Long Term Evolution (LTE) is an all-IP wireless protocol that provides increased data rates and improved user response times compared to previous standards. The LTE model simulates key aspects of LTE including EPS bearers, traffic flow classification, session management, broadcast/multicast traffic using MBMS, and protocol layers like PDCP, RLC, MAC and the physical layer for both FDD and TDD schemes. Configuration and analysis of LTE networks is also supported.
1. The document discusses key performance indicators (KPI) for LTE networks in Korea, which has very high standards for call setup success rates, call drop rates, and call completion rates.
2. It provides an overview of the LTE camping procedure, including system selection, cell selection criteria, and different cell categories that UEs can camp on.
3. It explains the LTE random access procedure for both contention-based and non-contention based access, including the four-step process and different preamble formats.
The document discusses LTE medium access control layer concepts. It describes dynamic and semi-persistent scheduling used by the eNB to allocate downlink and uplink radio resources to UEs. Semi-persistent scheduling is used for periodic traffic like VoIP to reduce signaling overhead compared to dynamic scheduling. It also discusses buffer status reporting where UEs indicate how much data they have to transmit, and scheduling requests where UEs request uplink resources from the eNB.
LONG TERM EVOLUTION INVOLVES CHANGES TO BOTH RADIO INTERFACE AND NETWORK ARCHITECTURE IN ORDER TO KEEP 3RD GENERATION PARTNERSHIP PROJECT TECHNOLOGY COMPETITIVE. OFDMA WAS CHOSEN AS THE DOWNLINK AIR INTERFACE DUE TO ITS ADVANTAGES SUCH AS HIGH SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY AND ROBUSTNESS. THE PAPER DESCRIBES THE CELL SEARCH PROCEDURE AND POTENTIAL DESIGNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SYNCHRONIZATION CHANNELS TO FACILITATE TIMING AND FREQUENCY SYNCHRONIZATION WITH LOW COMPLEXITY. SEVERAL
The document provides an overview of cellular communications signaling for LTE, LTE-A, and 4G technologies. It describes the LTE architecture including functions of the evolved node B, mobility management entity, serving gateway, home subscriber server, and PDN gateway. It also provides details on the LTE physical layer including OFDMA modulation, reference signal measurements for handover, and an example handover procedure using the X2 interface. In conclusion, it discusses key criteria for designing handovers and aspects for further research.
This document provides an overview of RRC procedures in LTE as specified in 3GPP 36.331. It describes important changes in the RRC specification for LTE compared to legacy 3G systems, including having only two RRC states (RRC_IDLE and RRC_CONNECTED) compared to five states in 3G, and three defined signaling radio bearers compared to four in 3G. The purpose is to help developers and test engineers understand LTE RRC features and procedures. Key procedures described include paging, RRC connection establishment, reconfiguration, re-establishment, security activation, and handover.
1) The mobile device searches for synchronization signals to detect available LTE cells and identifies key parameters like PCI from the PSS and SSS.
2) It then receives the MIB and SIBs containing configuration details to access the network from the selected cell.
3) The attach procedure is started, establishing an RRC connection and authenticating the user to activate a default bearer for IP data transmission.
The document discusses the commonalities and differences between Time Division Duplexing (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) modes in the Long Term Evolution (LTE) air interface. Key commonalities include using the same radio interface schemes, subframe formats, network architecture, and air interface protocols. Key differences are that TDD uses the same frequency band for both uplink and downlink while FDD requires paired spectrum, and TDD UEs do not need a duplex filter while FDD UEs do.
The document discusses key technologies in LTE including access techniques, MIMO, scheduling, link adaptation, and HARQ. It covers OFDM and SC-FDMA used for downlink and uplink access, benefits of MIMO including improved SINR and shared SINR through modes like transmit diversity, receive diversity, and spatial multiplexing. Scheduling considers factors like CQI and aims for fairness and throughput. Link adaptation uses CQI and MCS to optimize air interface efficiency. HARQ enables recovery of errors at the MAC layer through retransmissions.
1. The document discusses key performance indicators (KPI) for LTE networks in Korea, which has very high standards for call setup success rates, call drop rates, and call completion rates.
2. It provides an overview of the LTE camping procedure, including system selection, cell selection criteria, and different cell categories that UEs can camp on.
3. It explains the LTE random access procedure for both contention-based and non-contention based access, including the four-step process and different preamble formats.
The document discusses LTE medium access control layer concepts. It describes dynamic and semi-persistent scheduling used by the eNB to allocate downlink and uplink radio resources to UEs. Semi-persistent scheduling is used for periodic traffic like VoIP to reduce signaling overhead compared to dynamic scheduling. It also discusses buffer status reporting where UEs indicate how much data they have to transmit, and scheduling requests where UEs request uplink resources from the eNB.
LONG TERM EVOLUTION INVOLVES CHANGES TO BOTH RADIO INTERFACE AND NETWORK ARCHITECTURE IN ORDER TO KEEP 3RD GENERATION PARTNERSHIP PROJECT TECHNOLOGY COMPETITIVE. OFDMA WAS CHOSEN AS THE DOWNLINK AIR INTERFACE DUE TO ITS ADVANTAGES SUCH AS HIGH SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY AND ROBUSTNESS. THE PAPER DESCRIBES THE CELL SEARCH PROCEDURE AND POTENTIAL DESIGNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SYNCHRONIZATION CHANNELS TO FACILITATE TIMING AND FREQUENCY SYNCHRONIZATION WITH LOW COMPLEXITY. SEVERAL
The document provides an overview of cellular communications signaling for LTE, LTE-A, and 4G technologies. It describes the LTE architecture including functions of the evolved node B, mobility management entity, serving gateway, home subscriber server, and PDN gateway. It also provides details on the LTE physical layer including OFDMA modulation, reference signal measurements for handover, and an example handover procedure using the X2 interface. In conclusion, it discusses key criteria for designing handovers and aspects for further research.
This document provides an overview of RRC procedures in LTE as specified in 3GPP 36.331. It describes important changes in the RRC specification for LTE compared to legacy 3G systems, including having only two RRC states (RRC_IDLE and RRC_CONNECTED) compared to five states in 3G, and three defined signaling radio bearers compared to four in 3G. The purpose is to help developers and test engineers understand LTE RRC features and procedures. Key procedures described include paging, RRC connection establishment, reconfiguration, re-establishment, security activation, and handover.
1) The mobile device searches for synchronization signals to detect available LTE cells and identifies key parameters like PCI from the PSS and SSS.
2) It then receives the MIB and SIBs containing configuration details to access the network from the selected cell.
3) The attach procedure is started, establishing an RRC connection and authenticating the user to activate a default bearer for IP data transmission.
The document discusses the commonalities and differences between Time Division Duplexing (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) modes in the Long Term Evolution (LTE) air interface. Key commonalities include using the same radio interface schemes, subframe formats, network architecture, and air interface protocols. Key differences are that TDD uses the same frequency band for both uplink and downlink while FDD requires paired spectrum, and TDD UEs do not need a duplex filter while FDD UEs do.
The document discusses key technologies in LTE including access techniques, MIMO, scheduling, link adaptation, and HARQ. It covers OFDM and SC-FDMA used for downlink and uplink access, benefits of MIMO including improved SINR and shared SINR through modes like transmit diversity, receive diversity, and spatial multiplexing. Scheduling considers factors like CQI and aims for fairness and throughput. Link adaptation uses CQI and MCS to optimize air interface efficiency. HARQ enables recovery of errors at the MAC layer through retransmissions.
The document discusses various LTE measurement parameters and procedures including:
1. The eNB reports a list of detected PRACH preambles and measures timing advance, average RSSI, average SINR, UL CSI, and transport BLER for RRM purposes.
2. UE measurements include CQI, RSRP, and RSRQ while eNB measurements include timing advance, RSSI, SINR, UL CSI, detected preambles, and transport BLER. Inter-RAT measurements are also discussed.
3. Examples of RSRP, RSRQ, and timing advance procedures are provided along with CQI measurement details. PLMN selection, cell selection,
The document discusses LTE network architecture including nodes like the eNodeB, MME, SGW and PGW, and their functions. It also outlines the basic LTE call flows for initial call setup, detach procedures, idle-to-active transitions, and handovers. Key call flow steps include attach request, authentication, context setup, and establishment of bearers between the UE and PDN gateway.
This document provides an overview of the LTE1841 Inter Frequency Load Equalization feature. It describes the motivation and goals of the feature, which are to equalize load between inter-frequency cells by maintaining the load difference between partner cells according to a configured delta. The technical details section explains the key aspects of how load is measured and exchanged between cells, how the active mode load equalization state is determined, and the process for candidate UE selection and load equalization execution.
Some questions and answers on lte radio interfaceThananan numatti
The document contains questions and answers about LTE radio interface concepts. It discusses:
- How the UE is scheduled via the PDCCH containing DCI messages for uplink/downlink scheduling.
- That PDCP is located in the eNodeB and handles encryption, header compression, and reordering at handover.
- That a resource block occupies 12 subcarriers and one time slot of 0.5ms in the frequency and time domains.
Study of self optimization of neighbor cell listing for e nodeb in long term ...Rajib Chakrabarti
This document summarizes Hanan Naeem's thesis on self-optimization of neighbor cell listing (NCL) for eNodeB in Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. It provides background on LTE and its design targets of high data rates, low latency, and high spectral efficiency. It discusses the objectives of studying telecom operators' requirements, the concept of self-configuration and self-optimization, and suggesting an NCL self-optimization algorithm. The proposed algorithm uses geographical coordinates and UE measurement reports to determine overlapping cells and manage the NCL through cell addition and deletion in order to improve system performance and throughput.
This document discusses diagnosing LTE traffic faults through drive testing. It provides probes and indicators for issues related to insufficient resources for scheduling, coding with low values, poor coverage, abnormal receive power, and other potential problems. Diagnosis involves checking for operations and external events that could affect service rates. Specific alarms and their impacts are also listed. The document is marked as confidential information that requires permission before spreading.
The document discusses the need for new wireless technologies to support increasing demand for data and high-speed services. It notes that technologies need to focus on using more spectrum, improving spectral efficiency, employing smaller cell sizes like femtocells, and incentivizing off-peak traffic. The rest of the document provides details on how LTE wireless technology addresses these needs through technical specifications and network architecture, including the use of an Evolved Packet Core and separating the user and control planes.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1) Calculate MAPL using propagation model (Hata, Cost231 etc.)
Given: Carrier freq = 900MHz, BS height = 30m, Tx power = 20W
Using Hata model, calculate MAPL
2) Calculate cell range using MAPL
Cell range = sqrt(MAPL/2)
3) Calculate number of cells required for 100sqkm area
Number of cells = Area/Cell area
Cell area = pi * (Cell range)^2
4) Number of sites = Number of cells
For the given parameters, the calculations would provide the number of sites required.
This document provides an overview of the LTE radio layer 2, radio resource control (RRC), and radio access network architecture. It discusses the E-UTRAN architecture including eNodeBs, home eNodeBs, and relays. It describes the user plane including bearer services, the user plane protocol stack with PDCP, RLC, and MAC layers, and security and transport functions. It also outlines the control plane including connection control and RRC states, and highlights features like interoperability, self-organizing networks, positioning, broadcasting, latency evaluations, and LTE-Advanced.
This document discusses key factors impacting LTE network performance including expected performance metrics, dependencies, and challenges. It provides an overview of call setup times and throughputs expected under ideal conditions, then discusses how factors like deployment issues, RF interference, backhaul limitations, scheduler configuration, and mobility parameters can negatively influence performance and result in increased call setup times, lower throughputs, and handover failures. The document aims to help network operators identify areas to focus on for optimizing LTE network performance at launch.
The document discusses the X2 interface and X2 handover procedure in LTE networks. The X2 interface connects two neighboring eNodeBs and establishes an X2 connection through the X2 setup procedure. The X2 handover procedure allows handing over a UE's connection from a source eNodeB to a target eNodeB, involving preparation where the target allocates resources and the UE connects to it, and execution including a path switch to route data to the target eNodeB. Key information like UE context and bearers is exchanged between eNodeBs through the X2 interface to enable smooth handover.
The document provides an overview of LTE physical layer specifications including OFDMA frame structure, resource block structure, protocol architecture, physical channel structure and procedures, UE measurements like RSRP and RSRQ, and key enabling technologies of LTE such as OFDM, SC-FDMA, and MIMO. It describes the LTE requirements for high peak data rates, low latency, support for high mobility users, and enhanced broadcast services.
Ericsson documents.mx ericsson-field-guide-for-utranThananan numatti
This document provides a 3-page summary of a 170-page technical guide describing optimization practices for Ericsson's UMTS radio access network for AT&T. It defines accepted practices for software version P5.0.14, describing how subscriber devices interact with the network and recommendations to produce best performance. The document is organized into 11 sections covering topics like new features, design concepts, signaling flows, configuration parameters, and performance metrics. It is intended as a common reference for AT&T, Regional, and Ericsson staff.
LTE Location Management and Mobility Managementaliirfan04
Provides an overview of power management (connected and idle mode) and mobility management (both idle-mode mobility (cell selection and re-selection) and active mode (handovers).
This document provides an overview of IP planning parameters for Nokia Siemens Networks eNB equipment. It discusses the IP addressing model and parameters needed to configure IP interfaces, application addresses, routing, and SCTP. The objectives are to understand the eNB's IP addressing, know how to plan IP parameters given transport requirements, and understand how to configure basic data builds for IP planning. Key parameters covered include Ethernet interface configuration, IP addresses and subnets for physical/VLAN interfaces, application addresses, and static routing configuration.
This document summarizes LTE mobile measurement events and timers used for reporting. It describes the primary and secondary cell definitions and lists the common measurement events A1-A6 and B1-B2. It also outlines various UE timers used for connection establishment, reestablishment, measurement reporting and cell reselection.
This document describes the design of an LTE network optimization project by a group of students from Taiz University. It includes an introduction to LTE, the network planning process, and LTE system architecture. The network planning section discusses coverage planning including link budget calculations and propagation models, as well as capacity planning considering factors like interference levels and supported modulation schemes. The document also provides an overview of LTE system architecture components including the user equipment, E-UTRAN, EPC, and functions of each. It concludes with a section on LTE radio frequency optimization methods.
The document discusses Beam Division Multiple Access (BDMA) as a new multiple access technique for 5G networks to increase system capacity. BDMA divides antenna beams according to mobile station locations, allocating orthogonal beams to allow multiple access. This significantly increases capacity compared to existing techniques like FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and OFDMA. The base station transmits directional beams to mobile stations based on their positions and speeds. Mobile stations sharing beams divide frequency/time resources. BDMA maximizes spatial reuse of resources and solves inter-cell interference and control channel problems. It is proposed as a radio interface for 5G cellular systems.
Design and simulation of wireless local area network for administrative offic...Alexander Decker
1. The document describes the design and simulation of a wireless local area network (WLAN) for an administrative office using the OPNET network simulator. The network consists of 3 subnets connected by a router to an internet service provider.
2. Key performance parameters of the network like delay, throughput, and packet drop were analyzed under normal traffic conditions and with a 50% increase in traffic. Delay and load increased while throughput decreased with higher traffic loads.
3. The simulations showed that increased network traffic led to longer delays, higher loads on access points, and reduced throughput across the three office subnets.
