The document provides information on cardiovascular anatomy and physiology for veterinary technicians. It discusses the major components and functions of the cardiac system including the heart chambers and valves, conduction system, blood vessels, and cardiac cycle. It also covers some common cardiac pathologies such as heart failure, valvular disease, patent ductus arteriosus, and persistent right aortic arch.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the heart and circulatory system. It describes the structure and function of the heart chambers and valves. It explains how blood flows through the heart in two separate circuits for pulmonary and systemic circulation. It also discusses the coronary arteries and blood supply to the heart muscle itself.
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. It discusses the location of the heart in the thoracic cavity near the diaphragm. It describes the layers of the heart including the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. It explains the chambers of the heart, heart valves, conduction system, cardiac cycle, regulation of heart rate and blood pressure, as well as the structure and function of blood vessels and factors affecting blood flow.
The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs. It is composed of three layers: the outer pericardium, middle myocardium layer of muscle, and inner endocardium lining. The heart is further divided into four chambers - right and left atria on top which receive blood and right and left ventricles on bottom which pump blood out. It has a specialized conduction system including the sinoatrial node which initiates impulses and pacemaking, atrioventricular node which conducts impulses to ventricles, and Purkinje fibers which transmit the impulse through the ventricles to contract in a coordinated way. The heart is supplied by coronary arteries and drained
The document discusses the venous anatomy of the heart, including the coronary sinus and persistent left superior vena cava (LSVC). It begins with the embryological development of the venous system. It then describes the various tributaries that drain into the coronary sinus and provides an overview of the venous drainage patterns. It discusses surgical implications of anomalies such as LSVC connection variations, coronary sinus atresia, and partial unroofing of the coronary sinus.
Location and orientation with the thorax
Structure of the heart
Structure of the Heart Wall
Chambers of the Heart
Valves of the Heart
Pathway of blood through the heart
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Conducting System and Innervation
Four Steps of Cardiac Conduction
Blood Supply to the Heart
This document provides an overview of cardiovascular physiology and ECG monitoring. It discusses the coronary circulation and conduction system of the heart. It describes the different cardiac cell types and their functions. Topics covered include the action potential, automaticity, conduction speed, the phases of the cardiac cycle, and pressure-volume loops. The document also discusses regulation of the cardiovascular system through neural mechanisms, hormones, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Finally, it provides guidance on interpreting ECGs, including identifying rates, durations, abnormalities, and determining the location of myocardial infarction.
Anatomy of heart and physiology of cardiac cycle by simhahchalamLVSimhachalam
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart and cardiac cycle. It describes the heart as having four chambers that pump blood through two circulations - pulmonary and systemic. The cardiac cycle involves electrical and mechanical events in the atria and ventricles over one heartbeat, including atrial systole, ventricular systole and diastole. Key phases and timing are explained. Heart sounds are produced by valve openings and closings.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the heart and circulatory system. It describes the structure and function of the heart chambers and valves. It explains how blood flows through the heart in two separate circuits for pulmonary and systemic circulation. It also discusses the coronary arteries and blood supply to the heart muscle itself.
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. It discusses the location of the heart in the thoracic cavity near the diaphragm. It describes the layers of the heart including the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. It explains the chambers of the heart, heart valves, conduction system, cardiac cycle, regulation of heart rate and blood pressure, as well as the structure and function of blood vessels and factors affecting blood flow.
The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs. It is composed of three layers: the outer pericardium, middle myocardium layer of muscle, and inner endocardium lining. The heart is further divided into four chambers - right and left atria on top which receive blood and right and left ventricles on bottom which pump blood out. It has a specialized conduction system including the sinoatrial node which initiates impulses and pacemaking, atrioventricular node which conducts impulses to ventricles, and Purkinje fibers which transmit the impulse through the ventricles to contract in a coordinated way. The heart is supplied by coronary arteries and drained
The document discusses the venous anatomy of the heart, including the coronary sinus and persistent left superior vena cava (LSVC). It begins with the embryological development of the venous system. It then describes the various tributaries that drain into the coronary sinus and provides an overview of the venous drainage patterns. It discusses surgical implications of anomalies such as LSVC connection variations, coronary sinus atresia, and partial unroofing of the coronary sinus.
Location and orientation with the thorax
Structure of the heart
Structure of the Heart Wall
Chambers of the Heart
Valves of the Heart
Pathway of blood through the heart
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Conducting System and Innervation
Four Steps of Cardiac Conduction
Blood Supply to the Heart
This document provides an overview of cardiovascular physiology and ECG monitoring. It discusses the coronary circulation and conduction system of the heart. It describes the different cardiac cell types and their functions. Topics covered include the action potential, automaticity, conduction speed, the phases of the cardiac cycle, and pressure-volume loops. The document also discusses regulation of the cardiovascular system through neural mechanisms, hormones, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Finally, it provides guidance on interpreting ECGs, including identifying rates, durations, abnormalities, and determining the location of myocardial infarction.
Anatomy of heart and physiology of cardiac cycle by simhahchalamLVSimhachalam
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart and cardiac cycle. It describes the heart as having four chambers that pump blood through two circulations - pulmonary and systemic. The cardiac cycle involves electrical and mechanical events in the atria and ventricles over one heartbeat, including atrial systole, ventricular systole and diastole. Key phases and timing are explained. Heart sounds are produced by valve openings and closings.
The document summarizes the cardiac cycle, including the electrical and mechanical events of the heart. It describes the conduction system that controls heart rhythm, including the sinoatrial node as the pacemaker. The main phases of the cardiac cycle are described in detail: atrial systole, isovolumetric contraction, ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, and ventricular filling. Pressure values for the different chambers are also provided. The coordination of these electrical and mechanical events ensures effective pumping of blood throughout the cardiovascular system.
The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the chest cavity between the lungs. It has four chambers - two upper chambers called atria and two lower chambers called ventricles. The heart pumps blood through two separate circuits - the right side pumps blood to the lungs and the left side pumps blood throughout the body. Blood flows through the heart via valves that ensure it only flows in one direction. The heart is supplied with oxygenated blood by the left and right coronary arteries and its rhythm is controlled by electrical pathways.
The document discusses the anatomy and function of the heart and coronary arteries. It describes:
1. The heart anatomy including the 4 chambers and major blood vessels.
2. The coronary arteries which supply blood to the heart muscle, including the left and right coronary arteries and their branches.
3. How blood flows through the heart in two circuits - from the body to the lungs and back to the body.
4. The roles of the valves, muscles and tendons in regulating blood flow through the heart.
5. Atherosclerosis which occurs when plaque builds up in the coronary arteries, which can lead to heart attacks if it blocks blood flow.
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the human heart. It discusses the heart's location in the thoracic cavity, its internal and external structures, the layers of the heart wall, the heart chambers and valves, coronary blood supply, cardiac cycle and conduction system, heart sounds, electrocardiography, and cardiac output. The heart is described as a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system through coordinated electrical conduction and mechanical contraction and relaxation of its chambers.
The document summarizes key aspects of the cardiovascular system. It describes the anatomy of the heart, including the four chambers and major valves. It explains that deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart and is pumped to the lungs, while oxygenated blood enters the left side and is pumped out to the body. It also discusses regulation of blood flow and pressure through the heart cycle and autonomic nervous system.
The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system using repeated contractions. It has three layers - the outer epicardium, middle myocardium made of cardiac muscle that contracts, and inner endocardium. The human heart is divided into four chambers - left and right atria which receive blood, and left and right ventricles which pump blood. It uses two circuits - pulmonary circulation to lungs and systemic circulation to body. The sinoatrial node sets the heart's rhythm, contracting without nervous input.
