This white paper discusses protocol signaling procedures in LTE networks, including:
1) The LTE network architecture includes eNodeBs, MMEs, SGWs, and PGWs that facilitate communication between UEs and the core network.
2) UEs access the network through random access procedures and establish default bearers for connectivity.
3) System information broadcasting allows UEs to select networks and camp on cells, while tracking area updates allow UEs to update their locations.
4) Attach procedures register UEs on the network and allocate IP addresses, while detach procedures deregister UEs when no longer requiring service.
1) The mobile device searches for synchronization signals to detect available LTE cells and identifies key parameters like PCI from the PSS and SSS.
2) It then receives the MIB and SIBs containing configuration details to access the network from the selected cell.
3) The attach procedure is started, establishing an RRC connection and authenticating the user to activate a default bearer for IP data transmission.
The document discusses Beam Division Multiple Access (BDMA) as a new multiple access technique for 5G networks to increase system capacity. BDMA divides antenna beams according to mobile station locations, allocating orthogonal beams to allow multiple access. This significantly increases capacity compared to existing techniques like FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and OFDMA. The base station transmits directional beams to mobile stations based on their positions and speeds. Mobile stations sharing beams divide frequency/time resources. BDMA maximizes spatial reuse of resources and solves inter-cell interference and control channel problems. It is proposed as a radio interface for 5G cellular systems.
The document discusses various handover procedures in LTE networks, including:
1. Intra-LTE handovers using the X2 interface or S1 interface when the MME and SGW do not change.
2. Inter-MME handovers using S1 that do not change the SGW.
3. Inter-MME/SGW handovers using S1 where both the MME and SGW change.
4. Inter-RAT handovers from LTE to UTRAN Iu mode, which involve reserving resources in the target UTRAN/GERAN network during a preparation phase before executing the handover.
Lte ue initial attach & detach from networkxtharinduwije
The document outlines the key steps in an LTE UE initial attach process:
1) An RRC connection is established between the UE and eNB after the UE connects.
2) The UE then sends an attach request and PDN connectivity request to the network to attach to the network and establish bearers.
3) The MME authenticates the UE by querying the HSS for authentication details and comparing the UE's response to the values from the HSS.
LTE Location Management and Mobility Managementaliirfan04
Provides an overview of power management (connected and idle mode) and mobility management (both idle-mode mobility (cell selection and re-selection) and active mode (handovers).
The document describes the Radio Link Control (RLC) sub layer in 3GPP LTE, including its functions, modes of operation (unacknowledged, acknowledged, and transparent), state variables, procedures for transmitting and receiving data, and retransmission processes. The RLC sub layer provides transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction, segmentation/reassembly, reordering, duplication detection, and supports both acknowledged and unacknowledged data transfer.
Abstract— Scheduler is the backbone of intelligence in a LTE network. Scheduler will often have clashing needs that can make its design very complex and non-trivial.
The overall system throughput needs to be maintained at the best possible value without sacrificing the cell edge user experience.
In this paper, authors compared different scheduler designs for voice and packet services. They explained the role of configuration parameters through simulations. These parameters control the tradeoff between the sector throughput and the fairness in system through. They explained a possible scheduler implementation.
1) The mobile device searches for synchronization signals to detect available LTE cells and identifies key parameters like PCI from the PSS and SSS.
2) It then receives the MIB and SIBs containing configuration details to access the network from the selected cell.
3) The attach procedure is started, establishing an RRC connection and authenticating the user to activate a default bearer for IP data transmission.
The document discusses Beam Division Multiple Access (BDMA) as a new multiple access technique for 5G networks to increase system capacity. BDMA divides antenna beams according to mobile station locations, allocating orthogonal beams to allow multiple access. This significantly increases capacity compared to existing techniques like FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and OFDMA. The base station transmits directional beams to mobile stations based on their positions and speeds. Mobile stations sharing beams divide frequency/time resources. BDMA maximizes spatial reuse of resources and solves inter-cell interference and control channel problems. It is proposed as a radio interface for 5G cellular systems.
The document discusses various handover procedures in LTE networks, including:
1. Intra-LTE handovers using the X2 interface or S1 interface when the MME and SGW do not change.
2. Inter-MME handovers using S1 that do not change the SGW.
3. Inter-MME/SGW handovers using S1 where both the MME and SGW change.
4. Inter-RAT handovers from LTE to UTRAN Iu mode, which involve reserving resources in the target UTRAN/GERAN network during a preparation phase before executing the handover.
Lte ue initial attach & detach from networkxtharinduwije
The document outlines the key steps in an LTE UE initial attach process:
1) An RRC connection is established between the UE and eNB after the UE connects.
2) The UE then sends an attach request and PDN connectivity request to the network to attach to the network and establish bearers.
3) The MME authenticates the UE by querying the HSS for authentication details and comparing the UE's response to the values from the HSS.
LTE Location Management and Mobility Managementaliirfan04
Provides an overview of power management (connected and idle mode) and mobility management (both idle-mode mobility (cell selection and re-selection) and active mode (handovers).
The document describes the Radio Link Control (RLC) sub layer in 3GPP LTE, including its functions, modes of operation (unacknowledged, acknowledged, and transparent), state variables, procedures for transmitting and receiving data, and retransmission processes. The RLC sub layer provides transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction, segmentation/reassembly, reordering, duplication detection, and supports both acknowledged and unacknowledged data transfer.
Abstract— Scheduler is the backbone of intelligence in a LTE network. Scheduler will often have clashing needs that can make its design very complex and non-trivial.
The overall system throughput needs to be maintained at the best possible value without sacrificing the cell edge user experience.
In this paper, authors compared different scheduler designs for voice and packet services. They explained the role of configuration parameters through simulations. These parameters control the tradeoff between the sector throughput and the fairness in system through. They explained a possible scheduler implementation.
The document summarizes the signaling flow between an eNodeB and MME during LTE attach and default EPS bearer setup procedures. It includes: (1) UE attach, authentication and security setup; (2) Establishment of two default EPS bearers for two PDNs; (3) Release of UE context due to inactivity and reestablishment using a service request.
The document discusses LTE network architecture including nodes like the eNodeB, MME, SGW and PGW, and their functions. It also outlines the basic LTE call flows for initial call setup, detach procedures, idle-to-active transitions, and handovers. Key call flow steps include attach request, authentication, context setup, and establishment of bearers between the UE and PDN gateway.
This document discusses various topics related to Long Term Evolution (LTE) including call flow, radio link failure, discontinuous reception (DRX), paging, scheduling, random access channel (RACH) procedure, self-organizing networks (SON), and quality of service (QoS). It provides details on the call flow process when a user equipment (UE) is powered on, performs initial cell selection and attachment, and establishes a default bearer. It also describes procedures for radio link failure, DRX, paging, scheduling, RACH, SON functions including self-configuration and optimization, and QoS with default and dedicated bearers.
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is an all-IP wireless protocol that provides increased data rates and improved user response times compared to previous standards. The LTE model simulates key aspects of LTE including EPS bearers, traffic flow classification, session management, broadcast/multicast traffic using MBMS, and protocol layers like PDCP, RLC, MAC and the physical layer for both FDD and TDD schemes. Configuration and analysis of LTE networks is also supported.
The document describes the LTE RRC connection setup messaging sequence between a UE (user equipment) and an eNodeB (base station). It involves the following steps:
1) The UE initiates a random access procedure by sending a random access preamble to the eNodeB.
