2. 2
Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
• CompoundsCompounds that contain CARBONCARBON
are called organicorganic.
• MacromoleculesMacromolecules are large organicorganic
moleculesmolecules.
copyright cmassengale
3. 3
Carbon (C)Carbon (C)
• CarbonCarbon has 4 electrons4 electrons in outer
shell.
• CarbonCarbon can form covalent bondscovalent bonds
with as many as 44 other atoms
(elements).
• Usually with C, H, O or NC, H, O or N.
• Example:Example: CHCH44(methane)(methane)
copyright cmassengale
4. 4
MacromoleculesMacromolecules
• Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules.
• Also called POLYMERSPOLYMERS.
• Made up of smaller “building blocks”
called MONOMERSMONOMERS.
• Examples:Examples:
1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids2. Lipids
3. Proteins3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)copyright cmassengale
11. 11
LipidsLipids
• General term for compounds which are
not soluble in waternot soluble in water.
• Lipids are soluble in hydrophobicare soluble in hydrophobic
solventssolvents.
• Remember:Remember: “stores the most energy”“stores the most energy”
• Examples:Examples: 1. Fats1. Fats
2. Phospholipids2. Phospholipids
3. Oils3. Oils
4. Waxes4. Waxes
5. Steroid hormones5. Steroid hormones
6. Triglycerides6. Triglyceridescopyright cmassengale
12. 12
LipidsLipids
Six functions of lipids:Six functions of lipids:
1.1. Long termLong term energy storageenergy storage
2.2. Protection against heat lossProtection against heat loss
(insulation)(insulation)
3.3. Protection against physical shockProtection against physical shock
4.4. Protection against water lossProtection against water loss
5.5. Chemical messengers (hormones)Chemical messengers (hormones)
6.6. Major component of membranesMajor component of membranes
(phospholipids)(phospholipids)
copyright cmassengale
13. 13
LipidsLipids
Triglycerides:Triglycerides:
ccomposed of 1 glycerol1 glycerol and 33
fatty acidsfatty acids.
H
H-C----O
H-C----O
H-C----O
H
glycerol
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
fatty acids
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH
2 -CH
2 -CH
2 -CH
2 -CH
3
=
copyright cmassengale
14. 14
Fatty AcidsFatty Acids
There are two kinds of fatty acidsfatty acids you may see
these on food labels:
1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double bondsno double bonds
(bad)(bad)
2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double bondsdouble bonds
(good)(good)
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
saturatedsaturated
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH
2 -CH
2 -CH
2 -CH
2 -CH
3
=
unsaturated
copyright cmassengale
19. 19
Secondary StructureSecondary Structure
• 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a
primary structureprimary structure into coilscoils and pleatspleats
held together by hydrogen bondshydrogen bonds.
• Two examples:Two examples:
Alpha HelixAlpha Helix
Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet
Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds
copyright cmassengale
20. 20
Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure
• Secondary structuresSecondary structures bentbent and foldedfolded
into a more complex 3-D arrangementmore complex 3-D arrangement
of linked polypeptides
• Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfideBonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide
bridges (S-S)bridges (S-S)
• Call a “subunit”.“subunit”.
Alpha HelixAlpha Helix
Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet
copyright cmassengale
21. 21
Quaternary StructureQuaternary Structure
• Composed of 2 or more
“subunits”
• Globular in shape
• Form in Aqueous environments
• Example: enzymes (hemoglobin)enzymes (hemoglobin)
subunitssubunits
copyright cmassengale