The cardiac conduction system sends signals through specialized cardiac muscle cells to coordinate the rhythmic contraction of the heart. It includes the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. The sinoatrial node acts as the pacemaker by spontaneously generating electrical impulses that spread through the internodal pathways and cause the atria to contract. The impulse then travels to and through the atrioventricular node and bundle of His before reaching the Purkinje fibers, which trigger fast, coordinated ventricular contraction.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the heart. It describes the location of the heart in the chest cavity and discusses the layers of tissue that surround and protect it. It also outlines the internal structures of the heart including the atria, ventricles, valves, conduction system and coronary circulation. Key aspects like the cardiac cycle and roles of the different chambers and valves during systole and diastole are highlighted at a high level.
The document provides an overview of the human circulatory system, including:
- The heart pumps blood through vessels in a double circulatory system, with the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
- The heart has four chambers, with the right atrium and ventricle pumping to the lungs and the left pumping to the body. It is located in the mediastinum.
- Blood flows through one-way valves between the atria and ventricles, and into the pulmonary trunk and aorta.
- The cardiac conduction system coordinates heart chamber contractions for efficient blood flow.
Cardiac surgery involves operations on the heart or major blood vessels and is used to treat complications from ischemic heart disease, congenital heart defects, and valvular heart disease. Modern techniques include beating-heart surgery where the heart continues to beat during operations and heart transplantation, which was first successfully performed in 1967. Coronary artery bypass grafting is also a common procedure that creates alternative blood flow paths around blockages to prevent clots. While cardiac surgery has risks, techniques have advanced to greatly reduce mortality rates for procedures like congenital heart defect repairs.
This document contains a review of cardiac anatomy and physiology with 50 questions and answers about the heart. Some key points covered include:
- The heart is the hardest working muscle and its main function is to pump blood through the body.
- It is located in the thoracic cavity and protected by the rib cage.
- The cardiovascular and pulmonary systems work together to supply oxygen to the body. The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the body.
- Major blood vessels connecting to the heart include the aorta, vena cava and pulmonary artery. The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.
The heart is a cone-shaped organ located in the chest cavity between the lungs. It is surrounded by fluid-filled sac called the pericardium. The heart has four chambers - two upper atria that receive blood and two lower ventricles that pump blood out. Blood flows through valves from the atria to ventricles and then out arteries or pulmonary artery. The heart's wall has three layers - outer epicardium, middle muscular myocardium, and inner endocardium. The heart continuously contracts and relaxes in a cardiac cycle of diastole and systole to pump blood through the body.
Echocardiography, Class II, Introduction to Echocardiography - Anatomy of the heart, cardiac hemodynamic concepts, coronary arteries, coronary artery branches, coronary distribution, 17 segment model, coronary perfusion, the pathway of the heart, cardiovascular blood flow, the cardiac cycle, semilunar valve function, cardiac intrinsic function, electrophysiology of the heart, electrocardiogram, phases of the cardiac cycle (chart), cardiac output, stroke volume, preload & afterload of the heart, calculation of target heart rate
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart. It describes the major structures of the heart including the atria, ventricles, arteries, and veins. The circulatory anatomy section outlines the major blood vessels connecting to and from the heart. The coronary artery anatomy section indicates the document will cover the arteries supplying the heart muscle. Finally, the cardiac cycle section suggests the document will explain the repeating heart contraction and relaxation sequence.
This document discusses the human circulatory system. It describes the composition of blood, the structure of the heart, and the cardiac cycle. The cardiac cycle involves atrial and ventricular systole and diastole. During systole, the heart muscles contract to pump blood out of the chambers. During diastole, the muscles relax and blood flows back into the chambers. The document then explains the blood circulation process, where oxygenated blood is pumped from the lungs to the body and deoxygenated blood returns to the heart and lungs.
The document provides information on the cardiovascular system and heart anatomy. It discusses the heart chambers, which include the right and left atria and ventricles. It also describes the major blood vessels associated with the heart and the pathway of blood flow from the heart to the lungs and throughout the body. Additionally, it covers the layers of the heart wall, heart valves that prevent backflow of blood, and the conducting system which coordinates heart contractions.
The document summarizes key aspects of heart anatomy and physiology. It describes the location of the heart in the thoracic cavity and its layers, including the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. It explains the heart's four chambers, valves that prevent backflow of blood, and the cardiac cycle of alternating atrial and ventricular contraction and relaxation. It also outlines the cardiac conduction system that coordinates heart contractions and generates the electrocardiogram.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system including its main components and functions. It describes the heart anatomy, blood circulation, types of blood vessels, cardiac cycle, electrophysiology, role of calcium in muscle contraction, hemodynamics, and nervous system regulation. The cardiovascular system functions to pump blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste through a dual circulatory pathway consisting of the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
The document discusses the anatomy of the coronary sinus and its tributaries. It provides details on:
- The coronary sinus drains into the right atrium and receives blood from the ventricular veins. Its tributaries include the anterior interventricular vein, great cardiac vein, left marginal vein, and middle cardiac vein.
- The document describes the normal anatomy and variations of the coronary sinus that can be identified on imaging. It also discusses the embryological development and valves within the coronary sinus.
- Understanding coronary sinus anatomy is important for electrophysiology procedures and surgeries that utilize the coronary sinus, such as pacing and ablation procedures.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including:
- The heart which consists of four chambers and pumps blood through two separate pumps to the lungs and body.
- Key structures of the heart including the pericardium, papillary muscles, chordae tendinae, and heart valves.
- The conduction system which generates electrical signals to coordinate heart contractions including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and Purkinje fibers.
- Blood flow through the heart in the normal cardiac cycle with events of ventricular filling, contraction and ejection.
The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS receives sensory input, integrates information, and directs motor responses. Within the CNS, the brain is responsible for higher functions like thinking and memory, while the spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body. Neurons are the basic functional units and communicate via electrical and chemical signals across synapses. The nervous system allows animals to integrate internal and external sensory information to direct activities and maintain homeostasis.
The document summarizes the cardiac cycle, including the electrical and mechanical events of the heart. It describes the conduction system that controls heart rhythm, including the sinoatrial node as the pacemaker. The main phases of the cardiac cycle are described in detail: atrial systole, isovolumetric contraction, ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, and ventricular filling. Pressure values for the different chambers are also provided. The coordination of these electrical and mechanical events ensures effective pumping of blood throughout the cardiovascular system.
The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the chest cavity between the lungs. It has four chambers - two upper chambers called atria and two lower chambers called ventricles. The heart pumps blood through two separate circuits - the right side pumps blood to the lungs and the left side pumps blood throughout the body. Blood flows through the heart via valves that ensure it only flows in one direction. The heart is supplied with oxygenated blood by the left and right coronary arteries and its rhythm is controlled by electrical pathways.
The document discusses the anatomy and function of the heart and coronary arteries. It describes:
1. The heart anatomy including the 4 chambers and major blood vessels.
2. The coronary arteries which supply blood to the heart muscle, including the left and right coronary arteries and their branches.
3. How blood flows through the heart in two circuits - from the body to the lungs and back to the body.
4. The roles of the valves, muscles and tendons in regulating blood flow through the heart.
5. Atherosclerosis which occurs when plaque builds up in the coronary arteries, which can lead to heart attacks if it blocks blood flow.
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the human heart. It discusses the heart's location in the thoracic cavity, its internal and external structures, the layers of the heart wall, the heart chambers and valves, coronary blood supply, cardiac cycle and conduction system, heart sounds, electrocardiography, and cardiac output. The heart is described as a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system through coordinated electrical conduction and mechanical contraction and relaxation of its chambers.