2) The eNodeB responds with a random access response assigning the UE a C-RNTI and timing advance value.
3) The UE sends an RRC connection request message using the assigned resources with its UE identity and establishment cause.
4) The eNodeB sends an RRC connection setup message configuring radio bearers.
5) The UE responds with an RRC connection setup complete message
Radio resource management and mobiltiy mngmntabidsyed4u
Radio resource management deals with managing interference, resources, and transmission characteristics in wireless networks. It involves issues around multi-user and multi-cell capacity. Connectivity is provided through bearer services architecture. Static radio resource management involves fixed cell planning including frequency allocation, base station placement, and parameters. Dynamic RRM adapts to traffic load, user positions, mobility, and quality of service using techniques like power control, channel allocation, and handover criteria. Mobility management is handled by the mobility management entity which tracks user location as users move between tracking areas.
Elementary procedures for Circuit-Switched (CS) Call Control (CC) in 3GPPLouis K. H. Kuo
The document provides an overview of elementary procedures for circuit-switched call control in 3GPP networks. It describes the background of related protocol layers and planes. Call control manages call establishment, clearing, information, and miscellaneous procedures. The main call types are mobile-originated, mobile-terminated, and network-initiated mobile-originated calls. Standard L3 messages follow specific formats and structures, and the call state is represented by state diagrams and message flow diagrams.
The document describes the signaling flow and messages exchanged between the various network entities during the LTE attach procedure and default bearer activation for a UE. It provides details on the S1AP, S6a, S11 and NAS messages with information elements like IMSI, GUTI, QoS parameters, GTP tunneling endpoints etc. exchanged at each step of the procedure to establish the default data path for a UE attaching to the network.
The document discusses LTE medium access control layer concepts. It describes dynamic and semi-persistent scheduling used by the eNB to allocate downlink and uplink radio resources to UEs. Semi-persistent scheduling is used for periodic traffic like VoIP to reduce signaling overhead compared to dynamic scheduling. It also discusses buffer status reporting where UEs indicate how much data they have to transmit, and scheduling requests where UEs request uplink resources from the eNB.
The document discusses how to characterize and dimension user traffic in 4G networks. It describes how to define data traffic in terms of data speed and data tonnage. Data speed is the rate at which data is transferred, while data tonnage refers to the total amount of data exchanged. The document provides examples of data speed metrics used in 3GPP standards and outlines factors to consider when calculating expected data usage per subscriber based on typical mobile application usage patterns and available data plans. Dimensioning user traffic accurately is important for designing 4G networks to meet capacity demands.
The document provides an overview of LTE technology including:
- LTE is becoming the de facto standard for 4G mobile networks due to its high data rates and ability to work with existing network infrastructure.
- Key LTE technologies allow for flexible use of spectrum and high throughput including OFDMA, MIMO, and adaptive modulation.
- LTE network components include the UE, eNB, MME, S-GW, and P-GW which work together to route data and control connectivity.
- Frame structures in LTE divide transmissions into 10ms frames for efficient scheduling of resources.
The document provides an overview of cellular communications signaling for LTE, LTE-A, and 4G technologies. It describes the LTE architecture including functions of the evolved node B, mobility management entity, serving gateway, home subscriber server, and PDN gateway. It also provides details on the LTE physical layer including OFDMA modulation, reference signal measurements for handover, and an example handover procedure using the X2 interface. In conclusion, it discusses key criteria for designing handovers and aspects for further research.
4 lte access transport network dimensioning issue 1.02saeed_sh65
The document discusses several key aspects of an LTE access transport network:
1. It describes the five major interfaces of an eNodeB including S1, X2, OM, clock, and co-transmission interfaces.
2. It explains the protocols used on the S1 and X2 interfaces including SCTP, GTP-U, and X2AP.
3. It provides an overview of the different layers - layers 1, 2, and 3 - that can be used as transport bearer networks for an LTE system and their characteristics.
The Evolved Packet System (EPS) architecture consists of the E-UTRAN radio network and Evolved Packet Core network. The EPS architecture includes the User Equipment (UE), e-nodeB base stations, Mobility Management Entity (MME), Home Subscriber Server (HSS), Serving Gateway (S-GW), and Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW). When a UE wants to attach to the network, it sends an attach request to the e-nodeB, which determines the appropriate MME. The MME then authenticates the UE with the HSS and sets up bearers between the e-nodeB, S-GW, and P-GW to complete the attach procedure and allow the UE
1. The document discusses key performance indicators (KPI) for LTE networks in Korea, which has very high standards for call setup success rates, call drop rates, and call completion rates.
2. It provides an overview of the LTE camping procedure, including system selection, cell selection criteria, and different cell categories that UEs can camp on.
3. It explains the LTE random access procedure for both contention-based and non-contention based access, including the four-step process and different preamble formats.
WC and LTE 4G module 1- 2019 by Prof. Suresha VSURESHA V
1. The document discusses the evolution of cellular technologies from 1G to 5G. Key technologies enabling LTE's 4G capabilities included OFDM, which overcomes multipath interference using orthogonal subcarriers. OFDM also provides frequency diversity and enables efficient multi-user access schemes like OFDMA.
2. The module covers wireless fundamentals and key LTE enablers. Chapter 1 discusses cellular evolution and LTE network architecture. Chapter 2 covers cellular concepts, broadband wireless channels, fading, and techniques to mitigate it.
3. OFDM was chosen for LTE due to its ability to handle multipath interference elegantly and exploit frequency diversity. It also allows for scalable bandwidth and efficient multi-access
The document discusses LTE redirection attacks, including IMSI catcher attacks and denial of service (DoS) attacks. It explains how an attacker can use inexpensive software-defined radios and open source LTE software like OpenLTE to build a fake LTE network. This fake network can intercept phones' IMSI numbers, send malicious messages to phones, or force phones to disconnect from the network. The document also summarizes 3GPP's past discussions around these issues and potential countermeasures like making phones less vulnerable to redirection commands or strengthening security on legacy networks.
RRC protocols in LTE help manage radio resources and signaling between the UE and network. Key aspects include:
1. RRC defines two UE states - RRC_CONNECTED for active data transfer and RRC_IDLE for idle/paging.
2. Signaling Radio Bearers (SRBs) carry RRC and NAS messages using different logical channels.
3. System information is broadcast on common channels, informing UEs of network configurations and neighbor cells.
4. Handover between cells is supported through the X2 interface for intra-LTE handovers and inter-RAT handovers to other technologies like UMTS or GSM.
4G LTE uses technologies like OFDMA, SC-FDMA and MIMO to provide peak download rates of 100 Mbps and upload rates of 50 Mbps, with low latency. It employs an all-IP packet switched network with scalable channel bandwidth between 5-20 MHz. The LTE network architecture consists solely of evolved NodeBs which simplify the design.
The document discusses the evolution of 3G networks to LTE networks. It describes key technologies such as OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and MIMO that improve spectral efficiency and throughput. The LTE network architecture is presented, including elements such as the E-UTRAN, MME, serving gateway, PDN gateway, and HSS. The interfaces between these elements are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of VoLTE and SRVCC functionality:
(1) It introduces IMS and defines key components like CSCF, HSS, and AS.
(2) It describes the VoLTE registration process between the UE and IMS network elements.
