The document discusses speech act theory, which proposes that language is used not just to inform or describe, but also to perform actions. There are three types of speech acts: locutionary acts (the literal meaning of an utterance), illocutionary acts (the intended meaning), and perlocutionary acts (the effect on the listener). Searle identified five categories of illocutionary acts. Indirect speech acts occur when the structure of an utterance does not directly match its intended function, like using a declarative to make a request. Felicity conditions specify when it is appropriate to interpret an utterance as a particular speech act.
It presents Speech Acts based on the Levinson - Pragmatics Book.
Direct and Indirect Speech Acts, Locutinary and Ilocutinary. examples: Journal Articles.
It presents Speech Acts based on the Levinson - Pragmatics Book.
Direct and Indirect Speech Acts, Locutinary and Ilocutinary. examples: Journal Articles.
Discourse analysis (Linguistics Forms and Functions)Satya Permadi
Discourse analysis is an umbrella term for all those studies within applied linguistics which focus on units/stretches of language beyond the sentence level (Judit, 2012). We as the human is use a natural language utterance which language serves in the expression of 'content' described as transactional and that function involved in expressing social relations and personal attitudes we describe as interactional. Spoken and written language has relation each other. But written language and spoken language have different form. The book concerns with sentence which is 'text-sentence‘, so it will connected to behavior and involves contextual considerations. The data which is used in this book is based on the linguistic output of someone other than the analyst. Besides, discourse analyst discovers regularities in his data.
Discourse analysis (Linguistics Forms and Functions)Satya Permadi
Discourse analysis is an umbrella term for all those studies within applied linguistics which focus on units/stretches of language beyond the sentence level (Judit, 2012). We as the human is use a natural language utterance which language serves in the expression of 'content' described as transactional and that function involved in expressing social relations and personal attitudes we describe as interactional. Spoken and written language has relation each other. But written language and spoken language have different form. The book concerns with sentence which is 'text-sentence‘, so it will connected to behavior and involves contextual considerations. The data which is used in this book is based on the linguistic output of someone other than the analyst. Besides, discourse analyst discovers regularities in his data.
Speech Acts and Politeness Strategies of a Leaderblinkppt
This is a presentation of the speech acts and politeness strategies used by a leader in his speeches, specifically on the way he discusses things to his members as well as on how he builds a good atmosphere through clear communication.
Conference presentation for 2016 annual meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature, San Antonio. (https://www.sbl-site.org).
Authors: Janet Dyk (linguistic ideas) and Dirk Roorda (computational implementation).
A verb organizes the elements in a sentence. Different patterns of constituents affect the meaning of a verb in a given context. The potential of a verb to combine with patterns of elements is known as its valence. A single set of questions, organized as a flow chart, selects the relevant building blocks within the context of a verb. The resulting pattern provides a particular significance for the verb in question. Because all contexts are submitted to the same flow chart, similarities and differences between verbs come to light. For example, verbs of movement in their causative formation manifest the same patterns as transitive verbs with an object that gets moved. We apply this approach to the whole Hebrew Bible, using the database of the Eep Talstra Centre for Bible and Computer (ETCBC), which contains the relevant linguistic annotations. This allows us to have a complete listing of all patterns for all verbs. It provides the basis for consistent proposals for the significance of specific patterns occurring with a particular verb. The valence results are made available in SHEBANQ, an online research tool based on the ETCBC database. It presents the basic data, text and linguistic features, together with annotations by researchers. The valence results consist of a set of algorithmically generated annotations which show up between the lines of the text. The algorithm itself and its documentation can be found at https://shebanq.ancient-data.org/tools?goto=valence. By using SHEBANQ we achieve several goals with respect to the scholarly workflow: (1) all our results are openly accessible online, and other researchers may comment on them; (2) all resources needed to reproduce this research are available online and can be downloaded (Open Access).
2. The Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutionary ActsThe loc.docxeugeniadean34240
2. The Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutionary Acts
The locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts are, in fact, three basic components with the help of which a speech act is formed. Leech (Leech, 1983: 199) briefly defines them like this:
locutionary act: performing an act of saying something
illocutionary act: performing an act in saying something
perlocutionary act: performing an act by saying something
The locutionary act can be viewed as a mere uttering of some words in certain language, while the illocutionary and perlocutionary acts convey a more complicated message for the hearer. An illocutionary act communicates the speaker’s intentions behind the locution and a perlocutionary act reveals the effect the speaker wants to exercise over the hearer.
