This presentation shows the different between the mainstream NGOs as the classical methods and alternative NGO which is widely used now among different organizations .
This document discusses Andre Gunder Frank's dependency theory of development and underdevelopment, which argues that underdevelopment is caused by economic dependency on developed nations rather than internal deficiencies. It asserts that the world economy is organized to transfer economic surplus from poorer satellite nations in the periphery to richer metropolis nations at the core. While residents of developed nations benefit from higher standards of living as a result, the greatest gains go to capitalists in metropolitan countries and elites in satellite nations.
Post-Development Discourse And Alternatives to Development presented for the fulfillment of the course development sociology in Hawassa university, Ethiopia
This document provides an overview of dependency theory and its key concepts. It discusses:
- The background and emergence of dependency theory from criticisms of modernization theory by Latin American scholars.
- How dependency theory views unequal relationships between core developed countries and peripheral less developed countries, with exploitation of the latter by the former.
- Mechanisms by which core countries extract surplus from peripheries through trade, investment, aid, and technology transfer.
- Influential analyses by Paul Baran, Andre Gunder Frank and others that sought to explain underdevelopment as a result of relationships with core economies and capitalism.
Amartya Sen's 1999 book "Development as Freedom" argues that development should be understood as expanding the freedoms and capabilities of individuals. Sen defines freedom as both the processes that allow freedom of actions and decisions, as well as the opportunities available to individuals. True development requires removing major sources of unfreedom like poverty, tyranny, and lack of economic opportunity. Sen discusses five types of instrumental freedoms - political freedoms, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security - that interact and can strengthen one another in the development process.
Presentation on World System Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Dependency theory posits that peripheral, less developed nations are dependent on core countries for their economic development, which hinders their ability to develop and benefits core nations. It was developed by Raul Prebisch in response to global disparities and argues that the structure of the world economy favors core countries over peripheral ones. The theory is illustrated through Haiti's history as a peripheral nation dependent on France during colonial rule, which left it impoverished despite producing valuable exports.
The document introduces the human development and capability approach to development. It discusses two perspectives on development - one focused on economic growth, the other on expanding people's real freedoms and abilities. The human development approach shifts the focus from the economy to people, and assesses development based on what people can do and be. It values plural information and is multidimensional, covering education, health, culture, participation and more. Human development reports produced by UNDP bring this perspective to assess and debate issues impacting people's lives. The approach emphasizes human agency, values, and expanding choices.
This document provides an overview of modernization theory. It discusses:
1) The emergence of modernization theory in the late 1940s/1950s as a response to concerns about the spread of communism in developing countries. The theory promoted the adoption of Western capitalist and democratic models of development.
2) Modernization theory viewed developing countries as "traditionally" held back from development due to cultural barriers, and proposed they develop through industrialization and adopting Western values/institutions with assistance from Western countries.
3) Critics argue modernization theory promoted an overly simplistic view that did not account for diversity in development paths or historical/cultural contexts of different societies. The theory was also seen as ethn
This document discusses Andre Gunder Frank's dependency theory of development and underdevelopment, which argues that underdevelopment is caused by economic dependency on developed nations rather than internal deficiencies. It asserts that the world economy is organized to transfer economic surplus from poorer satellite nations in the periphery to richer metropolis nations at the core. While residents of developed nations benefit from higher standards of living as a result, the greatest gains go to capitalists in metropolitan countries and elites in satellite nations.
Post-Development Discourse And Alternatives to Development presented for the fulfillment of the course development sociology in Hawassa university, Ethiopia
This document provides an overview of dependency theory and its key concepts. It discusses:
- The background and emergence of dependency theory from criticisms of modernization theory by Latin American scholars.
- How dependency theory views unequal relationships between core developed countries and peripheral less developed countries, with exploitation of the latter by the former.
- Mechanisms by which core countries extract surplus from peripheries through trade, investment, aid, and technology transfer.
- Influential analyses by Paul Baran, Andre Gunder Frank and others that sought to explain underdevelopment as a result of relationships with core economies and capitalism.
Amartya Sen's 1999 book "Development as Freedom" argues that development should be understood as expanding the freedoms and capabilities of individuals. Sen defines freedom as both the processes that allow freedom of actions and decisions, as well as the opportunities available to individuals. True development requires removing major sources of unfreedom like poverty, tyranny, and lack of economic opportunity. Sen discusses five types of instrumental freedoms - political freedoms, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security - that interact and can strengthen one another in the development process.
Presentation on World System Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Dependency theory posits that peripheral, less developed nations are dependent on core countries for their economic development, which hinders their ability to develop and benefits core nations. It was developed by Raul Prebisch in response to global disparities and argues that the structure of the world economy favors core countries over peripheral ones. The theory is illustrated through Haiti's history as a peripheral nation dependent on France during colonial rule, which left it impoverished despite producing valuable exports.