(3) It outlines the single radio voice call continuity (SRVCC) handover process for transferring a VoLTE call to a 3G network when the UE loses LTE coverage. This involves coordination between the MME, MSC, ATCF, and SCC AS.
This webinar discusses how mobile operators can monetize VoLTE and RCS services beyond flat-rate data plans. It covers trends in LTE services, the IMS architecture as the technical foundation, and a MetroPCS case study. The webinar explores opportunities for new services, innovations, and partnerships to generate additional revenue streams. The role of the media resource function in supporting advanced services is also examined.
The document summarizes the signaling flow between an eNodeB and MME during LTE attach and default EPS bearer setup procedures. It includes: (1) UE attach, authentication and security setup; (2) Establishment of two default EPS bearers for two PDNs; (3) Release of UE context due to inactivity and reestablishment using a service request.
The document discusses LTE network architecture including nodes like the eNodeB, MME, SGW and PGW, and their functions. It also outlines the basic LTE call flows for initial call setup, detach procedures, idle-to-active transitions, and handovers. Key call flow steps include attach request, authentication, context setup, and establishment of bearers between the UE and PDN gateway.
This document discusses various topics related to Long Term Evolution (LTE) including call flow, radio link failure, discontinuous reception (DRX), paging, scheduling, random access channel (RACH) procedure, self-organizing networks (SON), and quality of service (QoS). It provides details on the call flow process when a user equipment (UE) is powered on, performs initial cell selection and attachment, and establishes a default bearer. It also describes procedures for radio link failure, DRX, paging, scheduling, RACH, SON functions including self-configuration and optimization, and QoS with default and dedicated bearers.
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is an all-IP wireless protocol that provides increased data rates and improved user response times compared to previous standards. The LTE model simulates key aspects of LTE including EPS bearers, traffic flow classification, session management, broadcast/multicast traffic using MBMS, and protocol layers like PDCP, RLC, MAC and the physical layer for both FDD and TDD schemes. Configuration and analysis of LTE networks is also supported.
The document describes the LTE RRC connection setup messaging sequence between a UE (user equipment) and an eNodeB (base station). It involves the following steps:
1) The UE initiates a random access procedure by sending a random access preamble to the eNodeB.
2) The eNodeB responds with a random access response assigning the UE a C-RNTI and timing advance value.
3) The UE sends an RRC connection request message using the assigned resources with its UE identity and establishment cause.
4) The eNodeB sends an RRC connection setup message configuring radio bearers.
5) The UE responds with an RRC connection setup complete message
Radio resource management and mobiltiy mngmntabidsyed4u
Radio resource management deals with managing interference, resources, and transmission characteristics in wireless networks. It involves issues around multi-user and multi-cell capacity. Connectivity is provided through bearer services architecture. Static radio resource management involves fixed cell planning including frequency allocation, base station placement, and parameters. Dynamic RRM adapts to traffic load, user positions, mobility, and quality of service using techniques like power control, channel allocation, and handover criteria. Mobility management is handled by the mobility management entity which tracks user location as users move between tracking areas.
Elementary procedures for Circuit-Switched (CS) Call Control (CC) in 3GPPLouis K. H. Kuo
The document provides an overview of elementary procedures for circuit-switched call control in 3GPP networks. It describes the background of related protocol layers and planes. Call control manages call establishment, clearing, information, and miscellaneous procedures. The main call types are mobile-originated, mobile-terminated, and network-initiated mobile-originated calls. Standard L3 messages follow specific formats and structures, and the call state is represented by state diagrams and message flow diagrams.
The document describes the signaling flow and messages exchanged between the various network entities during the LTE attach procedure and default bearer activation for a UE. It provides details on the S1AP, S6a, S11 and NAS messages with information elements like IMSI, GUTI, QoS parameters, GTP tunneling endpoints etc. exchanged at each step of the procedure to establish the default data path for a UE attaching to the network.
The document discusses LTE medium access control layer concepts. It describes dynamic and semi-persistent scheduling used by the eNB to allocate downlink and uplink radio resources to UEs. Semi-persistent scheduling is used for periodic traffic like VoIP to reduce signaling overhead compared to dynamic scheduling. It also discusses buffer status reporting where UEs indicate how much data they have to transmit, and scheduling requests where UEs request uplink resources from the eNB.
The document discusses how to characterize and dimension user traffic in 4G networks. It describes how to define data traffic in terms of data speed and data tonnage. Data speed is the rate at which data is transferred, while data tonnage refers to the total amount of data exchanged. The document provides examples of data speed metrics used in 3GPP standards and outlines factors to consider when calculating expected data usage per subscriber based on typical mobile application usage patterns and available data plans. Dimensioning user traffic accurately is important for designing 4G networks to meet capacity demands.
The document provides an overview of LTE technology including:
- LTE is becoming the de facto standard for 4G mobile networks due to its high data rates and ability to work with existing network infrastructure.
- Key LTE technologies allow for flexible use of spectrum and high throughput including OFDMA, MIMO, and adaptive modulation.
- LTE network components include the UE, eNB, MME, S-GW, and P-GW which work together to route data and control connectivity.
- Frame structures in LTE divide transmissions into 10ms frames for efficient scheduling of resources.
The document provides an overview of cellular communications signaling for LTE, LTE-A, and 4G technologies. It describes the LTE architecture including functions of the evolved node B, mobility management entity, serving gateway, home subscriber server, and PDN gateway. It also provides details on the LTE physical layer including OFDMA modulation, reference signal measurements for handover, and an example handover procedure using the X2 interface. In conclusion, it discusses key criteria for designing handovers and aspects for further research.
4 lte access transport network dimensioning issue 1.02saeed_sh65
The document discusses several key aspects of an LTE access transport network:
1. It describes the five major interfaces of an eNodeB including S1, X2, OM, clock, and co-transmission interfaces.
2. It explains the protocols used on the S1 and X2 interfaces including SCTP, GTP-U, and X2AP.
3. It provides an overview of the different layers - layers 1, 2, and 3 - that can be used as transport bearer networks for an LTE system and their characteristics.
The Evolved Packet System (EPS) architecture consists of the E-UTRAN radio network and Evolved Packet Core network. The EPS architecture includes the User Equipment (UE), e-nodeB base stations, Mobility Management Entity (MME), Home Subscriber Server (HSS), Serving Gateway (S-GW), and Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW). When a UE wants to attach to the network, it sends an attach request to the e-nodeB, which determines the appropriate MME. The MME then authenticates the UE with the HSS and sets up bearers between the e-nodeB, S-GW, and P-GW to complete the attach procedure and allow the UE
1. The document discusses key performance indicators (KPI) for LTE networks in Korea, which has very high standards for call setup success rates, call drop rates, and call completion rates.
2. It provides an overview of the LTE camping procedure, including system selection, cell selection criteria, and different cell categories that UEs can camp on.
3. It explains the LTE random access procedure for both contention-based and non-contention based access, including the four-step process and different preamble formats.
WC and LTE 4G module 1- 2019 by Prof. Suresha VSURESHA V
1. The document discusses the evolution of cellular technologies from 1G to 5G. Key technologies enabling LTE's 4G capabilities included OFDM, which overcomes multipath interference using orthogonal subcarriers. OFDM also provides frequency diversity and enables efficient multi-user access schemes like OFDMA.
2. The module covers wireless fundamentals and key LTE enablers. Chapter 1 discusses cellular evolution and LTE network architecture. Chapter 2 covers cellular concepts, broadband wireless channels, fading, and techniques to mitigate it.
