Lymphotropic therapy is an effective and simple method of saturating the lymphatic system with medications. This review of the literature examines the pathogenetic and practical justification for the use of lymphotropic therapy in maxillofacial surgery. Rizaev Zhasur Alimdzhanovich | Narziev Bakhtiyor Dalievich | Narzieva Dilfuza Bakhtiyorovna "Lymphotropic Therapy for Diseases of the Maxillofacial Region (Review of the Literature)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Innovative Development of Modern Research , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39826.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/39826/lymphotropic-therapy-for-diseases-of-the-maxillofacial-region-review-of-the-literature/rizaev-zhasur-alimdzhanovich
This document provides an overview of lymph nodes, including their anatomy, components, and function. Lymph nodes are oval shaped structures distributed along lymphatic vessels that filter lymph and help trap foreign substances. They have an outer cortex containing lymphoid follicles and T cells, and an inner medulla containing sinuses that drain lymph. Lymph nodes play an important role in the immune system by filtering lymph and providing an environment for immune cells like lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells to interact with antigens.
This document provides an overview of blood and lymphoid tissue. It describes how blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. When blood leaves the circulatory system, the plasma proteins react to form a clot containing these elements as well as serum. The document then discusses preparing blood smears and the characteristics of normal erythrocytes and the five main types of leukocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. It concludes by examining platelets and the fibrin clot.
Lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs that range in size from a few millimeters to about 1-2 cm long. They are enclosed in a fibrous capsule and contain an outer cortex and inner medulla. The primary function of lymph nodes is to filter lymph and fight infection using lymphocytes including B and T cells that reside within.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of blood vessels and circulation. It describes the three main classes of blood vessels - arteries, capillaries and veins. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, branching into smaller vessels called arterioles which feed into capillaries. Capillaries allow for gas and nutrient exchange. Veins then return blood from the capillaries to the heart. The document outlines the layers of blood vessels called tunics and discusses specifics of arteries, capillaries and veins. It also mentions blood pressure and the circle of Willis cerebral artery anastomosis.
Lymphatic system- Lymph nodes and SpleenKomal Parmar
ย
This document discusses the microanatomy of lymphoid organs and immune cells. It describes the structure and function of lymphocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic and circulatory systems. Key cells and tissues discussed include B cells, T cells, macrophages, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels, sinusoids, and white and red pulp. The roles of these components in immune function, antigen presentation, and filtration are summarized.
This document summarizes key aspects of lymph nodes and lymphatic flow. It discusses how lymph nodes filter lymph and initiate immune responses when antigens are encountered. The document describes lymph node architecture, including capsules, cortex, medulla, follicles, and germinal centers. It also outlines the functions of lymphatic flow in transporting interstitial fluid, fatty acids, and white blood cells between tissues and lymph nodes.
The lymphatic system transports lymph fluid and assists the immune system. It is composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, thymus, and lymphatic cells. Lymph fluid is collected from tissues by lymphatic capillaries and transported through a series of vessels, nodes, and ducts where it is filtered for pathogens. The system's immune cells help fight infection and disease. As the body ages, the thymus and immune function decline, making elderly people more susceptible to illness.
The lymphatic system consists of lymph capillaries, vessels, nodes, organs, and tissue that work to return tissue fluid to the bloodstream, transport fats from the digestive tract, and provide immune surveillance and defense. Lymph capillaries originate in tissues and converge to form larger vessels that ultimately drain into the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct and empty into subclavian veins. Lymph nodes along vessels filter lymph and lymphocytes provide immune functions. The spleen, thymus, and tonsils are lymphatic organs involved in filtering blood, maturation of immune cells, and trapping pathogens.
This document provides an overview of lymph nodes, including their anatomy, components, and function. Lymph nodes are oval shaped structures distributed along lymphatic vessels that filter lymph and help trap foreign substances. They have an outer cortex containing lymphoid follicles and T cells, and an inner medulla containing sinuses that drain lymph. Lymph nodes play an important role in the immune system by filtering lymph and providing an environment for immune cells like lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells to interact with antigens.
This document provides an overview of blood and lymphoid tissue. It describes how blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. When blood leaves the circulatory system, the plasma proteins react to form a clot containing these elements as well as serum. The document then discusses preparing blood smears and the characteristics of normal erythrocytes and the five main types of leukocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. It concludes by examining platelets and the fibrin clot.
Lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs that range in size from a few millimeters to about 1-2 cm long. They are enclosed in a fibrous capsule and contain an outer cortex and inner medulla. The primary function of lymph nodes is to filter lymph and fight infection using lymphocytes including B and T cells that reside within.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of blood vessels and circulation. It describes the three main classes of blood vessels - arteries, capillaries and veins. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, branching into smaller vessels called arterioles which feed into capillaries. Capillaries allow for gas and nutrient exchange. Veins then return blood from the capillaries to the heart. The document outlines the layers of blood vessels called tunics and discusses specifics of arteries, capillaries and veins. It also mentions blood pressure and the circle of Willis cerebral artery anastomosis.
Lymphatic system- Lymph nodes and SpleenKomal Parmar
ย
This document discusses the microanatomy of lymphoid organs and immune cells. It describes the structure and function of lymphocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic and circulatory systems. Key cells and tissues discussed include B cells, T cells, macrophages, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels, sinusoids, and white and red pulp. The roles of these components in immune function, antigen presentation, and filtration are summarized.
This document summarizes key aspects of lymph nodes and lymphatic flow. It discusses how lymph nodes filter lymph and initiate immune responses when antigens are encountered. The document describes lymph node architecture, including capsules, cortex, medulla, follicles, and germinal centers. It also outlines the functions of lymphatic flow in transporting interstitial fluid, fatty acids, and white blood cells between tissues and lymph nodes.
The lymphatic system transports lymph fluid and assists the immune system. It is composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, thymus, and lymphatic cells. Lymph fluid is collected from tissues by lymphatic capillaries and transported through a series of vessels, nodes, and ducts where it is filtered for pathogens. The system's immune cells help fight infection and disease. As the body ages, the thymus and immune function decline, making elderly people more susceptible to illness.
The lymphatic system consists of lymph capillaries, vessels, nodes, organs, and tissue that work to return tissue fluid to the bloodstream, transport fats from the digestive tract, and provide immune surveillance and defense. Lymph capillaries originate in tissues and converge to form larger vessels that ultimately drain into the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct and empty into subclavian veins. Lymph nodes along vessels filter lymph and lymphocytes provide immune functions. The spleen, thymus, and tonsils are lymphatic organs involved in filtering blood, maturation of immune cells, and trapping pathogens.
Lymphatics of head, neck & face / dental crown & bridge coursesIndian dental academy
ย
The document provides an overview of the lymphatic system in the head and neck region, including the structure and function of lymph nodes, lymphatic drainage patterns, and clinical applications such as cancer staging. Key areas covered include the anatomy of lymph nodes, lymphatic drainage of the head and neck, clinical evaluation of lymph nodes, and clinical staging of cervical lymph nodes.
The document discusses capillary function and structure. It notes that capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, connecting arterioles and venules. They allow for exchange of water, gases, nutrients, and waste through diffusion, filtration, and active transport. Capillaries come in three types - continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal - depending on the thickness of their endothelial lining and presence of gaps or pores to facilitate exchange. Tight junctions between endothelial cells help control permeability at different capillary beds.
1. The physiological anatomy of capillaries includes thin endothelial cells that form a single layer with a thin basement membrane. Capillaries have a thickness of 0.5 ฮผm and diameter of 4-9 ฮผm and serve functions like nutrient exchange and fluid filtration.
2. Normal capillary blood flow values include over 10 billion capillaries with a total surface area of 500-700 sq mts. At any time 5% of circulating blood volume is present with a pulse pressure of 5 mmHg at the arteriolar end and 0 mmHg at the venous end.
3. Interstitial fluid forms via the balance of Starling forces across capillary walls, including a higher hydrostatic pressure and lower on
Blood is a bodily fluid that transports nutrients, oxygen, waste products, and other substances around the body. It contains plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood vessels, including arteries, capillaries, and veins, form the circulatory system to transport blood throughout the body, with arteries carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart and veins carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Lymph nodes are bean-shaped organs found clustered along lymph channels throughout the body, except in the placenta and brain. There are over 800 lymph nodes total, with around 300 located in the head and neck. The secondary lymphatic organs, which include the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and appendix, are where lymphocytes encounter antigens and proliferate. Disorders of the lymphatic system can spread easily throughout the body via its vessels and are often devastating due to this widespread nature. The spleen acts as a blood filter, detecting foreign antigens and activating immune responses, and it can store and remove old blood cells.
The document discusses microcirculation and the structure and function of capillaries. It defines microcirculation as blood flow through vessels smaller than 100ฮผm, including arterioles, capillaries, and venules. Capillaries function to transport cells, oxygen, and other substances to and from tissues, and regulate body temperature. The capillary wall has a single layer of endothelial cells and pores of different sizes depending on the organ, through which substances diffuse. Interstitial fluid in the spaces between cells contains a gel-like substance that allows fluid to diffuse but not flow.
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through arteries, capillaries, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues throughout the body. It has three layers - the inner endocardium, middle muscular myocardium, and outer epicardium. The heart's conducting system coordinates heartbeats and includes the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes and bundle of His. Blood vessels have three layers - the inner endothelium-lined tunica intima, middle smooth muscle-containing tunica media, and outer connective tissue tunica externa. Capillaries are the sites of nutrient exchange and have only an endothelium.
This document provides lecture notes on homeostasis and cellular metabolism. It contains sections on the histology of the kidney, central glycolytic pathways, common metabolic terms and concepts, glycolysis, the link reaction, the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, lipid metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, glycogen metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. The notes describe the gross structure and vasculature of the kidney, as well as the structure and function of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney.
