This document provides information on the course structure and syllabus for an M.Tech in Geomatics program offered by the Survey Training Institute in collaboration with Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University. The program is spread over 4 semesters. Each semester is approximately 20-21 weeks with classes typically 4 sessions per day of around 100 minutes each. There are normally 15 theory and 4 laboratory sessions per week. The syllabus covers subjects in the areas of surveying, geodesy, photogrammetry, remote sensing, GIS, and cartography. Some example subjects listed are topographical surveying and mapping, introduction to geodesy, elements of photogrammetry, and remote sensing

1. COURSE STRUCTURE
Each semester is approximately 20-21 weeks duration including examination. Each
period about 15 minutes duration. There will be normally 4 sessions per day each about 100
minutes duration. 2 sessions of laborator is equivalent to 1 session of theory.
Total contact constitutes 15 sessions of theory and 4 sessions of laboratory per week.
M.TECH. (GEOMATICS)
COURSE SYLLABUS
ACADEMIC YEAR 2013-15
Offered by Survey Training Institute
(in collaboration with Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University)

2. M Tech (Geomatics)
SL.No.
Code
No. Subject Theory Practical
Semester I
Theory
1 GM 1.1 Topographical Surveying and Mapping 4
2 GM 1.2 Introduction to Geodesy 4
3 GM 1.3 Elements of Photogrammetry 4
4 GM 1.4 Remote Sensing 4
5 GM 1.5 Object Oriented Programming System & DBMS for GIS 4
Lab
6 GM 1.6 OOPS & DBMS Lab 4
7 GM 1.7 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Lab 4
20 8
Semester II
Theory
8 GM 2.1 Digital Photogrammetry 4
9 GM 2.2 Advanced Geodesy 4
10 GM 2.3 Geographical Information System (GIS), Spatial Analysis and Modelling 4
11 GM 2.4 Digital Cartography, Visualization and Web GIS 4
12 GM 2.5 Project Management and Organizational Development 4
Lab
13 GM 2.6 Surveying and Geodesy Lab 4
14 GM 2.7 Geomatics Lab 4
20 8
Semester III & IV
Theory
15 GM 3.1 Elective 1 4
16 GM 3.2 Elective 2 4
17 GM 3.3 Project Work and Seminar
8

3. 8
Electives 1
1 Spatial Data Infrastructures
2 Cadastre & Land Administration
3 Natural Resource and Disaster Management
4 Water Resource Management
Electives 2
1 Word Wide Web Creation for Spatial Data Dissemination
2 Urban Planning & Land Administration
3 Environment Management
4 Space & Marine Geodesy

4. GM 1.1 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYING AND MAPPING
Fundamental of Surveying:-Principles and methods of Surveying, Classification of
Surveying, Maps design and Map Contents. Classification Control Survey:- Horizontal and
vertical controls of different orders and their Accuracy standards. Horizontal Control:-
Traverse: Principle of traverse, angular and linear measurements, corrections
to observed values, Computations. Triangulation:- Principle of Triangulation, Reconnaissance,
laying out of Geometrical figures on the ground, intervisibility, Mid-latitude, Short line and
long line formulae, Computation of Coordinates, Satellite Station and its Computation.
Vertical Control:- Classification of Vertical Controls, and their principles. Sources of Errors in
Single and Double Tertiary Levelling and their accuracy standards. Adjustment of level net
work. Instruments:- Instruments for Horizontal Control :- Chain, Tape, Theodolite, EDM,
Total Station and GPS; their testing, adjustment. For Vertical Control :- Level, Clinometer and
their testing and adjustment.
Large Scale Surveys:- Method and Planning of large Scale Survey viz. Chain Survey, Large
Scale Planetabling Survey, Command Area Development and Project Surveys. Town utility
Surveys. Engineering Survey:- Computation of Areas and Volumes. Setting out of Simple
Circular, transition and vertical curves on ground. Setting out of alignments of roads, railways,
pipelines and canals on ground. Mine Survey and setting out of Tunnels and Shafts. Cadastral
Surveys:- Maintenance of Cadastral records, numerical and geographical data, land
management information in digital environment.
Application of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing in Cadastral Survey. Use of GPS and
Palm – Top in the Modern trend in data acquisition in Cadastral Survey. Rectangulation and
relocation of missing boundary pillars. Topographical Survey / Plane tabling:- Methods of
Plane tabling Survey, data capture and ancillary records.
Total Station Survey:-Recording, down-loading, processing and final out put.
Fundamentals of Cartography: Definition and History of Cartography, Problems and their
solutions in Map Making; Source data used in Map making; Classification of maps; Scale and
different types of scales in map; Enlargement and Reduction of maps; Uses of maps;
Numbering system of Topographical maps in India and Adjacent countries; International
Numbering System.
Cartographic Techniques:- Principles of Drawing and Scribing of maps; Instruments for Fair
drawing and Scribing; Symbol cards; Details of stages involved in Fair drawing and Scribing;
Preparation of Mosaic, Guides, Originals, Scribed Negatives and Tint plates; Examination of
Originals / Negatives / Proofs; History sheets and Publication Instructions.
Depiction of Names:-Standardization of Geographical names; Huntarian system of
transliteration of Geographical names; Methods of lettering and style of lettering in maps.
Representation of Relief:-Importance of Relief representation in maps; Different methods of
relief representation i.e. Contours, Hatchures, Layering, Hill shading, Spot height and their
relative merits and demerits; Concepts of Cliff, Spur, Ridge, Saddle etc.,
Symbology:-Map contents and their methods of communications; Symbols; Classification of
symbols(Qualitative and Quantitative); Creation of Symbols.