3. OFDM was chosen for LTE due to its ability to handle multipath interference elegantly and exploit frequency diversity. It also allows for scalable bandwidth and efficient multi-access
The document discusses LTE redirection attacks, including IMSI catcher attacks and denial of service (DoS) attacks. It explains how an attacker can use inexpensive software-defined radios and open source LTE software like OpenLTE to build a fake LTE network. This fake network can intercept phones' IMSI numbers, send malicious messages to phones, or force phones to disconnect from the network. The document also summarizes 3GPP's past discussions around these issues and potential countermeasures like making phones less vulnerable to redirection commands or strengthening security on legacy networks.
RRC protocols in LTE help manage radio resources and signaling between the UE and network. Key aspects include:
1. RRC defines two UE states - RRC_CONNECTED for active data transfer and RRC_IDLE for idle/paging.
2. Signaling Radio Bearers (SRBs) carry RRC and NAS messages using different logical channels.
3. System information is broadcast on common channels, informing UEs of network configurations and neighbor cells.
4. Handover between cells is supported through the X2 interface for intra-LTE handovers and inter-RAT handovers to other technologies like UMTS or GSM.
4G LTE uses technologies like OFDMA, SC-FDMA and MIMO to provide peak download rates of 100 Mbps and upload rates of 50 Mbps, with low latency. It employs an all-IP packet switched network with scalable channel bandwidth between 5-20 MHz. The LTE network architecture consists solely of evolved NodeBs which simplify the design.
The document discusses the evolution of 3G networks to LTE networks. It describes key technologies such as OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and MIMO that improve spectral efficiency and throughput. The LTE network architecture is presented, including elements such as the E-UTRAN, MME, serving gateway, PDN gateway, and HSS. The interfaces between these elements are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of VoLTE and SRVCC functionality:
(1) It introduces IMS and defines key components like CSCF, HSS, and AS.
(2) It describes the VoLTE registration process between the UE and IMS network elements.
(3) It outlines the single radio voice call continuity (SRVCC) handover process for transferring a VoLTE call to a 3G network when the UE loses LTE coverage. This involves coordination between the MME, MSC, ATCF, and SCC AS.
This webinar discusses how mobile operators can monetize VoLTE and RCS services beyond flat-rate data plans. It covers trends in LTE services, the IMS architecture as the technical foundation, and a MetroPCS case study. The webinar explores opportunities for new services, innovations, and partnerships to generate additional revenue streams. The role of the media resource function in supporting advanced services is also examined.
The Mobile Network’s Founder and Editor, Keith Dyer, joins Syniverse’s Chief Marketing Officer, Mary Clark, and Senior Solutions Engineer, Leo Casey, this week to help mobile operators better understand the future of roaming and charging settlement for VoLTE.
It’s new and it’s VoLTE, but will consumers notice? VoLTE is a game changer for mobile operators. They can use VoLTE as a jumping off point for new services aimed at delivering high-quality voice and video conferencing services, among others, that rival anything that has come before (3G) or after (OTT). Journalists Monica Alleven and Brad Smith talk to industry experts to find out how network operators are preparing for VoLTE.
The document discusses the need for mobile operators to validate Voice over LTE (VoLTE) implementations before deployment to extract benefits and ensure quality. It outlines challenges in deploying VoLTE, including validating new devices, addressing interoperability issues, and ensuring quality of experience. The document proposes a "lab to live" validation approach using testing configurations that emulate different parts of the VoLTE network in isolation and end-to-end. It provides an overview and format for detailed VoLTE test cases covering setup, voice calls, messaging and video that can be run before and after deployment to optimize performance.
VoLTE Service Monitoring - VoLTE Voice CallJose Gonzalez
There is currently no accepted standard for the measurement or monitoring of VoLTE Services, even though we believe that this is vital to assure the quality and reliability of such services - and to establish a framework for reliable comparison across implementations.
To this end Ascom has defined a formal definition and implementation strategy to help the Operations team solve a range of challenges, including issues related to EPC, IMS and the Application Server. We will describe this solution in a number of short articles.
This article describes the architecture of our solution and the VoLTE Voice Call test case.
Describes key network elements and interfaces of LTE architecture. The steps of LTE/EPC Attach procedure are also illustrated.
Video at: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgQvzsPaZX_bimBc5Wu4m6-cVD4bZDav9
This document summarizes the key procedures and signal flows in setting up an LTE session for a UE:
1) The UE establishes an RRC connection with the eNodeB through random access and preamble signaling.
2) The UE then attaches to the core network through the MME, and authentication procedures are performed.
3) Finally, the default bearer for user data is established through signaling between the UE, eNodeB, MME, SGW and PGW. Once complete, user data sessions can be exchanged.
This Workshop is a fast track Course to cover the basic architecture and functionalities of the LTE-EPC from the Packet Core Perspective.
The course is a little bit advanced and the target Audience is requested to have a basic PS Foundations and Mobility Knowledge as a prerequisite.
The course will cover the LTE-EPC Architecture, Call flows, Mobility and session management in addition to introductory slides for the EPS Security and LTE-DNS.
The document summarizes the initial call setup process between a UE (user equipment), eNB (base station), MME (mobility management entity), HSS (home subscriber server), S-GW (serving gateway), and P-GW (packet data network gateway). It involves:
1) The UE performing random access and connection requests to the eNB;
2) Authentication and security setup between the UE, MME, and HSS;
3) Context setup and exchange of UE capability information between the UE, eNB, and MME;
4) Session creation between the MME, S-GW, and P-GW to enable data transfer.
This document contains questions and answers about LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. Some key points covered include:
- OFDMA is used for downlink and SC-FDMA is used for uplink to overcome high PAPR issues.
- CDS dynamically schedules radio resources, modulation, coding and power control based on channel quality and traffic load.
- MIMO uses multiple antennas to increase data rates up to a maximum of 8x8 MIMO.
- The LTE network architecture includes the eNB, MME, S-GW and P-GW connected by various interfaces like S1, S6a, S5 etc.
- Security in LTE is based on
Main purpose of this document is to discuss LTE basic call flows.
It also introduces LTE network architecture, Nodes, their functionality as well as interfaces that
connect these network nodes.
A brief description of UE states is also given.
This document describes the design of an LTE network optimization project by a group of students from Taiz University. It includes an introduction to LTE, the network planning process, and LTE system architecture. The network planning section discusses coverage planning including link budget calculations and propagation models, as well as capacity planning considering factors like interference levels and supported modulation schemes. The document also provides an overview of LTE system architecture components including the user equipment, E-UTRAN, EPC, and functions of each. It concludes with a section on LTE radio frequency optimization methods.
This document provides an overview of the LTE radio interface architecture. It discusses:
- The evolution from WCDMA to a new LTE system architecture optimized for packet-switched services
- The key elements of the LTE architecture including the E-UTRAN, eNodeB, EPC, MME, S-GW, P-GW, and their functions
- The three deployment scenarios for the LTE architecture: with only E-UTRAN, with legacy 3GPP networks, and with non-3GPP networks
- The split of the radio protocol stack into control and user planes, and the functions of protocols like PDCP, RLC, MAC, and RRC
- The
1. The document proposes an optimal Threshold Offloading (TO) algorithm to efficiently offload mobile data traffic from macrocells to femtocells in LTE networks. The TO algorithm considers the tradeoff between network signaling overhead from user mobility and femtocell offloading capability.