This can be demonstrated on a simple example:
4. Would you close the door, please?
The surface form, and also the locutionary act, of this utterance is a question with a clear content (Close the door.) The illocutionary act conveys a request from the part of the speaker and the perlocutionary act expresses the speaker’s desire that the hearer should go and close the door.
But the individual elements cannot be always separated that easily. Bach and Harnish say that they are intimately related in a large measure (Bach and Harnish, 1979: 3). However, for better understanding of their function within a speech act, I am going to treat them individually first.
2.1. Locutionary Acts
This component of the speech act is probably the least ambiguous. Bach and Harnish (Bach and Harnish 1979: 19), commenting on Austin’s work, point out that Austin distinguishes three aspects of the locutionary act.
Austin claims that to say anything is:
A. always to perform the act of uttering certain noises (a phonetic act)
B. always to perform the act of uttering certain vocables or words ( a phatic act)
C. generally to perform the act of using that [sentence] or its constituents with a certain more or less definite ‘sense’ and a more or less definite ‘reference’, which together are equivalent to ‘meaning’ (rhetic act)
From this division it follows that the locutionary act comprises other three “sub-acts”: phonetic, phatic and rhetic. This distinction as well as the notion of locutionary act in general was often criticized by Austin’s followers. Searle even completely rejects Austin’s division and proposes his own instead (Searle, 1968: 405). Searle (Searle, 1968: 412) warns that Austin’s rhetic act is nothing else but a reformulated description of the illocutionary act and he therefore suggests another term, the so-called propositional act which expresses the proposition (a neutral phrase without illocutionary force). In other words, a proposition is the content of the utterance.
Wardhaugh offers this explanation. Propositional acts are those matters having to do with referring and predicating: we use language to refer to matters in the world and to make predictions about such matters .
2. Speech act theorySpeech act theory
Speech act theorySpeech act theory was proposed by J. L.was proposed by J. L.
Austin and has been developed by J. R. Searle.Austin and has been developed by J. R. Searle.
They believe that language is not only used toThey believe that language is not only used to
inform or to describe things, it is often used toinform or to describe things, it is often used to
“do things”, to perform acts. Ex. (1) You’re fired.“do things”, to perform acts. Ex. (1) You’re fired.
Actions performed via utterances are generallyActions performed via utterances are generally
calledcalled speech actsspeech acts, the uttering of the relevant, the uttering of the relevant
words is the action itself; without the utterancewords is the action itself; without the utterance
the action is not done. These are calledthe action is not done. These are called
performative sentences and the verbs used areperformative sentences and the verbs used are
calledcalled performative verbsperformative verbs (Vp):(Vp): I (Vp) youI (Vp) you
that…that…
3. Sufficient conditions forSufficient conditions for
“performative verbs”“performative verbs”
A. the singular form of the firstA. the singular form of the first
personperson
B. present tenseB. present tense
C. declarative sentencesC. declarative sentences
D. the active voiceD. the active voice
4. Illocutionary actsIllocutionary acts
a. locutionary acta. locutionary act
Austin suggestsAustin suggests
three kinds of acts b. illocutionary actthree kinds of acts b. illocutionary act
c. perlocutinary actc. perlocutinary act
5. The speech act theoryThe speech act theory
a. Locutionary act:a. Locutionary act: the act of saying, thethe act of saying, the
literal meaning f the utteranceliteral meaning f the utterance
b. illocutionary act:b. illocutionary act: the extra meaning ofthe extra meaning of
the utterance produced on the basis of itsthe utterance produced on the basis of its
literal meaningliteral meaning
c. perlocutionary act:c. perlocutionary act: the effect of thethe effect of the
utterance on the hearer, depending onutterance on the hearer, depending on
specific circumstances.specific circumstances.
6. (1) It’s stuffy in here.(1) It’s stuffy in here.
The locutionary actThe locutionary act is the saying of it with itsis the saying of it with its
literal meaning “There isn’t enough fresh air inliteral meaning “There isn’t enough fresh air in
here”.here”. The illocutionary actThe illocutionary act can be a request ofcan be a request of
the hearer to open the window.the hearer to open the window. TheThe
perlocutinary actperlocutinary act can be the hearer’s openingcan be the hearer’s opening
the window or his refusal to do so. In fact, wethe window or his refusal to do so. In fact, we
might utter (1) to make a statement, a request,might utter (1) to make a statement, a request,
an explanation, or for some otheran explanation, or for some other
communicative purposes. This is also generallycommunicative purposes. This is also generally
known as theknown as the illocutionary forceillocutionary force (言外之(言外之
力)力) of the utterance.of the utterance.