5. Map Compilation:-Geographical maps; Scale and Specifications of Geographical maps;
Compilation of Geographical maps from existing Topographical maps; Generalization of
details; Steps of compilation of Geographical maps.
Thematic mapping:-Definition of Thematic maps; Preparation of Thematic maps with Base
map and Data; Qualitative mapping and Quantitative mapping; Isopleth, Chloropleth and
Dasymetric mapping; Socio Economic theme.
Grid:-Use of Rectangular Grid in mapping; Advantages and disadvantages of grid projection
in a map; Lambert Grid and UTM Grid; Indian Grids; Gridded maps of Survey of India.
Map Deign:-Basic elements of maps and their placement on maps; Clarity, Legibility and
Balance in a map; Theory of Colours(Additive and Substrative); Visual variables.
Map Reproduction:-Basic Physics and Chemistry of Printing; Surface tension, Inks,
Formation of solutions, Ph factors, Light sensitivity, Densitometry, Filters, Etchers,
Developers, Toners, Process Cameras, Reflectometers, Densitometers, Sensitometers,
Photographic filters; Papers and their characteristics.
Map Reproduction Techniques:-Plates-Metallic, Plastic, Anodized, Screen, Xerography,
Principles of Lithography, Letter press, Silk screen, Electro static printing process; Wet & Dry
plate photography, Process Camera, Screens, Colour separation Photography, Duplication of
negatives, Powder process, Improvement of negatives, Retouching, Stripping in, Layering.
Printing Facility:-Plate making; Capacity and limitations of proving presses and Printing
presses; Multicolour maps by four colour process, Modern computerized map printing process
and Machines(BARCO map publishing system, Heidelberg printing machine).
Digitisation of Cartographic Documents:- Spatial Database(Concept of DTDB); Elements of
Computer Assisted Cartography, Vector and Raster representation of Geographic Data;
Different sources of data for creation of DTDB, Digitizing Softwares, Digital data collection
from Cartographic documents and processing(Methods and Phases of digitization); Principles
to be followed during digitization, Editing.
Digital Data Quality:-Sources of errors in Digital data, Quality control of Digital data by
Softcopy checks, Hardcopy checks and using Programs(Data validation); Data maintenance /
Updation.
Digital plotting:-Vector and Raster plotters and their applications for producing check plots,
Plot drivers, Creation of plots for printing.
Data formats:-Different types of Vector and Raster data formats, Conversion from one format
to another format, DVD format.
Georeferencing of Digital data:- Reference systems, Concept of Datum and Projection,
Defining of Coordinate system to a file, Coordinate transformation(Affine 1) using control
points.
Data Integration:-Data integration, Possible cases of data integration, Transformation of
various projections, On-fly map projection, Datum shift, Map compilation in Digital
environments from various sources.