The document discusses the vasculature and innervation of skin. It describes in detail the blood vessels of skin including the superficial and deep plexuses, communicating vessels, and venous drainage. It discusses the histology of arteries, arterioles, capillaries and venules. It also covers lymphatics, vascular development, angiogenesis, factors affecting vascular tone, and various clinical conditions related to the cutaneous vasculature. For innervation, it describes the somatic sensory and autonomic nervous systems that supply the skin and provides details on specialized receptors like Pacini corpuscles, Meissner's corpuscles and mucocutaneous end organs.
Lymphatic & venous system of head and neck /certified fixed orthodontic cours...Indian dental academy
ย
This document discusses the lymphatic and venous systems of the head and neck. It begins with an overview of the development of the lymphatic system, including lymph sacs, nodes, vessels and fluid. It then covers the specific lymphatic drainage pathways of the head and neck region, including superficial and deep cervical nodes. The document discusses clinical examination of lymphadenopathy and provides examples of probable associated conditions based on node characteristics such as size, tenderness and consistency. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the anatomy and clinical assessment of the lymphatic system in the head and neck region.
The microcirculation consists of a network of capillaries that distribute blood throughout tissues. Capillaries have thin, permeable walls that allow for exchange of water, nutrients, and waste. Blood flow through capillaries is regulated by precapillary sphincters and arterioles. The exchange of substances between blood and tissues is driven by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures across the capillary wall according to the Starling forces.
The document provides an overview of the lymphatic system. It describes lymph as fluid that leaves blood vessels and circulates through lymphatic vessels before returning to the bloodstream. Key lymphatic organs include lymph nodes, which filter lymph and add lymphocytes, the spleen, which filters blood and mounts immune responses, and the thymus, which produces T lymphocytes. Together these organs and vessels form a system that drains fluid from tissues, filters pathogens, and supports immune function.
The microcirculation consists of a network of capillaries throughout the body tissues that allow for exchange of nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste. Blood flows intermittently through the capillaries, regulated by the contraction of arterioles. The thin capillary walls are highly permeable, allowing diffusion of substances based on their size. The balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures determines whether fluid filters from or into the capillaries.
Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped organs found mainly in the neck and trunk that play a vital role in filtering antigens and debris from lymph fluid and generating immune responses. They are structured with an outer cortex populated by B-lymphocytes, an inner paracortex containing T-lymphocytes and dendritic cells, and a medulla containing plasma cells that secrete antibodies. Lymph nodes filter lymph draining from tissues, catch tumor cells that have metastasized from primary cancers, and raise immune reactions against microbial infections.
Forensic Existence of Blood as a Dynamic Evidenceijtsrd
ย
Blood is one of the chief form of biological fluid which is recovered at the location of crime. This review article focus on blood as a prime forensic evidence which is most commonly encountered on crime scenes. The font of insipiration for the same is the variable facts and the frequent occurrence of blood as an evidence on the crime scene. The article pronounces the complete details of blood, including its composition, cell types, relation of blood to scientific science, handling liquid blood stains , wet blood stains, dried blood stains, and the post mortum blood and preservation methods followed by a detailed analysis preliminary and confirmatory test . The analysis of blood can be categorised on the basis of its physical and chemical properties. The major aim of this study is to provide all the relevant facts related to blood collection, packaging and the entire examination. Sanya Sharma | Shipra Rohatgi "Forensic Existence of Blood as a Dynamic Evidence" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21396.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/cell-biology/21396/forensic-existence-of-blood-as-a-dynamic-evidence/sanya-sharma
General Organization of the Lymph Nodes and LymphaticsZobayer Mahmud
ย
this lecture describes what is lymph, structure of a lymph node, function of it, topographical distribution of the lymph nodes and some clinical condition related to it.
The document defines the cell as the smallest structural and functional unit of the body. It describes that the human body develops from a single cell called a zygote, which forms from the fusion of an ovum and sperm. The zygote then divides through cell division to form different cell types and develop the human body. The key components of the cell are described as the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, microtubules, and centrosomes. The nucleus contains DNA and controls the structure and function of the cell. Mitochondria generate energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration.
This document defines and describes various body defense and lymphatic systems. It discusses the immune system, reticuloendothelial system, mononuclear phagocyte system, and lymphoreticular system. It also describes the lymphoid system and its primary and secondary tissues. Various lymphatic organs, diseases, and neoplasms are outlined. Key cell types involved include lymphocytes, macrophages, and Reed-Sternberg cells. Common lymphomas like Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's are introduced along with types, causes, characteristics, and treatments.
The lymphatic system plays an important role in draining lymph fluid from tissues back into the bloodstream. The head and neck region contains a complex network of lymphatic vessels and nodes that drain two separate areas - the right side drains into the right lymphatic duct while the left side drains into the thoracic duct. Lymphatic development begins with lymph sacs that later connect to form vessels. The vessels drain into lymph nodes and eventually the subclavian veins. Disruptions to the lymphatic drainage system can cause pathological issues.
Lymphatics of head, neck & face / dental crown & bridge coursesIndian dental academy
ย
The document provides an overview of the lymphatic system in the head and neck region, including the structure and function of lymph nodes, lymphatic drainage patterns, and clinical applications such as cancer staging. Key areas covered include the anatomy of lymph nodes, lymphatic drainage of the head and neck, clinical evaluation of lymph nodes, and clinical staging of cervical lymph nodes.
The document discusses capillary function and structure. It notes that capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, connecting arterioles and venules. They allow for exchange of water, gases, nutrients, and waste through diffusion, filtration, and active transport. Capillaries come in three types - continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal - depending on the thickness of their endothelial lining and presence of gaps or pores to facilitate exchange. Tight junctions between endothelial cells help control permeability at different capillary beds.
1. The physiological anatomy of capillaries includes thin endothelial cells that form a single layer with a thin basement membrane. Capillaries have a thickness of 0.5 ฮผm and diameter of 4-9 ฮผm and serve functions like nutrient exchange and fluid filtration.
2. Normal capillary blood flow values include over 10 billion capillaries with a total surface area of 500-700 sq mts. At any time 5% of circulating blood volume is present with a pulse pressure of 5 mmHg at the arteriolar end and 0 mmHg at the venous end.
3. Interstitial fluid forms via the balance of Starling forces across capillary walls, including a higher hydrostatic pressure and lower on
Blood is a bodily fluid that transports nutrients, oxygen, waste products, and other substances around the body. It contains plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood vessels, including arteries, capillaries, and veins, form the circulatory system to transport blood throughout the body, with arteries carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart and veins carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Lymph nodes are bean-shaped organs found clustered along lymph channels throughout the body, except in the placenta and brain. There are over 800 lymph nodes total, with around 300 located in the head and neck. The secondary lymphatic organs, which include the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and appendix, are where lymphocytes encounter antigens and proliferate. Disorders of the lymphatic system can spread easily throughout the body via its vessels and are often devastating due to this widespread nature. The spleen acts as a blood filter, detecting foreign antigens and activating immune responses, and it can store and remove old blood cells.
The document discusses microcirculation and the structure and function of capillaries. It defines microcirculation as blood flow through vessels smaller than 100ฮผm, including arterioles, capillaries, and venules. Capillaries function to transport cells, oxygen, and other substances to and from tissues, and regulate body temperature. The capillary wall has a single layer of endothelial cells and pores of different sizes depending on the organ, through which substances diffuse. Interstitial fluid in the spaces between cells contains a gel-like substance that allows fluid to diffuse but not flow.
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through arteries, capillaries, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues throughout the body. It has three layers - the inner endocardium, middle muscular myocardium, and outer epicardium. The heart's conducting system coordinates heartbeats and includes the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes and bundle of His. Blood vessels have three layers - the inner endothelium-lined tunica intima, middle smooth muscle-containing tunica media, and outer connective tissue tunica externa. Capillaries are the sites of nutrient exchange and have only an endothelium.
This document provides lecture notes on homeostasis and cellular metabolism. It contains sections on the histology of the kidney, central glycolytic pathways, common metabolic terms and concepts, glycolysis, the link reaction, the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, lipid metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, glycogen metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. The notes describe the gross structure and vasculature of the kidney, as well as the structure and function of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney.
The document discusses the vasculature and innervation of skin. It describes in detail the blood vessels of skin including the superficial and deep plexuses, communicating vessels, and venous drainage. It discusses the histology of arteries, arterioles, capillaries and venules. It also covers lymphatics, vascular development, angiogenesis, factors affecting vascular tone, and various clinical conditions related to the cutaneous vasculature. For innervation, it describes the somatic sensory and autonomic nervous systems that supply the skin and provides details on specialized receptors like Pacini corpuscles, Meissner's corpuscles and mucocutaneous end organs.
Lymphatic & venous system of head and neck /certified fixed orthodontic cours...Indian dental academy
ย
This document discusses the lymphatic and venous systems of the head and neck. It begins with an overview of the development of the lymphatic system, including lymph sacs, nodes, vessels and fluid. It then covers the specific lymphatic drainage pathways of the head and neck region, including superficial and deep cervical nodes. The document discusses clinical examination of lymphadenopathy and provides examples of probable associated conditions based on node characteristics such as size, tenderness and consistency. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the anatomy and clinical assessment of the lymphatic system in the head and neck region.
The microcirculation consists of a network of capillaries that distribute blood throughout tissues. Capillaries have thin, permeable walls that allow for exchange of water, nutrients, and waste. Blood flow through capillaries is regulated by precapillary sphincters and arterioles. The exchange of substances between blood and tissues is driven by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures across the capillary wall according to the Starling forces.
The document provides an overview of the lymphatic system. It describes lymph as fluid that leaves blood vessels and circulates through lymphatic vessels before returning to the bloodstream. Key lymphatic organs include lymph nodes, which filter lymph and add lymphocytes, the spleen, which filters blood and mounts immune responses, and the thymus, which produces T lymphocytes. Together these organs and vessels form a system that drains fluid from tissues, filters pathogens, and supports immune function.
