Behavioral theories assert that people can learn how to become leaders through teaching and observation. As a reaction to the trait theories, the behavioral theories looks not at the traits and abilities of leaders, but their behavior.
Theories of Motivation in Organizational BehaviorMasum Hussain
Most employers today would like to have their employee’s motivated and ready to work, but do not understand what truly motivates a person. Companies could be more efficient if the employees had an invested interest in the future of the company. There are essential needs to be met for a person, specifically an employee, to succeed in the workplace. I will examine different theories of motivations, how they are relevant to the workplace, and how employers can implement the theories to ensure happy and motivated employees.
Human behaviour is as much a reflection of the differences between individuals as it is a reflection of their similarities. These individual differences are caused by a number of influences and characteristics. For example, personality traits focus on individual differences that make each person a unique human being. Our biological make-up concentrates on how we function as a result of our evolution and human inheritance. Our behaviour is largely influenced by the system of rewards and punishments that are present in our environment. Our cognitive approach focuses on how our thinking and memory affects our behaviour. The fact that we are here at this time with immediate influences, and the ability to express a free will, may present the greatest influence of all.
It broadly addresses the topic of employee relations and work motivation. It examined theories and models of motivation that strive to answer the question of what motivates and how is motivation harnessed. At the individual level of analysis, there is a plethora of different approaches, most of which have some conceptual viability, empirical support and practical use. A critical task for future thinking and research is to integrate findings from diverse sources in order to be able to produce a more coherent view of motivation, its content and mechanisms.
Any theories about motivation can be contradicted since these theories have many exceptions. It is important that these theories are considered general statements that have been confirmed through observational studies and are applicable only to the extent that they reflect and are influenced by individual behaviour. We might ask: “Why should we even pursue these topics if there are so many inconsistencies, exceptions, and variables that affect conclusions?”. If we are searching for scientific evidence that is universally applicable, we may be wasting our time, but if our goal is to better understand human behaviour and its impacts on personal performance, the insights gained from such theories and studies are invaluable.
Notes on Leadership In Organisation Behavior (Notes for BBA/B.com Students)Yamini Kahaliya
this is the notes on leadership in organisation behavior.
Leadership can be defined as the ability of the management to make sound decisions and inspire others to perform well. It is the process of directing the behavior of others towards achieving a common goal. In short, leadership is getting things done through others.
it covers following points :-
1.Definition
2.Importance of ledership
3.Leader V/s Manager
4.Leadership Styles
5.Theories of leadership
Behavioral theories assert that people can learn how to become leaders through teaching and observation. As a reaction to the trait theories, the behavioral theories looks not at the traits and abilities of leaders, but their behavior.
Theories of Motivation in Organizational BehaviorMasum Hussain
Most employers today would like to have their employee’s motivated and ready to work, but do not understand what truly motivates a person. Companies could be more efficient if the employees had an invested interest in the future of the company. There are essential needs to be met for a person, specifically an employee, to succeed in the workplace. I will examine different theories of motivations, how they are relevant to the workplace, and how employers can implement the theories to ensure happy and motivated employees.
Human behaviour is as much a reflection of the differences between individuals as it is a reflection of their similarities. These individual differences are caused by a number of influences and characteristics. For example, personality traits focus on individual differences that make each person a unique human being. Our biological make-up concentrates on how we function as a result of our evolution and human inheritance. Our behaviour is largely influenced by the system of rewards and punishments that are present in our environment. Our cognitive approach focuses on how our thinking and memory affects our behaviour. The fact that we are here at this time with immediate influences, and the ability to express a free will, may present the greatest influence of all.
It broadly addresses the topic of employee relations and work motivation. It examined theories and models of motivation that strive to answer the question of what motivates and how is motivation harnessed. At the individual level of analysis, there is a plethora of different approaches, most of which have some conceptual viability, empirical support and practical use. A critical task for future thinking and research is to integrate findings from diverse sources in order to be able to produce a more coherent view of motivation, its content and mechanisms.