The document summarizes key aspects of the cardiovascular system. It describes the anatomy of the heart, including the four chambers and major valves. It explains that deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart and is pumped to the lungs, while oxygenated blood enters the left side and is pumped out to the body. It also discusses regulation of blood flow and pressure through the heart cycle and autonomic nervous system.
The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system using repeated contractions. It has three layers - the outer epicardium, middle myocardium made of cardiac muscle that contracts, and inner endocardium. The human heart is divided into four chambers - left and right atria which receive blood, and left and right ventricles which pump blood. It uses two circuits - pulmonary circulation to lungs and systemic circulation to body. The sinoatrial node sets the heart's rhythm, contracting without nervous input.
The cardiac conduction system sends signals through specialized cardiac muscle cells to coordinate the rhythmic contraction of the heart. It includes the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. The sinoatrial node acts as the pacemaker by spontaneously generating electrical impulses that spread through the internodal pathways and cause the atria to contract. The impulse then travels to and through the atrioventricular node and bundle of His before reaching the Purkinje fibers, which trigger fast, coordinated ventricular contraction.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the heart. It describes the location of the heart in the chest cavity and discusses the layers of tissue that surround and protect it. It also outlines the internal structures of the heart including the atria, ventricles, valves, conduction system and coronary circulation. Key aspects like the cardiac cycle and roles of the different chambers and valves during systole and diastole are highlighted at a high level.
The document provides an overview of the human circulatory system, including:
- The heart pumps blood through vessels in a double circulatory system, with the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
- The heart has four chambers, with the right atrium and ventricle pumping to the lungs and the left pumping to the body. It is located in the mediastinum.
- Blood flows through one-way valves between the atria and ventricles, and into the pulmonary trunk and aorta.
- The cardiac conduction system coordinates heart chamber contractions for efficient blood flow.
Cardiac surgery involves operations on the heart or major blood vessels and is used to treat complications from ischemic heart disease, congenital heart defects, and valvular heart disease. Modern techniques include beating-heart surgery where the heart continues to beat during operations and heart transplantation, which was first successfully performed in 1967. Coronary artery bypass grafting is also a common procedure that creates alternative blood flow paths around blockages to prevent clots. While cardiac surgery has risks, techniques have advanced to greatly reduce mortality rates for procedures like congenital heart defect repairs.
This document contains a review of cardiac anatomy and physiology with 50 questions and answers about the heart. Some key points covered include:
- The heart is the hardest working muscle and its main function is to pump blood through the body.
- It is located in the thoracic cavity and protected by the rib cage.
- The cardiovascular and pulmonary systems work together to supply oxygen to the body. The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the body.
- Major blood vessels connecting to the heart include the aorta, vena cava and pulmonary artery. The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.
The heart is a cone-shaped organ located in the chest cavity between the lungs. It is surrounded by fluid-filled sac called the pericardium. The heart has four chambers - two upper atria that receive blood and two lower ventricles that pump blood out. Blood flows through valves from the atria to ventricles and then out arteries or pulmonary artery. The heart's wall has three layers - outer epicardium, middle muscular myocardium, and inner endocardium. The heart continuously contracts and relaxes in a cardiac cycle of diastole and systole to pump blood through the body.
Echocardiography, Class II, Introduction to Echocardiography - Anatomy of the heart, cardiac hemodynamic concepts, coronary arteries, coronary artery branches, coronary distribution, 17 segment model, coronary perfusion, the pathway of the heart, cardiovascular blood flow, the cardiac cycle, semilunar valve function, cardiac intrinsic function, electrophysiology of the heart, electrocardiogram, phases of the cardiac cycle (chart), cardiac output, stroke volume, preload & afterload of the heart, calculation of target heart rate
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart. It describes the major structures of the heart including the atria, ventricles, arteries, and veins. The circulatory anatomy section outlines the major blood vessels connecting to and from the heart. The coronary artery anatomy section indicates the document will cover the arteries supplying the heart muscle. Finally, the cardiac cycle section suggests the document will explain the repeating heart contraction and relaxation sequence.
This document discusses the human circulatory system. It describes the composition of blood, the structure of the heart, and the cardiac cycle. The cardiac cycle involves atrial and ventricular systole and diastole. During systole, the heart muscles contract to pump blood out of the chambers. During diastole, the muscles relax and blood flows back into the chambers. The document then explains the blood circulation process, where oxygenated blood is pumped from the lungs to the body and deoxygenated blood returns to the heart and lungs.
The document provides information on the cardiovascular system and heart anatomy. It discusses the heart chambers, which include the right and left atria and ventricles. It also describes the major blood vessels associated with the heart and the pathway of blood flow from the heart to the lungs and throughout the body. Additionally, it covers the layers of the heart wall, heart valves that prevent backflow of blood, and the conducting system which coordinates heart contractions.
The document summarizes key aspects of heart anatomy and physiology. It describes the location of the heart in the thoracic cavity and its layers, including the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. It explains the heart's four chambers, valves that prevent backflow of blood, and the cardiac cycle of alternating atrial and ventricular contraction and relaxation. It also outlines the cardiac conduction system that coordinates heart contractions and generates the electrocardiogram.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system including its main components and functions. It describes the heart anatomy, blood circulation, types of blood vessels, cardiac cycle, electrophysiology, role of calcium in muscle contraction, hemodynamics, and nervous system regulation. The cardiovascular system functions to pump blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste through a dual circulatory pathway consisting of the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
The document discusses the anatomy of the coronary sinus and its tributaries. It provides details on:
- The coronary sinus drains into the right atrium and receives blood from the ventricular veins. Its tributaries include the anterior interventricular vein, great cardiac vein, left marginal vein, and middle cardiac vein.
- The document describes the normal anatomy and variations of the coronary sinus that can be identified on imaging. It also discusses the embryological development and valves within the coronary sinus.
- Understanding coronary sinus anatomy is important for electrophysiology procedures and surgeries that utilize the coronary sinus, such as pacing and ablation procedures.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including:
- The heart which consists of four chambers and pumps blood through two separate pumps to the lungs and body.
- Key structures of the heart including the pericardium, papillary muscles, chordae tendinae, and heart valves.
- The conduction system which generates electrical signals to coordinate heart contractions including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and Purkinje fibers.
- Blood flow through the heart in the normal cardiac cycle with events of ventricular filling, contraction and ejection.
The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS receives sensory input, integrates information, and directs motor responses. Within the CNS, the brain is responsible for higher functions like thinking and memory, while the spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body. Neurons are the basic functional units and communicate via electrical and chemical signals across synapses. The nervous system allows animals to integrate internal and external sensory information to direct activities and maintain homeostasis.
The document provides an overview of endocrinology, summarizing the major endocrine glands and their hormones. It discusses the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and pancreas. It also covers some common endocrine disorders like hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Cushing's disease, Addison's disease, diabetes mellitus, and discusses some relevant laboratory tests.
The document summarizes the key structures and functions of the respiratory system. It describes:
1) The respiratory system works to supply oxygen to cells through external respiration in the lungs and internal respiration in tissues, while eliminating carbon dioxide.
2) The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, pharynx and larynx. The lower tract includes the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles which branch into tiny alveoli in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
3) Respiration is controlled by both mechanical and chemical systems to regulate breathing and acid-base balance through carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
This document provides an overview of the male and female reproductive systems in animals. For the male anatomy, it describes the testes, scrotum, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis and other structures. It also discusses sperm production, testosterone production and common male pathologies. For the female, it outlines the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina and vulva. It explains the estrous cycle, hormones, pregnancy, parturition and common female reproductive issues. It concludes with descriptions of vaginal cytology and semen analysis for laboratory evaluation.