GSM uses frequency division duplexing with carriers separated by 200 kHz. Each carrier is divided into 8 time slots using TDMA. Logical channels like traffic channels and signaling channels are mapped onto these physical time slots. Traffic channels carry user data at either full rate or half rate, while signaling channels include broadcast, common, and dedicated control channels used for functions like synchronization, paging, call setup, and handover.
This document discusses the history and development of GSM and UMTS mobile communication standards. It is an edited collection of chapters written by various key contributors to GSM and UMTS standardization work.
The first chapter provides an introduction and overview of GSM's achievements, milestones, and success as measured by adoption numbers. It outlines the standardization work done within ETSI and its predecessor groups to develop the GSM specifications from the 1980s through the early 2000s.
Subsequent chapters delve into more specific topics like the technical specifications for GSM Phase 1, evolving GSM services in Phase 2, work on 3G standards within 3GPP, the development of system architecture, radio interfaces,
The document describes two experiments conducted using the OPNET simulation tool. Experiment 1 involves simulating a TCP network using different congestion control mechanisms and analyzing OSPF routing. Experiment 2 compares the bus and star network topologies by creating networks with each in OPNET and collecting statistics on traffic and delay. The objectives are to get familiar with OPNET, study TCP algorithms, simulate OSPF routing, and understand the pros and cons of different topologies. Tasks for each experiment are described in detail, including how to set up the simulations, configure nodes and links, select statistics, and run the simulations.
The document discusses various LTE measurement parameters and procedures including:
1. The eNB reports a list of detected PRACH preambles and measures timing advance, average RSSI, average SINR, UL CSI, and transport BLER for RRM purposes.
2. UE measurements include CQI, RSRP, and RSRQ while eNB measurements include timing advance, RSSI, SINR, UL CSI, detected preambles, and transport BLER. Inter-RAT measurements are also discussed.
3. Examples of RSRP, RSRQ, and timing advance procedures are provided along with CQI measurement details. PLMN selection, cell selection,
The document discusses LTE network architecture including nodes like the eNodeB, MME, SGW and PGW, and their functions. It also outlines the basic LTE call flows for initial call setup, detach procedures, idle-to-active transitions, and handovers. Key call flow steps include attach request, authentication, context setup, and establishment of bearers between the UE and PDN gateway.
This document provides an overview of the LTE1841 Inter Frequency Load Equalization feature. It describes the motivation and goals of the feature, which are to equalize load between inter-frequency cells by maintaining the load difference between partner cells according to a configured delta. The technical details section explains the key aspects of how load is measured and exchanged between cells, how the active mode load equalization state is determined, and the process for candidate UE selection and load equalization execution.
Some questions and answers on lte radio interfaceThananan numatti
The document contains questions and answers about LTE radio interface concepts. It discusses:
- How the UE is scheduled via the PDCCH containing DCI messages for uplink/downlink scheduling.
- That PDCP is located in the eNodeB and handles encryption, header compression, and reordering at handover.
- That a resource block occupies 12 subcarriers and one time slot of 0.5ms in the frequency and time domains.
Study of self optimization of neighbor cell listing for e nodeb in long term ...Rajib Chakrabarti
This document summarizes Hanan Naeem's thesis on self-optimization of neighbor cell listing (NCL) for eNodeB in Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. It provides background on LTE and its design targets of high data rates, low latency, and high spectral efficiency. It discusses the objectives of studying telecom operators' requirements, the concept of self-configuration and self-optimization, and suggesting an NCL self-optimization algorithm. The proposed algorithm uses geographical coordinates and UE measurement reports to determine overlapping cells and manage the NCL through cell addition and deletion in order to improve system performance and throughput.
This document discusses diagnosing LTE traffic faults through drive testing. It provides probes and indicators for issues related to insufficient resources for scheduling, coding with low values, poor coverage, abnormal receive power, and other potential problems. Diagnosis involves checking for operations and external events that could affect service rates. Specific alarms and their impacts are also listed. The document is marked as confidential information that requires permission before spreading.
The document discusses the need for new wireless technologies to support increasing demand for data and high-speed services. It notes that technologies need to focus on using more spectrum, improving spectral efficiency, employing smaller cell sizes like femtocells, and incentivizing off-peak traffic. The rest of the document provides details on how LTE wireless technology addresses these needs through technical specifications and network architecture, including the use of an Evolved Packet Core and separating the user and control planes.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1) Calculate MAPL using propagation model (Hata, Cost231 etc.)
Given: Carrier freq = 900MHz, BS height = 30m, Tx power = 20W
Using Hata model, calculate MAPL
2) Calculate cell range using MAPL
Cell range = sqrt(MAPL/2)
3) Calculate number of cells required for 100sqkm area
Number of cells = Area/Cell area
Cell area = pi * (Cell range)^2
4) Number of sites = Number of cells
For the given parameters, the calculations would provide the number of sites required.
This document provides an overview of the LTE radio layer 2, radio resource control (RRC), and radio access network architecture. It discusses the E-UTRAN architecture including eNodeBs, home eNodeBs, and relays. It describes the user plane including bearer services, the user plane protocol stack with PDCP, RLC, and MAC layers, and security and transport functions. It also outlines the control plane including connection control and RRC states, and highlights features like interoperability, self-organizing networks, positioning, broadcasting, latency evaluations, and LTE-Advanced.
This document discusses key factors impacting LTE network performance including expected performance metrics, dependencies, and challenges. It provides an overview of call setup times and throughputs expected under ideal conditions, then discusses how factors like deployment issues, RF interference, backhaul limitations, scheduler configuration, and mobility parameters can negatively influence performance and result in increased call setup times, lower throughputs, and handover failures. The document aims to help network operators identify areas to focus on for optimizing LTE network performance at launch.
The document discusses the X2 interface and X2 handover procedure in LTE networks. The X2 interface connects two neighboring eNodeBs and establishes an X2 connection through the X2 setup procedure. The X2 handover procedure allows handing over a UE's connection from a source eNodeB to a target eNodeB, involving preparation where the target allocates resources and the UE connects to it, and execution including a path switch to route data to the target eNodeB. Key information like UE context and bearers is exchanged between eNodeBs through the X2 interface to enable smooth handover.
The document provides an overview of LTE physical layer specifications including OFDMA frame structure, resource block structure, protocol architecture, physical channel structure and procedures, UE measurements like RSRP and RSRQ, and key enabling technologies of LTE such as OFDM, SC-FDMA, and MIMO. It describes the LTE requirements for high peak data rates, low latency, support for high mobility users, and enhanced broadcast services.
Ericsson documents.mx ericsson-field-guide-for-utranThananan numatti
This document provides a 3-page summary of a 170-page technical guide describing optimization practices for Ericsson's UMTS radio access network for AT&T. It defines accepted practices for software version P5.0.14, describing how subscriber devices interact with the network and recommendations to produce best performance. The document is organized into 11 sections covering topics like new features, design concepts, signaling flows, configuration parameters, and performance metrics. It is intended as a common reference for AT&T, Regional, and Ericsson staff.
LTE Location Management and Mobility Managementaliirfan04
Provides an overview of power management (connected and idle mode) and mobility management (both idle-mode mobility (cell selection and re-selection) and active mode (handovers).
This document provides an overview of IP planning parameters for Nokia Siemens Networks eNB equipment. It discusses the IP addressing model and parameters needed to configure IP interfaces, application addresses, routing, and SCTP. The objectives are to understand the eNB's IP addressing, know how to plan IP parameters given transport requirements, and understand how to configure basic data builds for IP planning. Key parameters covered include Ethernet interface configuration, IP addresses and subnets for physical/VLAN interfaces, application addresses, and static routing configuration.
This document summarizes LTE mobile measurement events and timers used for reporting. It describes the primary and secondary cell definitions and lists the common measurement events A1-A6 and B1-B2. It also outlines various UE timers used for connection establishment, reestablishment, measurement reporting and cell reselection.
This document describes the design of an LTE network optimization project by a group of students from Taiz University. It includes an introduction to LTE, the network planning process, and LTE system architecture. The network planning section discusses coverage planning including link budget calculations and propagation models, as well as capacity planning considering factors like interference levels and supported modulation schemes. The document also provides an overview of LTE system architecture components including the user equipment, E-UTRAN, EPC, and functions of each. It concludes with a section on LTE radio frequency optimization methods.
The document discusses Beam Division Multiple Access (BDMA) as a new multiple access technique for 5G networks to increase system capacity. BDMA divides antenna beams according to mobile station locations, allocating orthogonal beams to allow multiple access. This significantly increases capacity compared to existing techniques like FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and OFDMA. The base station transmits directional beams to mobile stations based on their positions and speeds. Mobile stations sharing beams divide frequency/time resources. BDMA maximizes spatial reuse of resources and solves inter-cell interference and control channel problems. It is proposed as a radio interface for 5G cellular systems.
Design and simulation of wireless local area network for administrative offic...Alexander Decker
1. The document describes the design and simulation of a wireless local area network (WLAN) for an administrative office using the OPNET network simulator. The network consists of 3 subnets connected by a router to an internet service provider.
2. Key performance parameters of the network like delay, throughput, and packet drop were analyzed under normal traffic conditions and with a 50% increase in traffic. Delay and load increased while throughput decreased with higher traffic loads.
3. The simulations showed that increased network traffic led to longer delays, higher loads on access points, and reduced throughput across the three office subnets.
GSM uses frequency division duplexing with carriers separated by 200 kHz. Each carrier is divided into 8 time slots using TDMA. Logical channels like traffic channels and signaling channels are mapped onto these physical time slots. Traffic channels carry user data at either full rate or half rate, while signaling channels include broadcast, common, and dedicated control channels used for functions like synchronization, paging, call setup, and handover.
This document discusses the history and development of GSM and UMTS mobile communication standards. It is an edited collection of chapters written by various key contributors to GSM and UMTS standardization work.
The first chapter provides an introduction and overview of GSM's achievements, milestones, and success as measured by adoption numbers. It outlines the standardization work done within ETSI and its predecessor groups to develop the GSM specifications from the 1980s through the early 2000s.
Subsequent chapters delve into more specific topics like the technical specifications for GSM Phase 1, evolving GSM services in Phase 2, work on 3G standards within 3GPP, the development of system architecture, radio interfaces,
The document describes two experiments conducted using the OPNET simulation tool. Experiment 1 involves simulating a TCP network using different congestion control mechanisms and analyzing OSPF routing. Experiment 2 compares the bus and star network topologies by creating networks with each in OPNET and collecting statistics on traffic and delay. The objectives are to get familiar with OPNET, study TCP algorithms, simulate OSPF routing, and understand the pros and cons of different topologies. Tasks for each experiment are described in detail, including how to set up the simulations, configure nodes and links, select statistics, and run the simulations.
e2matrix is a leading Web Design and Development Company now in the field of Industrial training. We provide you 6 Month/6 Week Industrial training in PhP,Web Designing, Java, Dot Net, android Applications.
we also provide work for various technoligies with additional facilities-
RESEARCH PAPERS
OBJECTIVES
SYNOPSIS
IMPLEMENTATION
DOCUMENTATION
REPORT WRITING
PAPER PUBLICATION
Address-Opp. Phagwara Bus Stand, Above Bella
Pizza, Handa City Center, Phagwara,punjab
email addres-e2matrixphagwara@gmail.com
jalandhare2matrix@gmail.com
WEBSITE-www.e2matrix.com
CONTACT NUMBER --
09041262727
07508509730
7508509709
Modeling, Configuration and Performance Analysis of the customized network us...Fatema Zohora
The document describes a student project using Riverbed Modeler to simulate and analyze the performance of a customized enterprise network. The student modeled a retail company network with multiple LANs and offices. Key steps included designing the network topology, configuring IP addresses, applications and profiles, running simulations to analyze traffic, throughput, delays and the impact of failures. The project provided experience using Riverbed Modeler to simulate and evaluate network performance.
We faced so much difficulties in running Networking Simulators such as NS2, NS3, OPNET, and many more. Increasing Awareness and demand for stable simulator incorporates to other simulators, the OPNET simulator is one of the best solution. With the nays getting louder, the OPNET Modeler (similar to OPNET Simulator) is stronger competitor then other simulators.
Introduction of opnet network simulator ali torabi
this article is in persian language.
opnet network simulator is a product of
OPNET Technologies, Inc.
In October 2012, OPNET was acquired by Riverbed Technology,
The document provides an overview of OPNET Modeler, a network simulation tool. It describes OPNET Modeler's architecture, which includes tools for model specification, data collection and simulation, and analysis. It also discusses how to locate models and components using the model library and its organization. The goal is to help users understand what problems can be solved with OPNET Modeler and how to get started using it.
Physical channels carry information over the air interface between the mobile station and base transceiver station. Logical channels map user data and signaling information onto physical channels. There are two main types of logical channels - traffic channels which carry call data, and control channels which communicate service information. Control channels include broadcast channels which transmit cell-wide information, common channels used for paging and access procedures, and dedicated channels for signaling during calls or when not on a call. Logical channels are mapped onto physical channels to effectively transmit information wirelessly between network components in a GSM system.
This document describes the evolution of 2G and 3G mobile network architectures. It shows:
1) The separation of the control plane and user plane in 3GPP Release 4, with the MSC Server handling signaling and Media Gateways handling transmission.
2) How the MSC Server system provides operational expenditure savings by moving voice and signaling transmission to IP networks and separating equipment for more flexible siting.
3) How the MSC Server system allows investment protection by supporting existing services on GSM, EDGE, 3G and TDM, IP, and ATM transmission networks.
Lte default and dedicated bearer / VoLTEmanish_sapra
LTE uses EPS bearers to carry user data traffic. There are two types of EPS bearers - default bearers and dedicated bearers. Default bearers are created for each PDN connection and provide basic "best effort" internet access. Dedicated bearers provide additional tunnels for specific traffic like VoLTE and can have guaranteed bitrates. Dedicated bearers are linked to a default bearer and inherit properties like the PDN address from the default bearer. GTP is the protocol used to encapsulate and carry bearer traffic through the LTE core network.
This document contains questions and answers about LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. Some key points covered include:
- OFDMA is used for downlink and SC-FDMA is used for uplink to overcome high PAPR issues.
- CDS dynamically schedules radio resources, modulation, coding and power control based on channel quality and traffic load.
- MIMO uses multiple antennas to increase data rates up to a maximum of 8x8 MIMO.
- The LTE network architecture includes the eNB, MME, S-GW and P-GW connected by various interfaces like S1, S6a, S5 etc.
- Security in LTE is based on
The document discusses LTE Evolved Packet System architecture, including:
- An end-to-end LTE solution from Alcatel-Lucent that provides a transformation to an IP infrastructure, an open ecosystem of devices and applications, and interworking between 2G/3G and LTE networks.
- Key network functions like the Mobility Management Entity (MME), Home Subscriber Server (HSS), Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF), Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW), Serving Gateway (S-GW), Evolved Node B (eNB), and their roles.
- Interworking between LTE and legacy 2G/3G networks using circuit switched fallback (CS
This document provides an overview of 4G wireless systems and LTE architecture. It discusses the purpose and motivation for 4G technology, including providing high-speed wireless access to mobile devices. It describes the LTE architecture, including the evolved NodeB, evolved packet core components, and interfaces. It also covers LTE channel structure, protocols, and the radio access network components of 4G such as OFDMA and frame structure.
This document provides an overview of LTE networks and technology. It discusses key aspects of LTE including peak data rates of 50-100 Mbps, reduced latency under 10ms, OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink, support for bandwidths from 1.4-20 MHz, and mobility support up to 350km/h. It also examines the architecture including elements such as the eNodeB, MME, S-GW, P-GW, and interfaces such as S1, X2.
