such as global change science, policy, food crisis, factor affecting
and challenging food security, data on status and future projection and potential ways of solving problems. The goal of food
sustainability is to enable all people throughout the world to satisfy their basic needs and have a reasonable quality of life without
compromising the quality of life of future generations. Agriculture sustainability is the best solution which can feed the world
without compromising the environment or threatening human health. Scientific evidence that global environment has changed
is overwhelming and indisputable. These phenomena have a direct impact on agriculture which in turn affects food
sustainability. The food price is always toward upward trend which is validated by the periodic average global food price
monitoring report released by the Food and agricultural organizations. The factors affecting and challenging the food security
are many including increased food consumption due to population increase, uneven distribution, changes in living styles, limited
resources, environmental problems, economic problems and others. The potential ways to solve food sustainability need to be
established and implemented effectively across the world.
Iniciativa para el Monitoreo de la Agricultura GlobalEduardo Rollero
This document proposes the "G20 Global Agricultural Monitoring" initiative to improve sustainable data collection for worldwide food security and commodity market transparency. Currently, instability in global food supply and demand leads to price volatility and market uncertainty. The three pillars of agricultural monitoring - satellite imagery, meteorological data, and regional agricultural knowledge - can help reduce this uncertainty by providing timely information on crop status, yield forecasts, and supply predictions. Existing public and private monitoring systems provide early crop estimates and forecasts, but an international coordination of efforts could generate more comprehensive and transparent global agricultural data for policymaking and market stability.
Review on Sheep and Goat management practices, Constraints, Opportunities and...Premier Publishers
In the present review, an attempt has been made to briefly sheep and goat management practices, marketing systems, constraints and opportunities in the country to deliver summarized and synthesized information for the beneficiaries, users and help the researchers to develop well-organized strategies to improve their productivity in Ethiopia. Sheep and goats are an integral part of livestock keeping in Sub-Saharan Africa that are mainly kept for immediate cash sources, milk, meat, wool, manure and saving or risk distribution. There are about 31.3 million sheep and 32.74 million heads of goats in the country, playing an important role in the livelihood of resource-poor farmers.
Sheep and goat productions are highly affected by feed shortage, disease and parasites, water shortage, management, high predatory, and market instability. There are opportunities to increase their production like population growth, increasing urbanization, rising incomes, the domestic demand for meat, the establishment of different agro-industrial parks, several development partners involved in higher learning; research and development are currently dedicated to sheep and goat development. Depending on this review it is imperative to practice modern production systems with better technology in urban and rural areas to improve the traditional system through feed supplementation and better health care.
Livestock and Climate Change - Tara Garnett, Food Climate Research Network, U...guycollender
This document summarizes livestock and dairy production's significant contributions to greenhouse gas emissions and discusses options for reducing emissions. Livestock accounts for around 15-18% of global GHG emissions. Meeting projected global demand increases in meat and dairy by 2050 without changes would be unsustainable. Technological improvements could reduce emissions by 13-30% by 2020 and 50% by 2050, but reductions in consumption are also needed to see an actual decrease in emissions. To meet UK climate targets, livestock consumption may need to be cut by 11-36% by 2020 and 48% by 2050. Approaches that focus on ecological constraints and meeting needs rather than demand are recommended.
The document discusses the importance of sustainable agriculture for achieving a truly "green circular economy." It argues that no attempt to build a green economy can succeed without fully integrating sustainable primary agricultural production, which is based on nature's own circular economy. The document provides examples from China and other countries to illustrate how sustainable organic agriculture can meet food demands while reducing pollution, conserving resources, and building resilience against threats like climate change. It concludes that sustainable agriculture is essential for both ensuring food security and realizing an economically and environmentally sustainable human economy.
Strategies for managing climate risk: a case study of smallholder farmers in ...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on strategies for managing climate risk among smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. It finds that plot characteristics like slope, soil type and fertility, and farm size significantly affect farmers' choice of adaptation and coping strategies. Farmers employ ex-ante adaptation strategies like leaving crop residues and intercropping, as well as ex-post coping strategies like selling livestock and borrowing when facing climate impacts. The study advocates for increasing farmer education on improved farm management practices to reduce vulnerability to climate change.