Any theories about motivation can be contradicted since these theories have many exceptions. It is important that these theories are considered general statements that have been confirmed through observational studies and are applicable only to the extent that they reflect and are influenced by individual behaviour. We might ask: “Why should we even pursue these topics if there are so many inconsistencies, exceptions, and variables that affect conclusions?”. If we are searching for scientific evidence that is universally applicable, we may be wasting our time, but if our goal is to better understand human behaviour and its impacts on personal performance, the insights gained from such theories and studies are invaluable.
Notes on Leadership In Organisation Behavior (Notes for BBA/B.com Students)Yamini Kahaliya
this is the notes on leadership in organisation behavior.
Leadership can be defined as the ability of the management to make sound decisions and inspire others to perform well. It is the process of directing the behavior of others towards achieving a common goal. In short, leadership is getting things done through others.
it covers following points :-
1.Definition
2.Importance of ledership
3.Leader V/s Manager
4.Leadership Styles
5.Theories of leadership
Leadership is the ability of a company's management to set and achieve challenging goals, take swift and decisive action, outperform the competition, and inspire others to perform well..
theories of leadership, organizational behavior, management, x y theory of leadership, leader membership theory, group approach by kurt lewin, hasrey and blenchard's contingency, features of leadership, trait theory of leadership, ohio state thoery of leadership
theories of leadership, organizational behavior, management, x y theory of leadership, leader membership theory, group approach by kurt lewin, hasrey and blenchard's contingency, features of leadership, trait theory of leadership, ohio state thoery of leadership
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
3. Introduction
Integral Part of work as well as Social Life
Leader is required to do any kind of work
Weather it is formal or informal, leader influences people to
work towards common goals.
People have to be guided with Zeal and confidence
4. Meaning
Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to
accomplish an objective and directs the organization more to
make it more cohesive and coherent.
It is the ability to build confidence and zeal among people and
create an urge in them to be led.
In corporate terms, leadership is the process by which an
executive imaginatively directs, guides & influences the work
of others in choosing attaining specified goals by mediating
between individuals and the organization in such a manner that
both obtain maximum benefit.
5. Definition
1. Leadership is an activity controlling the voluntary efforts of
people achieving corresponding objectives.
-George R Terry
2. Leadership is an activity of skillful effort to be induced to
achieve the general goals.
-Livingston
3. Leadership is an activity of influencing people so that they
will strive willingly towards achievement of group goals.
-Koontz & O’Donnel
6. Nature of Leadership
1. Depends upon personal traits
2. It is situational
3. Leadership vs. management
4. It is function
5. Role model
6. Leaders are also followers
7. Pervasive function
8. It aims at goal achievement
7. Leadership Styles
On The Basis Of Rewards
1. Positive Leaders
2. Negative Leaders
On The Basis Of Power
1. Autocratic Leaders
2. Participative Leaders [Democratic]
8. Cont.
On The Basis Of Rewards
1. Positive Leaders
Motivate their employees through rewards
2. Negative Leaders
They use penalties and punishment s as means of motivation
NO LEADER CAN BE FULLY POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE
9. Cont.
On The Basis Of Power
1. Autocratic Leaders:
Make decisions and issue orders by virtue of authority & position
Hold authority & responsibility
Can use both positive & negative motivation
When he wants how he wants what he wants
Bossing people
2. Participative Leaders [Democratic]
Involvement of employees in decision making
Employees will respect instead of felt threat
Mutual benefit
10. Trait theories
• Trait theories: this theory was described by Kelly 1974. it was
an attempt to classify what personal characteristics such as
physical, mental and relating to personality are associated
with the success of leadership.
• Is there a set of characteristics that determine a good leader?
– Personality?
– Charisma?
– Self confidence?
– Achievement?
– Ability to formulate a clear vision?
11. cont…
• According to this theory, there are certain personal qualities &
traits which are essential to be a successful leader.
• Psychologically better, good judgments and involve in social
activities.
• Share more n more information.
• This theory believes that leadership traits are inherited and
cannot be learned.
12. Behavioural Theory
• The limitations of Trait Theory led to a significant change in the
leadership approach.
• In this theory full focus is on the actual behavior and actions of
leaders instead of their personal qualities.
• This theory emphasis on what the leaders do and how they behave
to become effective leaders.