2. An analytical model is developed to quantify the performance of the TO algorithm and validate it through simulations. The results show that the TO algorithm can significantly reduce signaling overhead with minor reduction in femtocell offloading capability.
3. The paper provides network operators guidelines to set optimal offloading thresholds according to their management policies, offering a systematic approach based on the mathematical analysis.
4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G..4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and
SGSN.
When a mobile terminal that was in an idle state attempts to send data, the following procedure occurs:
SGSN.
1) The mobile terminal sends a request to reestablish the radio bearer to the eNodeB.
• Steps (12) - (14):
If the radio bearer between the
2) The eNodeB forwards this request to the MME.
The SGSN sends an update loca-
mobile terminal and eNodeB has been
3) The MME instructs the S-GW to send any buffered downlink data to the mobile terminal and the radio bearer is re
I AM SUDANESE,MASTER OF TELECOM FROM SUDAN UNEVERSITY ,THIS IS MY DOCUMENT I INVESTIGATE IN LTE WITH MORE THAN 50 REFERENCE , GOD BLESS US ,PLEASE FEEL FREE TO ASK ABOUT ANY THING IN THIS TOPIC
MY EMAIL khalidaam2015@hotmail,khalidaa@sudatel.sd
دعواتكم لى وللوالدين ولاهلى , الحمد لله فبنعمته تتم الصالحات اللهم احفظ الدول الاسلامية من كل كيد واغدق عليهم الرخاء
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
The document describes CS fallback procedures for LTE networks, including an immediate-return (IR) scheme and a proposed delayed-return (DR) scheme. The IR scheme has the UE immediately return to LTE after a call is completed, while DR delays the return to avoid unnecessary CS fallbacks if another call is likely. Analytic models are developed to study the performance of IR and DR based on real network measurements. The study finds DR can reduce CS fallback costs by up to 60% compared to IR.
Simulation and Performance Analysis of Long Term Evolution (LTE) Cellular Net...ijsrd.com
In the development, standardization and implementation of LTE Networks based on Orthogonal Freq. Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), simulations are necessary to test as well as optimize algorithms and procedures before real time establishment. This can be done by both Physical Layer (Link-Level) and Network (System-Level) context. This paper proposes Network Simulator 3 (NS-3) which is capable of evaluating the performance of the Downlink Shared Channel of LTE networks and comparing it with available MatLab based LTE System Level Simulator performance.
This white paper discusses Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) which allows for seamless handover of voice calls between LTE and circuit switched networks like UTRAN or GERAN. It describes the key challenges of delivering voice services over LTE networks and why SRVCC is an important solution. SRVCC uses IMS to anchor voice calls and switches them to use circuit switched networks when the user moves outside of LTE coverage, maintaining continuity of the voice call with only a single radio in the user equipment. The paper provides details on how SRVCC is implemented between LTE and UTRAN/GERAN networks using various 3GPP defined interfaces and reference points.
This slide for your understanding on LTE !
LTE, the wireless access protocol for 4G mobile network service, has evolved from GSM and WCDMA based on 3GPP!
The contents of this slide is below;
I. LTE Introduction
II. LTE Protocol Layer
III. SAE Architecture
IV. NAS(Non Access Stratum) Protocols
V. EPC Protocol Stacks
With my regards,
Guisun Han
Lte training an introduction-to-lte-basicsSaurabh Verma
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. It discusses that LTE was standardized by 3GPP in 2008 to improve the performance and efficiency of wireless networks. Key aspects of LTE include the use of OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink, support for flexible bandwidths, and an evolved packet core network architecture. LTE aims to provide higher speeds, lower latency, and more efficient use of spectrum compared to previous 3G technologies.
LTE (Long Term Evolution) was developed by 3GPP to improve the mobile phone standard and address future needs. It aims to improve spectral efficiency, lower costs, enhance services, utilize new spectrum, and better integrate with other standards. LTE provides peak download speeds of at least 100Mbps and upload speeds of 50Mbps with latency under 10ms. LTE Advanced was later developed to fulfill the ITU's 4G requirements of peak speeds up to 1Gbps for low mobility. The LTE architecture uses E-UTRAN on the access side and EPC on the core side. Key network elements include eNodeBs, MMEs, SGWs, and PGWs. LTE uses protocols like S
Netmanias.2014.02.09-EMM Procedure 4. Service Request (En).pdfmanasa718411
The document summarizes the LTE service request procedure that is performed when an inactive UE wishes to transmit or receive data. There are two cases - UE-triggered and network-triggered. For UE-triggered, the UE sends a Service Request message to the MME when it has uplink data. The MME then establishes an ECM connection and allocates E-UTRAN resources through S1 signaling. For network-triggered, the network informs the UE of downlink data and the UE requests services from the MME. In both cases, EPS bearers and connections are established in the control and user planes to support data transmission between the UE and network.
WC and LTE 4G Broadband module 3- 2019 by Prof.Suresha VSURESHA V
This document provides an overview of Module 3 which covers the channel structure of LTE. It discusses:
1. The channel structure in LTE includes logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels. Logical channels provide services to higher layers, transport channels to lower layers, and physical channels handle actual transmission.
2. The LTE network architecture consists of the radio access network (E-UTRAN) and core network (EPC). E-UTRAN includes eNodeBs while EPC includes MME, SGW, PGW, and PCRF.
3. The radio interface protocol stack separates into control and user planes. It consists of layers like RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC
This document describes an LTE network simulator and emulator software that was developed for educational purposes. The simulator models the main components of an LTE network, including the UE, eNodeB, MME, HSS, S-GW and P-GW. It allows users to simulate LTE call flows by running signaling messages between nodes either continuously or step-by-step. The emulator generates real signaling packets that are captured and analyzed using Wireshark, creating an immersive simulation environment for learning about LTE networks. The software provides a useful tool for teaching the latest 4G mobile communication technology.
LTE and LTE-Advanced are cellular communication standards that provide higher data speeds and improved network performance over previous standards. Key points:
- LTE was developed as an upgrade to 3G UMTS networks by 3GPP to support higher data rates and lower latency.
- The LTE architecture uses E-UTRAN base stations (eNodeBs) connected to an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) via an S1 interface.
- LTE-Advanced further improves LTE capabilities through carrier aggregation, advanced MIMO techniques, and support for relay nodes to enhance coverage.
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https://m.imdb.com › title › plotsum...
Plot Summary - Free Fire (Videoree Fire is the ultimate survival shooter game available on mobile. Each 10-minute game places you on a remote island where you are pit against 49 other players, all seeking survival. Players freely choose their starting point with their parachute, and aim to stay in the safe zone for as long as possible.
https://m.imdb.com › title › plotsum...
Plot Summary - Free Fire (Videoree Fire is the ultimate survival shooter game available on mobile. Each 10-minute game places you on a remote island where you are pit against 49 other players, all seeking survival. Players freely choose their starting point with their parachute, and aim to stay in the safe zone for as long as possible.
https://m.imdb.com › title › plotsum...
Plot Summary - Free Fire (Videoree Fire is the ultimate survival shooter game available on mobile. Each 10-minute game places you on a remote island where you are pit against 49 other players, all seeking survival. Players freely choose their starting point with their parachute, and aim to stay in the safe zone for as long as possible.
https://m.imdb.com › title › plotsum...