The microcirculation consists of a network of capillaries throughout the body tissues that allow for exchange of nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste. Blood flows intermittently through the capillaries, regulated by the contraction of arterioles. The thin capillary walls are highly permeable, allowing diffusion of substances based on their size. The balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures determines whether fluid filters from or into the capillaries.
Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped organs found mainly in the neck and trunk that play a vital role in filtering antigens and debris from lymph fluid and generating immune responses. They are structured with an outer cortex populated by B-lymphocytes, an inner paracortex containing T-lymphocytes and dendritic cells, and a medulla containing plasma cells that secrete antibodies. Lymph nodes filter lymph draining from tissues, catch tumor cells that have metastasized from primary cancers, and raise immune reactions against microbial infections.
Forensic Existence of Blood as a Dynamic Evidenceijtsrd
ย
Blood is one of the chief form of biological fluid which is recovered at the location of crime. This review article focus on blood as a prime forensic evidence which is most commonly encountered on crime scenes. The font of insipiration for the same is the variable facts and the frequent occurrence of blood as an evidence on the crime scene. The article pronounces the complete details of blood, including its composition, cell types, relation of blood to scientific science, handling liquid blood stains , wet blood stains, dried blood stains, and the post mortum blood and preservation methods followed by a detailed analysis preliminary and confirmatory test . The analysis of blood can be categorised on the basis of its physical and chemical properties. The major aim of this study is to provide all the relevant facts related to blood collection, packaging and the entire examination. Sanya Sharma | Shipra Rohatgi "Forensic Existence of Blood as a Dynamic Evidence" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21396.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/cell-biology/21396/forensic-existence-of-blood-as-a-dynamic-evidence/sanya-sharma
General Organization of the Lymph Nodes and LymphaticsZobayer Mahmud
ย
this lecture describes what is lymph, structure of a lymph node, function of it, topographical distribution of the lymph nodes and some clinical condition related to it.
The document defines the cell as the smallest structural and functional unit of the body. It describes that the human body develops from a single cell called a zygote, which forms from the fusion of an ovum and sperm. The zygote then divides through cell division to form different cell types and develop the human body. The key components of the cell are described as the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, microtubules, and centrosomes. The nucleus contains DNA and controls the structure and function of the cell. Mitochondria generate energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration.
This document defines and describes various body defense and lymphatic systems. It discusses the immune system, reticuloendothelial system, mononuclear phagocyte system, and lymphoreticular system. It also describes the lymphoid system and its primary and secondary tissues. Various lymphatic organs, diseases, and neoplasms are outlined. Key cell types involved include lymphocytes, macrophages, and Reed-Sternberg cells. Common lymphomas like Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's are introduced along with types, causes, characteristics, and treatments.
The lymphatic system plays an important role in draining lymph fluid from tissues back into the bloodstream. The head and neck region contains a complex network of lymphatic vessels and nodes that drain two separate areas - the right side drains into the right lymphatic duct while the left side drains into the thoracic duct. Lymphatic development begins with lymph sacs that later connect to form vessels. The vessels drain into lymph nodes and eventually the subclavian veins. Disruptions to the lymphatic drainage system can cause pathological issues.
Secondary lymphoid organs include the lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal associated lymphoid tissues. These organs trap antigens and provide sites for lymphocytes to interact with antigens. The lymph nodes are highly organized and compartmentalized, containing B cell follicles and T cell zones. They filter lymph and antigens from tissues and initiate adaptive immune responses. The spleen filters blood and mounts responses against blood-borne pathogens, containing red pulp, white pulp, and marginal zones that trap antigens and present them to lymphocytes. Secondary lymphoid organs are critical for activating antigen-specific adaptive immune responses.
The document provides an overview of the lymphatic system. It discusses the composition of lymph and describes the lymphatic vessels, lymph circulation, and major lymphatic organs including lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, reticuloendothelial system, and tonsils. It also outlines the functions of the lymphatic system in transporting fluids, nutrients, and immune cells, and discusses common disorders like lymphadenitis, Hodgkin's disease, splenomegaly, and lymphedema.
The document provides an overview of the lymphatic system, including its embryonic development, structures, circulation of lymph fluid, functions, and lymphatic tissues found in various parts of the body. It discusses the key components of the lymphatic system such as lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph fluid, and lymphatic organs. The document also describes the classification and drainage patterns of lymph nodes in the head and neck region.
The lymphatic system includes a network of vessels that drains fluid from tissues and returns it to the bloodstream. It also contains lymph nodes and organs that produce immune cells. The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in fluid circulation and immune function by transporting lymph, a fluid containing white blood cells, throughout the body. Within lymph nodes, immune cells detect foreign substances and launch attacks against pathogens. Together with the immune cells and molecules it carries, the lymphatic system provides both innate, nonspecific defenses against microbes and adaptive, targeted immune responses.
The document discusses the lymphatic drainage of the head and neck region. It begins by describing the development, functions, and components of the lymphatic system. It then details the specific lymphatic drainage pathways and lymph nodes of the head and neck region. There are both superficial and deep lymph nodes that drain different areas and connect via lymphatic vessels and trunks to eventually drain into the right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct and return lymph to systemic circulation.
The lymphatic system includes lymph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, and bone marrow. Lymph vessels carry lymph fluid and white blood cells through the body and to lymph nodes, which filter the lymph and harbor lymphocytes. The spleen, thymus, tonsils, and bone marrow are lymphoid tissues that help produce and store lymphocytes to fight infection and disease. Together, these components of the lymphatic system help maintain fluid balance in tissues, absorb fats and transport white blood cells throughout the body as part of the immune system.
Lymphatic drainage of head and neck- Dr.AyeshaDr Ayesha Taha
ย
The lymphatic system drains fluid and immune cells from tissues back into the bloodstream. It includes lymph nodes, lymph vessels, the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and bone marrow. The head and neck region contains superficial and deep lymph nodes that drain the facial skin, oral cavity, nasal cavity, and surrounding areas. Lymph flows from tissues and lymph nodes into increasingly large vessels that eventually drain into the subclavian veins. Knowledge of lymphatic drainage patterns aids in determining the origin of infections or spread of cancer.
The lymphatic system transports lymph fluid and filters pathogens. It includes lymph vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and bone marrow. Lymph fluid contains lymphocytes and drains excess tissue fluid, absorbed fats, and cell debris from tissues. It transports these materials through lymph vessels and lymph nodes which filter the lymph. The spleen, thymus and tonsils are lymphatic organs that help produce and store lymphocytes to fight infection. The document describes the structures and functions of the lymphatic system components in detail.
The lymphatic system consists of lymph capillaries that collect fluid from tissues, lymph vessels that transport the fluid, and lymph nodes that filter the lymph. The main functions are collecting and transporting tissue fluid, returning plasma proteins to blood, transporting fats and other molecules, and assisting the immune system. The components are lymph fluid, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues in organs, and lymphatic organs where immune cells concentrate. Lymph nodes are commonly enlarged in infection or cancer metastasis.
The lymphatic system comprises a network of lymphatic vessels that carry lymph fluid away from tissues and toward the heart. Unlike the cardiovascular system, it is not a closed system. The main functions of the lymph system are to provide an accessory return route for fluid to the bloodstream, absorb and transport fatty acids from the intestines, and transport white blood cells between tissues and lymph nodes, where immune responses occur. The four main components are lymph fluid, lymph vessels, lymphoid tissues including lymph nodes and thymus, and immune cells like lymphocytes and phagocytes that travel through the lymphatic system.
The lymphatic system consists of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and lymph fluid. Lymph vessels begin as blind-ended lymph capillaries that absorb excess tissue fluid and drain it into larger lymph vessels. These vessels pass through lymph nodes, which filter the lymph and add lymphocytes for immune functions. The largest lymph vessels drain into the subclavian veins, returning lymph to the bloodstream. The lymphatic system helps remove cellular waste and absorbs fatty acids, while the lymph nodes filter the lymph and help fight infection and disease.
The lymphatic system consists of lymph vessels, lymph fluid, and lymphatic organs that work together to drain excess fluid from tissues, absorb and transport fats and fat-soluble vitamins, and help fight infections. The main lymphatic vessels are the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct, which drain lymph fluid into veins in the neck. Lymphatic organs include lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus, and Peyer's patches, which contain lymphocytes that help fight pathogens in lymph fluid and blood. Together, the lymphatic system returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream, transports lipids, and helps defend the body against disease.
Secondary lymphoid organs initiate immune responses by allowing lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells to interact. These organs include lymph nodes, the spleen, tonsils, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue found in the digestive and respiratory tracts. They are connected by both the circulatory and lymphatic systems which transport immune cells and antigens between tissues and lymphoid organs. Within secondary lymphoid organs, T cell and B cell zones allow interactions that initiate adaptive immune responses to infections and foreign substances that enter the body.
The document provides an overview of the lymphatic system, including its components and functions. It describes lymphatic vessels, lymph, and lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes, the thymus, and spleen. The primary functions of the lymphatic system are to produce and distribute lymphocytes, maintain fluid balance, and transport molecules. Lymphocytes are responsible for the immune response and exist as T cells, B cells, and NK cells. The document also includes diagrams of lymphatic structures.
The document provides information about the lymphatic system, lymphoid organs, and tissues. It discusses how fluid filters from capillaries into the interstitial space and how the lymphatic system removes excess fluid and proteins. It describes the structure and function of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid tissues like the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. The main roles of these tissues are to filter lymph, activate immune responses, and provide sites for immune cell proliferation and surveillance.
The reticuloendothelial system is a network of phagocytic cells that plays an important role in the body's defense mechanism. It includes reticuloendothelial cells found in the endothelial lining of blood vessels and lymph channels, as well as in connective tissue, organs like the spleen, liver, lungs and bone marrow. These cells are classified as either fixed tissue macrophages or wandering cells. Tissue macrophages carry out phagocytosis and secretion of various substances. The reticuloendothelial system aids immune function through phagocytosis, secretion of bactericidal agents, and secretion of cytokines.