The document introduces the human development and capability approach to development. It discusses two perspectives on development - one focused on economic growth, the other on expanding people's real freedoms and abilities. The human development approach shifts the focus from the economy to people, and assesses development based on what people can do and be. It values plural information and is multidimensional, covering education, health, culture, participation and more. Human development reports produced by UNDP bring this perspective to assess and debate issues impacting people's lives. The approach emphasizes human agency, values, and expanding choices.
This document provides an overview of modernization theory. It discusses:
1) The emergence of modernization theory in the late 1940s/1950s as a response to concerns about the spread of communism in developing countries. The theory promoted the adoption of Western capitalist and democratic models of development.
2) Modernization theory viewed developing countries as "traditionally" held back from development due to cultural barriers, and proposed they develop through industrialization and adopting Western values/institutions with assistance from Western countries.
3) Critics argue modernization theory promoted an overly simplistic view that did not account for diversity in development paths or historical/cultural contexts of different societies. The theory was also seen as ethn
The document discusses several theories that attempt to explain disparities in development levels between countries:
- Resource endowment theory suggests development depends on a country's natural and human resources. European development was aided by coal, iron, fertile land, and climate.
- Rostow's model proposes countries progress through the same linear stages of growth, but some fail to "take off" industrially.
- Dependency theory argues 500 years of European colonial exploitation of resources in Africa, Asia, and the Americas led to continued domination of rich over poor nations.
This document discusses definitions and concepts of development from an economic and human development perspective. It begins by defining development based on sources like the Business Dictionary and others as the systematic use of knowledge to meet objectives, the extension of theoretical or practical aspects of a concept, and a process of social and economic transformation based on cultural and environmental factors. It then discusses Todaro's widely accepted definition of development as involving expanding people's choices and capabilities. The document outlines the evolution of thinking around development from purely economic growth perspectives to a human development approach adopted by the UNDP in 1990 focusing on enlarging people's choices rather than just income. It provides examples of related indicators at national and international levels and discusses concepts like the Millennium Development Go
The document discusses dependency theory, which argues that resources flow from poorer "periphery" states to enrich wealthier "core" states. It originated in reaction to modernization theory. There are two perspectives on dependency - the capitalist view that it facilitates development, and the socialist view that it is a form of imperialism that enriches core states. Key aspects of dependency include globalization, free markets, surplus value flowing to core states, political and technological control by core states, and neo-colonialism. While it was influential in the 1960-70s, dependency theory has lost some influence with the growth of some developing economies, though still impacts anti-poverty campaigns.
The document discusses the relationship between environment and development. It defines development as improving people's lives and the environment as where we live. The two are inseparable. It then examines different dimensions of development including economic, human, and sustainable development. It analyzes how economic development impacts the environment through externalities and may follow an environmental Kuznets curve. The document also discusses how environmental degradation affects human well-being through impacts on health, livelihoods, security, and social relations. It analyzes the key drivers of environmental change like population, economic growth, and technologies and ways to curtail them like economic and non-economic instruments.
There are large economic disparities between rich and poor countries globally. Countries measure development through metrics like Gross National Product, Gross Domestic Product, and Gross National Income, which quantify the total value of goods and services produced annually. However, these metrics do not account for regional variations within countries or informal economies. Various models have attempted to explain global economic development and disparities, including Rostow's stages of growth model and dependency theory, which argues that political and economic relationships limit development in poorer regions.
This document provides an overview of economic development concepts and issues. It defines development as a multi-dimensional process involving social and economic reorganization to improve quality of life. Traditional views saw development as economic growth, while newer views emphasize reducing poverty and inequality. Sen's capabilities approach sees development as expanding freedoms. The document also discusses objectives of development, characteristics of developing nations, differences between growth and development, and indices like HDI and MDGs that measure development progress.
The document discusses differing views on the concept of development over time. It describes how development was initially viewed primarily as economic growth, but perspectives broadened to incorporate social, environmental, and human dimensions. Sustainable development emerged as a concept that aims for growth that meets current needs without compromising future generations by considering economic, social and environmental factors. The human development index was also introduced as a measure that goes beyond just economic indicators.
Definition of development & Underdevelopment
Theories of Development
a) Modernization theory
b) Dependency theory
c) Participation theory
d) Marxist thought of Development
Conclusion
References
Presentation on Dependency Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Theory of Development Rostow Model PptKiran Thorat
Rostow's stages of economic growth model outlines 5 stages of development:
1. Traditional society dominated by subsistence agriculture.
2. Preconditions for take-off with emerging infrastructure and trade.
3. Take-off stage where industrialization increases and workers move to manufacturing.
4. Drive to maturity where the economy diversifies and innovation increases.
5. Age of mass consumption where the economy focuses on mass production for consumers.
Challenges of development include measuring growth accurately, promoting human development, and establishing strong institutions. Development requires economic growth as well as improvements in social, political, and economic structures. Theories of development attempt to explain how countries progress, but modernization theory was too simplistic. Development is influenced by values, natural resources, population, education, health, political stability, corruption, debt, and foreign aid. Achieving sustainable development remains difficult due to these many complicating factors.