LTE is a cellular wireless system standard that uses OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink. Key LTE technologies include bandwidth flexibility, advanced antenna techniques like MIMO, link adaptation, inter-cell interference coordination, and a two-layered HARQ protocol to provide low latency and high reliability data transmission. LTE aims to improve spectral efficiency, reduce costs, support new services, and provide higher data rates and lower latencies compared to previous cellular standards.
SONET/SDH is a standard developed for optical networks to transport telecommunication signals over optical fiber with synchronous timing. It uses synchronous transport signals and time division multiplexing to combine lower rate connections. SONET frames contain overhead bytes for management and a synchronous payload envelope containing client data. Higher rates are obtained by interleaving multiple lower rate frames. SONET provides advantages over older asynchronous standards through integral rate hierarchies and extensive performance monitoring capabilities.
The document describes the core network architecture of 3GPP's LTE wireless communication standard known as System Architecture Evolution (SAE). SAE features an all-IP network with simplified architecture and support for higher throughput, lower latency radio access networks. It consists of four main components: the Mobility Management Entity (MME) which handles mobility and security, the Serving Gateway (SGW) which manages user plane mobility, the Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW) which acts as an anchor point for external networks, and the Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) which supports policy enforcement and charging control.
This document provides an overview of LTE vs 3G technologies. It discusses LTE's motivations including higher data rates and spectral efficiency. It covers MIMO definitions and how to calculate LTE and 3G throughput. It also compares the architectures, access technologies, physical resources, frames, and channels of LTE, 3G, and 2G. Key aspects of LTE performance are highlighted such as scalable bandwidth and flat IP architecture.
The document discusses distance vector routing protocols and their characteristics. It explains that distance vector protocols advertise routes as vectors containing the distance and direction to a destination. Periodic full table updates are sent to neighbors on a regular basis. Common distance vector protocols include RIP, IGRP and EIGRP. EIGRP differs in that it sends partial updates only when there are topological changes rather than full periodic updates.
This white paper discusses protocol signaling procedures in LTE networks, including:
1) The LTE network architecture includes eNodeBs, MMEs, SGWs, and PGWs that facilitate communication between UEs and the core network.
2) UEs access the network through random access procedures and establish default bearers for connectivity.
3) System information broadcasting allows UEs to select networks and camp on cells, while tracking area updates allow UEs to update their locations.
4) Attach procedures register UEs on the network and allocate IP addresses, while detach procedures deregister UEs when no longer requiring service.
The document discusses the evolution of 3G networks to LTE networks. It describes key technologies such as OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and MIMO that improve spectral efficiency and throughput. The LTE network architecture is presented, including elements such as the E-UTRAN, MME, serving gateway, PDN gateway, and HSS. The interfaces between these elements are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of the agenda and content for a training on Samsung eNodeB integration and commissioning. Day 2 focuses on Samsung eNodeB and LSMR (LTE Site Manager - Radio) basics, as well as the process for growing and integrating eNodeBs. Key topics covered include the hardware and software architecture of Samsung eNodeBs and LSMRs, as well as their functions and interfaces. The training will also cover configuring and activating eNodeBs using the LSMR system, as well as performing automatic neighbor relations and cell optimization functions.
This document provides an overview of LTE technology including:
- The evolution of 3G UMTS networks and the motivation for developing LTE standards.
- Key requirements for LTE such as higher data rates, improved spectrum efficiency, and reduced latency.
- An overview of LTE release versions and their major features such as OFDMA, SC-FDMA, E-UTRAN architecture.
- LTE frequency bands and the expansion of spectrum for 3GPP standards.
- How LTE-Advanced builds upon LTE to meet IMT-Advanced specifications including carrier aggregation and advanced MIMO.
This document provides an overview of LTE basics including:
- The LTE network architecture uses a flat design with eNodeBs and an Evolved Packet Core consisting of the MME, S-GW, and P-GW.
- Key LTE technologies include OFDMA in the downlink, SC-FDMA in the uplink, and MIMO. The radio protocol stack separates user and control planes.
- LTE aims to provide high peak data rates up to 100Mbps downlink and 50Mbps uplink, low latency under 10ms, improved spectrum efficiency, and support for bandwidths up to 20MHz.
- LTE-Advanced further improves on LTE with data
Tutorial about MPLS Implementation with Cisco Router, this first of two chapter discuss about What is MPLS, Network Design, P, PE, and CE Router Description, Case Study of IP MPLS Implementation, IP and OSPF Routing Configuration
The document summarizes Profibus DP (distributed peripheral) and Profibus FMS (Fieldbus message specification). Profibus DP allows multiple masters that each assign slaves, while FMS allows peer-to-peer messaging between masters. Profibus DP uses EIA-485 physical layer and operates at speeds up to 12Mbps for high-speed sensor/actuator data transfer. It provides cyclic and acyclic data services between masters and slaves. Profibus FMS uses the same data link layer as DP and enables messaging between masters.
This document provides an overview of the data link layer and media access control. It discusses topics like link-layer addressing, data link layer protocols, framing, error control, flow control, and common data link layer protocols. It provides examples of finite state machines to illustrate the simple protocol and stop-and-wait protocol. Key points covered include how framing separates messages, the use of bit stuffing to avoid flag patterns in data, flow control using buffers, and acknowledgments for error control.
This slide for your understanding on LTE !
LTE, the wireless access protocol for 4G mobile network service, has evolved from GSM and WCDMA based on 3GPP!
The contents of this slide is below;
I. LTE Introduction
II. LTE Protocol Layer
III. SAE Architecture
IV. NAS(Non Access Stratum) Protocols
V. EPC Protocol Stacks
With my regards,
Guisun Han
Frame Relay is a virtual circuit wide-area network technology designed in the late 1980s that operates at the physical and data link layers. It allows for bursty data transmission and higher transmission speeds than traditional WANs. Frame Relay uses virtual circuits identified by a Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) to transmit data between nodes. It supports both permanent virtual circuits (PVCs) and switched virtual circuits (SVCs). Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a network protocol that transmits data in fixed length cells over virtual paths and circuits to provide connection-oriented services between endpoints.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
1. 1—LTE
1 LTE
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP),
all-IP wireless protocol that evolved from GSM. Some of the features that LTE
provides are as follows:
• Increased data rates and high efficiency versus pre-4G networks
• Increased signal range with better user response times
• Interoperability with circuit-switched legacy networks
This section includes the following LTE modeling topics:
• LTE Model Features on page LTE-1-2
• LTE Model Assumptions on page LTE-1-59
• LTE Model Limitations on page LTE-1-61
• LTE Model Unsupported Features on page LTE-1-62
• LTE Node Models on page LTE-1-63
• Configuring LTE on page LTE-1-65
• Analyzing LTE Networks on page LTE-1-76
• LTE Reference Documents on page LTE-1-85
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-1
2. 1—LTE
LTE Model Features
This section provides a list of the main features available in the LTE model:
• EPS Bearer Definitions
• Service Data Flow Classification on page LTE-1-5
• EPS Session Management (ESM) on page LTE-1-6
• Broadcast and Multicast Traffic on page LTE-1-8
— Multimedia Multicast Broadcast Service (MBMS)
• Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) on page LTE-1-10
• Radio Link Control (RLC) on page LTE-1-10
• Medium Access Control (MAC) on page LTE-1-11
• Physical Layer on page LTE-1-21
— FDD and TDD Schemes
• Hybrid Automatic Retransmission Request (HARQ) on page LTE-1-38
• Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) and Link Rate Adaptation on page LTE-1-42
• Admission Control on page LTE-1-43
• EPS Mobility Management (EMM) on page LTE-1-45
• eNodeB Failure and Recovery Support on page LTE-1-58
EPS Bearer Definitions
An Evolved Packet System (EPS) bearer is a transmission path of defined
quality, capacity, delay, and so on. The following describes support for EPS
bearer definitions in the LTE model:
• Up to eight EPS bearers, including the Default bearer, per User Equipment
(UE), are supported
• At a minimum, each UE has one non-guaranteed bit rate (Non-GBR) type
EPS bearer, which is called the Default bearer
• The Default bearer is established as soon as the UE gets attached to an
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
• Higher layer traffic that could not be mapped to any of the configured EPS
bearers is served by the Default bearer
LTE-1-2 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
3. 1—LTE
• The following parameters are used to define the EPS bearers and are
configurable in the following attribute: LTE Config Node >
EPS Bearer Definitions.
— Allocation Retention Priority (ARP)—Used by admission control for GBR
bearers only
— Uplink/Downlink Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR)—For GBR bearers only
— QoS Class Identifier (QCI)—Associates the bearer with a QoS Class
Definition. QoS Class Definitions consist of three parameters: bearer
(resource) type, L2 packet delay budget, and L2 packet loss budget. The
QCI corresponding to each QoS Class Definition is as follows:
Table 1-1 Standardized QCI Characteristics1
Resource
Type Priority
Packet Delay
Budget
Packet Error
Loss Rate Example Services
1 GBR 2 100 ms 10-2 Conversational Voice
2 4 150 ms 10-3 Conversational Video (live streaming)
3 3 50 ms 10-3 Real-Time Gaming
4 5 300 ms 10-6 Non-Conversational Video (buffered
streaming)
5 Non-GBR 1 100 ms 10-6 IMS Signaling
6 6 300 ms 10-6 • Video (Buffered Streaming)
• TCP-based (e.g., web, e-mail, chat,
FTP, point-to-point file sharing,
progressive video, etc.)
7 7 100 ms 10-3 • Voice
• Video (Live Streaming)
• Interactive Gaming
8 8 300 ms 10-6 • Video (Buffered Streaming)
• TCP-based (e.g., web, e-mail, chat,
FTP, point-to-point file sharing,
progressive video, etc.)
1. Source: 3GPP TS 23.203 "Policy and charging control architecture"
The bearer type parameter has two values: GBR and non-GBR. GBR
bearers have minimum rate guarantees and are required to go through
admission control when their radio bearers are created. Non-GBRs are
best effort bearers with no resource guarantees at all.
The L2 Packet Delay Budget (L2PDB) parameter describes the
maximum time that packets shall spend transiting through radio link
control (RLC) and MAC layers within the network and the terminal. It shall
be interpreted as a maximum delay with a confidence level of 98 percent.
This parameter is applicable only for GBR bearers.
QCI
9 9
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-3
4. 1—LTE
The L2 Packet Loss Rate (L2PLR) parameter describes the maximum
ratio of Layer-2 packets that have not been successfully delivered to the
peer entity. This parameter is not supported in LTE simulations.
• Values of the EPS bearer parameters listed in this section are among the
inputs used by eNodeB schedulers. The parameter values are also inherited
by other entities mapped to a given EPS bearer across different sublayers in
the LTE system as required (for example, radio bearers and logical,
transport, and physical channels).
• The LTE model assumes that complete configurations of all the EPS bearers
of the UEs are known by the LTE core network at the beginning of the
simulation. Therefore an EPC node will always be able to identify the EPS
bearer of arriving downlink data traffic even if that bearer is inactive at that
moment and was never activated.
• An EPS bearer and its radio and S1 bearers are created when that EPS
bearer has at least one active service data flow (SDF). Note the following:
— Higher layer data packets are queued while the bearers are being
created
— Non-GBR EPS bearers are not destroyed or deactivated once they are
created
— Requests for radio bearers of GBR EPS bearers go through the
admission control procedure, since there will be a certain amount of cell
resources reserved for those bearers.
Data flow activity through GBR EPS bearers is monitored. If a bearer
becomes inactive for a certain period (configurable via the LTE >
Admission Control Parameters > Inactive Bearer Timeout attribute on
the eNodeB), then its radio bearer is torn down and the cell resources
reserved for it are released. This makes the EPS bearer inactive. When
the EPS bearer has at least one active SDF again, then it is re-activated.
If the request to create a radio bearer for a GBR EPS bearer is rejected
by admission control, then queued packets of that EPS bearer are
flushed (unless they are switched to the Default bearer). Later, if any of
that bearer's SDF becomes active again, the radio bearer creation
procedure is re-initiated.
Preemption by admission control is also modeled. When the cell is
congested, GBR radio bearers with high ARP (low priority) are
preempted if that is needed and sufficient to accept a radio bearer
request for an EPS bearer with a low ARP (high priority).
When the link adaptation procedure changes the MCS index of the UE
based on channel conditions, and if the magnitude of this change
exceeds a threshold, resources required by the active GBR bearers of
that UE are reevaluated by the admission control entity of its eNodeB. If
the new MCS index is lower, the resources needed by the active GBR
LTE-1-4 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
5. 1—LTE
bearers of that UE to guarantee the quality of service required by those
bearers may not be available anymore in the cell under current load
conditions. In that case, the eNodeB may release the bearers, using a
procedure similar to releasing a bearer during inactivity or preemption.
Key Concept—Note the following in regard to the implications of reevaluation.
(1) One or more lower priority bearers are preempted if the reevaluated bearer
requires more cell resources. (2) The reevaluated bearer is released if there are
not enough resources to sustain the bearer.
EPS bearers are considered bidirectional. The values of the EPS bearer
parameters that do not have a type of “bit rate” are taken into account for both
directions. On the other hand, there will be separate values specified for the
GBR and maximum bit rate (MBR) parameters for uplink and downlink.
Service Data Flow Classification
The following features are supported for Service Data Flows.
• Support for Traffic Flow Template (TFT)
• End-to-End EPS Bearer Mapping on page LTE-1-6
Support for Traffic Flow Template (TFT)
• One TFT is associated with each EPS bearer and is defined as part of the
bearer's configuration at UE nodes in the following attribute: LTE >
EPS Bearer Configurations > TFT Packet Filters
• Multiple packet filters can be defined per TFT. Each filter can be uplink only,
downlink only, or bidirectional.
• Each packet filter specifies an IP Service Data Flows (SDF) based on one of
the following:
— Type of service / traffic class
— Source IP address (host or network)
— Destination IP address (host or network)
— Protocol
— Source port (single value or range)
— Destination port (single value or range)
• SDFs with no matching filter under any EPS bearer use the Default bearer
• SDFs with matching filters for which the corresponding EPS/radio bearer is
rejected by admission control may use the Default bearer instead of being
dropped. This can be specified by setting the corresponding attribute while
configuring the EPS bearer at UE nodes.
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-5
6. 1—LTE
End-to-End EPS Bearer Mapping
In the uplink direction, the data messages are routed into the corresponding
EPS bearer and EPS bearer subcomponents by using the following mapping:
• UE: SDF—>TFT. At the UE the SDF information (e.g. ToS, source port, etc.)
is mapped to a TFT.
• UE: TFT—>RB-ID. For any given TFT there is a corresponding RB-ID that
identifies the radio bearer which transports the user data over the radio to the
eNodeB.
• eNodeB: RB-ID—>S1-TEID. For a given RB-ID at the eNodeB a tunnel ID on
the S1 interface is available towards the EPC.
In the downlink direction, the data messages are routed into their corresponding
EPS bearer and EPS bearer subcomponents by using the following mapping:
• P-GW (EPC): SDF —>TFT. At the EPC the SDF information (e.g. ToS,
source port, etc.) is mapped to a TFT.
• P-GW (EPC): TFT—>S1-TEID. Any given TFT in the EPC has a
corresponding tunnel ID on the S1 interface that transports the data traffic
towards the corresponding eNodeB.