This document discusses food security in Egypt, focusing on the 2008 global food price crisis. It provides background on Egypt's reliance on food imports and subsidies. It then summarizes the causes and effects of the 2008 price spike, including political, social, and nutritional implications. The document also outlines Egypt's policy responses, such as expanding food subsidies, reducing import tariffs, and banning rice exports, and discusses criticisms of targeting and effectiveness.
Climate change adaptation opportunities and challenges from two communities i...Alexander Decker
Climate change is disproportionately affecting poor communities in developing countries like Ethiopia. Two communities in Ethiopia were surveyed to understand their perceptions of and ability to adapt to climate change impacts like drought. The communities demonstrated good awareness of climate impacts but lagged in adaptation efforts due to limited resources. While communities are actively adapting, their capacity is insufficient to deal with increasing disaster frequency and severity expected due to climate change. Increased global support is urgently needed to help vulnerable communities adapt.
This document discusses the role of livestock in food security, climate change, and resource use. It notes that livestock accounts for about 24% of global greenhouse gas emissions and that beef has the highest GHG intensity of various animal proteins. Rising incomes in developing countries are driving increased consumption of meat and dairy. Meeting future global food demand will require boosting productivity while reducing losses and limiting new agricultural land clearing and conversion to pasture. Improving the sustainability and efficiency of livestock production systems worldwide can help address these challenges.
On the Edge: Linking Climate Change, Food Security, and Population in EthiopiaMEASURE Evaluation
The document discusses the linkages between climate change, food security, and population in Ethiopia. It presents results from a modeling analysis on how climate change is expected to decrease agricultural outputs and challenge food security for Ethiopians. Specifically, it finds that rising temperatures and erratic rainfall from climate change will decrease crop yields and food availability. This will exacerbate food insecurity issues, as many Ethiopians already face challenges meeting their nutritional needs. However, lowering population growth through increased family planning can help offset the negative impacts of climate change on food security by reducing food demand. The analysis estimates that with low population growth, food shortages from climate change can be almost entirely mitigated by 2050.
Food insecurity is both a consequence and cause of conflict. Improving food security can help reduce conflict risk. Droughts increase civil conflict risk in Somalia by depressing livestock prices and incomes. Climate adaptation is key to prevent future conflict. Mapping tools can help plan projects to boost resilience to food insecurity, conflict, and climate challenges.
Changing Feeding Routines as a Strategy for Coping with Drought in Rural Kenya Julius Huho
- A drought in Nyairoko sub-location in Kenya in 2016-2017 caused severe food shortages due to failed rains and crop damage from pests.
- Households typically depended on potatoes and maize from their farms as their main food sources. The drought depleted food stores.
- To cope with the shortage, households changed their feeding routines by removing some meals, reducing portion sizes, and substituting the types of foods eaten. However, this led to poor health due to small food intake and lack of preferred foods.
11.population growth and sustainable land management in indiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the relationship between population growth, sustainable land management, and food security in India. It notes that India faces challenges of high population growth putting pressure on limited land and water resources, leading to issues like land degradation, water scarcity, and food crises. Sustainable land management is presented as a solution that can help increase agricultural production to meet food demands while preserving land quality and the environment for future generations. Key concepts discussed include Malthusian theory of population growth outpacing food supply, the environmental impacts of intensive cultivation and groundwater extraction for irrigation, and balancing economic development with sustainable resource use.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Almaz Demessie on the impact of climate change on gender. Some key points:
- Climate change will disproportionately impact women, who make up the majority of the world's poor and have less access to resources. Changes in things like agriculture and natural disasters due to climate change will affect women differently than men.
- Examples from Ethiopia show trends of decreasing rainfall in many areas, which threatens rain-fed agriculture that many small-scale farmers and the poor rely on. As women disproportionately experience poverty, they will be especially vulnerable.
- Gender roles mean that climate change will impact men and women differently. Women's roles in activities like maintaining agricultural knowledge are
The document discusses the causes and consequences of the 2008 global food crisis and proposes policy changes. It analyzes several long-term trends that contributed to the crisis, including increasing fuel prices, diversion of crops to biofuel production, and the growth of meat consumption. Short-term issues like financial speculation and export bans exacerbated the crisis. Two policy changes are proposed: developed countries should gradually reduce agricultural subsidies while developing countries receive capacity building to improve yields and reduce food waste, in order to ensure adequate food supplies during the transition.