The skeletal system provides structure, protection, movement, and storage. The skeleton is composed of bones and cartilage. There are two types of bones - compact bone which makes up the outer layer and is very dense, and cancellous bone which is less dense and found in the interior. Bones are composed of cells including osteoblasts which form bone, osteocytes which are mature bone cells, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs. Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow for movement, store minerals, and produce blood cells.
This document contains a 50-minute English assessment for students at Taman Desa Secondary School consisting of 4 sections. Section A contains word matching and opposites questions. Section B contains reading comprehension questions about giraffes. Section C requires rearranging words to form sentences. Section D contains subject-verb agreement questions. The assessment was prepared by the English teacher and checked by the head of the language department at the school.
The cardiovascular system consists of three types of blood vessels - arteries, capillaries, and veins. The heart has four chambers and uses electrical signals to pump blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit which oxygenates blood and the systemic circuit which circulates blood to the body. Common cardiovascular disorders include atherosclerosis, heart attacks, strokes, and aneurysms which can be treated through procedures like coronary bypass surgery or angioplasty.
This document provides an overview of circulatory systems. It discusses transport in invertebrates and vertebrates, including a comparison of open and closed circulatory systems. For humans, it describes the heart and heartbeat, vascular pathways including the pulmonary and systemic circuits, blood pressure, and some common cardiovascular disorders like hypertension and heart attacks.
The document summarizes key aspects of cardiovascular anatomy and physiology. It describes the layers of the heart walls, chambers of the heart and blood flow path. It also outlines fetal circulation, heart sounds, factors influencing heart rate and cardiac output, electrocardiography, and vascular anatomy including major arteries and veins. Key structures like the sinoatrial node and heart valves are defined. Cardiac cycle phases of systole and diastole are explained.
A transport system is a means by which materials are moved ('transported') from an exchange surface or exchange surfaces to cells* located throughout the organism.
The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, hormones, blood cells, and waste products throughout the body. There are two main types - open systems where blood is not enclosed in vessels and closed systems where blood remains in vessels. In closed systems, blood is transported through two main circuits - the pulmonary circuit through the lungs and systemic circuit through the body. The main components of closed circulatory systems are the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.
The document describes the structure and function of the heart and cardiovascular system. It discusses:
1) The heart is made up of four chambers that pump blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit oxygenates blood in the lungs, and the systemic circuit delivers oxygenated blood to the body.
2) Valves between the chambers prevent backflow of blood, and the heart's conduction system coordinates contractions to efficiently pump blood.
3) Arteries, veins and capillaries work together to transport blood throughout the body and back to the heart in a continuous closed circuit.
Cape biology unit 2 -_circulatory_system_in_humans_and_exerciseHilton Ritch
The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes throughout the body via the heart and blood vessels. The human circulatory system is a double circulatory system, with the heart having four chambers that separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Blood flows from the heart through arteries, then narrows into arterioles before reaching capillaries where gas, nutrient and waste exchange occurs. Venules collect blood from capillaries which flows back to the heart through increasingly large veins. The heart pumps blood in a repeating cardiac cycle of atrial systole, ventricular systole and diastole.
The cardiovascular system consists of a network of vessels that circulate blood throughout the body, powered by the heart. Blood flows from the heart through arteries, then smaller arterioles and capillaries where gas and nutrient exchange occurs. The capillaries merge into venules and veins which return deoxygenated blood back to the heart, completing the circulation. The document traces the detailed flow of blood through the heart, lungs, and body.
Grade 9 Science Quarter 1 Module 1
This is a great help for teachers who teach biology for them to explain the lesson in a much clearer setting and easier for the learners. The presentation contains a more comprehensive lesson on the anatomy of the Circulatory System. Here students learn through audio-visual. This ppt contains specific topics about the circulatory system, its parts, and their functions.
The cardiovascular system consists of a network of vessels that circulate blood throughout the body, powered by the heart. Blood flows from the heart through arteries and arterioles, which branch into capillaries where gases and nutrients are exchanged. The capillaries then merge into venules and veins, which carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. In the lungs, blood releases carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen before repeating this continuous circuit.
The cardiovascular system consists of a network of vessels that circulate blood throughout the body, powered by the heart. Blood flows from the heart through arteries and arterioles, which branch into capillaries where nutrients and oxygen are exchanged. The capillaries then merge into venules and veins, which carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The two main circuits are pulmonary circulation, where blood flows to the lungs to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen, and systemic circulation, where oxygenated blood is pumped throughout the body.
The cardiovascular system consists of a network of vessels that circulate blood throughout the body, powered by the heart. Blood flows from the heart through arteries and arterioles, which branch into capillaries where nutrients and oxygen are exchanged. The capillaries then merge into venules and veins, which carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The circulatory system is divided into pulmonary circulation, where blood flows to the lungs to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen, and systemic circulation, where oxygenated blood is pumped throughout the body.
The cardiovascular system consists of a network of vessels that circulate blood throughout the body, powered by the heart. Blood flows from the heart through arteries and arterioles, then to capillaries where nutrients and oxygen are exchanged, before returning to the heart through venules and veins. The document traces the path of blood flow from the vena cavae into the heart, through the pulmonary and systemic circulations, through arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins, before returning to the heart to repeat the cycle.
The cardiovascular system consists of a network of vessels that circulate blood throughout the body, powered by the heart. Blood flows from the heart through arteries and arterioles, which branch into capillaries where nutrients and oxygen are exchanged. The capillaries then merge into venules and veins, which carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The circulatory system is divided into pulmonary circulation, where blood flows to the lungs to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen, and systemic circulation, where oxygenated blood is pumped throughout the body.
The cardiovascular system consists of a network of vessels that circulate blood throughout the body, powered by the heart. Blood flows from the heart through arteries, then smaller arterioles and capillaries where nutrients and oxygen are exchanged, then into venules and veins which return deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The circulatory system is divided into pulmonary circulation from the heart to the lungs to oxygenate blood and systemic circulation from the heart to the rest of the body to deliver oxygenated blood.
The cardiovascular system consists of a network of vessels that circulate blood throughout the body, powered by the heart. Blood flows from the heart through arteries, then smaller arterioles and capillaries where nutrients and oxygen are exchanged, then into venules and veins which return deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The circulatory system is divided into pulmonary circulation from the heart to the lungs to oxygenate blood and systemic circulation from the heart to the rest of the body to deliver oxygenated blood.
The cardiovascular system consists of a network of vessels that circulate blood throughout the body, powered by the heart. Blood flows from the heart through arteries and arterioles, which branch into capillaries where gases and nutrients are exchanged. The capillaries then merge into venules and veins, which carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. In the lungs, blood releases carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen before repeating this continuous circuit.
The cardiovascular system consists of a network of vessels that circulate blood throughout the body, powered by the heart. Blood flows from the heart through arteries, then smaller arterioles and capillaries where nutrients and oxygen are exchanged, then into venules and veins which return deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The circulatory system is divided into pulmonary circulation from the heart to the lungs to oxygenate blood and systemic circulation from the heart to the rest of the body to deliver oxygenated blood.
Creating a 3000-word presentation about anatomy allows for an in-depth exploration of the intricacies of the human body, encompassing its structure, function, and significance. Below is a comprehensive breakdown of what such a presentation wiiwkksa9a9oa9w0wa0a
### Introduction:
Anatomy, the study of the structure of living organisms, is a fundamental discipline in medicine and biology. It provides the foundation for understanding how the human body functions and interacts with its environment. This presentation will delve into various aspects of anatomy, from the macroscopic level down to the cellular and molecular levels.
### Overview of Human Anatomy:
1. **Macroscopic Anatomy:**
- Discuss the major organ systems of the human body, including the skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, reproductive, integumentary, and urinary systems.
- Highlight the structures and functions of each system, emphasizing their interconnections and roles in maintaining homeostasis.