Plot Summary - Free Fire (Videoree Fire is the ultimate survival shooter game available on mobile. Each 10-minute game places you on a remote island where you are pit against 49 other players, all seeking survival. Players freely choose their starting point with their parachute, and aim to stay in the safe zone for as long as possible.
https://m.imdb.com › title › plotsum...
Plot Summary - Free Fire (Videoree Fire is the ultimate survival shooter game available on mobile. Each 10-minute game places you o
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
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We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FME
Paper lte-protocol-signaling
1. White Paper
Protocol Signaling Procedures in LTE
By: V. Srinivasa Rao, Senior Architect & Rambabu Gajula, Lead Engineer
Overview
CONTENTS
The exploding growth of the internet and associated services has fueled
the need for more and more bandwidth. Handheld devices are growing
exponentially and thus the need for the services on the move has increased
tremendously. Current 3G technology is able to cope with the demand to
some extent but unable to satisfy the needs completely.
Network Architecture pg. 2
Long Term Evolution (LTE) promises higher data rates, 100Mbps in the
downlink and 50Mbps in the uplink in LTE’s first phase, and will reduce the
data plane latency and supports interoperability with other technologies
such as GSM, GPRS and UMTS. Plus, LTE has support for scalable bandwidth,
from 1.25MHz to 20MHz. All these features make LTE a very attractive
technology for operators as well as the subscribers.
In this paper we briefly touch upon the procedures executed by LTE user
equipment (UE) and the various LTE network elements in order to provide
the services requested by the UE.
Bearers in LTE pg. 2
System Information Broadcasting pg. 3
Tracking Area Update pg. 7
Mobile-Originated Data Call pg. 8
Mobile Initiated Data Call Termination pg. 9
Paging pg. 9
Mobile Terminated Data Call pg. 10
Conclusion pg. 10
References pg. 11
2. Protocol Signaling Procedures in LTE | Radisys White Paper
Network Architecture
In Figure 1, the architecture of the LTE network is
given with the various interfaces between the network
elements; GERAN and UTRAN networks are shown
for completeness.
The functions of the various network elements are:
• eNodeB: Radio Resource Management functions,
IP header compression, encryption of user data
streams, selection of an MME, routing of user plane
data to S-GW, scheduling and transmission of
paging message.
• MME: NAS signaling (eMM, eSM) and security,
AS security, tracking area list management, PDN
GW and S-GW selection, handovers (intra- and
inter-LTE), authentication, bearer management.
Figure 1. LTE Network Architecture
• S-GW: The local mobility anchor point for intereNodeB handover; downlink packet buffering and
initiation of network-triggered service requests,
lawful interception, accounting on user and QCI
granularity, UL/DL charging per UE.
• P-GW: UE IP address allocation, packet filtering
and PDN connectivity, UL and DL service-level
charging, gating and rate enforcement.
Figure 2 shows the protocol stacks at various
LTE network elements.
Figure 2. LTE Control/User Plane Protocol Stacks
Bearers in LTE
In LTE, end-to-end bearers are realized by the EPS
bearers, which are a collection of radio, S1 and S5/S8
bearers. An EPS bearer identity uniquely identifies an
EPS bearer for one UE accessing via E-UTRAN. The
EPS Bearer Identity is allocated by the MME and is
the one that carries the information; usually it carries
the user data.
There are three kinds of bearers in LTE: Radio Bearers,
S1 Bearers and EPS Bearers as depicted in the Figure 3.
In the UE, the uplink TFT maps a traffic flow aggregate
to an EPS bearer in the uplink direction and in PGW the
downlink TFT maps a traffic flow aggregate to an EPS
bearer in the downlink direction. There is much more
complexity than what is summarized here, but for
brevity’s sake it suffices to say that traffic off-loaders
Figure 3. LTE Bearer Architecture
2
3. Protocol Signaling Procedures in LTE | Radisys White Paper
classify traffic streams using DPI and then, based on
the operator’s policies, offload part of the traffic directly
onto the Internet while sending the remaining traffic
to the core network. Traffic off-loaders typically will
be deployed as “bump-in-the-wire” boxes between the
radio access network (RAN) and the core network (CN);
in the future, some Radio Network Controllers (RNCs)
might include this functionality inside the box.
• Radio Bearer: A radio bearer transports the packets
of an EPS bearer between the UE and an eNodeB.
• S1 Bearer: An S1 bearer transports the packets
of an EPS bearer between an eNodeB and a S-GW.
Figure 4. System Information Broadcast
• S5/S8 Bearer: An S5/S8 bearer transports the
packets of an EPS bearer between the S-GW
and the PDN GW.
There is a one-to-one mapping between radio,
S1 and S5/S8 bearers; this end-to-end EPS bearer
realizes the negotiated QoS for the service.
System Information
Broadcasting
To get service from the network, a UE has to select
the network and camp on a cell. For this to happen,
the UE has to synchronize itself with the network at
the frame and slot level. Afterward, it requires the
information like Network ID (PLMN ID), Tracking Area
ID, Cell ID and the Radio and Core Network capabilities
for its network selection. The network broadcasts this
information to help the UEs in their selection process.
The LTE network supports broadcasting of System
Information in the form of MIBs and SIBs; Figure 4
outlines the system information broadcast procedure.
Once the UE is synchronized with the network at
the frame and slot level, it reads the broadcast
information and selects it (PLMN and cell selection).
Figure 5. MME Configuration Update Procedure
• MIB contains cell bandwidth and information
about PHICH and the SFN.
• SIB contains list of PLMN IDs, TAC, CellId, CSG
Identity (optional), neighbor cell information, etc.
• eNodeB will get most of the elements from
the MME in an S1AP MME Configuration Update
• Message on the S1 interface as shown in Figure 5.
This happens after the S1 interface establishment
between eNodeB and MME.
3
4. Protocol Signaling Procedures in LTE | Radisys White Paper
Random Access Procedure—
System Access
The UE can utilize the services of the network once
it is synchronized in both the downlink as well as the
uplink direction. After the PLMN and Cell selection,
the UE is synchronized with the network in the
downlink direction and now it needs to synchronize
with the network in the Uplink direction. The Random
Access Procedure (RAP) over PRACH is performed by
the UE for this purpose; RAP is characterized as one
procedure independent of cell size and is common
for both FDD & TDD. There are two types of RAPs:
contention-based and non-contention-based.
Figure 6. Contention-Based Random Access Procedure
Contention-based
Random Access Procedure
In this mode, multiple UEs may attempt to access
the network at the same time, thereby resulting
in collisions. The contention is resolved among the
contending UEs in the following 4-step process
(Figure 6):
• Step 1: Random Access Preamble on RACH
in uplink
Preambles are grouped based on the size of the
L3 message the, UE would like to transmit; this
provides an indication of resource requirements
for the UE to the network.
• Step 2: Random Access Response generated
by MAC on DL-SCH
This is an indication to the UE that the eNode B
received its Preamble and conveys the resources
reserved for this UE.
• Step 3: First scheduled UL transmission on UL-SCH
UE sends the RRC Connection Request using
The
the resources given by the eNodeB in Step 2. In the
RRC Connection request message, the UE sends
its identifier to the network and it is used by the
eNodeB to resolve the contention in the next step.
• Step 4: Contention Resolution on DL
eNodeB echoes back the received UE identifier
The
to resolve the contention, and at this point the
UE which has received its ID continues with the
transmission while others will back off and try again.