Immanuel Wallerstein was born in 1930 in New York where he grew up and obtained his BS, MA, and PhD degrees from Columbia University where he remained a faculty member from 1958 to 1971. He aimed to provide a new theoretical paradigm to guide investigations into the emergence of capitalism, industrialization, and national states by achieving a conceptual break from modernization theories.
Dependency theory developed in the late 1950s led by Raul Prebisch to explain why economic growth in wealthy nations did not necessarily lead to growth in poorer countries. It argues that poorer nations are dependent on wealthy nations for resources, markets, and obsolete technology, which prevents self-sustaining development. Wealthy nations also actively maintain this state of dependence through economic, political, and cultural means. Dependency theory aimed to explain the persistent underdevelopment and inequality between nations as an intrinsic result of the patterns of interaction and trade within the global economic system.
Modernization theory posits that countries must undergo scientific and technological advancement to become modernized and increase living standards, with the West's role being to invest in developing countries' factories, education, and media to disseminate modern ideas. It has been criticized for being ethnocentric and for ignoring inequality. Dependency theory argues that the rich world's development was achieved through exploiting the developing world, making them dependent on imports and aid. World systems theory asserts that a global capitalist economy has existed since the 16th century, with some countries forging ahead to form the wealthy core region and the periphery specializing in raw materials.
Meaning of economic development, core values in economic development, Developed countries, Underdeveloped countries, Characteristics , Difference between Economic Growth and Economic Development.
The document discusses key concepts related to economic development. It defines development as a multidimensional process aimed at improving people's well-being and opportunities rather than just economic growth. Development is measured using economic, social, and demographic indicators like GDP, literacy rates, and life expectancy. Core values of development include meeting basic needs, improving self-esteem, and increasing freedom. The objectives are raising living standards, enhancing well-being and economic choices. Countries are classified by levels of development from least to most developed. Factors like poverty, population growth, and exploitation have hampered development in less developed countries.
World systems theory argues that underdeveloped countries are poor not due to their own histories or characteristics, but because of their position in the global capitalist system. Core developed countries exploit peripheral poorer nations by maintaining economic and military dominance over them. This allows core nations to extract resources and profits from peripheries while preventing their industrial development. World systems theorists claim international organizations do not challenge this global power structure and peripheries should pursue policies like import substitution and cooperation to resist exploitation by the core. However, critics argue world systems theory's claims are not always supported by evidence and the causes of global inequality may be more complex.
Dualism refers to the state of having two main parts or aspects. Dualism theories assume a split between two sectors of an economy - a traditional subsistence sector focused on small-scale agriculture and handicrafts, and a modern sector focused on capital-intensive industry and export agriculture. Economic dualism broadly refers to the coexistence of two or more separate economic systems within one country, divided by different levels of development and technology. Dual economies are common in less developed countries, where one sector serves local needs and another exports globally.
Product development engineer perfomance appraisal 2tonychoper2704
This document provides information and resources for conducting a performance evaluation for a product development engineer. It includes a sample evaluation form spanning 3 pages that evaluates an engineer across various performance factors using ratings. Page 2 lists additional online resources for performance appraisal materials like phrases, forms, and tips. Page 3 describes the top 12 methods for conducting a performance appraisal for a product development engineer, such as management by objectives, critical incident method, behaviorally anchored rating scales, and 360 degree feedback.
Reliance Communications is India's foremost integrated telecommunications service provider with a customer base of over 118 million. It has established a pan-India network covering over 21,000 cities and towns. Some of its key resources include spectrum assets and a robust optical fiber backhaul network. It has strengths such as holding 900 MHz spectrum and technical adaptation capabilities. However, it lacks 2100 MHz spectrum and has faced issues mixing social and corporate values. Its strategy focuses on cost management, margin expansion, and leveraging its spectrum assets and network.
The document discusses several theories that attempt to explain disparities in development levels between countries:
- Resource endowment theory suggests development depends on a country's natural and human resources. European development was aided by coal, iron, fertile land, and climate.
- Rostow's model proposes countries progress through the same linear stages of growth, but some fail to "take off" industrially.
- Dependency theory argues 500 years of European colonial exploitation of resources in Africa, Asia, and the Americas led to continued domination of rich over poor nations.
This document discusses definitions and concepts of development from an economic and human development perspective. It begins by defining development based on sources like the Business Dictionary and others as the systematic use of knowledge to meet objectives, the extension of theoretical or practical aspects of a concept, and a process of social and economic transformation based on cultural and environmental factors. It then discusses Todaro's widely accepted definition of development as involving expanding people's choices and capabilities. The document outlines the evolution of thinking around development from purely economic growth perspectives to a human development approach adopted by the UNDP in 1990 focusing on enlarging people's choices rather than just income. It provides examples of related indicators at national and international levels and discusses concepts like the Millennium Development Go
The document discusses dependency theory, which argues that resources flow from poorer "periphery" states to enrich wealthier "core" states. It originated in reaction to modernization theory. There are two perspectives on dependency - the capitalist view that it facilitates development, and the socialist view that it is a form of imperialism that enriches core states. Key aspects of dependency include globalization, free markets, surplus value flowing to core states, political and technological control by core states, and neo-colonialism. While it was influential in the 1960-70s, dependency theory has lost some influence with the growth of some developing economies, though still impacts anti-poverty campaigns.