2. **Microscopic Anatomy:**
- Explore the microscopic anatomy of tissues, including epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.
- Describe the characteristics and functions of each tissue type, as well as their roles in organ structure and function.
### Systems of the Human Body:
1. **Skeletal System:**
- Detail the bones of the human skeleton, including their classification, structure, and functions such as support, protection, and mineral storage.
- Discuss common bone disorders and injuries, as well as the process of bone formation and remodeling.
2. **Muscular System:**
- Explain the types of muscle tissue (skeletal, smooth, and cardiac) and their respective functions.
- Explore muscle contraction, neuromuscular junctions, and the role of muscles in movement, posture, and heat production.
3. **Cardiovascular System:**
- Describe the structure and function of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
- Discuss circulation, including the pulmonary and systemic circuits, as well as the regulation of blood pressure and cardiac output.
4. **Respiratory System:**
- Outline the anatomy of the respiratory tract, including the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
- Explain the process of pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, and respiratory gas transport.
5. **Digestive System:**
- Explore the organs of the digestive tract, such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
- Discuss digestion, absorption, and nutrient metabolism, as well as common digestive disorders.
6. **Nervous System:**
- Introduce the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia).
- Explain the functions of the nervous system, including sensation, integration, and motor control, as well as the structure and function of neurons and neuroglia.
7. **Endocrine System:**
- Detail the major end
1. VTT 235/245 Ana tomy &
P a thology La b for Ve te rina ry
Te chnicia ns
Ca rdiova s cula r S ys te m
I. Ca rdia c S ys te m
II. Circula tory S ys te m
2. Ca rdia c S ys te m
The ma jor function of the CVS is
tra ns porta tion, with blood be ing the
tra ns port ve hicle .
Circula tory P a ths -
Systemic Circulation- is blood flow to a nd
from mos t pa rts of the body.
Pulmonary Circulation- is blood flow to
a nd from the lungs , during which it picks
up oxyge n a nd re turns it to the he a rt.
3. Ca rdia c S ys te m
Circula tory P a ths -
Coronary Circulation- blood flow to the he a rt
mus cle its e lf.
Portal Circulation- a ve nous s ys te m in which
blood re turns from the inte s tine s a nd proce e ds to
the live r be fore re turning to the he a rt.
* * Venous System- re turns blood to the he a rt.
Arterial System- ca rrie s blood a wa y from the
he a rt.
4.
5. He a rt
A mus cula r, four cha mbe re d orga n tha t
drive s the circula tory s ys te m.
Lie s in the mediastinum.
Base- top of the he a rt.
Apex- bottom of the he a rt.
6. He a rt…
The oute r la ye r of the he a rt is ca lle d the
pericardium.
The pe rica rdium cons is ts of 2 la ye rs :
An oute r fibrous pericardium- ma de of tough,
fibrous CT tha t prote cts the he a rt a nd loos e ly
a tta che s it to the dia phra gm.
An inne r serous pericardium- which is a ls o ma de
of 2 la ye rs :
Inner Visceral layer(epicardium)
Outer parietal layer
7. He a rt…
Ins ide the s a c forme d by the
pe rica rdium is the thicke s t la ye r of
he a rt tis s ue , the myocardium.
Be twe e n the cha mbe rs a nd the
myoca rdium is a thin me mbra nous
lining ca lle d the endocardium.
8. He a rt…
Compartments- the he a rt ha s 4 cha mbe rs .
The 2 a tria re ce ive blood a nd pump it down into
the re s pe ctive ve ntricle s , which pump it a wa y
from the he a rt.
Right Atrium- compa rtme nt re ce iving
de oxyge na te d blood.
Interatrial septum- the wa ll s e pa ra ting the a tria .
Fossa Ovale- a re mna nt of the fe ta l fora me n
ova le .
9. He a rt…
Right Ventricle- compa rtme nt
re ce iving blood from the right a trium.
The right ve ntricula r wa ll is thinne r
be ca us e le s s pre s s ure is re quire d to
move blood through the lungs tha n
through the body.
Ventricular septum- s e pa ra te s the
ve ntricle s .
10. He a rt…
Left Atrium- the compa rtme nt
re ce iving oxyge na te d blood from the
lungs via the pulmona ry ve ins .
Left Ventricle- compa rtme nt re ce iving
oxyge na te d blood from the le ft a trium
a nd s e nding it out the a orta to the body
(s ys te mic circula tion).
The le ft ve ntricula r wa ll is thicke r be ca us e
of the highe r pre s s ure re quire d for
s ys te mic circula tion.
11. He a rt…
Ve ntricula r S tructure s -
Papillary Muscles- mus cula r proje ctions
s e rving a s a tta chme nts for the chorda e
te ndine a e of the AV va lve s .
Chordae Tendineae- tough s tra nds
a nchoring the fre e e dge s of the AV va lve s
to the pa pilla ry mus cle s .
12. He a rt…
Va lve s -
AV Va lve s - pre ve nt ba ckflow into the a tria
during ve ntricula r (s ys tole ) contra ctions .
Right AV (tricus pid) va lve
Le ft AV (bicus pid/mitra l) va lve
“Tri” before you “bi” !!!
S e mi-luna r va lve s -
Aortic
P ulmona ry
13. Ma jor Ve s s e ls
Cranial Vena Cava- the la rge ve in
re turning blood from the he a d, ne ck,
a nd thora cic limbs to the right a trium.
Caudal Vena Cava- la rge ve in re turning
blood from pa rt of the thora x, vis ce ra ,
a nd the ca uda l pa rt of the body to the
right a trium.
14. Ma jor Ve s s e ls …
Pulmonary Trunk- the la rge ve s s e l
ca rrying blood from the right ve ntricle
to the pulmona ry a rte rie s , a nd thus , to
the lungs .
Pulmonary Arteries- the two bra nche s
of the pulmona ry trunk ca rrying blood
to the right a nd le ft lung lobe s .
15. Ma jor Ve s s e ls …
Pulmonary Veins- the nume rous
ve s s e ls e mptying oxyge na te d blood
into the le ft a trium.
Aorta- ma jor outflow from the le ft
ve ntricle into the s ys te mic circula tion.
16. Ca rdia c Cycle
Both a tria contra ct a t virtua lly the
s a me time .
Blood e nte rs the a tria while the y a re
re la xe d.
The atrioventricular (AV) valves a re
ope n s o blood flows ra pidly through the
ve ntricle s .
Approxima te ly 70% of ve ntricle filling
occurs during this pha s e .
17. Ca rdia c Cycle …
The a tria the n contra ct, which is ca lle d
a tria l s ys tole , a nd the ve ntricle s fill
comple te ly.
Ne xt, both ve ntricle s contra ct a nd the
AV va lve s a re force d to clos e ,
producing the firs t a udible he a rt s ound.
P re s s ure on the ve ntricle s ca us e the
s e mi-luna r va lve s to ope n a nd blood is
e je cte d into the pulmona ry a rte ry a nd
a orta .
18. Ca rdia c Cycle …
This contra ction is ca lle d ventricular
systole.
The s e mi-luna r va lve s clos e producing
the s e cond he a rt s ound.
The cycle is re pe a te d with the pe riod
of re la xa tion ca lle d diastole.
19. How Blood P umps Through the
He a rt
The Right Atrium, re ce ive s “de oxyge na te d blood" from the body.