The lymph node is a small bean-shaped object which factors in the body's immune system. Lymph nodes clean out substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain white blood cells that are the body's defense when fighting off ailments. There are many lymph nodes found throughout the body.
The lymphatic system consists of lymph and lymphatic vessels that transport lymph throughout the body. Lymph is interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic capillaries and contains lymphocytes, macrophages, viruses, bacteria, and cellular debris. The main components of the lymphatic system are lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic trunks and ducts, and lymphatic tissue. Lymph flows from lymphatic capillaries through vessels, nodes, trunks and ducts and eventually returns to the blood circulation via the subclavian veins. The lymphatic system functions to transport fluids and nutrients, support immune responses, and absorb dietary fats.
Similar to Lymphotropic Therapy for Diseases of the Maxillofacial Region Review of the Literature (20)
This document provides an overview of cosmetic science, summarizing different types of cosmetics including skin, hair, face, eye, and nail cosmetics. It describes key ingredients and formulations for different cosmetic products like moisturizers, cleansers, hair conditioners, mascara, lipstick, and nail polish. The document also discusses trends in cosmetic use throughout history and how cosmetics help beautify and care for skin, hair, nails, and facial features.
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
ย
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of ParalysisYogeshIJTSRD
ย
Paralysis is a complete loss of motor power in any muscle group. When paralysis affects all four extremities, it is called quadriplegia when it affects only the lower extremities, paraplegia and when it affects the extremities on one side of the body, hemiplegic. For this reason, the term paralysis is generally reserved for more focal, less stereotyped weakness, for instance, affecting all the muscles innervated by a peripheral nerve. Many different anatomical lesions and etiologies can cause paralysis and determine its treatment. Bikash Debsingha | Dr. Gourav Kr. Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Paralysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45108.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/45108/review-of-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-paralysis/bikash-debsingha
Comparative Analysis of Forced Draft Cooling Tower Using Two Design Methods A...YogeshIJTSRD
ย
Cooling towers make use of evaporation whereby some of the water is evaporated into a moving air stream and subsequently discharged into the atmosphere which results in cooling of the remainder water. The current research reviews various studies conducted on cooling tower using experimental and numerical techniques. Different design configuration and operating conditions on cooling towers are evaluated by various researchers. Significant findings from researches have shown new and improved design of cooling tower with much better performance as compared to conventional design. Neetish Kumar Sao | Dr. Surendra K. Dwivedi "Comparative Analysis of Forced Draft Cooling Tower Using Two Design Methods: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45100.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/45100/comparative-analysis-of-forced-draft-cooling-tower-using-two-design-methods-a-review/neetish-kumar-sao
Criminology Educators Triumphs and StrugglesYogeshIJTSRD
ย
This document summarizes a research study about the triumphs and struggles of criminology educators in the Philippines. It finds that most respondents enjoy seeing their students succeed but find grading and dealing with difficult students stressful. Financially, only one respondent felt stable while others said their salaries were just enough to get by. Respondents did not initially intend to become teachers but stayed for reasons like family and valuing the teaching profession. While teaching had rewards, low salaries and qualifications impacted job satisfaction for some. Overall, the study provides insights into criminology educators' experiences in the Philippines.
A Review Herbal Drugs Used in Skin DisorderYogeshIJTSRD
ย
The human bodys skin is an organ that allows it to interact with the environment while also shielding it from harmful external influences. People of all ages suffer from skin diseases all over the world. Its vital to keep your skin in good form for a healthy physique. Plants have been employed in some form or another since the beginning of time. This research has highlighted some prevalent skin disease issues, as well as the herbals utilized in disease therapy and the various formulations accessible in the pharmaceutical industry. Some medicinal plants have been shown to be quite effective in removing or reducing skin infection disorders. Chandramita Borah | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "A Review: Herbal Drugs Used in Skin Disorder" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45118.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45118/a-review-herbal-drugs-used-in-skin-disorder/chandramita-borah
Automatic Query Expansion Using Word Embedding Based on Fuzzy Graph Connectiv...YogeshIJTSRD
ย
The aim of information retrieval systems is to retrieve relevant information according to the query provided. The queries are often vague and uncertain. Thus, to improve the system, we propose an Automatic Query Expansion technique, to expand the query by adding new terms to the user s initial query so as to minimize query mismatch and thereby improving retrieval performance. Most of the existing techniques for expanding queries do not take into account the degree of semantic relationship among words. In this paper, the query is expanded by exploring terms which are semantically similar to the initial query terms as well as considering the degree of relationship, that is, โfuzzy membership-ย between them. The terms which seemed most relevant are used in expanded query and improve the information retrieval process. The experiments conducted on the queries set show that the proposed Automatic query expansion approach gave a higher precision, recall, and F measure then non fuzzy edge weights. Tarun Goyal | Ms. Shalini Bhadola | Ms. Kirti Bhatia "Automatic Query Expansion Using Word Embedding Based on Fuzzy Graph Connectivity Measures" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45074.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/45074/automatic-query-expansion-using-word-embedding-based-on-fuzzy-graph-connectivity-measures/tarun-goyal
A New Proposal for Smartphone Based Drowsiness Detection and Warning System f...YogeshIJTSRD
ย
This paper proposes a Smartphone based system for the detection of drowsiness in automotive drivers. The proposed system uses three stage drowsiness detection technique. The first stage uses the percentage of eyelid closure PERCLOS which is obtained by capturing images with the front camera of the Smartphone with a modified eye state classification method. The system uses near infrared lighting for illuminating the face of the driver during night driving. The second step uses the voiced to the unvoiced ratio VUR obtained from the speech data from the microphone, in the event PERCLOS crosses the threshold. The VUR is also compared with a threshold and if it is a value greater than that of the threshold, it moves on to the next verification stage. In the final verification stage, touch response is required within the stipulated time to declare whether the driver is drowsy or not and subsequently sound an alarm. To awake the driver, a vibrating mechanism is done and also the live GPS location is also sent to an emergency contact. We have studied eight other reference papers for the literature review. The system has three advantages over existing drowsiness detection systems. First, the three stage verification process makes the system more reliable. The second advantage is its implementation on an Android smart phone, which is readily available to most drivers or cab owners as compared to other general purpose embedded platforms. The third advantage is the use of SMS service to inform the control room as well as the passenger regarding the loss of attention of the driver. Abishek K Biju | Godwin Jolly | Asif Mohammed C A | Dr. Paul P Mathai | Derek Joseph "A New Proposal for Smartphone-Based Drowsiness Detection and Warning System for Automotive Drivers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45083.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/45083/a-new-proposal-for-smartphonebased-drowsiness-detection-and-warning-system-for-automotive-drivers/abishek-k-biju
Data Security by AES Advanced Encryption StandardYogeshIJTSRD
ย
Now a days with the rapid development of multimedia technologies, research on safety and security are becoming more important. Multimedia data are generated and transmitted through the communication channels and the wireless media. The efficiencies of encryption based on different existing algorithms are not up to the satisfactory limit. Hence researchers are trying to modify the existing algorithm or even develop new algorithms that help to increase security with a little encryption time. Here in this paper, we have furnished a new technology to modify the AES algorithm which gives more security with a little encryption time and which can be used to encrypt using 128 bit key. Theoretical analysis on the proposed algorithm with the existing reveals the novelty of our work. Here we have proposed a technique to randomize the key and hidden the key data into an encrypted digital image using the basics concept of cryptography and also using the concept of digital watermarking, the concept of key hide has also been encrypted. We have also proposed a new technique to reposition the pixels to break the correlation between them. So, the proposed scheme offers a more secure and cost effective mechanism for encryption. Next on the AES criteria list good performance. Widespread market adoption will require reasonably good performance on a variety of platforms, ranging from easy tocrack smart cards to the largest servers. Good algorithm performance includes speed for the encryption and decryption process as well as the key schedule. Prateek Goyal | Ms. Shalini Bhadola | Ms. Kirti Bhatia "Data Security by AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45073.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/45073/data-security-by-aes-advanced-encryption-standard/prateek-goyal
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus NiruriYogeshIJTSRD
ย
Theorigin of Phyllanthus niruri is tropical America from there it spread as a weed to other tropic and sub tropics. It is a tropical annual herb shrub which grows as weed in moist humid waste land. Phyllanthus niruri is among more than 500 Phyllanthus species that are widely spread in temperate and tropical climates region Lizuka et al., 2007. It grows 30 40 cm in height, has small leaves and yellow flowers the stem has green capsule, and blooms with flowers with 5 white sepals and apical acute anther.38g of Mueller Hinton Agar was dissolved in 1000ml distilled water in a conical flask, the mouth of the conical flask was plugged with cotton woo wrapped in aluminium foil. This was sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC for 15mns. The media was removed and allowed to cool to 45oC, later poured into a sterilized plastic petri plates which were appropriately labeled. The present study revealed the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of phyllanthus niruri. The antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri shows great significant against pathogens which are responsible for common infections of skin, respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. The phytochemical screening of oxalate, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroids were all found to be active within the plant. This bioactive phytochemicals present in P. niruri can be useful for further researches on the plant P. nururi since the phytochemicals have shown preclinical efficacies for treating human diseasesโ which include hepatitis and HIV AIDS. This work has compiled the chemical constituents present and can be useful for further researches Dr. Mohammed Musa Lawan | Yusuf Sale Baba "Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus Niruri" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44948.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/44948/antimicrobial-and-phytochemical-screening-of-phyllantus-niruri/dr-mohammed-musa-lawan
There is a need for temperature drop in a buried pipeline based on the media and process. Need of some methodology and design requirement for a set of conditions by reducing pipeline surface temperature and the temperature drops to atmospheric temperature at a particular distance of pipeline. Based on the conduction principle, desire reduction up to atmospheric temperature can be possible. Let us understand by below methods and design of Heat sink for buried pipe line. Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Heat Sink for Underground Pipe Line" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45117.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45117/heat-sink-for-underground-pipe-line/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber Optic Cable CoreYogeshIJTSRD
ย