The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challengesFAO
Description: the presentation features main findings and highlights of the report “The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges”. The report sheds some light on the nature of the challenges that agriculture and food systems are facing now and throughout the 21st century. It provides some insights as to what is at stake and what needs to be done.
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6583e.pdf
A comparative study of food security in Africa amid growing populationHakeemSulaimon1
Using trend analysis, this study is an attempt to compare the nature of food security from 2000 to 2014 in Nigeria to selected African countries in each region
Presentation by Mario Herrero, Philip Thornton and Iain Wright to Workshop on climate change vulnerability and adaptation in the livestock sector, Kathmandu, Nepal, 28-29 October 2010.
This document discusses livestock production in Australia amid a changing climate. It notes that over half of Australia's land is used for grazing and that livestock production is important for dryland areas. Climate change is expected to increase temperatures and alter rainfall patterns across Australia. This will impact livestock in several ways, including affecting feed availability, pasture quality, animal health, and disease spread. The pork and poultry industries may face issues like feed shortages, water scarcity, and heat stress. However, elevated CO2 levels could increase the growth of some pasture species by up to 30%. The document examines how livestock agriculture can adapt to and mitigate climate change impacts.
for more, http://www.extension.org/69093 Changes in precipitation and temperature vary by region. In general the US is seeing more precipitation and the timing and intensity of precipitation is also changing. While global temperatures are increasing, it is the variability and intensity of temperatures that are of greatest consequence to animal agriculture.
Presentation given at regional dialogue on the New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition, Addis Ababa, June 2014.
http://www.future-agricultures.org/pastoralism/7984-pastoralism-in-ethiopia-new-briefings-and-paper
The document describes the digestive systems of ruminant and non-ruminant farm animals. It discusses the parts and functions of the ruminant digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, four-compartment stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum), small intestine, and large intestine. It also describes the simpler digestive systems of non-ruminants like humans, dogs, cats, pigs and horses. The six major groups of nutrients - carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water - are identified along with their sources in animal feed.
Present and future prospects of climate change and agricultural productivity ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity in Ethiopia. It finds that Ethiopia has warmed by 1.3°C over 1960-2006 and rainfall has declined in some areas, with more frequent droughts. Agricultural productivity is highly sensitive to changes in temperature and rainfall. Climate change is projected to reduce yields and GDP in Ethiopia through effects like more frequent droughts. The country's economy and population rely heavily on agriculture, making Ethiopia very vulnerable to the impacts of climate change on the agricultural sector.
Adaptation to climate change and variability in eastern ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on climate change adaptation in eastern Ethiopia. It finds that small-scale agriculture is vulnerable to climate impacts like drought and flooding. While farmers have adapted practices over time, climate change poses new challenges. The study analyzes factors influencing farmers' choices of adaptation strategies like changing planting dates or crops. It finds that education, land size, credit access, and climate factors like decreasing rainfall influence strategy selection. The conclusion calls for policies to improve farmers' access to resources and increase climate change awareness to support better adaptation.
Zewde alemayehu tilahun a review on vulnerability of climate change on liveli...zewde alemayehu
This document reviews the vulnerability of climate change on livelihood systems in Ethiopia. It discusses how Ethiopia's agricultural dependent economy and low adaptive capacity make it highly vulnerable to climate impacts like drought and flooding. The document examines how climate change is affecting temperatures, rainfall patterns, and agricultural production in Ethiopia. It also analyzes the different factors that contribute to Ethiopia's vulnerability, such as heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture and underdeveloped water resources. Key vulnerable sectors are identified as agriculture, water resources, and human health. Smallholder farmers and pastoralists are the most vulnerable groups.