The document discusses the relationship between environment and development. It defines development as improving people's lives and the environment as where we live. The two are inseparable. It then examines different dimensions of development including economic, human, and sustainable development. It analyzes how economic development impacts the environment through externalities and may follow an environmental Kuznets curve. The document also discusses how environmental degradation affects human well-being through impacts on health, livelihoods, security, and social relations. It analyzes the key drivers of environmental change like population, economic growth, and technologies and ways to curtail them like economic and non-economic instruments.
There are large economic disparities between rich and poor countries globally. Countries measure development through metrics like Gross National Product, Gross Domestic Product, and Gross National Income, which quantify the total value of goods and services produced annually. However, these metrics do not account for regional variations within countries or informal economies. Various models have attempted to explain global economic development and disparities, including Rostow's stages of growth model and dependency theory, which argues that political and economic relationships limit development in poorer regions.
This document provides an overview of economic development concepts and issues. It defines development as a multi-dimensional process involving social and economic reorganization to improve quality of life. Traditional views saw development as economic growth, while newer views emphasize reducing poverty and inequality. Sen's capabilities approach sees development as expanding freedoms. The document also discusses objectives of development, characteristics of developing nations, differences between growth and development, and indices like HDI and MDGs that measure development progress.
The document discusses differing views on the concept of development over time. It describes how development was initially viewed primarily as economic growth, but perspectives broadened to incorporate social, environmental, and human dimensions. Sustainable development emerged as a concept that aims for growth that meets current needs without compromising future generations by considering economic, social and environmental factors. The human development index was also introduced as a measure that goes beyond just economic indicators.
Definition of development & Underdevelopment
Theories of Development
a) Modernization theory
b) Dependency theory
c) Participation theory
d) Marxist thought of Development
Conclusion
References
Presentation on Dependency Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Theory of Development Rostow Model PptKiran Thorat
Rostow's stages of economic growth model outlines 5 stages of development:
1. Traditional society dominated by subsistence agriculture.
2. Preconditions for take-off with emerging infrastructure and trade.
3. Take-off stage where industrialization increases and workers move to manufacturing.
4. Drive to maturity where the economy diversifies and innovation increases.
5. Age of mass consumption where the economy focuses on mass production for consumers.
Challenges of development include measuring growth accurately, promoting human development, and establishing strong institutions. Development requires economic growth as well as improvements in social, political, and economic structures. Theories of development attempt to explain how countries progress, but modernization theory was too simplistic. Development is influenced by values, natural resources, population, education, health, political stability, corruption, debt, and foreign aid. Achieving sustainable development remains difficult due to these many complicating factors.
Immanuel Wallerstein was born in 1930 in New York where he grew up and obtained his BS, MA, and PhD degrees from Columbia University where he remained a faculty member from 1958 to 1971. He aimed to provide a new theoretical paradigm to guide investigations into the emergence of capitalism, industrialization, and national states by achieving a conceptual break from modernization theories.
Dependency theory developed in the late 1950s led by Raul Prebisch to explain why economic growth in wealthy nations did not necessarily lead to growth in poorer countries. It argues that poorer nations are dependent on wealthy nations for resources, markets, and obsolete technology, which prevents self-sustaining development. Wealthy nations also actively maintain this state of dependence through economic, political, and cultural means. Dependency theory aimed to explain the persistent underdevelopment and inequality between nations as an intrinsic result of the patterns of interaction and trade within the global economic system.
Modernization theory posits that countries must undergo scientific and technological advancement to become modernized and increase living standards, with the West's role being to invest in developing countries' factories, education, and media to disseminate modern ideas. It has been criticized for being ethnocentric and for ignoring inequality. Dependency theory argues that the rich world's development was achieved through exploiting the developing world, making them dependent on imports and aid. World systems theory asserts that a global capitalist economy has existed since the 16th century, with some countries forging ahead to form the wealthy core region and the periphery specializing in raw materials.
Meaning of economic development, core values in economic development, Developed countries, Underdeveloped countries, Characteristics , Difference between Economic Growth and Economic Development.
The document discusses key concepts related to economic development. It defines development as a multidimensional process aimed at improving people's well-being and opportunities rather than just economic growth. Development is measured using economic, social, and demographic indicators like GDP, literacy rates, and life expectancy. Core values of development include meeting basic needs, improving self-esteem, and increasing freedom. The objectives are raising living standards, enhancing well-being and economic choices. Countries are classified by levels of development from least to most developed. Factors like poverty, population growth, and exploitation have hampered development in less developed countries.