• eNodeB: S1-TEID—>RB-ID. Once the data traffic reaches the eNodeB the
S1 tunnel ID is mapped to a corresponding RB-ID, which is the radio bearer
that will deliver the data traffic to the corresponding UE.
EPS Session Management (ESM)
The following topics are covered in this section:
• EPS Bearer Creation/Activation
• GTP Tunneling Between eNodeB and EPC Nodes on page LTE-1-7
EPS Bearer Creation/Activation
The EPS bearer creation/activation is modeled based on Figure 5.4.1-1:
“Dedicated Bearer Activation Procedure” in 3GPP TS 23.401, “General Packet
Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access Network (E-UTRAN) access”. If the UE wants to trigger creation or
activation of a bearer, the UE communicates with the PCRF entity in the EPC
node using an ESM Bearer Resource Modification Request message, and from
that point on, the same procedure is executed to create or activate the
requested EPS bearer.
LTE-1-6 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
7. 1—LTE
The procedure used to deactivate GBR-type EPS bearers and their radio
bearers is implemented based on Figure 5.4.4.2-1: “MME initiated Dedicated
Bearer Deactivation Procedure” in 3GPP TS 23.401 “General Packet Radio
Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Network (E-UTRAN) access”. The procedure is initiated by eNodeBs. An
eNodeB deactivates a GBR bearer and frees its radio resources either due to
inactivity of the bearer or to admit a higher priority GBR bearer (for example,
because of preemption triggered by admission control).
GTP Tunneling Between eNodeB and EPC Nodes
GTP tunnels carry the EPS bearers in the core network. A GTP tunnel is
dynamically established for each EPS bearer.The GTP layer is located at the
eNodeB and EPC nodes as shown below:
Figure 1-1 GTP Tunneling Between eNodeB and EPC Nodes
IP datagrams are sent through the corresponding GTP tunnels in the LTE core
network with encapsulation headers as illustrated in the figure below.
Figure 1-2 IP Datagram Encapsulation Over GTP Tunnel
• The IP ToS value for the outer IP header inside the GTP tunnel is inherited
from the IP ToS value of the original IP datagram sent by the user (that is,
the value contained in the inner IP header).
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-7
8. 1—LTE
• GTP-C is used instead to model the control plane between the UE, eNodeB,
and MME (S1-C interface). A pair of GTP tunnels (one uplink and one
downlink) is therefore established between the eNodeB and EPC for each
UE that is registered in the network in order to carry the management
messages to and from that UE.
• The S1-TEID uniquely identifies a GTP tunnel, and due to one-to-one
mapping between S1-TEIDs and RB-IDs, the S1-TEID also forms the
association between a GTP tunnel and its radio bearer (RB-ID)
Broadcast and Multicast Traffic
Downlink broadcast and multicast traffic are supported.
Broadcast Traffic
Broadcast packets received at the EPC are forwarded to all eNodeBs (served
by the EPC) and UEs in the subnet only if the destination address is the
broadcast IP address of that EPC subnet.
Multicast Traffic
The Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) model is supported to
provide delivery of multicast traffic to the UEs.
The following components of MBMS are supported:
• MBSFN Area Profiles—(Multi-Media Broadcast over a Single Frequency
Network) An MBMS area includes the definition of the frame resources
reserved for MBMS services and the list of MBMS bearers that will use those
resources. MBSFN Area profiles are defined in the LTE Configuration Utility
attribute “MBSFN Area Profiles” and can be associated with any eNodeB by
setting this attribute on the eNodeB: LTE > MBMS > MBSFN Area.
The common allocation period defines the frame and subframe patterns of
the reserved resources. The common allocation period is configured in the
LTE Configuration Utility attributes MBSFN Area Profiles >
Common Subframe Allocation and MBSFN Area Profiles >
Common Subframe Allocation Pattern.
• MBMS Bearers—The MBMS bearers belonging to a given profile are defined
in the attribute MBSFN Area Profiles > MBMS Bearer List. For each MBMS
bearer, you must specify an IP multicast address. This IP multicast address
must match the address associated with the multicast application deployed
to the UEs. IP multicast addresses should not be repeated across different
MBSFN area profiles.
Note that allocation of the MBMS bearers into the common allocation period
is done by the simulation, based on the bearer's attributes (downlink
maximum bit rate, allocation delay, and modulation and coding scheme
index). The allocation of each MBMS bearer is distributed across multiple
frames occupying a maximum of one subframe per frame. This allows the
simulation to evenly distribute the delay of the radio subframes occupied by
LTE-1-8 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
9. 1—LTE
each MBMS bearer, although a single MBMS bearer may be prevented from
occupying the full capacity that an MBSFN area may offer. Given that a
maximum of six subframes per frame can be used by MBMS services (if
configured accordingly in the common subframe allocation pattern), then the
full capacity of an MBSFN area can be achieved by configuring six MBMS
bearers in that area (assuming all six subframes are in use).
• MBMS Single Frequency Network (MBSFN)—MBSFN enforces
synchronization of all MBMS transmissions across all eNodeBs that are
configured under the same MBSFN area profile. Transmissions are
synchronized in both time and frequency, creating a macro-diversity effect on
which MBMS packets sent from different eNodeBs—within the same MBSFN
area—do not interfere with each other. Instead, the eNodeBs reinforce each
other due to a combining gain.
The model supports a time synchronization mechanism that aligns the
multicast data packets so they are sent at the same subframe time by all the
eNodeBs using the same MBSFN area profile. To accomplish this, each
MBSFN area profile has an attribute called “Synchronization Delay”. The
data packets will be considered for transmission by the eNodeBs on the next
MBMS subframe after the delay indicated by this attribute. If the delay of an
MBMS packet between the EPC and an eNodeB is greater than the
synchronization delay, then that data packet will be dropped.
• IGMP Snooping—eNodeB and EPC nodes use IGMP join messages sent by
the UEs to “activate” the corresponding MBMS bearers and the pre-allocated
resources for each MBMS bearer. IGMP leave messages are used to
“deactivate” the MBMS bearers and their resources. The unused subframes
can then be used by DSCH to transport non-GBR unicast traffic.
• MBMS Gateway—The MBMS gateway functionality is located at the EPC
node. The EPC node forwards multicast traffic in a given MBMS area only to
the eNodeBs that are currently serving UEs that have joined a particular
MBMS bearer. This forwarding stops when all clients of the MBMS bearer
leave the multicast service in that eNodeB. When no more multicast clients
are in any eNodeBs, the EPC node stops forwarding to that MBMS bearer.
• Mobility and MBMS—As the UEs with active multicast applications move
across the network and change their serving eNodeBs, the MBMS system
updates the number of active users of the given MBMS bearers at the
eNodeBs and EPC. As a result of the updates, the EPC/MBMS gateway may
stop forwarding MBMS traffic to eNodeBs where all subscribers of a given
MBMS bearer (or bearers) have left, or start forwarding the MBMS traffic to
the eNodeBs where the active subscribers are now attached. eNodeB failure
will cause the interruption of MBMS services on that eNodeB.
• Multi-sector eNodeBs support MBMS services, although all sectors in the
eNodeB must be subscribed to the same MBSFN area. Then multi-sector
eNodeBs' MBMS configuration can be found independently from the LTE
sectors' attributes, under LTE > MBMS.
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-9
10. 1—LTE
• Multicast packets that are received at the EPC (when MBMS is not
configured) are forwarded to all eNodeBs and UEs in the subnet. When a UE
is not a member of the given multicast group, it simply ignores the
transmission. If the EPC receives packets for a multicast address not
associated with any of the MBMS bearers in the MBMS area, the multicast
traffic is broadcast to all eNodeBs and UEs in the subnet without using
MBMS resources.
Note—You must configure IP multicast in your network before you can run LTE
multicast operations in the network model. See IP Multicast for more
information.
Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
The PDCP layer in the model supports transfer of uplink and downlink packets
during normal operation and during re-establishment. The model performs
assignment and maintenance of sequence numbers, header
compression/decompression, duplicate detection, and packet-dropping based
on the discard timer.
During PDCP re-establishment, the model performs in-sequence delivery of
PDUs to the higher layer, and for bearers mapped on RLC AM,
unacknowledged packets are retransmitted to the lower layer.
A constant PDCP overhead of 16 bits is added to all higher-layer packets.
PDCP header compression is performed for UDP/IP and TCP/IP headers for all
higher-layer packets arriving in the LTE layer of the corresponding LTE nodes.
The header compression ratio is estimated based on a probability distribution
function.
PDCP header compression parameters specified in 3GPP TS 36.323 are
configurable at the UE and eNodeB nodes via the attribute LTE >
PDCP Compression. Compression ratios for UDP/IP and TCP/IP are configured
separately.
Radio Link Control (RLC)
Segmentation and concatenation procedures are performed using a dynamic
PDU size that is determined by the scheduler decisions (allocation sizes) based
on the subframe capacity and relative priorities of the radio bearers with
non-empty transmission queues.
The model supports the following RLC modes:
• Transparent mode—No RLC header is included in this mode.
• Unacknowledged mode—This mode ensures in-sequence delivery of SDUs
to the higher layers.
LTE-1-10 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
11. 1—LTE
• Acknowledged mode—This mode ensures retransmission of missing SDUs
in addition to in-sequence delivery of SDUs to the higher layers.
— While transmitting PDUs, an RLC entity in acknowledged mode follows
this priority order: status report PDU > retransmitted PDU(s) > PDU with
new data
— Upon successful delivery of higher layer PDUs, an indication is sent to
the PDCP layer
— Upon reaching the retransmission threshold, an indication is sent to the
higher layer
— While retransmitting RLC AMD PDUs, segmentation of the retransmitted
PDUs in cases of small maximum allowed PDU sizes is supported
RLC parameters specified in 3GPP TS 36.322 are configurable in the attribute
LTE > EPS Bearer Configurations > Radio Bearer RLC Configuration.
Signaling radio bearers (SRBs) use RLC acknowledged mode (AM). The RLC
mode of the data radio bearers is configurable separately for uplink and
downlink, and the selection is between unacknowledged mode (UM) and AM,
with the exception that the Default bearer always uses UM. Only CCCH
transmissions use transparent mode, and all CCCH transmissions use this
mode.
The model supports the RLC re-establishment procedure as specified in section
5.4 of 3GPP TS 36.322.
Medium Access Control (MAC)
This section describes LTE model support for the MAC layer and includes the
following sections:
• Channel Mapping
• Random Access Procedure on page LTE-1-13
• Scheduling Requests on page LTE-1-13
• Buffer Status Reporting (BSR) on page LTE-1-13
• Frame Generation and Scheduler on page LTE-1-14
• Discontinuous Reception (DRX) in Connected Mode on page LTE-1-16
• Channel Dependent Scheduling on page LTE-1-15
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-11
12. 1—LTE
Channel Mapping
• Mapping of EPS/radio bearers into logical channels is performed
• Mapping of logical channels into transport channels is performed
The following table shows the logical channels that are modeled together with
their transport channels and usage:
Table 1-2 Mapping of Logical Channels to Transport Channels
Direction Logical Channel Transport Channel Usage
Downlink Common Control Channel
Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) Control messages sent before
UE's RRC connection
Dedicated Traffic Channel
(DTCH)
Downlink user data
Dedicated Control Channel
(DCCH)
Downlink control information
Uplink Common Control Channel
Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH) Control message sent before
RRC connection
Dedicated Traffic Channel
(DTCH)
Uplink user data
Dedicated Control Channel
(DCCH)
Uplink control information
The “starting” modulation and coding rate of the UE for both DL-SCH and
UL-SCH is determined by the “Modulation and Coding Rate” attribute
configured on the UE. If the simulation is run in the efficiency mode “PHY
Disabled”, this MCS index does not change during the simulation duration.
Otherwise, the MCS index for each UL-SCH and DL-SCH adapts itself
depending upon the channel conditions.
• MCS index values and their mapping to TBS indices are based on table
7.1.7.1-1 for PDSCH and table 8.6.1-1 for PUSCH in [36.213]
• The transport block size, in bits, is determined by applying the TBS index
(ITBS) and the number of transport blocks (NPRB) in table 7.1.7.2.1-1 of
[36.213]
Between each UE and its eNodeB, SRB0 and SRB1 are the radio bearers of
CCCH and DCCH, respectively. There is a separate radio bearer for the Default
bearer and each active EPS bearer.
(CCCH)
(CCCH)
LTE-1-12 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
13. 1—LTE
Random Access Procedure
Random access procedure is implemented as follows:
• A UE MAC uses random access procedure to send CCCH messages to
eNodeB until the setup of the RRC connection during the network attachment
is complete, and to send buffer status reports to eNodeB if the UE does not
have any slot assigned on PUCCH to transmit scheduling requests.
• Number and format of random access (RA) preambles, number of RA
resources per frame, the values of RA related timers, and maximum back-off
duration are attributes of each eNodeB, and these are retrieved and used by
the eNodeB's UEs.
The relevant attributes are in LTE > Random Access Parameters on eNodeBs.
For TDD mode, the set of random access parameters configurable for each type
of physical profile is restricted. If you configure random access attributes that
cannot be used for the given TDD physical profile, the parameters are changed
internally and a DES log message notifies you of the change.
Scheduling Requests
A UE MAC can make Scheduling Request (SR) transmissions in order to
request UL-SCH resources for new uplink transmissions when the surrounding
UE has slots assigned on PUCCH for this purpose.
Buffer Status Reporting (BSR)
Buffer Status Reporting is configurable on eNodeB in the following compound
attribute: LTE > Buffer Status Report Parameters
• Short and long BSRs are supported
• Regular, periodic, and padding BSRs are implemented
• The mapping of the bearers to the four Logical Channel Groups (LCGs) for
the purpose of buffer status reporting is based on the QCI values of the
bearers. The QCI-to-LCG mapping is as follows:
Table 1-3 QCI-to-LCG Mapping for Buffer Status Reporting
LCG QCI Values Description
0 0, 5 This LCG represents the signaling bearer (QCI 0)
and the high priority non-GBR bearers (QCI 5)
1 1, 2, 3, 4 Used for GBR bearers
2 6, 7, 8 Used for non-GBR bearers, except the Default
bearer
3 9 Used for non-GBR Default bearer
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-13
14. 1—LTE
Frame Generation and Scheduler
A common scheduler is used for the following tasks:
• At eNodeBs, while generating the MPDUs of a downlink subframe
• At eNodeBs, while creating the uplink grants for an uplink subframe
• At UEs, while filling an uplink grant with the data of active bearers
The scheduler operates based on the following main rules:
• Signaling bearers (that is, bearers carrying protocol packets) have higher
priority over data bearers
• GBR bearers have priority over non-GBR bearers. One exception is that
non-GBR bearers with a QCI of “5” have higher priority over GBR bearers.
• Frame capacity is expected to be sufficient to handle all the GBR bearer
traffic, since their radio bearers are accepted only through admission control.
The scheduling algorithm used for servicing the GBR bearers is proportional
fair scheduling, which guarantees a minimum transport of the bit rate
specified in the EPS bearer contract with delays below the values that are
specified in Table 1-1 on page LTE-1-3. Traffic contract for an uplink logical
channel group is the combination of the individual traffic contracts of its GBR
bearer members. The combined bit rate is the sum of the individual bearers'
bit rates. The combined delay is the minimum of the individual bearers'
delays.