Fiber optic cables have single core and multiple core options, but single and multiple core fiber cable -หs core design need to be updated. Newly proposed design gives facilities to multiple usage than traditional design of cable core. Cable core design needs improvement by using present technology for decreasing material and cost and by improving efficiency of cable. Research need to be carried out in this direction. What do you think Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber-Optic Cable Core" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45116.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45116/newly-proposed-multi-channel-fiberoptic-cable-core/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and PoliceYogeshIJTSRD
ย
The need to understand and at the same time give prescriptions for the direction of security reform in Third world countries after the end of World War II has prompted the emergence of a big project called the study of security reform SSR . Within this framework emerge various theories and strategies for security reform, with various variations, including ideological variations that underlie these theories. The reform of the structural aspect is a reform of the institutional and structure of an institution, the instrumental reform includes the reform of the system, laws and regulations, while the reform of the cultural aspect is a reform of the habits or organizational culture in institutions in general and in particular the Timor Lesteโs security institutions, both military and police. Arquimino Ramos "Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and Police" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45061.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/45061/security-sector-reform-toward-professionalism-of-military-and-police/arquimino-ramos
Stress An Undetachable Condition of LifeYogeshIJTSRD
ย
Stressful life events affects human body, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases and effect metabolism and immune system. Recent studies showed increase in stress levels in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the stress levels in MBBS students. The objectives of the study are a To determine the current stress level, b To assess relation between stress level and lifestyle of college students. The present study was carried out in Ahmedabad City of Gujarat State. A total of 400 medical students were included in the study, which were selected using multi stage sampling aged between 18 years to 25 years. Students were questioned regarding their socioeconomic and life style parameters. The results showed that physical activity such as walking, exercise, yoga, meditation etc. were associated to stress levels. College students showed high stress levels with more satisfaction were mostly smokers. Their major reason for eating junk food and smoking was, increase in stress. Conclusion Majority of students suffered from moderate stress levels. Despite of having stress they were happy and satisfied with life with less no internet addiction. Spirituality and stress scales had a positive correlation as most of the students were averagely highly spiritual. Discriminant function can be used to determine the stress level of a person using age, BMI, internet addiction, spirituality, happiness scale and life satisfaction scale of that person. Jayshree N. Tolani | Dr. Nitinkumar D. Shah "Stress: An Undetachable Condition of Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45054.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45054/stress-an-undetachable-condition-of-life/jayshree-n-tolani
Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians Lipid Profile and Antioxid...YogeshIJTSRD
ย
The study sought to determine the extent to which the usage of social media in the marketing of agricultural products in South West Nigeria can enhance farmers turnover. It employed the survey research design to collect data with the help of a structured questionnaire to elicit information from respondents selected from six 6 south western states. Research data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results showed that the use of social media WhatsApp and Facebook in marketing of agricultural products significantly enhances farmers turnover. The managerial implication is that use of Whatsapp and Facebook in the marketing of agricultural products for the enhancement of farmersโ turnover was found to have significant influence on the enhancement in farmersโ turnover from agricultural products. Policy makers in government should provide the enabling environment for the telecommunication companies to enhance their reach by installing their facilities across the length and breadth of the country so that the network coverage will be strong at all times so that the benefits of social media usage will not be constrained. Egejuru, Leonard O | Akubugwo, Emmanuel I | Ugorji, Beatrice N "Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians: Lipid Profile and Antioxidants Vitamins (A and C)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45021.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/45021/comparative-studies-of-diabetes-in-adult-nigerians-lipid-profile-and-antioxidants-vitamins-a-and-c/egejuru-leonard-o
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
ย
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh
Novel Drug Delivery System An OverviewYogeshIJTSRD
ย
In present scenario evolution of an existing drug molecule from a old form to a novel delivery system can significantly improve its performance in terms of patient compliance, safety and efficacy. In the form of a control drug delivery system an existing drug molecule can get a new life. An appropriately designed Novel Drug Delivery System can be a major advance for solving the problems related towards the release of the drug at specific site with specific rate. The porpuse for delivering drugs to patients efficiently and with fewer side effects has prompted pharmaceutical companies to engage in the development of new drug delivery system. This article covers the basic information regarding Novel Drug Delivery Systems and also advantages, factor etc. Chiranjit Barman | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Novel Drug Delivery System: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45068.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/45068/novel-drug-delivery-system-an-overview/chiranjit-barman
With the growth of technology their grows threat to our data which is just secured by passwords so to make it more secure biometrics came into existence. As biometric systems are adopted and accepted for security purpose for various information and security systems. Hence it is immune to attacks. This paper deals with the security of biometric details of individuals. In this paper we will be discussing about biometrics and its types and the threats and security issues which is not talked about usually. The different technologies evolved and had contributed to biometrics in long run and their effects. Sushmita Raulo | Saurabh Gawade "Security Issues Related to Biometrics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44951.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/44951/security-issues-related-to-biometrics/sushmita-raulo
Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initi...YogeshIJTSRD
ย
A mathematical equation which involves a function and its derivatives is called a differential equation. We consider a real life situation, from this form a mathematical model, solve that model using some mathematical concepts and take interpretation of solution. It is a well known and popular concept in mathematics because of its massive application in real world problems. Differential equations are one of the most important mathematical tools used in modeling problems in Physics, Biology, Economics, Chemistry, Engineering and medical Sciences. Differential equation can describe many situations viz exponential growth and de cay, the population growth of species, the change in investment return over time. We can solve differential equations using classical as well as numerical methods, In this paper we compare numerical methods of solving initial valued first order ordinary differential equations namely Euler method, Improved Euler method, Runge Kutta method and their accuracy level. We use here Scilab Software to obtain direct solution for these methods. Vibahvari Tukaram Dhokrat "Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initial Value Problems in First Order Ordinary Differential Equations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45066.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/applied-mathematics/45066/comparative-analysis-of-different-numerical-methods-for-the-solution-of-initial-value-problems-in-first-order-ordinary-differential-equations/vibahvari-tukaram-dhokrat
Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing ContentYogeshIJTSRD
ย
Bituminous mixes are most commonly used all over the world in flexible pavement construction. It consists of asphalt or bitumen used as a binder and mineral aggregate which are mixed together, laid down in layers and then compacted. Under normal circumstances, conventional bituminous pavements if designed and executed properly perform quite satisfactorily but the performance of bituminous mixes is very poor under various situations. Todayโs asphaltic concrete pavements are expected to perform better as they are experiencing increased volume of traffic, increased loads and increased variations in daily or seasonal temperature over what has been experienced in the past. In addition, the performance of bituminous pavements is found to be very poor in moisture induced situations. Considering this a lot of work has been done on use of additives in bituminous mixtures and as well as on modification of bitumen. Research has indicated that the addition of polymers to asphalt binders helps to increase the interfacial cohesiveness of the bond between the aggregate and the binder which can enhance many properties of the asphalt pavements to help meet these increased demands. However, the additive that is to be used for modification of mix or binder should satisfy both the strength requirements as well as economical aspects. Naveen Kumar | Ms. Shivani "Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing Content" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45089.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/45089/evaluation-of-different-paving-mixes-using-optimum-stabilizing-content/naveen-kumar
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
ย
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
ย
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
ย
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
ย
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
ย
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง 2)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐๐๐ฎ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ฅ๐ ๐ฌ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ๐๐๐ฌ ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ง๐๐ญ:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
ย
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
ย
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Lymphotropic Therapy for Diseases of the Maxillofacial Region Review of the Literature
1. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Special Issue on Innovative Development of Modern Research
Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 โ 6470
ID: IJTSRD39826 | Special Issue on Innovative Development of Modern Research Page 21
Lymphotropic Therapy for Diseases of the Maxillofacial Region
(Review of the Literature)
Rizaev Zhasur Alimdzhanovich1, Narziev Bakhtiyor Dalievich2,
Narzieva Dilfuza Bakhtiyorovna3
1Rector of the Samarkand State Medical Institute, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
2Associate Professor of the Samarkand Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
3Assistant at the Samarkand State Medical Institute, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
ABSTRACT
Lymphotropic therapy is an effective and simple method of
saturating the lymphatic system with medications. This
review of the literature examines the pathogenetic and
practical justification for the useoflymphotropictherapy in
maxillofacial surgery.
KEYWORDS: lymph, lymphatic system, lymphotropictherapy,
regional lymphotropic therapy
INTRODUCTION
The search for and development of new methods of drug
delivery to target organs is an urgent problem of modern
medicine. One of these methods is lymphotropic therapy,
which ensures the creation of sufficient and stable
therapeutic concentrations of drugs in the lymphatic region
of the lesion, and, consequently, in the target organ [1]. Its
essence consists in the introduction of activesubstancesinto
a zone containing a large number of lymphatic vessels and
nodes, which allows you to achieve saturation only of a
certain region of the lymphatic system that drains this area.
In recent years, lymphotropic therapy hasbeenofincreasing
interest in clinical practice and is widely used in the
treatment of various diseases [2].
The elements of the lymphatic system include: lymphatic
capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymph trunks
and lymph ducts [28].
Lymph is formed in the lymphatic capillaries by absorption
from the intercellular fluid and moves only inonedirectionโ
from the "periphery" to the center. It consists of
lymphoplasma, similar in composition to blood plasma, and
lymphocytes, joining in the lymph nodes.
Lymphocapillaries have a blind origin in the intercellular
space "like the fingers of a glove" and a lumen that exceeds
the lumen of venous capillaries by 4-6 times, which allows
large molecules, foreign bodies and microorganisms that do
not correspond to the size of blood capillaries to penetrate
into them. Lymph vessels are formed when the
lymphocapillaries merge; they have bivalve valves that
provide centripetal movement of the lymph [28].