6. Scanners and Digitizing Equipments:-Input and Output devices, PC based digital systems,
Digitizers, Scanners, Plotters, Working principle of Scanner and its use for Onscreen
digitization.
Data Presentation:-Concept of DCDB, Principles of digital representation of Cartographic
data, Data extraction, Generalization, Symbolization including Patterning, Cell and creation of
Cell Library, Font library, Annotation, Map Design and Publishing.
Database and Outputs:-Non spatial database, Basics of dBase V & MSAccess.
Text Books :
1. Surveying & Levelling Vol. I & II - By R. Agor
2. David Clark Volume I & II
3. Surveying Vol. I, II - Punmia
4 Cartography by Robinson
5 Notes on Digital Cartography -Survey of India

7. GM 1.2 – INTRODUCTION TO GEODESY
Basic Mathematics for Geodesy : Spherical Trignometry : Difinitions, Properties of
great circle, spherical angle, spherical triangle and its properties, som theorems on spherical
triangle, some fo;rmulae in spherical trigonometry like sine casine formula, sine formula, sine
half a angle formula, casine half side formula, tangent half side formulae etc. Four part
formula, Right angled and quadrant triangle, Napier rule of
Circular parts.
Map Projection :Introduction to Map Projection, Purpose and methods of map projection,
classification of map projection. Some simple projection, stereographic colar Azimuthal
projection, construction of simple cylindrical projection and conical projection. Polyconic
projection, properties and drawbacks of polyconic projection, Formulae of polyconic
projection. Conformal map projections, Isometric Latitude, Scale factor, Conditions of
conformality, Scale factor evaluation, Geometry of projected curve, Meridian convergence.
Lambers conformal conic projection, properties of LCC projection, Indian Grid System,
Construction of LCC projection, Formulae of LCC Projection. Mercator projection, Tranverse
mercator projection, Universal tranverse Mercator projection, construction of UTM projection,
Formulae of UTM Projection.
Astronomy :Celestial Sphere, Definition of various terms used in Astronomy. Celestial
coordinate system. Special position of stars. Variations in celestial coordinates, precession and
nutation. Time System – Sidereal time, ephemeris time, Atomic time, local sidereal Time,
equation of equinoxes, sidereal day, Universal (solar) time, Apparent and mean solar time,
equation of time, Rotational time system UTO,UT1,UT2, Conversion of time and problems.
Geomatric Geodesy :Datums – Everest spheroid, GRS-80, WGS-84,ITRF, Transformation of
coordinates from one datum to another. Mean sea level, Geoid and MSL in India. Coordinate
system in Geodesy. Geometry of ellipsoid, Radii of curvature etc. Level surface & Plumbline
deflection of vertical Geodal separation, Natural coordinates, Astrogeodetic deflection,
Potential number and orthometric height, different height system.
Physical Geodesy : Newtonian Attraction and Potential, Laplace equation in spherical
coordinates, solution of Laplace equation. Legendre’s polynomicals, Legendre’s Associated
function, Finding the values of Po,P Ellipsoidal coordinates system in space.Normal ellipsoid,
Normal Gravity, International Gravity formula.
Satellite Geodesy:- Introduction to Satellite Geodesy, Keplerian motion, Geometry of ellipse,
Kepler ellipse in space.
Global Positioning System/Global Navigation Satellite System:-Introduction to GPS, space,
control and user segment.Fundamentals of GPS signal and data, GPS signal characteristics,
signalStructure, code and pseudo-range measurement, Ambigious carrier phase,Ionospheric
and topospheric delay, Multipath effects, Ambiguity, Ambiguity Resolution, RINEX format.
Satellite Geometry and AccuracyMeasures, UERE,GDOP,PDOP etc,High Accuracy GPS
surveying technique, Rapid Static surveying, Stop and Go, Kinematic GPS surveying, Real
time GPS surveying technique,DGPS and TRK GPS surveying technique, RTCM data
transmission, DGPS/RTK services.Field observation and Processing.
Mobile GPS – Principles of Mobile GIS and Positioning Techniques:- Introduction to
Mobile Mapping, Overview on Mobile Mapping S/W, Pre-processing and field verification,
Data Integration/post processing.

8. Referebces - Map projection use by US Geological Survey by John.P.Snyder
. Notes on Map Projection by B.P.Nainwal
Conformal map projection by Edward J.K.Krakiwsky
Spherical and Practical Astronomy – by Ivan I.Mueller
Notes on Astronomy – by Shri Bachi Ram
Geodesy by Wolfgang Torge
Physical Geodesy by Helmut Moritz and W.Heiskanen
Notes on Physical Geodesy by B.P.Nainwal
Satellite Geodesy by G.Seeber
Note on Satellite Geodesy and GPS by B.P.Nainwal
Geodesy by G.Seaber