Blood will be pus he d through the tricus pid va lve to the
Right Ve ntricle , the cha mbe r which will pump to the lungs through the
pulmonic va lve to the
P ulmona ry Arte rie s , providing blood to both lungs . Blood is circula te d
through the lungs whe re ca rbon dioxide is re move d a nd oxyge n
a dde d. It re turns through the
P ulmona ry Ve ins , which e mpty into the
Le ft Atrium, (oxyge na te d blood) a cha mbe r which will pus h the Mitra l
Va lve ope n. Blood the n pa s s e s into the
Le ft Ve ntricle . Although it doe s n't a lwa ys look like it in dra wings done
from this a ngle , this is the la rge s t a nd mos t importa nt cha mbe r in the
he a rt. It pumps to the re s t of the body. As it pumps , the pre s s ure will
clos e the mitra l va lve a nd ope n the a ortic va lve , with blood pa s s ing
through to the
Aorta , whe re it will be de live re d to the re s t of the body.
20. He a rt Ra te & Ca rdia c Output
Cardiac output- the a mount of blood
tha t le a ve s the he a rt.
De te rmine d by:
Stroke Volume- the a mount of blood
e je cte d with e a ch ca rdia c contra ction.
Heart Rate- how ofte n the he a rt
contra cts .
21. Conduction S ys te m
Ea ch comple te contra ction a nd
re la xa tion is ca lle d a cardiac cycle.
Two ma in pa rts -
Systole- whe n the he a rt mus cle contra cts
a nd blood is e je cte d from the a tria to the
ve ntricle s a nd out the a orta .
Diastole- the he a rt re la xe s a nd re fills with
blood.
22. Conduction S ys te m…
The impuls e come s
from the SA node.
A s pe cia lize d a re a
of ca rdia c mus cle
ce lls tha t pos s e s the
a bility of
a utoma tica lly
ge ne ra ting the
e le ctrica l impuls e s
tha t trigge r the
re pe a te d be a ting of
the he a rt.
23. Conduction S ys te m…
The S A node
ge ne ra te s a n
e le ctrica l curre nt by
the move me nt of
ca tions a cros s the
oute r me mbra ne s of
it’s ce lls .
24. Conduction S ys te m…
This proce s s ca lle d depolarization,
ge ne ra te s a n e le ctrica l curre nt which ca us e s
the he a rt mus cle to contra ct.
Ca rdia c mus cle ca n tra ns mit a n impuls e
from one ce ll to a nothe r, s o e le ctrica l
impuls e s a nd contra ctions s pre a d a cros s the
he a rt like a wa ve .
Afte r the impuls e is ge ne ra te d in the S A
node , it s pre a ds in a wa ve a cros s both a tria ,
ca us ing the to contra ct a nd pus h blood
through the AV va lve s into the ve ntricle s ,
which a re s till re la xe d.
25. Conduction S ys te m…
The impuls e tra ve ls to the AV node whe re it
e ncounte rs a s light de la y.
This is the only conduction route from the a tria to
the ve ntricle s .
The de la y pe rmits the a tria to comple te the ir
s ys tolic contra ction be fore ve ntricula r s ys tole
be gins .
Afte r the AV node , it tra ve ls to the
s pe cia lize d fibe rs in the ve ntricle s ca lle d the
bundle of His & the Purkinje fibers.
28. He a rt Fa ilure
Whe n blood re turning to the he a rt ca nnot be
pumpe d out a t a ra te ma tching the body’s
ne e ds .
Ma ny ca us e s e xis t.
Mus t de te rmine if the fa ilure is a re s ult of
myoca rdia l dys function (pump fa ilure ) or
circula tory fa ilure (la ck of circula ting fluid
volume .
Conge s tive He a rt Fa ilure - whe n the fa iling
he a rt a llows fluid conge s tion a nd e de ma to
a ccumula te in the body.
29. Congestive Heart Failure
A de ge ne ra tive dis e a s e whe re the va lve
le a fle ts be come knobby a nd thicke ne d.
Re gurgita ting blood ca us e s e nla rge me nt of
the le ft a trium a nd le ft ve ntricle
Mitra l re gurgita tion mos t common ca us e ;
30% of s ma ll bre e d dogs > 10 ye a rs old a re
a ffe cte d
P re dis pos e d bre e ds include Ca va lie r King
Cha rle s S pa nie ls , P oodle s , Mini S chna uze rs ,
Chihua hua s , Cocke r S pa nie ls , Da chs hunds ,
Bos ton Te rrie rs , & Fox Te rrie rs
P rogre s s ion of the dis e a s e ca n ta ke ye a rs
30. CHF (cont)
P re s e nt with ta chypne a , ha rs h lung
s ounds , ins pira tory cra ckle s tha t
progre s s to cra ckle s /whe e ze s
throughout re s pira tion with a
dis tinguis ha ble he a rt murmur
CHF a nima ls a re lite ra lly drowning in
the ir own fluids .
31. P a te nt Ductus Arte rios is (P DA)-
Mos t common
conge nita l he a rt de fe ct
of dogs
The duct be twe e n the
le ft pulmona ry a rte ry
a nd the de s ce nding
a orta in the fe tus doe s
not clos e a t birth
Re s ults in le ft s ide d
CHF
The re s ulting murmur is
ofte n re fe rre d to a s a
“ma chine ry murmur”.
32. Va lvula r S te nos is
A na rrowing of one
of the he a rt va lve s
Ma y be a ortic or
pulmonic
Ca us e s va rious
type s of murme rs
33. P e rs is te nt Right Aortic Arch
P RAA
The mos t common
va s cula r ring
a noma ly
Ca us e s a n
obs truction of the
e s opha gus
Re gurgita tion, a nd
a s pira tion
pne umonia a re
s ome s igns in young
we a ning a nima ls
34. P a te nt Ova le Fora me n
A.K.A. Inte ra tria l
S e pta l De fe ct
Fa ilure of the
ope ning be twe e n
the two fe ta l a tria to
clos e .
35. Chronic Mitra l Va lve Ins ufficie ncy
CMVI is the mos t commonly
e ncounte re d a cquire d ca rdia c
dis orde rs in the dog.
One of the mos t common ca us e s is
chronic pe riodonta l dis e a s e .
Ba cte ria living in ta rta r a re s howe re d into
the bloods tre a m, colonizing on the va lve
le a fle ts of the he a rt.
The s tiff, ma lforme d le a fle ts fa il to clos e
s ufficie ntly during s ys tole , re s ulting in
re gurgita tion ba ck up into the a trium.
36. Ca nine Dila te d Ca rdiomyopa thy
One of the mos t common a cquire d
ca rdiova s cula r dis e a s e s of dogs .
P rima rily a dis e a s e of olde r, ma le la rge &
gia nt bre e d dogs .
The dis e a s e involve s the dila tion of a ll four
cha mbe rs of the he a rt.
This dila tion (ca us e d by we a k, thin, & fla bby
ca rdia c mus cle ) re s ults in:
A de cre a s e in ca rdia c output.
An incre a s e in ca rdia c a fte rloa d (blood le ft in the
he a rt in dia s tole ).
37. DCM…
The e xa ct ca us e is unknown, a lthough
vira l, nutritiona l, immune -me dia te d,
a nd ge ne tic ca us e s ha ve be e n
propos e d.
DCM re s ults in impa ire d s ys tolic
function of the ve ntricle s a nd,
the re fore , de cre a s e d s troke volume .
The volume of blood e je cte d from the
he a rt with e a ch contra ction.
38. DCM…
The e ffe ct on the a nima l is one of low-
output circula tory fa ilure , e xhibite d by:
We a kne s s
Exe rcis e intole ra nce
S yncope
S hock
39. DCM…
Dogs with DCM fre que ntly e xpe rie nce
the de ve lopme nt of a tria l fibrilla tion,
which furthe r contribute s to a de cre a s e
in ca rdia c output.
S igns of a tria l fibrilla tion include ra pid,
irre gula r he a rt rhythms or s udde n de a th.
40. Ca nine Hype rtrophic Ca rdiomyopa thy
An uncommon ca nine dis e a s e .