• According to trait theory leadership is inherited but according to
behavior theory leadership can be learned.
• Several attempts have been made to identify the dimensions of
leader behavior. The most systematic and comprehensive studies in
this direction were conducted in USA at Ohio State University and
University of Michigan during 1945-47.
13. Fiedler’s Contingency Model
of Leadership
• After a long and painstaking research Fiedler argued that
effectiveness of leadership depends on the combination of a
leader’s personality and the situation in which he functions.
Situational variables are described by Fiedler in terms of following
three dimensions:
1. Leader Member Relationship: the extent to which the leader is
accepted, respected and trusted by members of his work group.
2. Task Structure: the extent to which the jobs of members of the
work group are defined and known.
3. Position Power: the extent of formal authority commanded by the
leader and also the rewards and penalties he can dispense to
members.
14. Hersey & Blanchard’s
Situational Theory
• This model is developed by Paul Hersey & Ken Blanchard. This
theory has been used by nearly 500 companies. It has been widely
accepted in all the military services.
• This theory focuses on the followers. Successful leadership is
achieved by selecting the right leadership style, which is
contingent on the level of followers readiness or maturity.
• Situational leadership uses the same two leadership dimensions
that Fiedler identified: Task and relationship behavior.
• However Hersey & Balanchard go a step further by considering
each as either high or low and then combining them into 4 specific
leader behaviors; telling, selling, participating, delegating.
15. Contd…
1. Telling (high-task-low relationship): the leader defines roles
and tells people what, how, when, and where to do various
tasks. It emphasizes direct behavior.
2. Selling (high-task high relationship): the leader provides both
supportive as well as directive behavior.
3. Participating (low-task-high relationship): the leader and
follower share in decision making, with the main role of the
leader being facilitating and communicating.
4. Delegating (low-task-low relationship): the leader provides
little direction and support.
16. Contd…
The final component in Hersey & Balanchard’s theory is defining
4 stages of follower readiness:
1. R1: people are both unable and unwilling to take
responsibility to do something. They are neither competent
nor confident.
2. R2: people are unable but willing to do the necessary job
tasks. They are motivated but currently lack the apropriate
skills.
3. R3: people are able but unwilling to do what the leader wnts.
4. R4: people are both able and willing to do what is asked of
them.
17. Hersey & Blanchard's
Situational Model
(High)
(Low)
Relationship
Behavior
High
Relationship
& low task
High task
&High
Relationship
Low
Relationship
& low task
Low
Relationship
& High task
(SupportiveBehavior)
Task Behavior
(Directive Behavior)
(High)
Mature Immatur
e
High LowModerates
R4 R3 R2 R1
18. Managerial Grid
• This theory is propounded by Robert R. black & Jane S. Mouton.
• Managerial Grid is a graphic model of alternative combinations
of managerial styles or behaviors on a 2 dimensional space.
• The 2 styles are :
1. concern for people
2. concern for production
• According to this theory, leaders are most effective when they
achieve a high & balanced concerned for people and for task.
• These are shown on vertical and horizontal dimensions of the
Grid on a 1 to 9 scale or degree.
20. Contd…
Although there can be 81 possible combinations (9*9), but for
illustrative purposes they have identified 5 combinations of
styles. These are as follows:
• Impoverished leadership: 1,1 low concern for production as
well as for people.
• Country club leadership: 1,9 low concern for production and
high concern for people.
• Task leadership : 9,1 high concern for production and low
concern for people.
• Middle of the row leadership: 5,5 moderate concern for
production and people.
• Team Leadership: 9,9 high concern for production and people.
21. Likert’s Management
Systems
• Rensis Likert of Michigan University USA and his associates made
extensive research on management and leadership patterns in a large
number of organizations.
• Likert evolved 4 models of management as systems of management.
His system are:
system 1 : Exploitative – authoritative
system 2 : Benevolent – authoritative
system 3 : Consultative
system 4 : Participative – Democratic
• Likert found that most individual managers and organization fit into
one or the other of his systems in terms of certain operating
characteristics as goal setting, decision making, motivation,
leadership, communication and control.