— The remaining frame capacity is given to non-GBR bearers. The
non-GBR bearers are serviced using a fairness scheduling scheme, in
which available resources are shared equally among bearers with data
when they have the same QCI.
• In some cases, GBR bearers have traffic that exceeds their contract due to
underestimation of RLC and MAC layer overheads or due to a higher than
expected load from higher layers. In such cases, the excess traffic of GBR
bearers are served by the scheduler the same way the traffic of non-GBR
bearers is served but only after all the traffic of regular non-GBR bearers is
handled.
— The frame generator is run in every subframe for the FDD mode. For the
TDD mode, the frame generator is run only when the present subframe
is downlink. Grants for future uplink subframes are signaled in the
present downlink subframe. For the FDD, grants are signaled for an
uplink four subframes from now. For the TDD, this is determined by Table
10.1-1 in standard [36.213].
LTE-1-14 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
15. 1—LTE
• While creating a subframe, the frame generator at eNodeB services the
pending Random Access Responses (RARs) as the highest priority by
placing them into the DL subframe and creating the corresponding UL grants
within the UL subframe. Queued CCCH messages are placed into the DL
subframe as the second highest priority. From that point on, the scheduler is
used to fill the rest of the subframes.
— Pending RARs that could not be served in the next subframe are not
queued for the following subframes, and they are discarded.
• The DL subframe is shared between the Physical Downlink Control Channel
(PDCCH) and the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH). OPNET's
frame generator algorithm supports flexible resizing of the DL control
channel. PDCCH can take anywhere between one and three symbol times,
with the exact number depending on the number of control channel elements
(CCEs) in that subframe. If PDCCH is resized to one or two symbol times,
extra space is created for PDSCH, which can then be used to send more
data.
• The eNodeB UL scheduler services individual uplink logical channel groups;
however, allocations in a subframe for all the bearers belonging to the same
UE are provided to the UE as a single uplink grant.
For more information about frame generation and scheduling as it relates to
HARQ, see Hybrid Automatic Retransmission Request (HARQ) on
page LTE-1-38.
Note—LTE Consortium members can find the design document for frame
generation and scheduling here:
http://www.opnet.com/LTE_members/materials/LTE%20Frame%20Generator
%20and%20Scheduler.pdf.
Channel Dependent Scheduling
Channel dependent scheduling is supported. LTE uses channel variations as
input to the scheduler. By taking into account the channel conditions at each
time and subband, the scheduler has the option of scheduling UEs in their
preferred subbands.This can improve performance for some UEs, as well as the
performance of the overall cell. To perform channel dependent scheduling,
eNodeB needs information of each specific subband, which the UEs provide by
means of CQI feedback.
See also Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) and Link Rate Adaptation on
page LTE-1-42.
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-15
16. 1—LTE
Discontinuous Reception (DRX) in Connected Mode
DRX in connected mode is a power-saving method that exists in LTE. DRX is a
method by which the UE can switch off its receiver for a period of time, thereby
saving energy, while remaining in the RRC_Connected state.
Note—For details on how DRX timing is modeled, see DRX Timing on
page LTE-1-17.
Values of DRX parameters used in a cell are advertised by the eNodeB. These
values can be configured on the eNodeB under LTE > DRX Parameters. The
ability to perform DRX procedures is a UE capability and is configured on the
UE under LTE > DRX Parameters > DRX Capability. The model also allows
UEs to use their own DRX parameters, configured under LTE >
DRX Parameters instead of the ones advertised in the cell.
Note—To use the UE-specific parameters, “Use Cell DRX Parameters” must be
Disabled on the UE. Otherwise the UE-specific DRX parameters are ignored,
and the UE receives the DRX configuration from the eNodeB to which it
attaches.
In the following example, the UE will respect the DRX parameters on the
eNodeB, because “Use Cell DRX Parameters” is Enabled.
Figure 1-3 DRX Parameters
If the DRX parameters are configured as shown on this
UE, it will use the DRX parameters configured on the
eNodeB to which it connects.
LTE-1-16 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
17. 1—LTE
DRX Timing This section describes the way the DRX timing is modeled. The
following figure illustrates DRX timing. Note the significant power savings during
DRX Sleep and Active periods, as compared to DRX Inactive periods (when
data are being transmitted).
Figure 1-4 DRX Timing
What is the DRX
Cycle?
Note that the DRX Cycle to which we refer comprises two periods: Active and
Sleep. When the UE is configured for DRX but is not running the DRX cycle,
then the UE is considered to be in the DRX Inactive (Normal) state.
How is the DRX
State of the UE
Determined?
The DRX state of the UE is determined by the following logic:
Note—More detail is provided in the section that follows.
• Normal or DRX Inactive—(Corresponding to the red bands in Figure 1-4.)
During the Inactive cycle, the UE either runs the inactivity timer or has uplink
data.
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-17
18. 1—LTE
• DRX Active—(Corresponding to the yellow bands in Figure 1-4.) During the
Active period of the DRX cycle, the UE does not have uplink data.
• DRX Sleep—(Corresponding to the green bands in Figure 1-4.) During the
Sleep period of the DRX cycle, the UE does not have uplink data.
UE States during
DRX Operation
Different DRX states are illustrated in Figure 1-4. From this figure, you can
understand the relative power consumption based on the DRX state of a UE.
This section describes more details of the various DRX states and timers, and
the power savings you can expect:
• DRX Inactive/Normal—In the DRX Inactive (or Normal) state, power
consumption is highest. The UE enters the Normal state when it either
suspends its DRX cycle and starts the inactivity timer or receives higher layer
data that needs to be transported to the eNodeB on the uplink.
— An inactivity timer starts after the reception of a packet on the downlink.
The length of this timer is set in the attribute “Inactivity Timer
(subframes).”
— If the UE receives a new downlink packet while it is running the inactivity
timer, the inactivity timer is restarted. You can see this in the figure where
the two red bands overlap.
— If no other packets are received before the timer expires, the UE enters
the DRX cycle, thus beginning a power savings mode.
— The UE may still enter the Normal state while it is running the DRX cycle
(in either an Active or Sleep period) when it receives higher layer data,
depending on the setting of the “Wake-Up Policy for Uplink Data”
attribute. (More details about this attribute are provided in the description
of DRX Sleep, later in this section.) This behavior is characterized by the
last red band in Figure 1-4, and the simultaneous operation of the DRX
cycle is characterized by the yellow/green bands in the background of the
figure.
Key Concept—When a UE is running the DRX cycle but enters the Normal
state, as indicated above, no power savings are realized.
LTE-1-18 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
19. 1—LTE
• DRX Active—When the UE enters the RRC_Connected state, it starts the
DRX cycle that consists of the On duration (when it is in the “DRX Active”
period) and the Off duration (when it is in the “DRX Sleep” period). The DRX
cycle may be suspended when higher layer downlink data is received (as
stated in the “DRX Inactive/Normal” details, above) and is restarted when the
downlink activity is silent for the duration of the inactive timer. Note the
following:
— The “On Duration Timer” is configurable in subframes, where 1 subframe
= 1 ms.
— A noticeable power savings is achieved in the DRX Active period versus
the Normal state.
— During the DRX Active period, the UE scans the PDCCH for any downlink
control indicators (DCI) that indicate downlink MPDUs to be received
from the eNodeB. If such a packet arrives, the UE terminates the DRX
cycle and enters the Normal state (shown in red in the figure).
• DRX Sleep—When the “On Duration Timer” expires, if no MPDUs are being
received, the UE enters the DRX sleep state (shown in green in Figure 1-4),
which provides maximum power savings.
— When the UE enters the sleep period, the sleep timer starts.
— During the DRX sleep period, the UE does not receive any downlink data.
The eNodeB caches data until the UE enters the DRX Active period
again.
— Only the arrival of higher-layer uplink data or the expiration of sleep
period will end the short DRX cycle. If the UE receives a new uplink
transmission while in the DRX sleep period, one of two actions will occur,
depending on the setting of the “Wake-Up Policy for Uplink Data”
attribute.
- The UE requests bandwidth immediately, irrespective of the DRX mode
(default behavior).
- The UE caches uplink packets and waits until the current DRX sleep
period expires.
Note—If the eNodeB detects uplink activity for the UE, the eNodeB will take the
opportunity to send downlink packets to the UE as well, which can result in lower
downlink delays.
— At the end of the short DRX sleep period, the UE enters the DRX active
period again and scans for transmissions. You can see this in Figure 1-4.
— If “Use Short DRX Cycle” is disabled, the UE will enter a long DRX cycle
instead. (See DRX Long Sleep, below, for more details.)
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-19
20. 1—LTE
• DRX Long Sleep—When no MPDUs have been received during the DRX
Active period following the short DRX sleep period, the UE enters a long DRX
sleep period. The behavior of the UE is the same in both short and long DRX
sleep periods. The only exception to this is that the UE runs the long DRX
sleep cycle timer during the long DRX sleep periods.
Note—The duration of the long DRX cycle is a product of the value of the “Short
DRX Cycle Timer” and the value of the “Long DRX Cycle Multiplication Factor.”
For example, if the short cycle is configured for a duration of 20 subframes and
the multiplication factor is 4, then the long cycle is 80 subframes in duration.
Power Consumption Measurement on UE
Power consumption during the UE’s operation is configurable in the following
attributes under LTE > Operational Power Settings on the UEs.
• Operating Power in Normal State—Specifies the power consumption rate
of the UE during the Normal state (i.e., when the UE is fully capable of
transmitting and receiving). Default: 100 mW.
• Operating Power in Active State—Specifies the power consumption rate of
the UE during the active period of the DRX cycle (i.e., when the UE is running
the DRX cycle and is only scanning the PDCCH to detect data intended for
the UE). Default: 40 mW.
• Operating Power in Sleep State—Specifies the power consumption rate of
the UE during the sleep period of the DRX cycle (i.e., when the UE is running
the DRX cycle but is not scanning or transmitting and is not capable of
receiving). Default: 10 mW.
In addition, the battery capacity of a UE is used to calculate the remaining
battery life on a UE (or at what time during the simulation the battery of the UE
is fully consumed) in the Power Consumption Report after a simulation. To
configure the battery capacity of a UE, choose LTE > PHY > Battery Capacity.
• Battery Capacity—Specifies the power capacity of the battery for a given
device in watt-hours.
At the end of a simulation, output tables display the results. See Power
Consumption Report on page LTE-1-82 for more information.
LTE-1-20 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
21. 1—LTE
Physical Layer
Packets are transmitted through the air interface, and wireless impairments are
considered. Physical layer effects over the transmitted wireless bursts are
supported as described in this section. Another purpose of the physical layer
implementation is to have a complete configuration of the LTE operational
channel to estimate the frame capacity, which is used by the admission control
algorithm and the schedulers at the MAC layer of eNodeBs.
The following topics are discussed in this section:
• Frame Structure on page LTE-1-21
• Physical Channels on page LTE-1-24
• Physical Layer Measurements on page LTE-1-25
• Transmission Power on page LTE-1-26
• Power Consumption Measurement for eNodeB on page LTE-1-26Antenna
on page LTE-1-27
• Pathloss on page LTE-1-27
• Interference on page LTE-1-27
• Modulation and Block Error Rate on page LTE-1-31
• Multipath Fading on page LTE-1-33
• Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output (MIMO) on page LTE-1-34
• Efficiency Mode on page LTE-1-36
Frame Structure
An eNodeB can deploy a physical profile either supporting FDD (Frequency
Division Duplex) or TDD (Time Division Duplex) technology. For FDD, both
uplink and downlink need their own spectra for operation, while for TDD, uplink
and downlink share the same radio spectrum. The TDD mode provides 7
different configurations to divide the radio resources between uplink and
downlink to support asymmetric traffic requirements, and can result in better
usage of resources due to its flexibility (see Table 1-5 on page LTE-1-23).
The following parameters define the frame structure, the duplexing scheme, and
the operational spectrum:
• Fixed Parameters on page LTE-1-22
• Configurable Parameters on LTE Config Node on page LTE-1-22
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-21
22. 1—LTE
Fixed Parameters
• Frame Structure Type: Type 1
— Frame Length: 10 ms
— Subframe length:1 ms
— Slot length: 0.5 ms
• Frequency Domain
— A resource block consists of 12 sub-carriers, each 15 kHz wide. The
length of a resource block is one slot.
— A resource element is a tile that is one symbol wide and one sub-carrier
high. Therefore a resource block has 84 or 72 resource elements
depending on the configured cyclic prefix length.
— A pair of two Resource Blocks (RBs) is the minimum allocation unit used
by the scheduler while determining the allocations on a frame. The
pairing is in time domain, making the allocation unit one subframe (1 ms)
in length.
— Downlink reference symbols occupy four resource elements in each RB
of the downlink channel. This overhead is accounted for while computing
the frame capacity for the admission control procedure.
— Uplink reference symbols occupy 12 resource elements in each RB of the
uplink channel. This overhead is accounted for while computing the
frame capacity for the admission control procedure.
Configurable Parameters on LTE Config Node
• Duplexing Scheme—Both Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time
Division Duplex (TDD) are modeled. FDD Profiles are configured under
LTE PHY Profiles > FDD Profiles and TDD Profiles are configured under
LTE PHY Profiles > TDD Profiles.
FDD/TDD
Parameters
• Bandwidth—Allowed values are 1.4, 3.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 MHz. For
FDD profiles, this is configurable under FDD Profiles >
UL SC-FDMA Channel Configuration > Bandwidth for uplink and
FDD Profiles > DL OFDMA Channel Configuration > Bandwidth for
downlink. For TDD profiles, this is configurable under TDD Profiles >
TDD Channel Configuration > Bandwidth. The respective number of
resource blocks NRB is as follows:
Table 1-4 Channel Bandwidth Parameters1
Channel Bandwidth
BWChannel [MHz] 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
NRB 6 15 25 50 75 100
1. 3GPP TS 36.101 "User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception
LTE-1-22 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
23. 1—LTE
• Base Frequency—Determines the operational frequency of the channel
together with the channel bandwidth. For FDD profiles, this is configurable
under FDD Profiles > UL SC-FDMA Channel Configuration >
Base Frequency for uplink and FDD Profiles >
DL OFDMA Channel Configuration > Base Frequency for downlink. For TDD
profiles, this is configurable under TDD Profiles >
TDD Channel Configuration > Base Frequency.
• Cyclic Prefix Length—Allowed values include normal cyclic prefix and
extended cyclic prefix, which result in seven and six symbols per slot,
respectively. For FDD profiles, this is configurable under FDD Profiles >
UL SC-FDMA Channel Configuration > Cyclic Prefix Length for uplink and
FDD Profiles > DL OFDMA Channel Configuration > Cyclic Prefix Length for
downlink. For TDD profiles, this is configurable under TDD Profiles >
TDD Channel Configuration > Cyclic Prefix Length.
TDD Only
Parameters
• TDD Channel Index—Determines the "type" of TDD physical profile. Seven
types are defined in standard [36.213]. Each type differentiates itself from the
others in how the Uplink and Downlink subframes repeat within one frame.
This is configurable under TDD Profiles > TDD Channel Configuration >
TDD Channel Index.
Table 1-5 TDD Configurations
Index
Scheme
(Uplink:Downlink) Downlink %
0 3:2 40
1 2:3 60
2 1:41
3 3:7 70
4 2:8 80
5 1:9 90
6 3:3:2:2 50
1. Default value.
80
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-23
24. 1—LTE
Figure 1-5 TDD Configurations
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
• Downlink Symbols in Special Subframes—Determines the number of slots
used by the Downlink in "special" subframes. A special subframe is a
downlink subframe, which is immediately followed by an uplink subframe.