9. GM 1.3 INTRODUCTION TO ELEMENTS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Functions of human eye :- Structure and function of human eye. Angular resolution
(Acuity) of human eye, accommodation and convergence. Parallactic angle. Stereofusion
practice.
Optics of Photogrammetry:- Optics of Photogrammetry: Reflection, refraction, mirror, lens,
prism and their use in photogrammetric instruments. Image rotation, lens equation, lens errors, Optical
trains and their manipulation. Lens distortion – radial symmetric, radial asymmetric and tangential
components, Lens aberration – different types and causes. Effect in image quality. Basic concept of
interference, diffraction, polarization. Laser radiation and coherent beams.
Aerial Camera /Digital scanner:- Geometry of Analog aerial camera. Construction and
working. Lens cone assembly. Shutter, Film flattening device. Pressure plate. Interior and exterior
Nodal points. Exposure time. Exposure Cycle. Exposure interval and control of Exposure time.
Camera cone Narrow angle, Wide-angle and Super wide-angle cameras – applications. GPS, INS and
other auxiliary devices. Atmospheric scattering. Minus blueM filter. Forward motion compensation
technique, Camera calibration – Measuring. Calibrated and equivalent focal length. Principal point
position. Fiducial marks. Effect of atmospheric refraction and earth curvature. (Without mathematical
formulation and derivations). Digital camera – a brief overview, Difference between the geometry of
digital frame camera and digital linear array sensors
Photography& Proessing of Aerial Films :- Conventional Black and White Processing,
Characteristics of photo emulsions, Colour film processing technique, Assessment of the quality of
photography, Imperfections in the output during pre-processing and postprocessing, physical
imperfections and their remedies, Printing and Duplication, Printing of Diapositives.
Aerial Photo Indexing and Planimetric mapping:- Indexing of aerial photograph on a map.
Difference between aerial photo and map.Photo mosaics and photo maps. Compilation of
topographical details from aerial photograph.
Basic Photogrammetry:- Definition of Photogrammetry and general applications. Role of
Photogrammetry in mapping.Geometry of vertical aerial photograph. Photo Centre, Principle
of Perspective Geometry. Photogrammetric bundle of rays. Colinearity condition. Overlaps -
fore and aft overlaps. Concept of a model. Types of aerial photograph. Basic definitions,
scale of a vertical aerial photograph. Distortion in a photograph. Radial line assumption.
Effect of Relief and Tilt displacements and their rectification. Effect of shadow. Scale of
tilted aerial photograph. Oblique photography.
Analogue Instruments:- Classification of analogue instruments as per projection system,
application and use, according to performance and accuracy IO, RO ,AO in analogue plotters
Basics of Stereo Photogrammetry: - Stereoscopic depth perception. Stereoscope – construction
and principle. Stereoscopy and Pseudoscopy. Difference between direct and indirect stereovision.
Methods for indirect stereo vision, Anaglyph. Principle of floating mark. Geometry of
Stereoscopic coverage, concept of Stereoscopic parallax, Elevation determination by parallax
formulae, Contouring and numerical adjustments from parallax observations on stereopair,
parallax bar.
Terrestrial Photogrammetry:- Brief description of photo Theodolite and Stereometric Camera.
Applications of terrestrial and close range Photogrammetry. Special problems in close range
Photogrammetry. Accuracy standards. Close range camera calibration. Torlegard’s method. Direct
linear transformation. Use of non-metric camera.
Basic Mathematics for Photogrammetry:- Quadratic roots and values, classes.
500

10. Transformation geometry:- Crossratio, principle of duality, projectivity and Perspectivity.
Projective, Affine, Linear Conformal (similarity) and Orthogonal Transformations and their
properties.
Statistics:- Measures of Central tendency : Mean, median, mode, standard deviation,
histograms, variance, covariance, correlation and regression. Types of errors, weights, standard
deviation, accuracy and precision, method of Least squares, parametric method and method of
condition equations.
Adjustment Calculus:- Frequency distribution, sample and population mean, Normal
distribution, binominal distribution, Poission’s distribution, Chy square Test, Pearsono
distribution.
Text Books :
Elements of Photogrammetry by Paul R. Wolf
References :
- Modern Photogrammetry - Edward M. Mikhail
- Photogrammetry Vol I - Kranss
- Mannual Photogrammetry - ALBERT D
- Principles and Application of Photo Geology - Shiv Pandey
- Aerial Photographic Interpretation - Luedar D.R. M.C. Graw hill