The le ft ve ntricula r mus cle a trophie s
de cre a s ing the filling ca pa city of the
ve ntricle a nd ofte n blocking the outflow
of blood during s ys tole .
41. Fe line Dila te d Ca rdiomyopa thy
Afte r the a s s ocia tion of the dis e a s e
with ta urine de ficie ncy, a dditiona l
ta urine wa s a dde d to comme rcia l die ts
a nd the incide nce of the dis e a s e
s ignifica ntly de cre a s e d.
The pa thologic condition is s imila r to
DCM in dogs .
Evide nce ha s be e n found of a ge ne tic
pre dis pos ition to DCM in ca ts fe d
ta urine -de ficie nt die ts .
42. Fe line Hype rtrophic Ca rdiomyopa thy
The mos t common fe line he a rt dis e a s e .
Cha ra cte rize d by hype rtrophy of the le ft
ve ntricle .
Compromis e of the le ft ve ntricula r cha mbe r
re s ults in impa ire d dia s tolic re la xa tion,
re duction of ve ntricula r filling, a nd ultima te ly
a n impa irme nt in ca rdia c output.
Ca ts with HCM ma y e xpe rie nce he a rt fa ilure ,
a rte ria l e mbolis m, a nd s udde n de a th.
43. Ca nine He a rtworm Dis e a s e
The fe ma le mos quito s e rve s a s a n
inte rme dia te hos t for Dirofila ria immitis .
The s e microfila ria de ve lop in the
mos quito for 2-3 we e ks a nd a re the n
inje cte d into the s kin of a dog through
a bite .
The infe ctive la rva e migra te within the
s kin of the ne w hos t for a bout 100
da ys .
44. Ca nine He a rtworm Dis e a s e …
Young a dults e nte r the va s cula ture
a nd migra te to the he a rt whe re the y
ma ture into a dults .
S ix months a fte r the initia l bite , the
microfila ria ca n be de te cte d in the
blood.
The pre s e nce of the pa ra s ite s re s ults
in right-s ide d he a rt e nla rge me nt a nd
pulmona ry hype rte ns ion.
45. Fe line He a rtworm Dis e a s e
Ca ts a re s ome wha t re s is ta nt to D. immitis
infe ction, ha ving fe w a dult worms , which a re
e limina te d from the hos t within 2 ye a rs .
Mos t s ymptoms in the ca t re la te to the
re s pira tory s ys te m (cough, dys pne a ) or GI
s ys te m (vomiting, a nore xia ).
S udde n de a th of a n a s ymptoma tic ca t is
fa irly fre que nt.
Ata xia , blindne s s , a nd s e izure s ca n a ls o
occur.
46. Murmurs
He a rt murmurs a re a bnorma l s ounds
ca us e d by bloodflow turbule nce .
Due to va lvula r or non-va lvula r proble ms .
S ys tolic murmur- occurs be twe e n the
1 st & 2 nd he a rt s ounds .
Dia s tolic murmur- occurs be twe e n the
2 nd & 1 st he a rt s ounds .
47. Murmurs …
Va lvula r murmurs - a s ound due to a
le a ky or na rrowe d va lve .
Le a ky (ins ufficie ncy) murmur
Na rrowing (s te nos is ) murmur
Non-va lvula r murmurs - us ua lly occur
due to s ome type of a cquire d de fe ct.
P a te nt Ductus Arte rios us
Inte ra tria l or Inte rve ntricula r s e pta l de fe ct
50. Applica tions
Exa ct dia gnos e s of a rrhythmia s he a rd
on a s culta tion.
Acute ons e t of dys pne a
S hock
Fa inting or s e izure s
Monitoring during a nd a fte r s urge ry
All ca rdia c murmurs
Ca rdiome ga ly found on ra diogra phs
Cya nos is
51. Re me mbe r…
DEP OLARIZATION: a he a rt mus cle
contra ction in re s pons e to e le ctrica l
s timuli.
Occurs whe n e le ctrolyte s move a cros s
the ce ll me mbra ne .
S odium-pota s s ium pump
REP OLARIZATION: he a rt mus cle
re la xa tion occurs whe n the e le ctrolyte s
move ba ck a cros s the ce ll me mbra ne
re nde ring the ce ll re a dy for the ne xt
e le ctrica l impuls e .
52. Ele ctroca rdiogra m
A gra phic re cording of e le ctrica l
pote ntia ls produce d by the he a rt
mus cle during diffe re nt pha s e s of the
ca rdia c cycle .
Ea ch portion of the EKG is like a vis ua l
“picture ” of a s pe cific a re a of the he a rt.
53.
54. The Comple x
P wave- corre s ponds to a tria l
de pola riza tion.
Ma y be a pos itive or ne ga tive de fle ction.
QRS Comple x- corre s pond to
ve ntricula r de pola riza tion.
T wa ve - re pre s e nts ve ntricula r
re pola riza tion.
Ma y be pos itive or ne ga tive de fle ctions .
Eve ry QRS comple x MUS T be followe d
by a T wa ve .
55.
56. Le a d S ys te ms
A le a d s ys te m a llows you to look a t the
he a rt from diffe re nt a ngle s .
Lead I- be s t for de te rmining a tria l
function
Lead II- de te rmine s the function of the
whole he a rt
Lead III- be s t for te s ting the le ft s ide
of the he a rt
* * * Lead II is the most often used* * *
58. ***Atta chme nt of the Le a ds ***
BLACK le ft fore a rm
WHITE right fore a rm
RED le ft re a r le g
GREEN right re a r le g
BROWN che s t/grounding
63. Quick & Dirty Guide to EKG Abnorma litie s
P wave: incre a s e d in a mplitude or
dura tion- a tria l e nla rge me nt.
R wave: incre a s e d in a mplitude - le ft
ve ntricula r e nla rge me nt.
S wave: incre a s e d in a mplitude - right
ve ntricula r e nla rge me nt.
64. Arrhythmia s
An a rrhythmia is a n a bnorma lity in the
ra te , re gula rity, or s ite of origin of the
ca rdia c impuls e .
A dis turba nce in conduction of the
impuls e s uch tha t the norma l s e que nce
of a ctiva tion of the a tria a nd ve ntricle s
is a lte re d.
65. Arrhythmia Inte rpre ta tion
S te p 1: De te rmine the he a rt ra te .
Is it ra pid? S low? Norma l?
S te p 2: As s e s s the rhythm.
S ca n the EKG print out for a bnorma litie s .
S te p 3: Ide ntify the P wa ve s .
A norma l P wa ve indica te s the impuls e origina te d
in the S A node .
Abs e nce of P wa ve s s ignifie s a tria l fibrilla tion or
a tria l s ta nds till.
P wa ve s ma y be s upe rimpos e d on the QRS
comple x in va rious s upra ve ntricula r ta chyca rdia s .
66. Arrhythmia Inte rpre ta tion…
S te p 4: As s e s s the QRS s ha pe &
dura tion.
Abnorma litie s in the s ha pe ca n s ugge s t a
dis turba nce of ve ntricula r impuls e s .
67. Arrhythmia Inte rpre ta tion…
S te p 5: Look a t the re la tions hip be twe e n the
P wa ve s a nd the QRS comple xe s .
Norma lly, the re s hould be one P wa ve for e ve ry
QRS comple x with a cons ta nt P -R inte rva l.
Long P -R inte rva ls indica te a n AV conduction
de la y (1° AV block).
A P wa ve not followe d by a QRS comple x
indica te s 2˚ AV block.
P -R inte rva ls tha t va ry indica te 3˚ AV block.
68. Norma l S inus Rhythm
P wa ve s a re pos itive .