This is configurable under TDD Profiles > TDD Channel Configuration >
Downlink Symbols in Special Subframes.
As described above, the FDD and TDD physical profiles are specified on the
LTE Attribute Config utility node under the group attribute LTE PHY Profiles.
Each physical profile is uniquely identified by its name, which is specified under
the sub-attribute Name. To deploy a physical profile on an eNodeB, choose the
desired physical profile under the attribute LTE > PHY > PHY Profile. All profiles
configured on the LTE Attribute Config node will be available for selection.
Physical Channels
The following physical channels are modeled:
• Primary Broadcast Channel (PBCH)—All messages on this channel are
modeled without interference, that is, packet reception is always successful.
The following messages are sent on this channel:
— Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS)
— Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS)
— Master Information Block (MIB)
• Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
— DL data messages
— System Information Block (SIB)
LTE-1-24 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
25. 1—LTE
• Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)—Such as downlink L1/L2
control channel
— Transports Downlink Control Information (DCI) messages, which are as
follows:
3 Allocations for RAR messages
3 Allocations for CCCH
3 Allocations for unicast uplink and downlink signaling and data
messages (from the scheduler)
— While computing the DCI capacity of PDCCH, the overhead of Physical
Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) is taken into account
• Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
— Contention-based random access is supported
— The number and format of sequences available in the cell that can be
used for the random access preamble transmission is configurable via an
eNodeB attribute, and the default is 64. The model assumes that each
cell has a distinct set of sequence numbers.
— The number of random access resources available in each frame in the
cell is configurable using the corresponding attribute of the eNodeB
nodes
— Preamble collisions and contention resolution are modeled
— Random Access Channel parameters can be configured in eNodeB
attribute LTE > Random Access Parameters
• Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
— UL data messages
• Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)—Such as uplink L1/L2 control
channel
Transmission of scheduling requests (SRs), HARQ ACKs/NACKs, and CQI
messages via PUCCH are supported
— PUCCH capacity is configurable via eNodeB’s attribute LTE >
L1/L2 Control Parameters > PUCCH Configuration
— When a UE attaches to the network, eNodeB grants a PUCCH allocation
to the UE, when available, to be used for SR transmissions. UEs that do
not obtain an allocation will use RACH to make a scheduling request.
Physical Layer Measurements
Physical layer measurements of SINR are supported for both UL-SCH and
DL-SCH. A measurement entity is created for each UE, which records
instantaneous values of SINR and smooths them using a measurement
window. Thus, the measurement module computes a moving average and the
size of the measurement window can be controlled by configuring LTE >
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-25
26. 1—LTE
Link Adaptation Parameters > Measurement Window Size. For more
information about this attribute, see Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) and Link
Rate Adaptation on page LTE-1-42.
For the downlink, separate measurements are collected for each subband of the
downlink channel, if the scheduler is expected to use Channel Dependent
Scheduling (by setting the attribute LTE > Scheduling Mode on the eNodeB as
described in Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) and Link Rate Adaptation). No
measurements are collected if the simulation is run in the
efficiency mode “PHY Disabled”.
Note—The measurement entity described above is not listed in or required by
the LTE specifications but is part of the OPNET Modeler modeling design.
Physical layer measurements of RSRP and RSRQ are supported. A
measurement entity for RSRP and another for RSRQ is created for each audible
eNodeB, thus the UE continuously measures RSRP and RSRQ for all eNodeBs
within range in the operating frequency.
Reference signals are not transmitted or received in the model, therefore RSRP
and RSRQ measurements are performed on the PSS/SSS signals. Thus, the
physical layer updates RSRP and RSRQ every 5ms.
The physical layer also sends indications to the higher layers if the measured
RSRQ (averaged over 200ms) violates configured thresholds.
Transmission Power
Maximum transmission power is configurable in watts (W) via the Maximum
Transmission Power attribute under LTE > PHY on the UE and eNodeB models.
Maximum power is the transmission power of the device over the entire LTE
channel bandwidth. Actual burst transmissions use a transmission power
proportional to its assigned portion of the bandwidth.
Power Consumption Measurement for eNodeB
Power consumption measurement is supported and is configurable in the
following attributes under LTE > PHY on the eNodeB:
• Operating Power—User-specified power consumption rate, in watts (W), of
non-transmission activities
• Battery Capacity—User-specified power capacity of the battery for a given
device in watt-hours. A value of “Unlimited” may be selected for eNodeB
devices that are connected to AC power.
LTE-1-26 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
27. 1—LTE
Power consumption comprises the sum of the following: total energy consumed
by the device for transmission plus non-transmission activities. Power
consumption measurement calculates both components and produces a sum at
the end of a simulation.
At the end of a simulation, output tables display the results. See Power
Consumption Report on page LTE-1-82 for more information.
Antenna
• Single-sector eNodeB models use a default gain of 14 dB at boresight
• UE models use a default gain of -1 dB
You can configure the gain via an attribute, LTE > PHY > Antenna Gain (dBi) or
by use of the antenna model. For eNodeBs with multiple sectors, only the
antenna model can be used, as it describes the directionality of the antenna on
each of the sectors.
Pathloss
Relevant pathloss attributes are configurable under LTE > PHY > Pathloss
Parameters on the UE nodes.
Note—Certain pathloss models permit additional customization in the Model
Arguments sub-attribute; however, many of the pathloss models are fixed.
For information on the pathloss models, as well as shadow fading, see Pathloss
Parameters on page AWP-1-6 in the Advanced Wireless Package section of
this user guide.
Interference
The interference model is supported as follows:
• Interference module detects time and frequency overlaps among different
bursts
• Interference is proportional to the amount of burst overlap
• Interference may cause burst drops for PUSCH and PDSCH bursts
• Interference effects for control channels are based on a probability
distribution function.
— PUCCH, PDCCH, and PHICH may carry different control signals. Errors
in the transmission of those signals are based on uniform distribution
functions with configurable average values for each type of control signal
(e.g., SR, HARQ-ACK, UL-DCI, DL-DCI, and so on) under LTE >
L1/L2 Control Parameters on eNodeB.
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-27
28. 1—LTE
• Interference is computed among nodes using the same or different LTE PHY
profiles
— The frequency attributes of a given LTE PHY profile are accounted for
computing interference
— Interference among different cells (e.g., eNodeBs) can be reduced or
eliminated by assigning different LTE PHY profiles with non-overlapping
frequency bands to each cell
• Burst representation
— PUSCH and PDSCH assumes contiguous resource block allocations for
each individual burst (e.g., per UE)
— PUSCH burst duration is one subframe
— PDSCH burst lasts from the end of PDCCH until end of subframe
Modeling Interference Using Jammer Nodes
LTE nodes are compatible with jammer node models. Packet transmissions
from a jammer node can interfere with the reception of LTE packets. With
jammer nodes, you can realize the effect of interference due to adjacent cells,
other wireless technologies or a malicious node. By using jammer nodes
instead of LTE nodes to model co-channel interference due to adjacent cells,
you can realize the following benefits:
• Reduce simulation time and memory
• Reduce model configuration time (versus configuring many individual nodes)
When should I use a
jammer node
model?
The use of single band jammer node is especially recommended when you are
trying to model co-channel interference from adjacent cells (see Single-Band
Jammer on page WM-12-2). The attributes in a single band jammer model can
be configured such that the jammer packet transmissions are similar to the
transmission from adjacent interfering UEs or eNodeBs.
Note—To see an example of an LTE network that is configured with jammer
node models, open the LTE example project and view the
“video_perf_under_coch_interference_w_jammers” scenario.
How is the
transmission time of
a jammer packet
configured?
The transmission time of a jammer packet is equal to the value of the Jammer
Packet Size attribute divided by the value of the Jammer Data Rate attribute.
Usually, LTE transmissions (UL or DL) last for a subframe. To configure a
jammer node model to cause co-channel interference as if it were another LTE
node, configure Jammer Packet Size and Jammer Data Rate attributes such
that the duration of a jammer packet is equal to one LTE subframe (1
millisecond).
LTE-1-28 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
29. 1—LTE
How is the
frequency band of a
jammer packet
configured?
The frequency band of a jammer packet transmission depends on the values of
the “Jammer Band Base Frequency”, “Jammer Bandwidth”, “Bandwidth Usage
Percentage”, and “Transmission Band Position” attributes.
• In FDD, UL and DL subframes are usually configured to operate with different
base frequencies, although the total bandwidth is generally the same.
• In TDD, UL and DL subframes operate with the same base frequencies and
total bandwidth.
Key Concept—Note the Base Frequency and Bandwidth from the FDD (UL or
DL) or TDD profile, and set them in the jammer node model, as depicted in the
example shown in Figure 1-6.
The example shown below provides guidance for configuring the jammer node
model. Note that the attributes work synergistically to create the interference
you wish to model.
Figure 1-6 Example Jammer Node Configuration
For example, in this FDD Profile for DL, the Bandwidth is 5MHz,
and the Base Frequency is 2110MHz.
To configure the jammer to interfere with DL transmissions: Set
the jammer attributes accordingly to simulate this behavior.
- Jammer Band Base Frequency: 2,110
- Jammer Bandwidth: 5.0
- Jammer Transmission Band Position: Top (since the
DL-subframes follow a top-down fashion)
Some attributes are further described below. For more information, see
Single-Band Jammer on page WM-12-2 in the Wireless Module User Guide.
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-29
30. 1—LTE
Jammer Bandwidth Usage Percentage In a typical cellular communication
system, such as LTE, the entire bandwidth is not always in use; rather, it exhibits
random peaks and valleys. When using jammer node models to model
interference due to a neighbor UE or eNodeB, you can set the “Jammer
Bandwidth Usage Percentage” to reflect a realistic percentage of bandwidth
utilized by jammer packet transmissions.
Note—Although you can select “Full Bandwidth” as an option, it is not
recommended when a jammer node is used to model interference due to a
neighbor UE or eNodeB. Use a distribution instead, to model realistic behavior.
Jammer Transmission Band Position Allows you to configure where exactly the
jammer packet should be in the frequency axis.
• In UL subframes, the frequency assignment is performed in a bottom-up
fashion. Therefore, when trying to interfere with UL subframes, it is
preferable to introduce the jammer packet at the “Bottom” of the transmission
band.
• In DL subframes, the frequency assignment is in either a top-down or a
bottom-up fashion. Therefore, when trying to interfere with DL subframes, it
is preferable to introduce the jammer packet at the “Top or Bottom” of the
transmission band.
• For TDD, since there is a mixture of top or bottom, you can also optionally
set to "Top or Bottom" setting.
• If you use the “Random” setting, the minimum frequency of the jammer
packet transmissions can be anywhere between the Jammer Base
Frequency and Jammer Base Frequency + Jammer Bandwidth.
For a thorough explanation and illustration of this concept for the jammer model,
see Jammer Bandwidth Band Position on page WM-12-4 in the Wireless
Module User Guide.
LTE-1-30 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
31. 1—LTE
The following figure shows a typical LTE model with single-band jammers
configured to model interference.
Figure 1-7 Jammer Nodes in LTE Model
Modulation and Block Error Rate
Jammer nodes can effectively
simulate interference without
costing simulation run time.
Modulation and Coding Scheme The Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)
Index is configurable via the LTE > PHY >
Modulation and Coding Scheme Index attribute on UE nodes and remains fixed
during the entire simulation. This attribute does not affect the simulation when
the LTE > Scheduling Mode attribute on the eNodeB is set to “Link Adaptation
Only” or “Link Adaptation and Channel Dependent Scheduling”. In each of these
cases, the MCS index is dynamically changed based on the link adaptation
procedure.
Modulation Curves Modulation curves plotting the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
versus block error rate (BLER) are available for all modulation and coding
indices except for modulation and coding index 6. Convolutional turbo coding
with circular rate matching algorithm are implemented in obtaining the
modulation curves.
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-31
32. 1—LTE
The modulation curves pertaining to LTE are available in the LTE models
directory, <reldir>modelsstdlte, and are name as follows, depending
on function, where <x> refers to the modulation and coding index number:
• lte_mcs<x>_bler.md.m—Common to uplink and downlink
• lte_mcs<x>_dl_bler.md.m—Downlink only
• lte_mcs<x>_ul_bler.md.m—Uplink only
The modulation curves can be viewed using the Modulation Curve editor, as
described in the following procedure.
Procedure 1-1 View Modulation Curves
1 Choose File > Open in the Project Editor.
2 Select Modulation Curve from the drop-down menu.
3 Select the modulation curve model.
4 Click OK to view the selected modulation curve.
End of Procedure 1-1
LTE-1-32 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
33. 1—LTE
Multipath Fading
The model supports ITU Multipath Channel models Pedestrian A, Pedestrian B,
Vehicular A, and Vehicular B. You can add more multipath channel models in
the LTE configuration node under the attribute “Multipath Channel Definitions”.
Selecting Multipath Fading Definitions in the UE The Multipath Channel Model
is selectable on each UE in the following attributes:
• LTE > PHY > Multipath Channel Model (Downlink) and
• LTE > PHY > Multipath Channel Model (Uplink)
By default, LTE OFDMA ITU Pedestrian B and
LTE SCFDMA ITU Pedestrian B multipath channel models are configured,
respectively.
Defining the Multipath Channel Models You can define multipath channels in
the LTE configuration utility node that can be selected on each UE node, as
described above. You can either specify the multipath parameters manually or
import the parameters from a file.
Figure 1-8 Setting Multipath Parameters on the LTE Config Node
Key Concept—If you create a directory containing custom files (for example,
custom probability matrixes or Signal-to-Noise [SNR] mapping functions), you
must add this directory to the model directories (mod_dirs) in OPNET Modeler.
Custom probability matrix files and SNR mapping files must be formatted
according to the supported type. For example, “mpath_tpm” (Transition
Probability Matrix) or “mpath_snr” prefixes must be used in the file names,
respectively. These files are text files with the extension gdf, which contain
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-33
34. 1—LTE
comma-separated values to indicate each row in the transition probability matrix
or the coefficients of each polynomial for the SNR translation functions.
To see an example, look at the input files provided in the following location:
<release_dir>modelsstdwirelesswrls_phy_mpath_data_files.
Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output (MIMO)
Two antenna models are supported in LTE: single-input/single-output (SISO)
and MIMO. SISO systems permit only one antenna at the transmitter and one
antenna at the receiver, while MIMO systems permit multiple antennas to be
used, as described in this section.
The model supports MIMO in the following ways:
• Antenna Diversity
• Spatial Multiplexing on page LTE-1-35
Antenna Diversity MIMO Antenna Diversity is supported on both uplink and
downlink. Antenna diversity reduces the effect of multipath fading on the SNR
of the received signal. Therefore, to use this feature, multipath fading must be
enabled.
The following attribute on the eNodeB lets you configure the MIMO method to
be used in the downlink. To use antenna diversity in the downlink, Transmit
Diversity (default) must be selected.
• LTE > MIMO Transmission Technique
The following attributes on the eNodeB and the UE let you configure the number
of transmit and receive antennas.
• PHY > Number of Transmit Antennas
• PHY > Number of Receive Antennas
The following diversity configurations are supported:
Table 1-6 MIMO Antenna Diversity
Antenna Configuration (Transmit x Receive)
1x2 1x4 2x1 2x2 2x4 4x1 4x2 4x4
Downlink 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Uplink 3 3
LTE-1-34 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
35. 1—LTE
By default, the eNodeB supports two transmit antennas and two receive
antennas, and the UE supports one transmit antenna and two receive antennas.