11. GM 1.4 REMOTE SENSING
Concepts and Foundation of R.S::- Stages of Remote Sensing, Energy sources, radiation
principles, electromagnetic spectrum, major divisions of E.M.S., Interaction with atmosphere,
interaction with surface.
Remote Sensing platforms and sensors:-Platforms – Geostationary – Sun-synchronous /
polar / land observation satellites, (RS, IRS system, LISS images, Landsat Thematic Mapper,
ETM plus, SPOT, ERS, JERS, Radarsat, IKONOS, QUICKBIRD, Resourcesat, cartosat
etc.,Types of sensors as per the source of energy and scanning mode – whisk broom – push
broom sensors.
Characteristics / Parameters of Sensor:-Spatial, spectral, radiometric and temporal
resolutions, data storage formats – BIL, BIP, BSQ., Radiometric aspects and its
corrections:Periodic line dropouts, periodic line strippings, filtering of Random noise.
Geometric aspects and its corrections:Systematic and non-systematic geometric
corrections.Atmospheric aspects and its corrections.
Image Enhancement Techniques:-Contrast enhancements – linear, non-linear – Square root
stretch, square stretch, logarithmic stretch, exponential stretch, arc tangent stretch, Guassian
stretch, histogram equalization, pseudo-coloring, density slicing, principal component analysis
etc.,Visual image interpretation, key elements in visual image interpretation –Topographic –
flat surface, sloping surface and high hill surfaceGeologic - rough surface, smooth surface,
surface created by witheringVegetation - trees, forests, bushes, natural grass,Visual
interpretation aids – shape, size, shadow, site, tone, texture, pattern, Association, Resolution
etc.
Classification:-Supervised classification – training stage, classification stage, output stage,
parallelepiped classifier / Box classifier, minimum distance to means classifier, Gaussian
maximum likelihood classifier,Un-supervised classification.,Classification accuracy. Image
transforms: Arithmetic operations, principal component Analysis (PCA), IHS transform,
Fourier transform, wavelet transform.Filtering techniques: Spatial domain low-pass
(smoothing) filters, high-pass (sharpening) filters, spatial domain detectors, frequency domain
filters, Hyperspectral Remote Sensing – Spectroscopy, image cube, AVIRIS, Spectral
Matching, spectral Mixing Analysis, Data Libraries, MODIS, Processing of hyper spectral data
application, Thermal radiometry, microwave radiometery, Thermal scanners, thermal
properties of objects, geometry of images, thermal image and its interpretation, heat capacity
mapping mission, TM Thermal data, Active Microwave – Geometry of the radar image,
wavelength, penetration of the radar signal, polarization, look direction and look angle, real
aperture systems, synthetic aperture systems, interpreting brightness values, satellite image
radars, LIDAR, Introduction of advanced classification and pattern recognition methods in
image analysis, image segmentation based classification, Subpixel classification, introduction
to fuzzy vs crisp classification, Expert classification – Artificial Neutral Networks (ANN),
Evaluation of the results of data processing.
Text Books :
Introductory Digital Image Processing by John R. Jenson
References :
Remote Sensing Principle and Interpretation - Floyed F. Sabins
Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation - Thomas Lilles and Ralph W. Kiefer
Remote Sensing of Environment - Lintz J and Simonatt
Remote Sensing - Dr. Anji Reddy

12. GM 1.5 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING AND DBMS
INTRODUCTION TO C++ :- C vsC++, Object Based Vs Object Oriented Programming
Languages, OOP Concepts, Structure of the C++ program. Abstract Data types, Classes and
Objects, Data Encapsulation, Data Abstraction and Data Hiding, Functions in C++ - Main
function, Inline function, Static Member function, Constant Member function, Friend function,
Constructor-characteristics of a constructor – types of Constructors, Destructors –
Characteristics of a destructor, Polymorphism – types of Polymorphism, Function
Overloading, Operator Overloading, Virtual functions, inheritance – types of Inheiritance,
Managing Console I/O operations – C++ streams and stream classes. Working with Files,
Templates, Exception Handling, Namespaces, Data structure with Linked lists.
SQL:-Query language, Types of Query Language, Origin of SQL, Sub languages of SQL,
Creating and managing tables, Identifying keys in tables, Implementing Data Integrity,
retrieving data from multiple tables using joins, Types of Joins, Creating Views, types of
views, Implementing Transaction, Table space, Oracle Data block, Implementing Indexes,
Package, Creating Triggers, Types of triggers, Designing database using an Entity Relationship
diagram, Normalizing and Denormalizing data.
Textbooks :-Object Oriented Analysis and Design with Application-GRADY BOOCH.
References :- Stephen Prata – C++ Primes plus
Programming in C++ by Balaguruswamy,
Problem Solving in C++, The OOP, fourth edition,W .Savitch, Pearson
education.
Websites : www.orafaq.com

13. DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Database Systems – Definition, Purpose, Data abstraction, Instances and Schemes, Data
independence, introduction to DDL, DML, Database manager, Database administrator,
Database users, Overall system structure.
Entry Relationship Model – Entities, Entity sets, Relationships, Relationship sets, Mapping
constraints, Primary keys, E.R. diagram, Reduction of E.R diagram to tables, Generalization,
Aggregation.
Relational Model – Structure, Relational algebra, Relational calculus, Commercial query
languages, SQL, QUEL , Query by examples.
Relational Database Design – Pitfalls in design, Functional dependency, Normal forms 1NF, 2NF,
3NF, BCNF, Multi value dependency, 4NF.
Indexing and Hashing – Basic Concepts, Indexing, B+ - Tree Index files, B-Tree Index files,
Static Hash functions, Dynamic hash functions, Comparison of indexing & hashing, Index
definition in SQL, Multiple-Key Access.
Network Data Model – Basic concepts, Tree structured diagrams, Mapping of hierarchies to files,
Virtual records.
Hierarchical Data Model – Basic concepts, Tree structured diagrams, Mapping of hierarchies to
files, Virtual records.
Crash Recovery – Failure classification, Shadow paging Concurrency control – Serializability,
Locking Validation techniques, Multiple Granularity.
Textbooks :
1. Database Systems concepts by HENRY F. KORTH, Abraham Siberschatz Mc
Graw 1988.
2. Database Management Systems by Raghurama Krishnan, Johannes Gehrke,
TATA McGrawHill 3rd
Edition.
Refernces :
1. Database Management Systems by P.Radha Krishna HI-TECH Publications2005.
2. Database Management System by Mathew Leon, Leon Vikas.
3. Principles of Database Systems – Jaffery D. Ullman – Galgotia
4. An Introduction to Database Systems Vol 1, 3rd
Edition – C J Date, - Narosa
5. Database Management Systems – Arun K. Majundar and P.Bhatta Charya – Tata
Mc. Grall Hill Publications, New Delhi.
LABORATORY AND PRACTICALS
GM 1.6 LABORATORY ON OOPS AND DBMS
Practical & Programming on C++, JAVA
GM 1.7 LABORATORY ON ANALOGUE PHOTOGRAMMETRY, REMOTE SENSING
PHOTOGRAMMETRY

14. SEMESTER-II

15. GM 2.1 DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Analytical Photogrammetry : Coordinate systems for image measurements : Simple
scales for photographic measurements, Measurement of Photo coordinates with tablet digitizer,
Mono and Stereo comparator measurements of photo coordinates. Model coordinates in case of
analogue instruments. Scanner coordinate system. Refinement of photo coordinates. Film
distortions, failure of fiducial axis to inter intersect at PP, lense distortions, atmospheric
refraction distortions, earth curvature distortions.
Orientation Procedures : Purpose of fiducial marks, image coordinate system and object
space coordinate system. IO, EO procedures in analytical and digital photogrammetry.
Advantage of digital IO over analogue and analytical system. Advantages of digital EO over
analogue system.
Concepts of block / bundle / strip adjustments : What is block. Types of Block
adjustments. Planning of photo control. Selecting photo control images. Number and location
of photo control. Bundle Block adjustment (IO, EO). Colinearity condition equations. Epipolar
Geometry, Space resection and space intersection. Reasons for Digital AT superior over
analogue AT.
Digital Photogrammetry : Digital Photogrammetric Systems, Digital Photogrammetric work
Station and its configuration. Photogrammetric Scanners. Inputs to DPWS. Various formats
of data. 3D visualization in Digital environment; Anaglyph, polarization, Image matching,
Line interleaved, quad buffer, IO, RO manual / automatic process, AO automatic. EO
parameters. Accuacy assessment of the Block Feature extraction by 2D. Feature extraction
by 3D, Data models, Symbol library, feature classification, Coding, feature collection,
Annotation, database attachments, interactive editing and layer concepts. Advantages in
Digital Photogrammetry, Automatic tie point generation. Quality control of DTDB. Digital
Photogrammetric Softwares.
Introduction of conceps of DTM: Digital surface modeling by DTM/DHM and DSM /DEM.
Interpolation techniques: GRID and TIN, break lines, profiles, mass points / random points.
Factors influence choice of sampling patterns. DTM generation process : pre-processing, main
processing, post processing. Differential rectification, mosaicing. Digital ortho photograph
generation.
Different sampling techniques : Manual, semi-automatic, automatic sampling techniques.
Storage of GRID TIN and its data base structure. Data sources / Input to DTM; Direct and
indirect data collection methods; field survey, photogrammetry and remote sensing data, maps.
Quality assessment of different DTM collection techniques, empherical methods of assessing
DTM accuracy.
Aerial Triangulation - GPS supported AT : Geometric relationship between a camera and
GPS antenna with respect to position and attitude. Synchronisation of GPS coordinates with
camera exposures. Entering GPS coordinates and INS parameters in bundle block adjustments
for each exposure stations. Requirement with GPS and INS data.
Air borne laser terrain mapping (ALTM) : Concepts of ALTM. Definition, objectives of
ALTM. Applications and advantages of ALTM. System components of ALTM. Different
types of Technologies used in ALTM (LIDAR & RADAR).