Change in climate and consequent global warming are posing threats to food security in many developing nations including Nigeria because of the climate-dependent nature of agricultural systems and lack of coping capabilities. The spatiotemporal pattern of temperature and rainfall of Nigeria between 1901 and 2005 (105 years), using temperature and rainfall data to support the concept of regional climate change and its impact on Agriculture and food security was in-vestigated. Also assessed was the level of agriculture funding and output in Nigeria. Mean annual air temperature and rain-fall data between 1901- 2005 (105 years) were obtained from Food and Agricultural Organization publications, National Bureau of Statistics, Central Bank of Nigeria bulletin and National Meteorological Agency. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The results showed that within the period of 105 years, rainfall decreased by 81 mm with increasing temperature of 1.1℃. The unpredictability of rainfall and steadily increasing air temperature were observed from 1971-2005. The total federal budget between 2001 and 2005 averaged 824 billion Naira per year of which very small amount (14.7 billion (1.8%)) went to agricultural sector. The actual spending was 681 billion Naira per year with 11.4 bil-lion Naira for agriculture. Over 25 years, there were low and dramatic walloping of public spending in agriculture relative to large size and importance of agricultural sector in the economy. There is a continuous rise in output from 1987 to 2000 before it dropped in 2001. Land degradation, desert encroachment, drying up of surface waters, coastal inundations, and shift in cultivated crops over time affected the food security in Nigeria. The current available data showed that Nigeria, like most parts of the world is experiencing the basic features of climate change. Therefore, Nigerian government/ private sector partnership should encourage agricultural, industrial and domestic practices which will not contribute to the emission of greenhouse gasses.
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Climate change and livestock production in ethiopia
1. Advances in Life Science and Technology www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-7181 (Paper) ISSN 2225-062X (Online)
Vol.22, 2014
39
Climate change and livestock production in Ethiopia
Temesgen Gashaw1*
, Aleme Asresie2
and Mulata Haylom2
1
Department of Natural Resource Management, Adigrat University, Ethiopia
2
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Adigrat University, Ethiopia
*Corresponding Author: gashaw.temesgene@yahoo.com, Phone: +251-912444900
Abstract
Agriculture which includes crop production, animal husbandry livestock, forestry, fisheries and apiculture
remains by far the most important sector of the country from which livestock constitutes the largest component
of the Ethiopian agricultural sector. The livestock population of the country that reaches more than 80 million
heads is the largest in Africa and the 10th
in the world. The recent livestock population estimates that the country
has about 52.1 million heads of cattle, 24.2 million sheep, 22.6 million goats and 44.9 million poultry. Ethiopia
is also the continent’s top livestock exporter. However, livestock production in Ethiopia is heavily dependent on
climate change and variability, and Ethiopia is among those countries most vulnerable to climate risks in Africa.
So, this paper aims to give an overview on the effects of climate change on livestock production in Ethiopia.
Key words: Climate change, livestock production, Ethiopia
1. Introduction
World population is expected to grow from 5.5 billion now to about 8 billion in the year 2020. As a result of this,
the importance of livestock production can be expected to increase over the next decades (World Bank, 2002).
Extensive livestock production is practiced in arid and semi-arid areas all over the world (McCarthy, 2001).
Livestock is the sole source of livelihood for at least 20 million pastoral families and an important source of
income for at least 200 million stalk holder farmer families in Asia, Africa and Latin America (World Bank,
2002). Extensive livestock production still provides a livelihood for a large number of people in marginal areas
of sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, few advances of any sort have been made over the last three decades, and these areas
remain characterized by low productivity and extreme vulnerability to climatic fluctuations (McCarthy, 2001).
The livestock population in Ethiopia that reaches more than 80 million heads is the largest in Africa and the 10th
in the world. It constitutes a large component of the Ethiopian agricultural sector and is well integrated with the
farming systems found in the highlands and provides the sole means of subsistence for the nomadic pastoralists
in the lowlands (FDRE, 2001). However, Ethiopia is among those countries most vulnerable to climate risks in
Africa (Stark et al., 2011) which has its root in various factors, including its geographic location and social and
economic structure (UNDP, 2011). In the same way, Zenebe et al. (2012) also reported that its low adaptive
capacity, geographical location and topography make the country highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of
climate change. In addition, dependency of its population on climate sensitive sectors for livelihood, widespread
environmental degradation and fragile ecosystems, limited national scientific, technological, financial and
institutional capacity, poor infrastructure - add-up to heighten Ethiopia’s vulnerability to the impacts of climate
change (UNDP, 2011). Therefore, this paper aims to give an overview on the effects of climate change on
livestock production in Ethiopia.