World systems theory argues that underdeveloped countries are poor not due to their own histories or characteristics, but because of their position in the global capitalist system. Core developed countries exploit peripheral poorer nations by maintaining economic and military dominance over them. This allows core nations to extract resources and profits from peripheries while preventing their industrial development. World systems theorists claim international organizations do not challenge this global power structure and peripheries should pursue policies like import substitution and cooperation to resist exploitation by the core. However, critics argue world systems theory's claims are not always supported by evidence and the causes of global inequality may be more complex.
Dualism refers to the state of having two main parts or aspects. Dualism theories assume a split between two sectors of an economy - a traditional subsistence sector focused on small-scale agriculture and handicrafts, and a modern sector focused on capital-intensive industry and export agriculture. Economic dualism broadly refers to the coexistence of two or more separate economic systems within one country, divided by different levels of development and technology. Dual economies are common in less developed countries, where one sector serves local needs and another exports globally.
Product development engineer perfomance appraisal 2tonychoper2704
This document provides information and resources for conducting a performance evaluation for a product development engineer. It includes a sample evaluation form spanning 3 pages that evaluates an engineer across various performance factors using ratings. Page 2 lists additional online resources for performance appraisal materials like phrases, forms, and tips. Page 3 describes the top 12 methods for conducting a performance appraisal for a product development engineer, such as management by objectives, critical incident method, behaviorally anchored rating scales, and 360 degree feedback.
Reliance Communications is India's foremost integrated telecommunications service provider with a customer base of over 118 million. It has established a pan-India network covering over 21,000 cities and towns. Some of its key resources include spectrum assets and a robust optical fiber backhaul network. It has strengths such as holding 900 MHz spectrum and technical adaptation capabilities. However, it lacks 2100 MHz spectrum and has faced issues mixing social and corporate values. Its strategy focuses on cost management, margin expansion, and leveraging its spectrum assets and network.
PowerPoint presentations from Fundación Capital's South-South Knowledge Exchange Forum, organized with support from IFAD "Leveraging Opportunities to Encourage Financial Inclusion"
NGO Lobbying Action for a National Homelessness StrategyFEANTSA
Presentation given by Thomas Specht during the "Homelessness strategies: Reconciling national frameworks with decentralised responsibilities" seminar at the FEANTSA 2014 Policy Conference, "Confronting homelessness in the EU: Seeking out the next generation of best practices", 24-25 October 2014, Bergamo (Italy)
Created in 2010 as a primary international platform, the
Zermatt Summit promotes a constructive, action-oriented
dialogue between civil society and business.
Its role is to inspire, connect and empower high profile
entrepreneurs, economists, political and spiritual leaders
and NGO representatives who strive to be catalysts of a
more inclusive and human globalization.
Through a uniquely designed program, the Zermatt
Summit team takes participants on an intense three-day
journey to share a vision for a better society, develop
models for a more human and sustainable world and
change their hearts and minds in the process.
Este documento resume la Universidad Fermín Toro en Venezuela, su reglamento estudiantil, conceptos sobre el aprendizaje y las emociones. Brevemente describe la historia y facultades de la universidad, así como los derechos, deberes y modalidades de evaluación de los estudiantes según el reglamento. Explica tipos de aprendizaje, estilos de aprendizaje y cómo las emociones afectan la salud física y mental.
The document discusses organizing workers in different contexts and industries, including the Iraqi oil industry after 2003, emergency medical services in Gaza in 2008, and hotel workers in London. It outlines issues facing workers such as lack of infrastructure, low pay, unsafe conditions, and exploitation. The document provides suggestions for research, popular education, lobbying, protest, and coordinated action to improve conditions and empower workers through unions and leverage.
This document is a certificate of attendance certifying that Xavier Oliver attended the jointly organized 11th World Congress on Computational Mechanics (WCCM XI), 5th European Conference on Computational Mechanics (ECCM V), and 6th European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics (ECFD VI) from July 20-25, 2004 in Barcelona, Spain. The certificate indicates that Xavier Oliver presented a contribution titled "A mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian approach for large deformation fluid-structure interaction problems" at the joint conference.
El documento habla sobre los Consejos Locales de Planificación Pública (CLPP) y los esfuerzos del Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología y el FONACIT para promoverlos. Estas organizaciones están realizando talleres para difundir los principios legales de los CLPP y despertar el potencial de cooperación entre los ciudadanos. Varias instituciones como FUNDACOMUN, el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología y el Consejo Nacional de La Cultura también están organizando actividades para establecer los CLPP y lograr la integra
El documento habla sobre las asociaciones civiles de cultura, que son entidades sin fines de lucro formadas por grupos de personas para promover actividades socioculturales. También menciona el Consejo Local de Planificación Pública, cuyas funciones son recopilar propuestas de las comunidades, impulsar políticas de inversión del presupuesto municipal, y supervisar la ejecución del Plan Municipal de Desarrollo. Finalmente, nombra algunas asociaciones culturales como la Fundación Poliedro de Caracas y la Fundación Centro de Ar
La economía estudia cómo los recursos escasos son asignados para satisfacer las necesidades humanas ilimitadas. Analiza la producción, distribución y consumo de bienes y servicios. Utiliza métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos como modelos matemáticos, estadísticas e investigación de campo para explicar la toma de decisiones de individuos y empresas.