Figure 7. Non-Contention-Based Random Access Procedure
Non-Contention-Based
Random Access Procedure
The network initiates this procedure in case of a
handover of a UE from one eNodeB to another in order
to keep handover latency under control. It usually
reserves a set of RACH preambles for this purpose
and will transmit one from that group to the UE. There
are no collisions with other UEs because the eNodeB
controls the procedure, which is shown in Figure 7.
Once the UE receives the assigned RA Preamble, it
sends it to the eNodeB which responds back. Steps
3 and 4 given in the contention-based RAP are not
required here.
4
5. Protocol Signaling Procedures in LTE | Radisys White Paper
RRC Connection and Initial
Attach Procedure
After the Random Access procedure, if the UE is not
already attached to the network it has to do so by
initiating the attach procedure. Otherwise, the UE
initiates the tracking area update if it changed its
tracking area since the last update. For initiating
any NAS procedure, the UE is required to establish
an RRC connection with the eNodeB. The purpose
of this procedure, depicted in Figure 8, is to request
the resources from the network for its service needs.
Figure 8. RRC Connection Setup
RRC connection establishment involves Signaling Radio
Bearer 1 (SRB1) establishment. The procedure is also
used to transfer the initial NAS message from the UE
to the MME via the eNodeB, the latter of which does
not interpret the NAS message.
NAS Attach Procedure
To get NAS-level services (for example, internet
connectivity) from the network, NAS nodes in the
network have to know about the UE. To facilitate
this; the UE has to initiate the Attach Procedure,
which is mandatory for the UE at power on and
also during the initial access of the network.
Once the attach procedure succeeds, a context is
established for the UE in the MME, and a default
bearer is established between the UE and the PDN
GW and an IP address is allocated to it. Now that the
UE has IP connectivity, it can start using IP-based
internet services or IMS services if the IMS network
is available and if the UE has a subscription for the
same. The NAS Attach procedure is depicted in the
Figure 9 and the steps are given below:
Figure 9. Attach Procedure
1. E establishes the RRC Connection with the eNodeB.
U
2. he UE sends the ATTACH REQUEST message
T
together with a PDN CONNECTIVITY REQUEST for
the PDN (IP) connectivity on the established RRC
Connection. As part of this, the eNodeB establishes
the S1 logical connection with the MME for this UE.
3. f the Network is not able to identify the UE with
I
the Identity given in the Attach Request message, it
initiates the identification followed by Authentication
and Security Mode procedures as given in Figure 10.
Figure 10. NAS Common Procedures
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6. Protocol Signaling Procedures in LTE | Radisys White Paper
4. he MME update the HSS with the location of the
T
UE using the Update Location request message
using the Diameter protocol; it also requests the
subscriber profile from the HSS using this message.
5. he HSS updates its database with the current
T
location of the UE and sends the subscriber profile
information to the MME in the Diameter Update
Location Acknowledge message.
6. he MME now establishes an eGTP User Tunnel to
T
establish the default bearer at the SGW; it sends a
Create Session Request (eGTP-C protocol) toward
the SGW.
7. he SGW creates the default bearer for this UE and
T
requests the PGW to create a bearer for this UE
between the SGW and the PGW to provide end-toend bearer connectivity. The PDN-GW then creates
the bearer and allocates an IP Address for the UE.
8. nce the SGW receives the response from the
O
PGW, it responds with a Create Session Response
to MME.
13. The UE updates its RRC Connection configuration
and responds back with an RRC Connection
Reconfig Complete.
14. The eNodeB now sends the Initial Context Setup
Response to the MME.
15. The MME sends the eGTP-C Modify Bearer
Request to the SGW to update the eNB Tunnel Id
for the default bearer.
16. After updating the information, the SGW responds
with a Modify Bearer Response to the MME.
17. The MME now sends the Attach Accept and
Activate Default Bearer Context Request NAS
message to the UE.
18. If the MME has allocated a GUTI while sending the
Attach Accept, the UE needs to process it and give
back the Attach Complete as a response to it. The
UE piggy-backs the Activate Default EPS bearer
context Accept NAS message to the MME.
NAS Common Procedures
9. he MME now has to establish the bearer between
T
the eNodeB and SGW. It sends the S1AP Initial
Context Setup Request to the eNodeB to create
a context for this UE, which includes the bearer
Context and the security Context.
The MME can initiate the NAS common procedures
during the initial Attach, Tracking Area Update and
other dedicated NAS procedures. These procedures,
depicted in Figure 10, are used to identify and
authenticate the UE.
10. fter receiving the Initial Context Setup Request,
A
the eNodeB now establishes the security
parameters with the UE by initiating the AS
Security Mode Command Procedure.
1. The MME sends the identity Request to the UE if
it is unable to retrieve the UE profile from the HSS.
11. he UE establishes the security parameters
T
(parameters required for ciphering the Integrity
protection) and sends the Security Mode Complete
Message to the eNodeB. From now on, all the
messages exchanged between the UE and eNodeB
on the radio interface are ciphered as well as
integrity-protected.
12. he eNodeB reconfigures the resources to the UE
T
by sending an RRC Connection Reconfig Request to
the UE. In this message, the eNodeB piggy-backs
the Activate Default EPS Bearer Context Request
NAS message to the UE.
2. The UE responds back with its IMSI in the Identity
Response message to MME.
3. fter getting the valid IMSI from the UE, the network
A
now authenticates the UE to ascertain whether the
UE is genuine or not. The network and UE share a
secret key (the Authentication Centre stores it in the
network and the SIM card stores it in UE). Using this
secret key and a random number, the network (AuC)
computes a result and expects the UE to give back
the same result as part of this procedure.
4. After receiving the parameters (RAND and A
UTN from the network), the UE computes the
result and gives it back to the network in the
Authentication Response.
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7. Protocol Signaling Procedures in LTE | Radisys White Paper
5. fter successful authentication, the network
A
initiates the Security mode command to encrypt
the NAS messages between the UE and MME;
this is to protect the privacy of the subscriber.
6. he UE agrees to the Security mode command and
T
sends the response back to the Network. After this
step, both the UE and the network will encrypt the
NAS messages while sending and decrypt them while
receiving. Similarly, NAS messages are integrityprotected from now onwards.
UE Initiated Detach Procedure
Figure 11. UE Initiated Detach
If the UE does not require services from the network,
it needs to deregister itself with the network by
initiating the detach procedure. One example for
this is when the UE is switched off.
This detach procedure is initiated by the UE by
sending a DETACH REQUEST message. The Detach
type IE included in the message indicates whether
detach is due to a “switch off” or not.
Figure 12. Tracking Area Update without Authentication
The network and the UE deactivate the EPS bearer
context(s) for this UE locally without peer-to-peer
signaling between the UE and MME. If the detach
type is a “switch off” then the MME does not send the
Detach Accept, otherwise it does send it to UE. While
processing the Detach from the UE, the MME initiates
the release of the EPS bearers in the network and it
also clears the UE Context held at the eNodeB (not
shown in Figure 11).
Tracking Area Update
After a successful attach to the network, the UE can
roam freely in the current Tracking Area. If it detects a
different tracking area, it needs to update the network
with this new tracking area. Similarly, the network can
request the UE to update its tracking area periodically,
which helps the network in quickly locating the UE
whenever a mobile-terminated call is received by the
network for this UE since it can just page the UE in the
last reported area.