7. Felicity conditionsFelicity conditions (适切条件)(适切条件) ::
Circumstances under which it would be appropriate to interpretCircumstances under which it would be appropriate to interpret
something as a particular type of speech act.something as a particular type of speech act.
1. General conditions1. General conditions
2. Content conditions2. Content conditions
Felicity conditionsFelicity conditions 3. Preparatory conditions3. Preparatory conditions
4. Sincerity condition4. Sincerity condition
5. Essential condition5. Essential condition
8. (2) a. Husband: That’s the phone.(2) a. Husband: That’s the phone.
b. Wife: I’m in the bathroom.b. Wife: I’m in the bathroom.
c. Husband: Okay.c. Husband: Okay.
Its illocutionary acts are: (i) a refusal toIts illocutionary acts are: (i) a refusal to
comply with the requestcomply with the request
(ii) a request to her husband(ii) a request to her husband
to answer the phone instead.to answer the phone instead.
10. Indirect speech actsIndirect speech acts
A different approach to distinguishing types of speechA different approach to distinguishing types of speech
acts can be made on the basis of structure. A simpleacts can be made on the basis of structure. A simple
structural distinction between three general types ofstructural distinction between three general types of
speech acts is provided, in English, by the three basicspeech acts is provided, in English, by the three basic
sentences types. As shown in (1), there is an easilysentences types. As shown in (1), there is an easily
recognized relationship between the three structuralrecognized relationship between the three structural
forms (declarative, interrogative, imperative) and theforms (declarative, interrogative, imperative) and the
three general communicative functions (statement,three general communicative functions (statement,
question, command/request).question, command/request).
(1) a. declarative: You wear a seat belt. (statement)(1) a. declarative: You wear a seat belt. (statement)
b. interrogative: Do you wear a seat belt? (question)b. interrogative: Do you wear a seat belt? (question)
c. imperative: Wear a seat belt! (command/request)c. imperative: Wear a seat belt! (command/request)
11. (2) a. It’s cold outside.(2) a. It’s cold outside.
b. I hereby tell you about the weather.b. I hereby tell you about the weather.
c. I hereby request of you that you close the door.c. I hereby request of you that you close the door.
Whenever there is a direct relationship betweenWhenever there is a direct relationship between
a structure and a function, we have aa structure and a function, we have a directdirect
speech act.speech act. For example, a declarative used toFor example, a declarative used to
make a statement is a direct speech act, but amake a statement is a direct speech act, but a
declarative used to make a request is an indirectdeclarative used to make a request is an indirect
speech act. As illustrated in (2), the utterance inspeech act. As illustrated in (2), the utterance in
(2a) is a declarative. When it is used to make a(2a) is a declarative. When it is used to make a
statement, as paraphrased in (2b), it isstatement, as paraphrased in (2b), it is
functioning as a direct speech act. When it isfunctioning as a direct speech act. When it is
used to make a command/request, asused to make a command/request, as
paraphrased in (2c), it is functioning as anparaphrased in (2c), it is functioning as an
indirect speech act.indirect speech act.
12. AssignmentsAssignments
I. Define the following terms briefly:I. Define the following terms briefly:
Speech act theorySpeech act theory
II. Someone stands between you and the TV setII. Someone stands between you and the TV set
you were watching, so you decide to say one ofyou were watching, so you decide to say one of
the following. Identify which would be direct andthe following. Identify which would be direct and
which would be indirect speech acts.which would be indirect speech acts.
(1) Move!(1) Move!
(2) You’re in the way.(2) You’re in the way.
(3) Could you sit down?(3) Could you sit down?
(4) I can’t see anything.(4) I can’t see anything.
(5) Please get out of the way.(5) Please get out of the way.
13. (3) a. Could you pass me the salt, please?(3) a. Could you pass me the salt, please?
b. Would you open this for me?b. Would you open this for me?
One of the most common types of indirectOne of the most common types of indirect
speech act in English, as shown in (3) hasspeech act in English, as shown in (3) has
the form of an interrogative, but is notthe form of an interrogative, but is not
typically used to ask questions, that is , wetypically used to ask questions, that is , we
do not expect an answer, but we expectdo not expect an answer, but we expect
action.action.