As is known, there are 3 relatively independent systems of
lymph vessels: intra-organ lymph vessels, superficial extra-
organ lymph vessels, and deep extra-organ vessels [28].
Lymphatic vessels are divided into regional โ between the
lymph nodes of individual anatomical areas, and collector,
which are the central trunks and ducts. In relation to the
lymph node, the lymphatic vessels are divided into bringing
and carrying out. The lymphatic vessels that carrythelymph
from the regional lymph nodes are collected in large lymph
trunks, which eventually form two main lymphatic ducts โ
the thoracic and right [28]. According to Petrenko V. M.
(2003) the adult lymphatic system consists of 600-800
lymph nodes, which account for approximately 1/100 of the
body weight. There are two large groups of lymph nodes;
somatic (lymph nodes of the extremities, head, neck) and
visceral (lymph nodes of the thoracic and abdominal
cavities). The cervical lymph nodes belong to the mixed
group, as they receive lymph from the organs of movement
and internal organs [31]. There are 50 groups of lymph
nodes [32]. The size of the lymph nodes varies from 1.5ร2.0
to 21ร45 mm [33, 34]. The lymph nodes contain smooth
muscle elements located in the capsule,trabeculaeandin the
area of the gate, which allows thelymphnodetocontractand
decrease in size, move the lymph and actively rearrange
itself due to the peculiarities of functioning in different
regions and under different influences [35, 30].
In the lymph nodes there is a reticular stroma, characteristic
of the hematopoietic organs. Reticular tissue, which is
genetically and functionally related to the shaped elements
of blood, significantly affects the processes of cell
proliferation and differentiation, and the intensity of
hematopoiesis [36, 37, 38]. According to Ishchenko I. Yu.
(2017), the connective tissue forming the stroma of the
lymph nodes (LN) is the microenvironment, the "stromal
niche", which plays an important role in the development
and activation of immune cells by regulating cell
differentiation and proliferation. It consists of various cell
types (fibroblasts, macrophages, etc.), extracellular matrix
molecules and adhesion molecules that regulate the
processes of cell differentiationandproliferationthroughthe
production of soluble factors and through interactions
between cells. Such interactions are important, sincedefects
within the stromal niche strongly inhibit the function of the
lymph nodes. In LN, the following stromal cell subsets are
distinguished: fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC) forming a
reticular network (stained with podoplanin), endothelial
cells of lymphatic vessels (on LYVE-1), endothelial cells of
blood vessels (on CD31), macrophages. In turn, FRC
represent a heterogeneous subset of stromal cells in the LN:
these are FRC-paracortex cells, follicular dendritic cells
(FDC) in the lymphoid nodules of the cortex, and contractile
FRC -like pericytes. FRC form a reticular network (RN),
which not only serves as a mechanical framework forthe LN,
but also creates a kind of handrail along which dendritic
cells, T - and B-lymphocytes move into the LN. MS forms
channels for transporting lymph from the subcapsular sinus
to the LN parenchyma.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
ID: IJTSRD39826 | Special Issue on Innovative Development of Modern Research Page 22
Jia L. et al. (2012) believe that FRC are involved in the
formation of the walls of lymphaticlabyrinths(LL)inLN.The
researchers found that LL arise at the periphery of the deep
cortex and at the edge of the follicle, expand towards the
medulla and pass into the cerebral sinuses at the cortical-
brain border. These structures are populated by densely
packed small lymphocytes, do not containdendriticcellsand
macrophages. The LL wall consists of three layers: the inner
wall is a layer of flattenedlymphaticendothelium(stainedon
LYVE-1); The outer wall is a layer of FRC and their
cytoplasmic processes, and the third layer is an amorphous
substance and collagen fibers sandwiched between these
two layers. Apparently, the LL are the zones of the most
rapid transport of lymphocytes to the LN.
The movement of lymph depends on the following factors:
consistency of fluid from plasma tointerstitial space,andlast
โ to the lymph vessels, the physiological activity of the
organs and the contractility of the walls oflymphvesselsand
lymph nodes that contain smooth muscle cells; contractions
of striated muscles, and all kinds of active and passive
movements of the body and individual organs; a negative
pressure in the large veins of the neck, which are for
collectors of the thoracic lymphatic duct, fluctuations in
intrathoracic pressure during breathing; pulsation of the
aorta and arteries[28].
The anatomy and physiology of thelymphaticsystem,aswell
as its instant reaction to the pathological process of any
localization and etiology, opens up broad prospects for the
use of lymphotropic therapy in clinical practice.
The main metabolic processes are carried out at the level of
the microcirculatory bed, which consists of arterioles with a
diameter of 30-200 microns, blood capillaries with a
diameter of 2-22 microns, venules with a diameterof40-100
microns, and lymphatic capillarieswitha diameterof10-200
microns [6, 7]. In the body, the cells do not adhere directlyto
the blood capillaries, the exchange of substances between
the cells and the blood occurs through the connective tissue,
which is for them the "tissue of the internal environment"
[8]. The connective tissue is filled with an interstitial
substance of a colloidal nature, through which there is a
movement of water, electrolytes, substances in a state of
molecular dispersion, colloids and suspended particlesfrom
the bloodstream to the lymphatic system. Normally,
interstitial pressure is close to zero or slightly positive [9].
The lymphatic system, absorbing water and dissolved
crystalloids, colloidal solutions, protein substances, fats,
complements the venous system in the process of tissue
metabolism and drainage of the intercellularspace.Sincethe
diameter of the lymphatic capillariesexceedsthediameterof
the blood capillaries, colloidal particles with a size of 20-80
microns become permeable to the lymphatic system [10].
The role of the endothelium of lymphatic vessels is not
limited to the absorption of colloidal solutions and
suspensions from tissues, it also participates in reactive
changes in connective tissue [11]. Lymphotropic therapy is
based on two main components โ theprincipleofregionarity
and the principle of increased interstitial pressure.
Petrenko V. M. (2017) points outthatthelymphaticsystemis
arranged as a chain of intervalvular segments with different
wall structures, organizes a special path of outflow from the
organs (collateral drainage to the veins) of tissue fluid in the
form of lymph, and in its composition โ antigens. The
lymphoid system looks like a special prefix of the
cardiovascular system: lymphoid couplings of varying
complexity of structure surround the tissue channels and
vessels as their attachments-biofilters that regulate the
cellular and protein compositionoftheinternal environment
of the body. At the heart of the lymphoid systemareclosedin
a circle of blood vessels, through which the (re)circulationof
lymphocytes occurs. The lymphatic bed drains the lymphoid
formations, and brings the lymph to some of them for
purification. The lymphoid andlymphaticsystemsareunited
at the periphery in an immunoprotective complex: the
lymphatic bed and the lymphoid tissue around the blood
microvessels cooperate to ensurethegenotypichomeostasis
of the body, make up the lymphoid-lymphatic apparatus as
part of the cardiovascular system.
The lymphatic system plays a leading role in the
pathogenesis of purulent-inflammatory diseases (Yu. E.
Vyrenkov 1990-2008, Yarema I. V. et al., 1992-2010), since
the spread of bacteria and toxins occurs mainly in the
lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, where they are delayed
in the lymphatic system and the so-called toxic depot is
formed. In this regard, the lymphotropic administration of
antibiotics, immunomodulators, antioxidants, and
anticoagulants is pathogenetically justified. Drug saturation
of the lymphatic system allows you to create high
therapeutic concentrations of antibiotics and other drugson
the pathways of bacterial factors, improve the rheology of
the lymph, which makes it possible to unblock inflamed
lymph nodes, reduce the likelihood of restriction and
abscission of inflammatory infiltrates in the lymphatic
system.
The idea of using lymphatic vessels for the administration of
drugs, in particular antibiotics, was first expressed in the
early 50s by B. V. Ognev.Conductingexperimental studies,he
discovered the leading role of the lymphatic system in the
spread of tumor cells from the site of the primary focus, the
migration of microorganisms with the development of
lymphangoitis, lymphadenitisandsepsisininflammation [1].
Experimental research and clinical observations allowed us
to use mainly 2 methods of lymphogenic therapy: direct
endolymphatic administration of drugs through a
catheterized peripheral lymphatic vessel and indirect drug
saturation of the lymphatic system. The latter method is
minimally invasive, does not require direct surgical
intervention, special surgical skills, and is available for
doctors to perform in any direction [1]. The results of
numerous studies in recent years confirmingthepresence of
a lymphatic bed in the maxillofacial region, as well as the
successful application of lymphatictherapymethodsinother
areas of surgery, contributed to the beginning of their
application in dentistry [5].
The advantages of lymphotropic therapy are the following:
[12]:
create a high concentration of drugs in the drug
(antitumor, antibiotics, immunomodulators,proteolysis
inhibitors, analgesics, etc.), which, when administered
normally, do not sufficiently penetrate the drug, are
quickly inactivated or removed;
increase the concentration and duration of action of the
drug in the tissues of the pathological focus;
reduce the toxic effect of the drug;
increase the passage of the drug in the brain tissue;
enhance the analgesic effect of the drug.
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
ID: IJTSRD39826 | Special Issue on Innovative Development of Modern Research Page 23
Based on the direction and nature of treatment, S. U.
Dzhumabaev, E. S. Dzhumabaev, and I.R.Fayziev(1986)first
developed a classification of lymphatic therapy,according to
which it is divided into the following:
A. Kinds:
1. General lymphatic therapy
2. Regional lymphatic therapy
B. Methods of lymphatic therapy:
1. Direct
2. Indirect
C. Methods of drug administration
1. Direct lymphatic therapy-catheterization of
a) the lymphatic vessel
b) the lymph node
2. Indirect lymphatic therapy:
a) through a skin puncture
b) intraoperative puncture c
c) percutaneous needle-free injection
d) electrophoresis
D. Mechanism of action:
1. Correction of microcirculation
2. Antibacterial therapy
3. Immunomodulatory therapy
4. Antitumor therapy
5. Detoxification therapy
6. Combined therapy
E. Regions of therapeutic effects of lymphatic therapy.
According to Gurbanov T. V. (2018) indirectsaturationofthe
lymphatic system (lymphotropic therapy) is a promising
method of drug infusion. Its essence consists in the
introduction of active substances targeted in a zone
containing a large number of lymphatic vessels and nodes,
which allows you to achieve saturation only of a certain
region of the lymphatic system that drains this area.