Figure 13. Tracking Area Update with Authentication
During the tracking area updating procedure, the MME
may initiate an authentication procedure and setup a
security context. The Tracking Area Update Procedure
without the Authentication step is given in Figure 12,
and the steps With Authentication and Security mode
command (NAS Common Procedures) included are
given in Figure 13.
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8. Protocol Signaling Procedures in LTE | Radisys White Paper
Mobile-Originated Data Call
After successfully attaching to the network, the UE
can request the services from the Network using the
service request procedure. One example scenario is
when the UE requests resources from the Network to
initiate a data call; the UE can utilize the NAS service
request procedure for this purpose. Another example
of this procedure is to invoke MO/MT CS fallback
procedures if they are supported by the network;
the signaling messages involved in this procedure
are given in Figure 14.
1. he UE establishes the RRC Connection with
T
the eNodeB.
2. he UE sends the Service Request to the MME and
T
requests (dedicated) bearer resources by including
the Bearer Resource Allocation Req. As part of this,
the eNodeB establishes the S1 logical connection
with the MME for this UE. Note that the UE may also
send the Bearer Resource Allocation Req to the MME
as a standalone message at a later point in time too.
3. t this point the network can initiate an optional
A
identification followed by Authentication and
Security Mode procedures as given in Figure 10.
4. fter the completion of the Authentication and
A
Security Mode control procedures, the MME
initiates the activation of default bearer with the
SGW / PGW by initiating the eGTP-C Modify Bearer
Req message toward the SGW.
Figure 14. Mobile-Originated Data Call
9. The PGW responds with a Create Bearer Request
toward the SGW after allocating the dedicated
bearer resource (TFT initialization, etc).
10. The SGW process the Create Bearer Request
and forwards to the MME for further processing.
11. he MME now sends the E-RAB Setup Req to the
T
eNodeB to allocate the bearer between the eNodeB
and the SGW; it piggy-backs the NAS Activate
Dedicated EPS Bearer Context Req to the UE.
12. The eNodeB allocates the resources for the Radio
Bearers using an RRC Conn Reconfig Req message
to the UE. The eNodeB includes the received NAS
message in it.
5. fter receiving the Modify Bearer Req, the SGW
A
activates the required resources and forwards
the Modify Bearer Req toward the PDN GW.
13. The UE establishes the Radio bearers and
responds back with an RRC Connection
Reconfiguration Complete Msg to the eNodeB.
6. he PGW processes the Modify Bearer Req and
T
activates required resources. Note that the IP
Address is allocated during the Attach procedure,
so it will not happen now. It responds back with
the Modify Bearer Response to the SGW and the
SGW forwards it to the MME.
14. Radio Bearers are established between the
eNodeB and the UE by now, so the eNodeB sends
the E-RAB Setup response to the MME.
7. he MME now initiates the Dedicated Bearer
T
establishment by sending the eGTP-C Bearer
Resource Command to the SGW.
8. he SGW process the Bearer Resource Command
T
and forwards it to the PGW.
15. The UE now sends the Activate Dedicated EPS
Bearer Context Accept NAS message to the
MME via the eNodeB.
16. The MME sends a Create Bearer Response to the
SGW to complete the Dedicated Bearer Activation.
The SGW forwards it to the PGW.
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9. Protocol Signaling Procedures in LTE | Radisys White Paper
Mobile-Initiated Data
Call Termination
Once the UE finishes the Data call it can trigger
the release of the dedicated bearers by sending
the Bearer Resource Modification Req message
to the MME, which can then take care of releasing
the dedicated bearer with the SGW and PGW.
1. he UE triggers the dedicated bearer release
T
by sending the Bearer Resource Modification
Request to the MME.
2. he MME initiates an EPS bearer context
T
deactivation procedure by sending the eGTP-C
Bearer Resource Command Msg to the SGW.
Figure 15. Mobile-Initiated Data Call Release
3. he SGW process the Bearer Resource Command
T
and forwards it to the PGW.
4. he PGW initiates the Delete Bearer Req msg
T
toward the SGW/MME to clear the requested bearer
resources. The SGW forwards the same to the MME.
5. he MME initiates the E-RAB Release Command to
T
the eNB to clear the bearer resources. It includes
the NAS Msg: Deactivate EPS Bearer Context Req
message for the UE.
6. he UE receives the NAS message from the eNB
T
in the DL NAS procedure. It clears the bearer
resources and sends a Deactivate EPS Bearer
Context Accept to the MME.
7. he eNB now sends the E-RAB Release Response
T
to the MME.
8. he MME sends the Delete Bearer Response to
T
the SGW and the SGW forwards it to the PGW
after clearing the bearer resources.
9. he PGW clears the requested Bearer resources.
T
10. f it is the release of the last dedicated bearer
I
for this UE, the MME shall release the Context
associated with this UE by sending an S1AP UE
Context Release Command.
11. he eNodeB clears the Radio resources allocated
T
to this UE by sending the RRC Connection Release
message to the UE.
Figure 16. Paging Procedure
12. The eNodeB sends the UE Context Release
complete message to the MME.
Paging
The paging procedure is used by the network to
request the establishment of a NAS signaling
connection to the UE. If there is an IP packet that
comes for a UE from the external network to the PGW
and if there is no dedicated bearer existing for the UE,
it will forward the IP packet to the SGW on the default
bearer. Once the packet has reached the SGW on the
default bearer, the SGW detects the need to create
a dedicated bearer and sends the Downlink Data
Notification message to the MME in order the page
the UE and create the dedicated bearers.
Now the MME has to ensure that the UE establishes
an RRC connection, so the MME sends a Paging
Request message to all eNodeBs associated with
the last known Tracking Area.
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10. Protocol Signaling Procedures in LTE | Radisys White Paper
Figure 17. Mobile Terminated Data Call
Mobile-Terminated Data Call
For a UE-terminated call, the network sends the
paging request to all the eNodeBs associated with the
last known tracking area as discussed above. When
receiving the Paging Request message from the MME,
the eNodeB sends the paging message over the radio
interface in the cells which are contained within one
of the tracking areas provided in that message.
The UE is normally paged using its S-TMSI or IMSI.
The Paging message also contains a UE identity
index value in order for the eNodeB to calculate the
paging occasions at which the UE listens for paging
message. The procedure is depicted in Figure 17
and explained below:
1. he PGW/SGW receive the incoming IP packet
T
addressed to a UE.
2. he SGW sends a DL Data Notification to the
T
MME requesting dedicated UE bearer creation.
3. he MME now sends a Paging message to notify
T
the UE about the incoming IP Packet.
4. nce the UE receives the Paging message on the
O
radio interface, it establishes the RRC Connection
with the eNodeB.
5. The UE sends the Service Request to the MME and
includes the Bearer Resource Allocation Request
to request the Dedicated Bearer Establishment.
6. From this point onward, the message sequence is
the same as that outlined in the Mobile Originated
Data Call. Please refer to Figure 14 and its message
sequence explanation.
Conclusion
Existing 3G networks are not able to cope up with
the rate of increasing demand for more and more
bandwidth, which has led to development of new
technology to satisfy subscribers’ bandwidth needs.
With over 100Mbps downlink and 50Mbps uplink
(in the first phase), LTE promises to deliver high
bandwidth on the move.
In this paper we covered the various signaling
procedures executed by the UE and the network
elements in LTE to provide services to the UE. All
of these procedures were explained in the context of
end-to-end signaling and the interactions of various
network elements.
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