16. GM 2.2 ADVANCED GEODESY
Vector Calculus : Differential operators, Gradient of a scalar point function, Divergence of
a vector, Laplacian operator, Curl of a vector function, Vector Identities (Gradient, Divergence
and Curl of Products), Gauss Divergence theorem, Stoke’s theorem.
Differtial Geometry : Space curves, Arc Length, Unit tangent vector of a curve, Equation of
tangent line to a curve at a given point. Osculating plane, Noemal line and normal plane,
Principle normal Serret - Frenet Formulae.
Advanced Map Projection : Azimuthal and equidistance projection, polar zenithal
gnomonic projection, stereographic projection, Cassini projection, Galls cylindrical projection
etc., choice of a projection, Construction of some important projection - Assignment on map
projection.
Advanced Astronomy : Field determinations - Determination of astronomic latitude,
longitude and Azimuth. Correction of observed quantities.
Advanced Geometric Geodesy : Brief History of Indian Geodetic Triangulation,
Classification of control survey, Traingulation, Trilateration, GPS etc., Geodetic Triangulation,
reconnaissance / observation / computation, correction applied to horizontal angles, Clark Mid
latitude formula for computing latitude and longitude, Height precision levelling, observation
procedure, precaution and data reduction.
Advanced Physical Geodesy : Anomalous Gravity field, Gravity anomaly, Brun’s formula,
Fundamental equation of physical geodesy, Stokes, function, Stokes, function in terms of
spherical harmonics, Solution of Stokes’ function, Deflection of vertical formula of vening
Meinesz. Gravimetry, Gravity reductions, Free Air, Bouger and Isostic Reduction. Earth
Gravity Model, Brief history of Gravimetry in India.
Advanced Satellite Geodesy : Perturbed satellite motion, Representation of Perturbed orbital
motion, Osculating and mean orbital elements. Lagrange’s Perturbation equation, Gaussian
form of Perturbation equation. Disturbed motion due to anomalous earth gravity field, other
perturbation in the satellite orbit.
Advanced Global Positioning System / Global Navigation Satellite system : Various
possible applications of GPS, Laser ranging satellite altimetry, VLBI, Introduction to
GONASS, GALILEO, GNSS Satellite.

17. GM 2.3 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS), SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND
MODELLING
Introduction to GIS : Spatial data and Geoinformation, spatial data types and Non Spatial
data types. Representation of Spatial Data (Vector data model and Raster data model),
Principles of GIS, Components of GIS, Functions of GIS, GIS Software packages.
Coordinate system & data input : Different types of geographic phenomena, Geographic
fields and objects, Spatial reference system, Datum transformations, Map Projections. Digital
data collection from various sources (GPS, Total Station, Maps, Aerial Photographs, Satellite
Imagery etc.) Attribute data input and management.
Topology : Computer representation of Geographic Information, Representation of
Geographic fields and objects, Topology and spatial relationships, Topology rules, Importance
of Topology in GIS.
Spatial Data analysis : Classification of analytic GIS capabilities, Classification of spatial
distribution and measurement, Overlay functions, Neighbourhood functions, Spatial selection
queries. Preparation of reports.
Spatial Data visualization : GIS and Maps, Visualisation process and strategies, Mapping of
qualitative and quantitative data.
Network Analysis : Introduction to the basic elements of Network data model, Preparation of
Network datasets, Defining connectivity and cost performing network analysis (Shortest /
Optimal path, Allocation, Location - Allocation)
Surface Analysis : TIN data model, Raster surface, Spatial interpolation, Data sources and
surface model generation, Surface display, Profile generation, Visibility analysis (View shed
and intervisibility), Volume calculation, Slope and aspect calculation, Watershed analysis.
Quality assessment of spatial data : Quality assessment of spatial data and procedures,
Limitations of GIS in the field of real time applications. Accuracy and Precision, Attribute
accuracy, Temporal accuracy, Completeness, Error on maps, Root mean square error,
Accuracy tolerance, Error propagation in spatial data processing, Spatial data transfer and its
standards.