Diagrama Hombre Y Sociedad / Vinculacion de la Sociologia con otras areas del...Stephanie Quintana
El documento describe las conexiones entre la sociología y otras áreas del conocimiento. Explica que la sociología estudia a los seres humanos como criaturas sociales y cómo la sociedad influye en su desarrollo. También enumera varias disciplinas relacionadas como la demografía, política, derecho, historia, psicología, antropología y economía, y brevemente describe cómo cada una se relaciona con la sociología.
Este documento resume las actividades realizadas por la Fundación Manos Unidas por Ti desde su creación en 2011 en Nueva York hasta julio de 2012. La fundación fue creada por un grupo de residentes de Nueva York originarios de Gaspar Hernández, República Dominicana, con el objetivo de ayudar a los más pobres de esa localidad. Entre sus actividades se incluyen campañas de vacunación, mejoras de viviendas, entrega de alimentos y útiles escolares, y cursos de capacitación.
Cisco é uma empresa de tecnologia que fornece hardware, software e serviços de rede. Seus principais produtos incluem roteadores, switches, firewalls e outros equipamentos de rede que ajudam a conectar e proteger redes de computadores. A Cisco também oferece serviços gerenciados que ajudam empresas a implantar e manter suas redes.
Lucien w pie, definitions of Political development, Lucien Pie concept, Fund...Mahrukh Cheema
This document discusses 12 different views of political development:
1) Conceptualizing it in terms of economic growth and facilitating economic growth.
2) Linking it to industrialization and emulating the political systems of industrialized nations.
3) Equating it with political modernization and westernization.
4) Defining it as the organization of political life around a nation-state with nationalism.
5) Viewing it as institution-building and developing citizenship.
6) Associating it with increasing mass participation and mobilization.
7) Synonymizing it with building democracy.
8) Considering it the ability to maintain stability and facilitate orderly change.
9
This document discusses NGO leadership in context. It addresses internal leadership, the wider political and social context, challenges NGOs face, and conclusions. Specifically, it notes that leadership strategies depend on how leaders identify with their group and the dynamic relationship with followers. Additionally, external social, cultural, and political factors influence leadership approaches. Finally, the document calls for more research on how leaders relate to their environment and the reciprocal relationship between leaders and followers.
Lecture given to MSc class at Birkbeck College, University of London Corporate Responsibility module. Focuses on why and how business and NGOs engage, and partner, on corporate responsibility, and sustainability/environment issues and problems
NGO Sustainability and Community Development Mechanisms in Armenia.Isabella Sargsyan
The document summarizes research on sustainability mechanisms for NGOs and community development in Armenia. It evaluates programs run by the Eurasia Partnership Foundation aimed at strengthening organizational capacities of NGOs and community organizations. The research found that while some NGOs had improved governance and strategic planning, most lacked sustainable funding sources beyond grants. NGOs recognized the need to improve financial sustainability through social enterprises, fundraising, and diversifying funding but faced challenges with skills and supportive legislation. Leadership quality significantly impacted sustainability, but skills were not consistently institutionalized. Overall, capacity building was needed for NGOs to provide effective community services and develop partnerships critical for long-term sustainability.
The document outlines an operational plan for launching an internet-based NGO. It includes establishing a mission statement focused on education, finance, hope, and love. An analysis of the internal and external environment is conducted. 16 teams are formed around key functions like human resources, strategy, project management, IT, and operations. Guidelines are proposed for communication between teams, decision making, and feedback mechanisms to evaluate performance. The overall goal is to help smaller NGOs and communities improve their capacity and reduce inefficiencies through consulting services, networking, and innovative tools.
The document discusses concepts related to women's empowerment through literacy and livelihood programs. It defines key terms like empowerment, literacy, and livelihood. It outlines 4 components of empowerment: cognitive, psychological, economic, and political. It discusses indicators of women's empowerment at the individual, community, and national levels. It also discusses the relationship between education, functional literacy, and women's empowerment. The objectives of the study are to review approaches to literacy programs that empower women in Andhra Pradesh and analyze their impact and lessons learned.
Community development aims to create economic and social progress for communities through their active participation and initiative. It places responsibility for development on community members, with external support as a complement. Community development views underdevelopment as rooted in unequal international systems and supports people's resistance and pursuit of human rights through organizations and self-reliance. It is not a welfare approach but aims to transform society for the benefit of disadvantaged groups.