Spatial Multiplexing Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing using Large Delay CDD
(Cyclic Delay Diversity) is supported on the downlink only. Multi-codeword
spatial multiplexing used in LTE effectively increases the capacity of downlink
transmissions by allowing two simultaneous codeword (MPDU) transmissions,
which have the same time and frequency information. The codewords are
transmitted by one downlink HARQ process. Two ACK/NACK bits, one per
codeword, are transmitted by the UE for acknowledgement purposes.
The following spatial multiplexing configurations are supported:
Table 1-7 Supported MIMO Spatial Multiplexing Configurations
MIMO
Transmission Technique
Transmit Antennas
(eNodeB)
Receive Antennas
(UE)
2 Codewords - 2 Layers 2 2
2 Codewords - 3 Layers 4 4
2 Codewords - 4 Layers 4 4
The following attributes on the eNodeB and the UE let you configure the number
of transmit and receive antennas.
• LTE > PHY > Number of Receive Antennas
• LTE > PHY > Number of Transmit Antennas
To enable spatial multiplexing in the cell, one of the spatial multiplexing modes
must be selected from the following eNodeB attribute.
• LTE > MIMO Transmission Technique
Note—The MIMO Transmission Technique attribute can also be configured on
the UE nodes. For UEs that prefer to use their own settings rather than what is
configured in their serving cells, the MIMO Transmission Technique attribute
must be set on the UE.
Note—If a UE does not have the minimum required number of receive antennas
to support spatial multiplexing (see Table 1-7), the eNodeB will use antenna
diversity instead when communicating with the UE.
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-35
36. 1—LTE
Note the following.
• When MIMO spatial multiplexing is used with the efficiency mode set to
“Efficiency Enabled” on the LTE configuration node, only the increase in
downlink subframe capacity will be modeled.
• When MIMO spatial multiplexing is used with the efficiency mode set to
“Physical Layer Enabled” on the configuration node, both the increase in
downlink subframe capacity and the physical layer effects of using MIMO
spatial multiplexing will be modeled. However, multipath fading must be
enabled on the UE to realize the physical layer effects accurately.
Note—The physical layer effects of using spatial multiplexing may increase the
block error rate and therefore the drop probability of a packet at the physical
layer.
Each multipath channel definition (shown in Figure 1-8 on page LTE-1-33) is
composed of a set of multipath channel models for different MIMO
combinations. In the attribute table where these individual channel models are
defined, you can also specify the corresponding number of transmit and receive
antennas and the MIMO Transmission Technique (highlighted in the figure
below) for each of the multipath channel models.
Figure 1-9 MIMO Antenna Diversity Configuration for Multipath Fading
Efficiency Mode
Efficiency mode can be enabled and configured in the LTE configuration node
under the attribute “Efficiency Attributes”. Efficiency attributes control the mode
in which the simulation is run.
• If set to Physical Layer Enabled, each packet goes through wireless
pipelines, and all physical layer effects are simulated. This increases
accuracy at the cost of simulation speed.
LTE-1-36 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
37. 1—LTE
• If set to Efficiency Enabled, packets are directly delivered to the recipient.
This mode is useful when the expected average frame drop probability is
already known. You can tune various related attributes to cause random
packet drops and make the simulation as realistic as possible. In this mode
— Simulation run-times are decreased
— Data frame drops are based on probability distributions (e.g., instead of
detailed collision detection)
— Features based on PHY layer modeling (such as Link Adaptation and
Channel Dependent Scheduling) are not available
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-37
38. 1—LTE
Hybrid Automatic Retransmission Request (HARQ)
HARQ is supported for both uplink and downlink. HARQ support is described in
this section.
• Features Common to Uplink and Downlink Support
• HARQ Downlink Support on page LTE-1-39
• HARQ Uplink Support on page LTE-1-41
• Other Model Features on page LTE-1-42
Features Common to Uplink and Downlink Support
The following features are supported in the LTE model for both uplink and
downlink:
• Packet Combining—Type II incremental redundancy is supported. To find
the SNR and coding gains, we first give the formula for calculating the SNR
gains using chase combining only:
SINR
k
SINR(i)
= Σ
i
Where:
— SINRk denotes the SINR of the packet after combining k retransmitted
copies
— and SINR(i) denotes the SINR of ith retransmitted copy
For type II incremental redundancy, we assume that the "additional" bit
carrying capacity in transport blocks is used by the parity bits, which provide
an extra SNR gain at the receiver. If there are no parity bits, no extra SNR
boost is observed, and we get the same gain as in the Chase combining.
Thus, type II incremental redundancy performs at least as good as the chase
combining in all cases.
The total gain at the receiver is shown below:
SINRk SINR(i)
= Σ
+ Σ
i
ri – s
s
------------SINR(i)
ri
s
---SINR(i)
= Σ
i
i
• Processing Delays—Each received packet experiences a processing delay.
According to the LTE standard, we assume a constant processing delay of 3
subframes for received MPDUs and the same delay of three subframes to
process HARQ ACKs/NACKs in both the uplink and the downlink (see
Figure 1-10). For FDD, the HARQ round trip time (RTT) is 8 subframes as
shown below. For TDD, the HARQ round trip time depends upon the TDD
frame type and the subframe in which the transmission scheduled. The
LTE-1-38 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
39. 1—LTE
processing delays are assumed to be “at least” 3 subframe for TDD.
Figure 1-10 MPDU Transmission
MPDU Transmission
MPDU Processing
Delay
MPDU Received ACK/NACK
Received
ACK/NACK
Processing Delay
• Multiple HARQ Processes—The UE supports multiple HARQ processes to
enable parallel transmission for uninterrupted communication.
• Protocol Constants—For FDD physical profiles, at most eight parallel HARQ
processes are required for uninterrupted communication to the UE, as shown
in the figure below. For TDD, the number of HARQ processes is different for
uplink and downlink for each TDD frame type as given in the following table.
Table 1-8 Number of HARQ Processes for Each TDD Frame Type
HARQ Downlink Support
Index Uplink Downlink
0 7 4
1 4 7
2 2 10
3 3 9
4 2 12
5 1 15
6 6 6
In addition to support common to both direction, the downlink features
supported in the model are as follows:
• Downlink HARQ transmission on LTE channels
— HARQ Process Selection—In downlink mode, an unblocked HARQ
process must be found on which to transmit the data. Once an HARQ
process is selected, it is signaled on the PDCCH to associate it with the
corresponding MPDU(s).
— Multi-Codeword Spatial Multiplexing—If the UE is capable of supporting
spatial multiplexing, each HARQ process is then capable of transmitting
two codewords simultaneously.
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-39
40. 1—LTE
• Downlink HARQ scheduler at the eNodeB
— Downlink Scheduler Sequence—The downlink scheduler adheres to the
following order: a) Random access response messages, b) CCCH
messages, c) All HARQ retransmissions, and d) All new data
transmissions.
— Dynamic Retransmissions—All retransmissions are scheduled
dynamically. A DCI is created on PDCCH to signal the HARQ process ID
for the retransmission element.
Note—Retransmissions are adaptive, and although adaptive modulation and
coding is supported, retransmissions by default use the same MCS index as the
original transmissions.
• HARQ transmission on LTE channels
— MPDU Transmission—HARQ MPDUs are transmitted on PDSCH.
Control information is signaled on PDCCH. The following information is
signaled: HARQ process identifier (three bits), New Data Indicator (one
bit), Redundancy Version (two bits).
If multi-codeword spatial multiplexing is used, then the above information
will be available in PDCCH for each of the two codewords transmitted. If
multi-codeword spatial multiplexing is used, then two ACK/NACK bits,
one per each codeword, will be generated; otherwise only one
ACK/NACK bit will be generated as the response to HARQ
transmissions.
— Acknowledgements—Downlink HARQ ACKs are either sent on PUCCH
or PUSCH. If no PUCCH resource exists for the UE at frame n+k (where
k is 4 for FDD and is given by Table 10.1-1, standard [36.213] for TDD),
eNodeB creates a grant with the minimum block size (one allocation
block). If the grant is successful, the uplink scheduler can reuse this grant
for data transmission. In this case, the HARQ ACK bits will be multiplexed
with uplink data.
For TDD, multiple downlink HARQ processes can be ACKed by a single
ACK bit per codeword on the uplink. This scheme is called ACK bundling.
Table 10.1-1, standard [36.213] details which HARQ transmissions are
ACKed on the current uplink subframe. In the worse case (for TDD index
5), up to nine downlink MPDUs can be acked by a single bit.
— Attributes—Maximum Number of Retransmissions (allowable values:
1-9, default: 3).
LTE-1-40 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
41. 1—LTE
HARQ Uplink Support
In addition to features common to both directions, the uplink features supported
in the model are as follows:
• Uplink HARQ transmission on LTE channels
— Attributes—Maximum Number of Retransmissions (allowable values:
1-9, default: 3).
— HARQ Process Selection—In uplink, the HARQ process ID is implicit and
is not signaled on PDCCH. The process ID (for FDD) is calculated as
follows:
10*frame_number + subframe_number modulo 8
— For TDD, since the number of HARQ processes is different from 8, the
process ID is not calculated using the formula above. Rather it is
obtained using a static table lookup that is a function of the current
subframe number. For the cases of TDD index 0 or 6, the HARQ process
ID also depends upon the current frame number.
• MPDU Transmission—HARQ MPDU is transmitted on PUSCH. If control
information needs to be signaled, it is signaled on PDCCH. In the latter case,
the following information is signaled: New Data Indicator (one bit),
Redundancy Version (two bits).
• Uplink HARQ scheduler at eNodeB
— Persistent/Synchronous Retransmissions—On uplink, only synchronous
mode is supported. This means an initial transmission determines all
future retransmissions in advance. All retransmissions occur after eight
subframes, and if TTI bundling is enabled, retransmissions occur after 16
subframes. Reception of an ACK on PHICH or reception of a new grant
with NDI = 1 stops the synchronous retransmissions.
— In some cases, adaptive retransmission may be performed on the uplink,
in which case a new control element (DCI) is signaled on the PDCCH with
the NDI bit set to 0. This DCI may carry a different location on the uplink
subframe relative to the original transmission.
Uplink HARQ ACKs are sent on PHICH. Reception of a new grant (NDI = 0
stands for NACK, and NDI = 1 stands for ACK) also implicitly signals the ACK
for the previous MPDU transmission and takes a higher priority over the ACK
communicated via PHICH. There is no dedicated space in the frame for
PHICH, rather HARQ ACK bits are modulated and spread over the entire
downlink spectrum. HARQ ACKs are always sent at frame n+4, for FDD, and
at frame n+k, for TDD, where k is obtained using Table 8-2, standard
[36.213]. A user-specified error rate is used to model the error probability on
the PHICH channel.
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-41
42. 1—LTE
In particular, the downlink subframe 0 carries acknowledgments for uplink
subframes 4 and 7. Also, the downlink subframe 5 carries acknowledgments
for uplink subframes 9 and 3 (belonging to the next frame). An HARQ ACK
that comes in one of these two downlink subframes is distinguished by a
special field called the “msb bit” to help identify which uplink subframe it is
acknowledging.
Other Model Features
• Modeling of Errors and Drops on Control Channels—The following types of
errors and drops are modeled:
— PHICH: ACK—>NACK and NACK—>ACK errors are modeled
— PDCCH: Drop probability for the DCIs is modeled separately for the
uplink grants and downlink information elements.
— PUCCH: ACK—>NACK and NACK—>ACK errors are modeled
Each of these probabilities is configurable separately per cell. The relevant
attributes are in LTE > L1/L2 Control Parameters on eNodeB.
• Support for Random Access Procedure—In the random access procedure,
HARQ is used on msg3 on the uplink and msg4 on the downlink. The number
of retransmissions for these messages is calculated separately. For msg3,
the number of retransmissions can be manually configured between 1 and 8
or can be left auto-assigned, in which case it will be calculated from the
contention resolution timer as follows, where C is the contention resolution
time in subframes:
ceil
C
8
– 1
---
Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) and Link Rate Adaptation
Downlink Measurement Support
The target link quality is defined by the maximum acceptable block error rate
(BLER). Based upon the target link quality, an SNR metric (sample mean)
determines the best operating MCS index for the link. An MCS index is then
mapped to a CQI index. Thus, the best operating CQI index at the UE is a
function of target link quality and the current SNR statistic (sample mean).
When the link quality improves, CQI is increased, meaning a higher MCS index
can be supported for the specified target link quality. Similarly, when the link
quality deteriorates, CQI is reduced.
LTE-1-42 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
43. 1—LTE
Configuration of the eNodeB is in the compound attribute LTE >
CQI Transmission Parameters.
• Periodic Configuration Index—Controls the periodicity of CQI reporting from
the UE over PUCCH
• Subband Report Repetition Count (k)—Controls the periodicity of subband
reporting before the next wide-band CQI is reported
Configuration of the UE is in the compound attribute LTE >
Link Adaptation Parameters.
• Measurement Window Size—Sets the length of time (in seconds) of the
sliding window to collect SNR sample points. The sample mean is computed
from all sample points within the window.
• Downlink Target Link Quality—Sets the desired target link quality. Allowable
values are 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 5%, or 10%.
See also Channel Dependent Scheduling on page LTE-1-15.
Admission Control
The admission control procedure is executed by each eNodeB for its cell. All
requests for GBR radio bearers go through admission control. When a GBR
radio bearer is created, cell resources allocated for it is deducted from available
cell resources. Similarly, when such a bearer is released, its resources are
added back to the common pool.
The admission control procedure admits a GBR radio bearer only if it is possible
to allocate requested resources for that bearer in the cell for both the uplink and
downlink direction. Being able to allocate resources in one direction only is not
sufficient to admit the bearer.
The admission control procedure has the ability to start the preemption
procedure for one or more low priority GBR radio bearers to be able to accept a
radio bearer request for a high priority EPS bearer.
• The relative priority of radio bearers is decided based on the value of the
ARP parameter of their EPS bearers (lower numerical ARP value means
higher priority).
• Preemption does not happen for any radio bearer if there are not enough
resources to admit the new bearer even after preempting all the low priority
bearers.
• Preemption procedure first creates an initial preemption list of bearers. It
starts adding the bearers that have the lowest priority to this list and stops
when there are sufficient free resources to admit the new bearer when the
resources coming from bearers preempted up to that point are taken into
account. In some cases, the resources coming from bearers preempted up
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-43
44. 1—LTE
to this point might be more than necessary and it might be possible to avoid
the preemption of some bearers. Therefore, once the initial preemption list is
prepared, the preemption procedure will always execute a second pass
through the list to minimize the number of preempted bearers. During this
pass, starting from the higher priority bearers (excluding the last one added),
bearers are removed from the list if there will still be sufficient resources in
the cell to admit the new bearer, even when that bearer is not preempted and
all the ones that are still in the list are preempted.
• The accept response is sent to the requesting entity without waiting for the
completion of preemption procedures, if any are triggered by the radio bearer
creation request.