2. Climate change and livestock production in Ethiopia
2.1 Climatic feature
Ethiopia is located between 30
N - 150
N and 330
E - 480
E. Ethiopia’s climate is typically tropical in the
south‐eastern and north‐eastern lowland regions, but much cooler in the large central highland regions of the
country. Mean annual temperatures are around 15‐20°C in high altitude regions, whilst 25‐300
C in the lowlands
(McSweeney et al., 2007). Mean annual rainfall distribution has maxima (>2000 mm) over the Southwestern
highlands and minima (<300 mm) over the Southeastern & Northeastern lowlands (FDRE, 2001). Regional
projections of climate models indicate a substantial rise in mean temperatures in Ethiopia over the 21st
century
and an increase in rainfall variability, with a rising frequency of both extreme flooding and droughts due to
global warming (Robinson et al., 2013).
2.2 Livestock resources
Livestock production in Africa accounts for about 30% of the gross value of agricultural production, with 92%
of that coming from the production of beef cattle, dairy cattle, goats, sheep and chickens (IFAD, 2009; IUCN,
2010). Livestock production is increasing throughout Africa, driven by growth of human population, living
standards (increases in the demand for livestock products as incomes rise) and urbanization (IUCN, 2010; Philip
et al., 2007).
Ethiopia is home to Africa’s largest livestock population, and it is the continent’s top livestock producer and
exporter. Although domestic demand for animal products in Ethiopia is increasing driven by the urban middle
and upper-classes export potential is the key force encouraging expansion and intensification of livestock
production (MacDonald and Simon, 2011). The livestock sector is an integral part of the farming systems in the
2. Advances in Life Science and Technology www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-7181 (Paper) ISSN 2225-062X (Online)
Vol.22, 2014
40
country. It is the source of many social and economic values such as food, draught power, fuel, cash income,
security and investment in both the highlands and the lowlands/pastoral farming systems (FDRE, 2001). The
recent livestock population of Ethiopia estimates that the country has about 52.1 million heads of cattle, 24.2
million sheep, 22.6 million goats and 44.9 million poultry (MOA, 2013; Berihu et al., 2014).
2.3 Effects of climate change on livestock production
Livestock and climate change have a close relationship (Iqubal, 2013). The spatial distribution and availability of
pasture and water are highly dependent on the pattern and availability of rainfall (Aklilu et al., 2013). Changes in
the patterns of rainfall and ranges of temperature affect feed availability, grazing ranges, feed quality, weed, pest
and disease incidence (Coffey, 2008). Thus, changes in climatic factors such as temperature, precipitation and
the frequency and severity of extreme events like droughts directly affected livestock yields (Adams et al.,
1998). According to Coffey (2008), livestock production is doubly impacted by climate change. Similarly,
Adams et al. (1998) also reported that livestock can be affected in two ways by climate change: the quality and
amount of forage from grasslands may be affected and there may be direct effects on livestock due to higher
temperatures. The harsh effect of climate change is expected to have maximum impact on vulnerable pastoral
communities engaged in extensive livestock production systems in dry-lands (Saidu and Omedo, 2010).
According to ONRS (2011), climate change and variability in Ethiopia poses particular risks to poor
farmers and pastoralists who have an immediate daily dependence on climate sensitive livelihoods and natural
resources. In addition to the physiological effects of higher temperatures on individual animals, loss of animals
as a result of droughts and floods, or disease epidemics related to climate change may thus increase. Indirect
effects may be felt via ecosystem changes that alter the distribution of animal diseases or the supply of feed. As
reported by ANRS (2010) all pastoral regions in Ethiopia are highly prone to the adverse impacts of climate
change, while the problem is more prevalent in the North Eastern lowlands of the country. The afar region is
home to pastoral and agro-pastoral people who largely depend on livestock production for their livelihood but
due to climate variability the people exposing to the risks of several climate related disasters. Similarly, a study
by Kassaye (2010) accounted that livestock production in already marginal ecosystems in Ethiopia is severely
affected by climate change induced disasters. MacDonald and Simon (2011) also reported that farmers living in
Ethiopia’s semi-arid and arid lowlands who have less diversified assets and are heavily reliant on rain-fed
agriculture are, along with their livestock, particularly vulnerable to climate change.