According to Yu. M. Levin et al. (2012), S. U. Dzhumabayeva,
E. S. Dzhumabayeva (2017), endolymphatic therapy, both
direct and indirect, is designed to create an optimal
concentration of the drug in the lymphatic system "in its
pure form", to ensure its maximum contact with pathogenic
microorganisms in places of their retention and
accumulation, mainly in the lymph nodes.
The study of Kantemirov O. I. (2001) shows that antibiotics
are a unique group of pharmacological drugs, the
effectiveness of which decreases over time. This aspect
requires special attention both when evaluating their
effectiveness and when developing evidence-based
approaches aimed at prolonging the terms of their clinical
use. In this regard, there was a need to find new ways of
introducing drugs that would allow them to create long-
lasting therapeutic concentrations in the body without
increasing the dose. One such route of administration is the
lymphatic system. The study of the distribution of drugs
introduced into the lymphin differentgroupsoflymph nodes
showed that it is possible to achieve their greatest
accumulation when administered taking into account the
segmental structure of the lymphatic system.
Thanks to the research of the leading lymphologists of our
country, S. U. Jumabaev, E. S. Jumabaev, the mechanisms of
the influence of drugs introduced into the lymphatic vessels,
the effects on the lymphatic system by physical, chemical,
biological and other agents became clear.
Jumabaev E. S., Jumabaeva S. E., Saidhodzhaeva D. G. (2017)
believe that regional lymphatic therapy, including regional
stimulation of lymphatic drainage, antibiotic therapy and
immunomodulation, lead to better clinical results in
comparison with traditional methods of treatment, reduce
the consumption of medicines by 1.5-2 times, reduce the
number of injections by 2-3 times, reduce the duration of
treatment by 10 - 25% and the cost of inpatienttreatmentby
25-40%.
As indicated by N. N. Nazarov, E. S. Dzhumabaev, Z. K.
Gafurov, A. B. Makhmudov (2018), it is possible to prevent
the occurrence of complications in purulent-inflammatory
diseases by indirect regional lymphotropic therapy. The
proposed indirect administration ofantibioticsallowsyouto
create large concentrations of the drug in theregional lymph
nodes and keep them in the tissues for a long time.
Semak M. V., Bubnova N. A., Borisova R. P., Shatil M.A.(2017)
believe that conducting a course of lymphotropic
antibacterial therapy with a temporary pharmacological
block with modern antibiotics in patients with chronic
osteomyelitis contributes to a faster relief of inflammatory
phenomena. In addition, the relapse of the disease occurs in
such patients much less often than in patients who received
traditional treatment. According toZhanalinB.S.etal (2014)
introduction of regional lymphotropic therapy in acute
odontogenic osteomyelitis of the mandible in children has
led to optimization of the structure of direct costs, more
efficient use of antibacterial drugs, reducing the number of
days of hospital stay and duration of antibiotic therapy,
improvement of cost/effectiveness.
Taking into account the anatomical structure of the salivary
gland, the use of lymphotropic therapy in inflammatory and
dystrophic diseases of the large salivary glands is shown.
Thus, the parotid glands contain lymph nodes in their
structure. The parotid and submandibular glands are
enclosed in dense capsules, which, when the volume of the
gland increases, create additional interstitial pressure.Thus,
the conditions that promote lymphotropic therapy are met
[13].
Today, several methods of drug delivery to the parotidgland
have been developed. This is a method similar to novocaine
blockade of the salivary glands, in which subcutaneous fat is
infiltrated over the parotid salivary gland [13, 14], as well as
a method of subcapsular administration of drugs [13, 15].
These methods have a number of disadvantages associated
with some anatomical and morphological features of the
structure of the parotid salivary glands. The lobes and
lobules of the gland are surrounded by their own thin, but
dense shells, between which there is a loose connective
tissue, which makes it difficult for the drug to penetrate and
spread in the areas of the acinar structures of the glands [13,
16]. The results were improved and the treatmentofchronic
inflammatory and reactive dystrophicdiseasesoftheparotid
salivary glands was shortened by indirect lymphotropic
therapy using anatomical intragastric injection of the drug
into the salivary gland, infiltrating its central, lower and
posterior parts. Injections are administered in areas of the
gland with a low fiber density that are free from the passage
of the branches of the facial nerve [13].
To date, the clinical effectiveness of regional lymphotropic
therapy in the complex treatment of patients with purulent-
inflammatory complications ofmandibularfractureshasalso
been studied. Fractures of the lower jaw account for about
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
ID: IJTSRD39826 | Special Issue on Innovative Development of Modern Research Page 24
80% of the total number of injuries to the bones of the facial
skeleton. Despite some success in the treatment of this
category of patients, the percentage of infectious and
inflammatorycomplications inmandibularfracturesremains
high and varies from 5.5 to 41% [17]. It is clinically proven
that lymphotropic therapy significantlyreducestheduration
of treatment and reduces the course doses of antibioticsby3
times, as well as the risk of allergic reactions. This technique
is easy to use, does not require special equipment andcanbe
recommended for wide practical use [18].
Prikhodnaya V. A. (2008) believes that the method of
lymphotropic antibacterial therapyinthecomplextreatment
of open fractures of the lower jaw can influence the
etiotropic and pathogenetic mechanisms. Having an
advantage over the traditional method of drug
administration: it contributes to a longer maintenance of
optimal concentrations of the antibiotic in the lymphatic
system, blood, in the focus of inflammation, allowing you to
significantly reduce endogenous intoxication of the body,
normalize the drainage function of the lymphatic system of
the maxillofacial region. The method of lymphotropic
antibacterial therapy has no significant restrictions in use,is
easily accessible, and allows you to reduce the consumption
of medicines. Complex therapy of open mandibularfractures
with the use of lymphotropic antibacterial therapypromotes
rapid relief of inflammation, providing prevention of post-
traumatic inflammatory complications.
Currently, it is also proposed to increase the effectiveness of
the treatment of periapical abscess with the help of
lymphotropic drug therapy using the drugs rocefin and
tactivin. Inflammation of the tissues surroundingthetoothis
quite common, which is mainly due to microorganisms that
enter the periodontium through the root canal, periodontal
pocket, or hematogenous and lymphogenic pathways.
Determining the effectiveness of the results of conservative
treatment of exacerbations of chronic periodontitis consists
of an analysis of the timing of relief of acute inflammation
and the duration of the rehabilitation period of the patient
[19]
The evaluation of the obtained results suggests the
advantage of using the regional lymphotropic method in the
complex treatment of exacerbations of chronic periodontitis
in comparison with standard intramuscular administration.
According to Savin E. K. (2011), as a result of clinical
radiological studies, a high efficiency of treatment of
exacerbations of chronic apical periodontitis, in which
lymphotropic therapy was used, was established.
Lymphotropic therapy activated the reparative processes in
the bone tissue of apical periodontitis, reducing the time for
reducing the size and eliminating the periapical pathological
focus of destruction in the area of the root apex.
The analysis of the effect of lymphotropic therapy on the
local manifestations of osteomyelitis of the lower jaw was
performed. It is proved that it more effectively stops them
than the known methods of postoperative treatment. This is
manifested in an accelerated andmorepronounceddecrease
in the circulatory manifestations of inflammation, such as
edema, hyperemia, and the condition of the mucous
membrane of the transitional fold of the oral cavity [20].
There was an increase in the antibacterial activity of the
antibiotics used, which is indirectly evidenced by a decrease
in the number of people with purulent fistula compartments
and a decrease in the size of lymph nodes, including those
surrounded by perifocal inflammation. In addition,
lymphotropic therapy in the treatment of chronic forms of
osteomyelitis of the lower jaw promotes bone regeneration,
which is confirmed by orthopantomography data [21].
Observations of E. V. Turchina (2017) indicate that in
patients with CHLO abscesses, after intramuscular
administration of ampicillin in the blood after 4 hours, its
concentration decreased by more than three times
(1.00ยฑ0.44 mcg/ml). Moreover, some of the subjects had a
zero ampicillin concentration (from 0 to 6.5
micrograms/ml). In this group of subjects, the half-
elimination period ranged from 0.25 to 1.5 hours.
Meanwhile, after lymphotropic administration of the
antibiotic in the mastoid process of the temporal bone in 4
hours, its concentrationreached4.24ยฑ0.17micrograms/ml,
and the half-elimination period was from 20.6 to 43.5 hours.
The creation of the necessary concentration of the antibiotic
throughout the entire period of treatment had a positive
effect on the clinical course of the disease.
Lymphotropic administration of anantibiotic1cmbelow the
mastoid process of the temporal bone in acute purulent
periostitis of the jaw in the molar region leads to earlier,
compared with other methods of treatment, elimination of
antigenic substances from the site of inflammation, since in
the cytogram of leukocyte infiltrates in the deep parts of the
gingival mucosa 2 days after the start of treatment,
monocytes and macrophages are present in greater
numbers, which means that by this time the purulent-
necrotic processes are completed and more pronounced
reparative [2].
Chronic diseases of the oral mucosa are a serious problemin
dentistry. Such diseases include lichen planus, which is
characterized by a torpid course, polymorphism of clinical
manifestations, complexity of diagnosis and low
effectiveness of treatment [22]. In this regard, various
methods of complex pathogenetic therapy using a wide
variety of methods and means of treatment are proposed.
Under the influence of lymphotropic therapy is not effective
and ksantinola the nicotinate improves the clinical course of
lichen planus of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity.