The document discusses the evolution of the concept of development administration from the 1960s to present. It began as a way to apply public administration principles to achieving development goals in developing countries. Development administration aims to guide government action toward development objectives and ensure administrative innovation. It focuses on providing key inputs like skilled manpower, finances, infrastructure, information, citizen participation, and legitimate power to drive development. There is no consensus model as administrative needs vary between cultures and stages of development. The field of development administration rose in popularity post-WWII but declined as other development paradigms emerged.
The document discusses key concepts related to social change and development. It defines social change as significant alterations in social structure, patterns of social action, and interaction. Development is defined as a process towards a desirable state that is an improvement over the previous condition. The document outlines various models and processes of social change, as well as factors, types, and barriers. It also discusses the role of education in social change and defines concepts like social development, economic development, participatory development, and sustainable development.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Management that discusses competency development and empowering women's lives in Indian society. The article explores how women's roles tend to be domestic while men's roles are public. It examines approaches to women's empowerment, including consciousness raising, economic empowerment, and integrated development. It also discusses the competency development process and how managing competencies can help women take action, develop skills, and achieve results while receiving support. The goal of women's empowerment can be achieved through education, economic participation, and overall development via improved competencies.
Drs 255 disability and livelihood notes on empowerment, etcpaulyeboah
The document discusses theories of economic empowerment and sustainable livelihoods. It defines empowerment as increasing the social, political, economic, or gender-related strength of individuals and communities. Empowerment aims to provide marginalized groups access to opportunities and self-sufficiency through obtaining skills and eliminating dependence on charity. Women's empowerment in particular is discussed, including ways to empower women such as land rights, allocating responsibilities, and microcredit loans. Greater economic power and participation of women is argued to benefit individuals, families, communities, and national economies.
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2. Agenda
Mainstream and Alternative development
- Concept and evolution
- Different approaches
- Benefits and Critiques
- Key ideas of Alternative Development
Application on Alternative Development:
Case Study: Self Help Groups and Women development in India
4. Origin
Leopold Kohr published The Overdeveloped Nations:
The Diseconomies Of Scale in 1977. Over
development is characterised by the consumption
of goods for non-functional purposes.
5. In mainstream development , the existence of 'underdeveloped'
states, regions or cultures is seen as a problem that needs to
be solved.
States, regions, cultures and people are considered
'underdeveloped'
In contrast, the framework of overdevelopment shifts the focus
to the 'developed' countries of the global North, asking
"questions about why excessive consumption amongst the
affluent is not also seen foremost as an issue of
development".
6. By questioning how and why uneven development is produced in
the world, one can evaluate the global North’s role and
responsibility as “overdevelopers” in producing global
inequality.
7. According to various surveys, consumption is seemingly not
making people notably happy, but rather increasing the
West's ecological footprint. Overdevelopment has a huge
impact on the environment, the social realm,human rights,
and the global economy.
The key area of development to which NGOs have contributed is
that of ‘people-centered’ development, reflecting recent
shifts away from heavily theoretical ideas about
development, to more pragmatic ‘theories about practice”.
8. Critiques of mainstream development NGOs
- The dilemma between human needs and organization needs
- Depends on dependency (Unsustainable)
- Absence of environmental and equity concerns
10. What is Alternative development
“Local development on ground”
- Focus on participatory and people centered (grass roots)
- Acts as an alternative paradigm over decision control
- More successful model
- More concerned with real development measures not only
GDP
- Alternative in: agents, methods and objectives (values)
- 3 Pillars: participatory, endogenous, self-reliant
11. Evolution
-Post WWII, Marxist economic philosophy (Rise of socialism)
“ Labour is the sole source of value; natural reources as
such have no economic value”
- Reformist prespective: Correction of conventional method
problem (State intervention, monitor and control)
-Now mainstream development is trying to be integrated with
alternative development pillars – MAD -
14. Human nature being what it is, while everyone likes to
be a social engineer, few like to be the objects of social
engineering. (Ashis Nandy, 1989: 271)
15. Critiques
- Loose model: Objective and scope question is not yet
answered! (intervention? .. Impact measure?.. Tools?)
- Its postconventional ideas are still under the ties of
the conventional political imaginaries (load of
aspirations beyond its scope)
- Follow up on continuity
16. Key ideas of Alternative
development
Participation, Gender, Empowerment
17. Participation
Participation - umbrella term to refer to the
involvement of local people in development
activities
Focus on reversing the power relationship that
exist in mainstream development
Emphasis on the idea that people themselves are
the “expert” on their problem & should be
actively involved in working out strategies and
solutions
18. Dimension of participation
Appraisal – way of understanding the local community
and their understandings of wider processes PRA, PUA
Agenda setting – involvement of local community in
decisions about development policies, consulted and
listened to from the start, not brought in once policy
laws been decided upon
Efficiency – involvement of local community in
projects – building schools
Empowerment – participation leads to greater self-
awareness and confidence; contributions to development
of democracy
19. Different forms of participation
Nominal –when government-formed groups are created; but
their main purpose is merely tokenistic display.
Instrumental - a way of providing labour under conditions
of resource shortfall created by structural adjustment,
which then counts as a cost to local people.