Thus, there is no doubt about the victim of livestock sector by climate change. According to Zelalem et al.
(2009), the four major effects of climate change on livestock production in Borana pastoralists include feed
shortage, water shortage, reduced productivity, and decreased mature weight and/or longer time to reach mature
weight. Again, he reveled that heavy infestation of invasive species due to climate change has reduced the
availability of herbaceous species and hence resulted in a critical shortage of feed. On the same way, Stark et al.
(2011) reported that in some regions, invasive species linked by pastoralists to both restrictions on bush burning
and climate change are severely reducing or eliminating viable grazing areas. Trends indicative of climate
change, such as increasingly recurrent drought, floods, erratic rainfall patterns, and high temperatures are adding
significantly to these stresses. The effect of climate change on the range lands in Moyale and Dillo areas is also
remarkable. In many of the cases, the range land is changed into bare termite mount (Zelalem et al., 2009).
Climate change will have far-reaching consequences for dairy and meat production, especially in
vulnerable parts of the world where it is vital for nutrition and livelihoods (UNFCCC, 2007, WSPA, 2012).
Similarly, Adams et al. (1998) stated that climate change tended to have adverse impacts on livestock production
(e.g. low milk production) through both declining forage quality and increased ambient temperature. Climate
change, especially increases in temperature, has a direct impact by increasing heat stress in animals (Coffey,
2008). Warming is also expected to alter the feed intake, mortality, growth, reproduction, maintenance, and
production of animals (Robinson et al., 2013).
In Ethiopia, increased frequencies of extreme events such as drought and flooding which attributed to
climate change undermine the rural livelihood systems (Aklilu et al., 2013). In line with this, Zelalem et al.
(2009) reported that animal was died during severe droughts. The southern lowlands of Ethiopia are among the
country’s vulnerable regions to the impacts of climate change. Recurrent droughts, flash floods, diseases, and
pests are among the prevalent disaster risks related to climate change in the area. Pastoral communities are the
major victims of these disaster risks (Aklilu et al., 2013). A study conducted in Yabelo, Borana Zone in
southern Ethiopia indicated that households have experienced a severe reduction in their assets, with an average
reduction of 80 percent in livestock holdings from their peak holdings over the past ten years mainly by climate
change (Stark et al., 2011). Additional study indicated that the decline in the number of livestock species namely
cattle, goats, sheep and donkey kept by pastoralists of Moyale and Dillo areas was remarkable in which most of
the animals were reported to have died during sever droughts, which occurred in 2005 and 2008 (Zelalem et al.,
2009). Again, the decreases in number of livestock in Arba Minch district is directly or indirectly interlinked and
related to climate change (Iqubal, 2013). Livestock health problems exacerbated by climate change such as the
high prevalence of Trypanosomiasis in the lowlands are among the challenges that affect livestock fertility
3. Advances in Life Science and Technology www.iiste.org
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Vol.22, 2014
41
(Habtamu, 2012). Thus, it is agreed that livestock productivity is highly affected by climate change. Livestock
productivity is affected most severely under the Ethiopia dry scenario, in which the ratio between future and
baseline productivity falls to a low value of approximately 0.70 in the moisture reliable humid lowland zone, or a
30 percent decline in productivity. Under each scenario, there is a downward trend in productivity over the 2001
to 2050 period (Robinson et al., 2013).
3. Conclusion
Ethiopia’s economy is highly dependent on agriculture. Livestock constitutes the largest component of the
Ethiopian agricultural sector. Ethiopia is the primary producer and export of livestock production in Africa.
However, climate change has far reaching consequences on livestock production potential of the country and it is
a huge treat for many people’s who directly depending on livestock production. Along with, it is also a treat for
the export capacity of the country as observed by many literatures. Thus, new livestock management practices
should be implemented so as to minimize its effects on livestock production of the country.
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