While computing the frame capacity (i.e., initially available amount of cell
resources), admission control procedure takes the following overheads into
account:
• Downlink
— Downlink reference symbols—Four resource elements per RB
— PDCCH (downlink L1/L2 control channel)—The size of PDCCH for
admission control purposes is configurable via an eNodeB attribute
• Uplink
— Uplink reference symbols—12 resource elements per RB
— PUCCH (uplink L1/L2 control channel—The size of PUCCH is obtained
from eNodeB's PUCCH configuration attribute
— PRACH—12 RBs per random access resource, where the number of RA
resources per frame depends on the configuration of the random access
parameters of eNodeB
Oversubscription and undersubscription are allowed. You can enable this by
configuring the loading factor attribute at eNodeBs. Setting this attribute to "No
Admission Control" disables the admission control for the cell of that eNodeB.
An admission control report table is created at the end of the simulation.
An estimated frame capacity report table is created, shown in Figure 1-31 on
page LTE-1-80.
• This table is created for both uplink and downlink. Estimated capacity is
reported for a subset of MCS index values. The table has two rows:
— The first row is the raw estimated capacity for each of the selected MCS
index values. The estimated capacity is computed by assuming a single
UE saturating the channel.
— The second row reports the estimated channel capacity used by the
admission control, which also takes the loading factor into account
LTE-1-44 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
45. 1—LTE
EPS Mobility Management (EMM)
Mobility management functions track the location and activity of a UE in the
network. The following topics are contained in this section:
• EMM UE State Management
• EMM Attach Procedure Support on page LTE-1-47
• Initial Cell Search and Selection on page LTE-1-47
• Attributes Affecting Cell Selection on page LTE-1-48
• Attributes Affecting UE Transition to Idle Mode on page LTE-1-50
• UE Transition from Idle Mode on page LTE-1-50
• Cell Monitoring and Reselection Process from Idle Mode on page LTE-1-52
• Tracking Area Updates on page LTE-1-52
• Handover on page LTE-1-54
• Radio Link Monitoring and Failure on page LTE-1-57
EMM UE State Management
As a UE participates in an LTE network, it may change EMM states (see
Figure 1-11) in order to conserve energy. The core network needs to know the
location of a UE for traffic transmission, but if the UE is in the idle state, the core
network only knows a general location (tracking area) for the UE.
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-45
46. 1—LTE
EMM UE States As shown in the following figure, the UE can be in one of three states. These
states are discussed below.
Figure 1-11 EMM UE States
If a UE is in the EMM_Idle state and has uplink traffic to
send, receives paging messages, or initiates the tracking
area update procedure (TAU), it transitions to the
EMM_Deregistered state and initiates the EMM attach
procedure to connect to the network.
When in the EMM_Connected state, the exact location of
the UE is known by the core network.
When in the EMM_Idle state, only the tracking area of the
UE is known. When downlink traffic is received by the
core network for the UE, paging messages are sent in
order to make the UE transition to the connected state
before sending the traffic.
• EMM_Deregistered—A UE is in this state when it is waiting to finish the
EMM Attachment procedure with the EPC.
• EMM_Connected—A UE enters the EMM_Connected state when the
registration and attach process is complete. While in this state, the exact
location of the UE is known to the core network.
Note—A UE in the EMM_Connected state can achieve power savings by using
DRX in RRC_Connected mode. For more information, see Discontinuous
Reception (DRX) in Connected Mode on page LTE-1-16.
• EMM_Idle—When the UE enters the EMM_Idle state, it can achieve
significant power savings; however, the location of the UE is only known by
the granularity of the tracking area.
Note—To learn more about how a UE transitions to the idle state, see Tracking
Area Updates on page LTE-1-52.
LTE-1-46 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
47. 1—LTE
EMM Attach Procedure Support
Registration of UEs to the LTE network via the EMM Attach procedure is
modeled, and is implemented based on Figure 5.3.2.1-1: “Attach Procedure” in
3GPP TS 23.401 “General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access”.
The model supports connecting an eNodeB to multiple EPCs. In such
topologies, the selection of an EPC for a UE is via the configuration of the
“Serving EPC ID” attribute on that UE.
Note—A diagram of the various states supported for a UE is shown in
Figure 1-11 on page LTE-1-46.
Initial Cell Search and Selection
Cell search and selection procedures are performed during initial attachment.
PLMN Selection In the LTE model, the UE is configured with a single home
public land mobile network (HPLMN).
• The HPLMN identifier is the LTE > Serving EPC ID attribute
• Cell search is only performed for the configured HPLMN
• If suitable cells are not found for the HPLMN, then the UE continues to
search for a suitable cell
Cell Search and Synchronization Once an EPC has been selected, the UE
performs a cell search by scanning the DL frequencies of all eNodeBs that serve
this EPC to determine a suitable eNodeB.
Note—When an explicit eNodeB is specified in LTE > Serving eNodeB ID on
the UE, rather than the value “Perform Cell Search”, the cell search begins with
that carrier frequency.
• Cell Synchronization—In each carrier frequency, the UE attempts to
synchronize with the cells. The model supports explicit transmission of
Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS), Secondary Synchronization Signal
(SSS), Master Information Block (MIB), and System Information Block (SIB).
During cell search, the UE will synchronize with the strongest cell in each
carrier frequency.
• Cell Measurement—The UE supports the measurement of RSRP for each
cell to aid in the cell selection process. Reference Symbols are not
supported. Instead RSRP is measured for the MIB packets.
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-47
48. 1—LTE
• Cell Selection—Once a UE has chosen a candidate cell, that is, the strongest
cell, for a carrier frequency, it evaluates the cell selection criteria.
— Cell Selection Threshold—LTE > eNodeB Selection Threshold
(configured on the eNodeB) specifies the minimum signal power for a UE
to join the eNodeB.
— Cell Selection Criteria—The following criteria is evaluated for a cell to be
selected as the serving cell:
Qrxlevmeasured Qrxlevmin >
Table 1-9 Cell Selection Criteria
Value Description
Qrxlevmeasured Measured cell RX level value (RSRP)
Qrxlevmin
1
Minimum required RX level in the cell (dBm)
1. Mapped to Cell Selection Threshold on the eNodeB
Note—The cell should belong to the HPLMN of the UE. Cell-barring and TAC
conditions are not supported.
• Attach Procedure—Once the UE-AS has selected the cell, it conveys this
information to the NAS to initiate the network attach procedure.
• Cell Selection Failure—If a suitable cell is not found for the HPLMN, the UE
continues cell search and selection indefinitely.
Attributes Affecting Cell Selection
EPCs Served Configured on the eNodeB. Specifies the list of PLMNs (EPCs)
that this eNodeB can service. If set to “All” (default), then this eNodeB can
service all PLMNs (EPCs) in the network. When “All” PLMNs are supported by
an eNodeB, the UE considers this eNodeB as a valid eNodeB for cell selection.
eNodeB Selection Threshold Configured on the eNodeB. Specifies the
minimum RSRP threshold for a UE to select this eNodeB.
eNodeB Selection Policy Configured on the UE. This attribute specifies the
eNodeB selection policy during cell search.
• First Suitable eNodeB: Results in the UE selecting the first eNodeB that
matches the cell selection criteria
• Best Suitable eNodeB: Results in the UE selecting the best eNodeB from
eNodeBs meeting cell selection criteria in all frequencies belonging to this
PLMN.
LTE-1-48 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
49. 1—LTE
Serving EPC ID Configured on the UE. Specifies to which EPC node this UE will
be connected. (See also EPCs Served on page LTE-1-48).
Serving eNodeB Configured on the UE. Specifies the eNodeB selection
method. The use of this attribute depends on the efficiency mode setting (see
Efficiency Mode on page LTE-1-36).
Figure 1-12 Serving eNodeB Attribute
• Efficiency Enabled—In this mode, the following behavior applies.
— When an explicit eNodeB is specified, and the eNodeB services the EPC
configured on the UE, the UE selects this eNodeB irrespective of
distance or power.
— If the eNodeB does not service the EPC, then the UE defaults to “Perform
Cell Search”, in which case the UE selects the best eNodeB (based on
distance) from the eNodeBs that service the EPC configured on the UE.
• Physical Layer Enabled—In this mode, the following behavior applies.
— When an explicit eNodeB is specified, and the eNodeB services the EPC
configured on the UE, the UE searches the frequency of the specified
eNodeB first. The eNodeB is selected if it meets “Cell Selection Criteria”,
even if it is not the best eNodeB.
— If the specified eNodeB does not service the EPC, does not meet the cell
selection criteria, or is not discovered, the UE will default to “Perform Cell
Search”.
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-49
50. 1—LTE
Attributes Affecting UE Transition to Idle Mode
When the attach procedure is completed, the UE enters into the connected
state. An inactive UE in connected state may transition to the idle mode based
on the settings of the following attributes within LTE > Idle Mode Parameters.
Note—The term “idle mode” is used throughout this section to refer to the
EMM_Idle state.
• Idle Mode Support—Specifies if the UE supports the idle mode. Values are
Enabled, Disabled, or eNodeB Triggered (meaning that the eNodeB tells the
UE when to enter the idle mode). If this attribute is set to “eNodeB Triggered”,
the UE transitions to the idle mode based on the setting of a timer on the
eNodeB. See RRC Connection Release Timer (on eNodeB) on
page LTE-1-50 for more information
• Timers
— T3440—Specifies the length of an inactivity period, after which the UE
enters the idle state. If the Idle Mode Support value is set to “eNodeB
Triggered,” this timer is ignored and the setting of the RRC Connection
Release Timer on the eNodeB is used instead.
RRC Connection Release Timer (on eNodeB) Specifies the length of inactivity
(in seconds) after which a UE will be placed into the idle mode by initiating the
procedure of releasing that UE's RRC connection, if Idle Mode Support on the
UE is set to “eNodeB Triggered” or “Enabled”. The value for this timer is
generally set for a shorter period of time than the T3440 timer on the UE, making
this the preferred timer for use in placing UEs into the idle state.
UE Transition from Idle Mode
A UE will leave the idle mode and re-initiate the attachment procedure in case
of any of the following events:
• Uplink Traffic. When the UE has traffic to send, it reattaches to the core
network. No paging traffic is required.
• Tracking Area Update. If the UE moves into a different tracking area, or the
T3412 timer expires (explained below), the UE will leave the idle mode and
will send a TAU to the EPC with its current tracking area. For more
information, see Tracking Area Updates on page LTE-1-52.
LTE-1-50 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
51. 1—LTE
• Paging. The eNodeB sends broadcast paging messages on a known frame
when it has traffic for a UE that is in the idle mode. At the designated interval,
the UE listens for the paging messages, whether or not there is traffic for it.
The UE leaves the idle mode to receive the traffic when it sees its
identification included in the paging message. The following parameter
specifies the duration of the paging cycle.
— DRX Parameter—Specifies (in frames) the length of the paging cycle,
after which the UE wakes up to listen for broadcast paging messages.
The default value is 256 frames, which is equivalent to 2.56 seconds.
This is the “worst case” length of time for the UE to wake up and sense
paging messages. You can specify a value on the UE or choose “Use
EPC Configured Value” to let the EPC set the length of the paging cycle.
See RRC Connection Release Timer (on eNodeB) on page LTE-1-50 for
a comparison of the settings on the UE and on the EPC.
Figure 1-13 EMM Paging Cycle
Notice that this UE is configured to use the EPC’s
settings for the periodicity of paging messages.
You can also specify for the UE to use its own paging
interval, overriding the interval of the EPC.
In this example, the EPC is set to send exactly one paging
message (one frame) every 256 frames (equivalent to
every 2.56 seconds) for the UEs that follow the EPC's
paging cycle. Idling UEs know the periodicity of the frames
carrying paging messages and wake up temporarily from
the idle state to listen to them.
Note—Although the idle mode can result in significant power savings for the
UE, the need for the UE to reattach upon leaving the idle mode results in more
signaling traffic in the backbone network.
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-51
52. 1—LTE
Cell Monitoring and Reselection Process from Idle Mode
While a UE is in the idle mode, it monitors the signal strength of the cell on which
it is camped so that when the UE needs to leave the idle mode, it knows which
cell to select. Ordinarily, the UE would use the handover procedure to select a
new cell, but the process differs for a UE in the idle mode. The following
parameters under LTE > Cell Reselection Parameters control the cell
monitoring and reselection process.
Note—A UE in the idle mode continually assesses cells but does not select a
cell until it needs to wake up from the idle mode.
• RSRP Measure Period—Controls how often, in frames, a UE that is in the
idle state measures the RSRP of the cell it is camped on. The default value
is 10, meaning that every tenth frame, the UE will check the RSRP of the cell
on which it is camping.
• Measurement Threshold—Specifies the low RSRP threshold (in dBm) that
determines if a UE in idle mode should begin to search for a new cell on
which to camp. This threshold is only used in the idle mode; if the UE is in the
RRC_Connected state, attributes under Handover Parameters will be used.
• Hysteresis for Serving Cell—In conjunction with the Measurement
Threshold attribute (shown above), this attribute helps to determine whether
a cell will be selected as a potential serving cell by a UE in idle mode. The
RSRP of the new cell should be greater than the RSRP of the current cell by
at least this value for the cell reselection to proceed.
For example, if this attribute is set to 2 dBm, and the Measurement Threshold
attribute is set to -112 dBm, assuming the RSRP measured in the current cell
is just below the threshold, then a cell must have a signal of at least -110 dBm
to be selected (-112 + 2 dBm = -110 dBm)
Tracking Area Updates
The location of an idling UE is known by the core network at the granularity of a
tracking area. A tracking area is a collection of eNodeBs and their sectors and
can represent a logical or geographic subset of the LTE network (for example,
Boston or Region 3). UEs may remain within a tracking area or move into other
tracking areas over time. Periodically, or when it changes tracking areas, a UE
in idle mode sends tracking area update (TAU) messages to the core network.
The UE setting in LTE > Idle Mode Parameters > Timers > T3430 specifies the
maximum allowable time between the transmission of the tracking update from
the UE and the receipt of an accept message from the core network. If the timer
expires without the receipt of an accept message, the UE begins the tracking
area update process again.
LTE-1-52 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5
53. 1—LTE
The following figure, taken from the “idle_mode_study” scenario of the LTE
example project, shows two tracking areas: one highlighted in yellow and the
other in green. Tracking areas are specified in the LTE > Tracking Area ID
attribute of the eNodeB.
Figure 1-14 LTE Tracking Areas
OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5 LTE-1-53
54. 1—LTE
The periodicity of the TAUs is determined by the T3412 timer on the EPC. This
can be set to a period from 6 minutes to 196 minutes, as specified in section
10.2 of 3GPP TS 24.301. The timer is restarted when a TAU is sent in case of
the UE moving into a new tracking area as a result of the cell reselection
procedure.
Figure 1-15 T3412 Timer
Handover
LTE handovers allow for smooth transitions from one cell to the next as the
mobile node moves through the network. The most common driver for a
handover is deteriorating signal quality.
Handover (mobility management in the Connected state) is initiated and
controlled by the eNodeB, with assistance from the UE. The modeling of LTE
handovers is supported, as follows.
• Handover Capabilities—The model supports all handover procedures
described in the LTE standard. Specifically, we support the following
capabilities, including a standards-based implementation of all control
messages, and of UE, eNodeB, and EPC procedures.
— Intra- and inter-frequency handover is supported
— Handover between cells using FDD and TDD is supported
If the handover type is set to *Intra-frequency,* you must select the same
*center frequency* for the Downlink FDD channel and the TDD channel.
For more information on setting frequencies, see FDD/TDD Parameters
on page LTE-1-22.
LTE-1-54 OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5