The positive dynamics is expressed in the reduction of
unpleasant subjective sensations, the degree of hyperemia,
the size of the lesion area by 2.5 times, the severity of the
papular pattern and the epithelization of erosions. Thus,
lymphotropic administration of derinate and xanthinol
nicotinate allows to achieve improvement of the local and
general condition of the patient, stabilization of
immunological parameters, stable clinical resultsandlonger
remission [23].
It is advisable to use the lymphotropic method of drug
administration to increase the effectiveness of therapeutic
measures for oral candidiasis, since this disease causes
changes not only in the epithelium of the oral mucosa, but
also in the underlying tissues [24]. Regional lymphotropic
administration of the antioxidant drug mexidol was used in
the complex treatment of oral candidiasis. Mexidol initiates
the detoxification function of the oral cavity, restores the
antioxidant potential, normalizes the differentiation of
epithelial cells and increases their resistancetotheadhesion
of fungi of the genus Candida. Lymphotropic administration
of mexidol shortens the treatment time of patients and
reduces the frequency of relapses of the disease [25].
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
ID: IJTSRD39826 | Special Issue on Innovative Development of Modern Research Page 25
Lymphotropic therapy has great prospects in modern
medicine, including in the treatment of many serious
infectious, chronic, including oncological diseases. There is
an advantage of lymphological methods of drug
administration in comparison with traditional ones: faster
recovery and recovery of patients, a reduction in bed days, a
decrease in the number of complications, and a reduction in
the side effects of drugs [4, 26, 27]. The anatomy and
physiology of the lymphatic system, as well as its instant
reaction to the pathological process of any localization and
etiology, opens up broad prospects for the use of
lymphotropic therapy in clinical practice. However, many
issues of this problem have notbeenpreciselystudied,which
requires further experimental and clinical study [1].
Conclusion. Thus, with the lymphotropic administration of
drugs, they enter directly into the organs and tissues from
the lymph and blood due to the slow discharge of the drug
from the lymph into the blood. Lymphotropic therapy is
widely used in modern medicine in the treatment of
infectious, chronic and oncological diseases. Since, the
lymphatic system instantly reactstothepathological process
of any localization.
The authors note the positive aspects of the lymphotropic
administration of drugs: faster recovery and recovery, a
decrease in the number of complications, and a decrease in
the side effects of drugs.
References
[1] Lymphotropic therapy. Opportunities and prospects
in clinical practice, Brekhov E. I., Yagudaev D. M.,
Saidov A. S. / / Surgical practice-M: Profil-2C-No. 1-
2014. - p. 20-25.
[2] Sheplev B. V. Morphological justification of
lymphotropic therapy in acute purulent periostitis of
the jaw: autoref. dis ... kand. med. nauk : 14.00.02.
14.00.15 / Research Institute of Clinical and
Experimental Lymphology SB RAMS, Novosibirsk. -
Novosibirsk, 2002. - 18 p.
[3] Levin Y. M. fundamentals of therapeutic lymphology/
Y. M. Levin.-M.: Meditsina, 1986. - S. 165.
[4] Lubarsky, M. S. New methods of regional
lymphotropic therapy in klinicheskoy practice / M. S.
lubarsky, A. A. Smagin, V. V. Morozov, Byulleten ' so
RAMN. โ 2007. โT. 2. โ P. 65-71.
[5] Savina E. K. Evaluation of the effectiveness of
lymphotropic therapy in the complex treatment
ofexacerbations of chronic forms of periodontitis:
Abstract of the PhD thesis. - Moscow, 2012. - p. 137.
[6] Konenkov V. I. Protective functions of the lymphatic
system / / Bulletin of the SB RAMS No. 2 -2007. - p.
60-64.
[7] Pathophysiology of the head and neck. Course of
lectures. / O. V. Leontiev et al.; edited by O. V.
Leontiev, V. N. Tsygan, A.V. Dergunov. - Saint-
Petersburg: SpetsLit, 2015. - p. 399.
[8] Litvitsky P. F. Pathophysiology: Textbook for medical
universities. - Moscow:GEOTAR-Media,2010.-p.493.
[9] Mikusev R. Yu. The influence of static physical loads
on the lymphatic system: Abstract of the PhD thesis. -
Moscow, 2007. - p. 131.
[10] Borodin Yu. I., Lyubarsky M. S., Morozov V. V.
Handbook of clinical lymphology / Yu.I.Borodin,M.S.
Lyubarsky, V. V. Morozov. - Moscow: Med. inform.
agency (MIA), 2010. - p. 208.
[11] Petrenko V. M. Functional anatomy of the lymphatic
system: A textbook / V. M.Petrenko.-Moscow:Direct-
Media, 2014. - p. 116.
[12] O. O. Yanushevich, Savina, E. K. Lymphotropictherapy
is a method of choice in treatment of acute
inflammatory diseases // Surgical journal, 2010.- No.
6. - P. 52-57.
[13] Gurbanov T. V. the Anatomical conditions of use
indirect lymphotropic therapy in the treatment of
diseases of the major salivary glands /T. V. Gurbanov
// SovremennayaStomatologiya,2018-โ1-p.34-37.
[14] Oral surgery: Textbook / Ed. Afanasyeva V. V.-M.:
GEOTAR-media, 2016. - p. 400.
[15] Neustroev V. V., A method for treating lymphadenitis,
sialadenitis and sialosis/ / Official BulletinoftheState
Patent Office of the Russian Federation. โ 1994.
[16] Gazal A. S., Morphological bases of perfecting the
puncture of the parotid salivary gland: experimental
and clinical study: Abstract of the dissertation of the
Candidate of Medical Sciences:East-Siberian Scientific
Center of the Siberian Branch of the RussianAcademy
of Medical Sciences. - Irkutsk, 2007. - p. 22.
[17] Complex treatment of purulent-inflammatory
complications of mandibular fractures with theuseof
an immunomodulator and regional lymphotropic
therapy, T. M. Anisimova, V. D. Konvay, P. I. Ivasenko,
et al. / / Institute of Dentistry.- 2007. - N 4. - P. 44-45.
[18] Ivasenko P. I., Regional lymphotropic therapy in the
complex treatment of patients with traumatic
osteomyelitis of the lower jaw / / P. I. Ivasenko, A. K.
Popov, A.V. Chekin / / Institute of Dentistry. - 2004. -
N 4. - p. 58-59.
[19] Abaev Z. M., Endolymphatic antibacterial therapy in
the complex treatment of periodontitis: dis. cand.
med. nauk. - Moscow, 2002. - p. 119
[20] InkarbekovZh. B. Improvement of surgical treatment
of traumatic osteomyelitis of the lower jaw / Zh.B.
Inkarbekov // Stomatology. - 2008. - No. 3, vol.87.-p.
46-50.
[21] Komsky M. P. Influence of lymphotropic therapy on
the lesion focus in the postoperative periodofchronic
traumatic osteomyelitis of the lower jaw / M. P.
Komsky // Ukrainian dental almanac. - 2011. - No.1.-
C. 53-57.
[22] Abramova E. I., Red lichen planus in the oral cavity:
Abstract of the dissertation of the Candidate of
medical Sciences. โ Moscow, 1966. - p. 21
[23] Trunina L. P., Lymphotropic drug therapy in the
complex treatment of lichen planus (CPL) of the oral
cavity: Abstract of the dissertation of the Candidateof
medical Sciences. - Samara, 2005. - p. 148.
[24] Zheleznyak V. A., Anti-oxidant therapy in the complex
treatment of oral candidiasis: Autoref. dis. cand. med.
nauk, - Moscow-2011.
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
ID: IJTSRD39826 | Special Issue on Innovative Development of Modern Research Page 26
[25] Avdienko N. D. Search for biological agents against
fungi of the genus Candida / N. D.Avdienko, N. F.
Ryabchenko, G. M. Volgareva / / Journal of
Microbiology, Epidemiology, andImmunology.-2000.
โ No. 6. โ pp. 79-80.
[26] Saidov A. S. Lymphotropic targeted therapy of acute
inflammatory diseases of the testicle and its
appendage: Abstract of the dissertation of the
Candidate of medical Sciences. - Moscow, 2014.
[27] Zubarev P. N. Endolymphatic and lymphotropic drug
therapy in abdominal surgery / P. N. Zubarev, G. P.
Sinchenko, A. A. Kurygin. -St. Petersburg:Folio.- 2005.
- p. 224.
[28] Petrenko V. M. Functional morphology of lymphatic
vessels. St. Petersburg: Dean, 2003. 248 p.
[29] Polikar A. Physiology and pathology of the lymphoid
system. Moscow: Meditsina, 1965. 210 p.
[30] Potapov I. A. Essays on the physiology and pathology
of lymph formation. Alma-Ata, 1977. 270 p.
[31] Sapin M. R., Yurina N. A., Etingen L. E. Thelymphnode.
Moscow: Meditsina, 1978. 240 p.
[32] Nominaanatomica. International anatomical
nomenclature / D. A. Zhdanov. 3 ed. M., 1970., 1970.
[33] Sapin M. R., Borzyak E. I. Extra-organ ways of lymph
transport. M.: Meditsina, 1982. 264 p.
[34] Panchenkov R. T., Vyrenkov Yu. E., Yarema I. V.,
Shcherbakova E. G. Endolymphatic antibiotictherapy.
Moscow: Meditsina, 1984, 240 p.
[35] Levin Yu. M. Treatment, improvement, prevention in
the conditions of the crisis of the ecology of the
organism. M.: Izd-stvo MGOU, 1998. 231 p.
[36] Borodin Yu. I., Grigoriev V. N., Letyagin A.
Yu.Functional morphology of the lymphatic system.
Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1987. 120 p.
[37] Vasiliev N. V. Cytological characteristics of the
reactions of lymphoid tissue to an antigenic stimulus.
Essays on the role of hematopoietic tissue inantibody
formation. Tomsk, 1975. pp. 128-153.
[38] Panchenkov R. T., Yarema I. V., Silmanovich N. N.
Lymphostimulation. Moscow: Meditsina,1986.240p.