Representative- a certain group within the community gains
some leverage within a programme or project by gaining
access to the planning committee and is able to express
its own interests.
Transformative- people find ways to make decisions and
take action on their own terms.
20. EMPOWERMENT
A practice of sharing information, rewards, and power with people so
that they can take initiative and make decisions to solve problems.
Achieved through participation
NGO ability to ´empower individuals´ (Willis, 2005102) – important part
of the NGOs enthusiasm
Interest in empowerment reflected a shift from considering poverty simply
as ‘a lack’ of material resources, towards a view of poverty as an
outcome of unequal power
Idea of having greater power and therefore more control over your life.
21. Dimensions of power (Rowlands, Willis, 2005:102)
Power over – the ability to dominate
Power to – the ability to see possibilities for change
Power with – the power that comes from individuals
working together collectively to achieve common goals
Power within – feeling of self-worth and self-esteem
that come form within individuals.
An effective empowerment strategy was one which focus
on ‘power to’ in order to resist & challenge ‘power
over.’
22. A key elementt of empowerment as development
outcome – interventions leading to empowerment.
Often claimed – NGOs empower communities – in
reality not the case
Empowerment is something that comes from within
NGOs can provide context within which a process
of empowerment is possible, only individuals can
choose to take opportunities and use them
23. GENDER
Feminist scholars and women’s groups began to raise important
questions about the degree to which women were included in such
process (Sen &Grown 1988,Guijt &Shah 1998)
Feminist argued that participation often involved a handful of
women in participatory exercises and often obscured women’s
interests and contributions to development.
Moser(1989) ,in her overview of gender and development approaches
in the post-colonial era, argues that the empowerment approach has
been led by women’s groups and NGOs in the South.
Example-SEWA
24. Sen and Grown (1985: 20), writing for
Development Alternatives with Women for a New
Era (DAWN), argued that
Equality for women is impossible within the
existing economic, political, and cultural
processes that reserve resources, power and
control for small groups of people. But neither
is development possible without greater equity
for, and participation by, women.
25. Encapsulating the essence of the
key propositions of The theory of
Alternative Development i.e.
Participation, Empowerment and
Gender is the concept of SELF HELP
GROUPS
27. International Network for self- help centress say
“ SHGs follow a process of self help support wherein people
who share common problems, experiences and situation can
offer each other a unique perspective of mutual support which
is not available to those who have not suffered that
situation”
28. Thus, a SHG can be described as
A group seeking strength of collectives
By following the principle of mutual self-help
It works as a convergent community action
29. Roles of SHGs
•Empowerment, non- hierarchical decision making, inclusion
and shared responsibilities
•Non –exploitative models of mutual help
•Promotion of habits of savings, credit management, and
management of micro finance activities
•Social support
•Social and political inclusion of members
30. Women SHGs have played a catalytic and a multi-
dimensional role in upliftment of their members
31. Credit security and Economic Upliftment
Promoting habit of thrift and voluntary savings
Doing away with exploitative interest rates (of usurpative
money lender) and oppressive formal procedures (of formal
banks)
Developing an in-house capability of managing a small mini
bank
32. Entrepreneurship Development
Set up their own eco activities through micro-industries and
other self employment generation activities like kuteer udgoy
in sectors like handicraft , food processing etc
SHGs also ensure buyer linkages
40 lakhs SHGs have been registered under SGSY which provide
training, skill development, technical and marketing support
33. Social Empowerment
Promote elementary education for girl child, adult female literacy for
destitute, widows
Promoting facilities for children of working mothers like crèches or
balwadi
Social awareness against practices of dowry, superstition, child
marriage, small family norms, health and nutrition
Setting up vocational training centres which double up as centres of
creating awareness and advocacy about gender rights
Social Capital for the group
34. Women’s leadership development and political empowerment
With small beginnings as a mini bank organiser provided women
with exposure about administrative and political processes
This catapulted them towards bigger roles in village/block or
district level
So SHG- PRI linkage is on an upswing and more women leaders
of SHG are finding possible to become elected people’s
representative in PRIs
35. The UNICEF- Yavatmal case study on SHGs
The Yavatmal(district In Maharashtra) has shown immense
multi-dimensional potential of women’s collective
The Yavatmal SHG strengthened the concepts like co-
governance, social audit, SHG-PRI linkages
36. Thus, SHGs which made a
humble beginning as a
micro credit management
institutions have led to
between Human needs and their social development and the goals set and contraints of structural adjustments set by the funding organuzations, regarlgess the real need of the people
-decision control from being concentrered only around the NGO itslef or the state or whatever funding agency, to the concerned people table
- It is now accepted that development efforts are more successful when there is participation from the community. because a community is the one that is mostly aware of its needs and resources alocation strategies
concerned with structural macroeconomic changes in the non- western societies in the line of western societies
emphasises the capacity of people to bring about change with development. This development approach depends on different means: participatory action and people centred development. It does not depend on the other societies or countries for its own development.