18. GM 2.4 CARTOGRAPHY, VISUALISATION & WEB GIS
Cartography in relation to Internet GIS : Cartographic design principles, to different kinds
of visualizations of geospatial data, cartographic design aspects and components of GIS based
map production processes. Geoinformation production work flow, introduction to process
modeling, work flow management and performance analysis, operation management.
System architecture for GIS production : GI production and dissemination .design options
for integrated GI systems and services. Basic principles ,processes, automation related issues
limitations a solutions of cartographic generalization in multiscale representation. Integration
of data from different sources
Data acquisition: Definition of specifications of data acquisition, Quality control for different
production stages, Impact of new spatial data acquisition technologies in the generation of
Topographical maps(i.e. data collection ,processing ,visualization, Map lay out and production
of Hard copy)
Data Dissemination: Basic concepts and techniques of dissemination and use of geospatial
data in a distributed environment, Introduction to inter-active mapping, Role of web maps as
one of the cartographic presentation products, Cartographic web map design constraints in
relation to internet technologies
Internet GIS : Introduction to distributed internet GIS, Introduction, Distributed GIS - Basic
components, Applications of distributed GIS.
Introduction to Networking : Network environments protocols, TCP/IP, LAN, WAN, Data
exchange b/w 2 terminals.
Client / Server computing & distributed component framework: Client, Server, Glue,
Client-Server system partition, 2-tier, 3-tier & n-tier architectures, advantages & disadvantages
of client-server architecture.
Web Mapping : Static map publishing, clickable maps, architecture of static web publishing,
web mapping architecture, client-HTML viewer, HTTP server with CGI, Map server & other
server, side applications, Web-mapping options & objects, Web mapping applications.
Asp. NET using c#: Introduction to web technologies, Asp.net introduction, server side
controls, state management, Ado.net configuration, Asp.net (tracing security)
Web enabled GIS: Principles of metadata, Principles of distributed spatial databases
dessimination, Principles of XML and GML, Interoperability, Web enabled transaction
processing using the extended mark up language

19. GM 2.5 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Project Management : Introduction, What is a project What is project management ?
Relationship to other Management Discipline, Project management context, Project phases &
Project life cycle, Project stakeholders, Organisational influences, Key general management
skills, Social-economic-environmental influences,
Project management processes: Initiation, Planning, execution, controlling and closing.
Project Integration Management, Project Plan development, Project plan execution, Integrated
change control. Project Scope Management, Scope planning, scope definition, scope
verification, scope change control.
Project Time Management: Activity definition, Activity sequencing, Activity duration,
Estimating, Schedule development, Schedule control.
Project Cost Management: Resource Planning, Cost Estimating, Cost Budgeting, Cost
Control. Project Quality Management, Quality Planning, Quality Assurance, Quality Control.
Project Human Resource Management, Organisational Planning, Staff acquisition, Team
Development. Project Communication Management, Communication Planning, Information
Distribution, Performance Reporting, Administrative Closure. Project Risk Management, Risk
Management Planning, Risk Identification, Qualitative Risk Analysis, Quantitative Risk
Analysis, Risk Response Planning, Risk Monitoring & Control. Project Procurement
Management, Procurement Planning, Solicitation Planning, Solicitation, Source selection,
Contract Administration, Contract Closeout.
Organisation Development : Strategic Visioning, Mission, Vision, organizational changes
for the effective production of GIS case study :GIS project successes and failures. Strategic
management ,strategic planning processes ,vision goals performance indicators. operations
management.
Business process modeling: Modeling, performance analysis, workflow management,
Resource management, costing of services, total quality management
2.6 SURVEYING GEODESY LAB
Control Survey by GPS, Total station, Missing Pillar, Feature extraction by total station,
updation of Maps by Mobile mapping, Collection of Attribute data for GIS. Laboratory test
on above items for full day.
2.7 GEOMATICS LAB
Digitisation using CAD/CAM software, GIS Digitisation, attribute entry, Vector and Raster
Analysis, 3D Analysis, Reports making, Chart graph preparation, Arcinfo, gram ++ Softwares,
Import/Export of file from one software to other XML/GML data prepration. Demonstration
on Network Analysis and Web GIS.
Editing by Malleswar