QRS comple xe s a re norma l with a cons ta nt P -R
inte rva l.
This is NORMAL.
70. S inus Arrhythmia
An irre gula r rhythm origina ting in the
S A node .
Re pre s e nte d by a lte rna ting pe riods of
s lowe r & more ra pid he a rt ra te s .
Us ua lly re la te d to re s pira tion:
He a rt ra te incre a s e s with ins pira tion a nd
de cre a s e s with e xpira tion.
A fre que nt norma l finding in the dog.
71. S inus Arrhythmia …
Ofte n s e e n in bra chyce pha lic bre e ds or in chronic
re s pira tory dis e a s e s , in which va ga l tone is
incre a s e d by uppe r a irwa y obs truction.
Atropine e limina te s re s pira tory induce d S A.
73. S inus Bra dyca rdia
A re gula r rhythm, with a s low he a rt ra te .
In ca ts , it is ofte n a s s ocia te d with a s e rious
unde rlying dis orde r, which re quire s imme dia te
a tte ntion.
Ca us e s - intuba tion, hypothe rmia , & re s pira tory
dis e a s e .
74. S inus Ta chyca rdia
A re gula r s inus rhythm, with a fa s t he a rt ra te .
The mos t common a rrhythmia in dogs a nd
ca ts .
P hys iologic ca us e s include : e xe rcis e , pa in,
or proce dure s involving re s tra int.
P a thologic ca us e s include : fe ve r,
hype rthyroidis m, s hock, a ne mia , infe ction,
CHF, & hypoxia .
Drugs include : a tropine a nd e pine phe rine .
77. Atria l P re ma ture Contra ctions
Ca us e d by impuls e s origina ting from a
s ite othe r tha n the S A node .
The he a rt ra te is us ua lly norma l.
The P -R inte rva l ma y be long.
A pa us e us ua lly follows a n AP C.
S e e n in both dogs a nd ca ts , us ua lly a
re s ult of a tria l e nla rge me nt (e .g., mitra l
ins ufficie ncy, ca rdiomyopa thy).
79. Atria l Ta chyca rdia
A ra pid re gula r rhythm origina ting from a s ite
othe r tha n the S A node .
Thre e or more AP C’s .
80. Atria l Fibrilla tion
Ca us e d by nume rous dis orga nize d
a tria l impuls e s bomba rding the AV
node .
Ha s a ra pid a nd tota lly irre gula r a tria l
a nd ve ntricula r ra te .
No P wa ve s .
Commonly s e e n in conditions
a s s ocia te d with a tria l e nla rge me nt, or
dia lte d ca rdiomyopa thy.
83. Ve ntricula r P re ma ture Contra ctions
Ca rdia c impuls e s initia te d in the
ve ntricle s ins te a d of the S A node .
As s ocia te d with we a kne s s , e xe rcis e
intole ra nce , & s udde n de a th.
QRS comple xe s a re typica lly wide a nd
biza rre .
P wa ve s a re dis s ocia te d from the QRS
comple x.
84. Ve ntricula r P re ma ture Contra ctions …
A VP C is us ua lly followe d by a pa us e .
Commonly s e e n in la rge bre e d dogs
with ca rdiomyopa thy, e s pe cia lly boxe rs
a nd Dobie s .
Common in ca ts with ca rdiomyopa thy;
occa s iona lly s e e n in ca ts with
hype rthyroidis m.
87. Ve ntricula r Ta chyca rdia
Thre e or more VP C’s in a row.
The ve ntricula r ra te is >150 bpm.
QRS comple xe s a re wide a nd biza rre .
The re is no re la tions hip be twe e n the P
wa ve s a nd the QRS comple xe s .
The P wa ve s ma y pre ce de , be hidde n
within, or follow the QRS comple xe s .
89. Ve ntricula r Fibrilla tion
Occurs whe n the ce lls of the
ve ntricula r myoca rdium de pola rize in a
cha otic a nd uncoordina te d ma nne r.
No puls e ca n be fe lt a nd ca rdia c
output a pproa che s ze ro.
No QRS comple xe s or P wa ve s .
90. Ve ntricula r Fibrilla tion…
As s ocia te d
conditions include :
S hock,
Myoca rdia l
infa rction,
Ele ctrolyte & a cid-
ba s e imba la nce s ,
Aortic s te nos is
Hypothe rmia
91. Ve ntricula r As ys tole
Indica te s the a bs e nce of a ny
pa ce ma ke r impuls e s .
S ubs e que ntly, the re is no
de pola riza tion or contra ction of the
ve ntricle s .
No puls e ca n be fe lt a nd ca rdia c
output a pproa che s ze ro.
P wa ve s ma y be pre s e nt if the a nima l
ha s comple te AV block.
94. Atria l S ta nds till
Cha ra cte rize d by a n a bs e nce of P wa ve s .
P a tie nts ha ve S A node function, but impuls e s do not
ca us e myocyte a ctiva tion.
Ca us e s include hype rka le mia a nd a tria l dis e a s e .
95. Firs t-De gre e AV Block
A de la y in the conduction of a n
impuls e through the AV node a nd
bundle of His .
Us ua lly cha ra cte rize d by a prolonge d
P -R inte rva l.
Ge ne ra lly s e e n in olde r pa tie nts
s e conda ry to de ge ne ra tive cha nge s in
the conduction s ys te m.
97. S e cond-De gre e AV Block
Cha ra cte rize d by a n inte rmitte nt fa ilure or dis turba nce of AV
conduction.
One or more P wa ve s a re not followe d by QRS comple xe s .
P -R inte rva l is ofte n va ria ble .
98. Third-De gre e AV Block
The ca rdia c impuls e is comple te ly
blocke d in the re gion of the AV
junction.
The P wa ve is norma l.
The QRS comple x is wide a nd biza rre .
The re is no conduction be twe e n the
a tria a nd ve ntricle s .
104. Circula tory S ys te m
Cons is ts of the he a rt, blood ve s s e ls ,
a nd lympha tics .
Blood a cquire s oxyge n in the lungs ,
nutrie nts from the dige s tive tra ct, a nd
hormone s from e ndocrine gla nds .
Blood Vascular System- cons is ts of
blood, he a rt, a rte rie s , ca pilla rie s , &
ve ins .
105. Circula tory S ys te m…
Artery- a ve s s e l ca rrying blood a wa y
from the he a rt.
Ge ne ra lly thicke r a nd s tronge r tha n ve ins .
Capillary- a micros copic ve s s e l tha t
joins othe rs to form a n e xte ns ive
ne twork.
P os itione d be twe e n a rte rie s a nd ve ins .
The y a llow e xcha nge of ga s s e s a nd
nutrie nts be twe e n the blood a nd inte rs titia l
fluid.
106. Circula tory S ys te m…
Veins- ve s s e ls ca rrying blood towa rds
the he a rt.
Thinne r-wa lle d, the y ca rry a gre a te r
volume tha n a rte rie s .
107. Circula tory S ys te m…
Arte rie s a rte riole s ca pilla rie s
ve nule s ve ins
108. Circula tory S ys te m…
Va lve s in ve ins e ns ure tha t blood
tra ve ls only in the dire ction of the
he a rt.
Cons triction a nd re la xa tion a llow the
va s cula r s ys te m to dire ct blood to
diffe re nt pa rts of the body, a nd to
ma inta in blood pre s s ure whe n blood
volume or ca rdia c output is de cre a s e d.
109. Nota ble Ve s s e ls
Re me mbe r… for e ve ry a rte ry ta king
fre s h blood to the body, the re is a ve in
to ca rry de oxyge na te d blood ba ck to
the he a rt– jus t like on a nd off ra mps to
the “ma jor highwa y!
110.
111. Fe line Thromboe mbolis m
a .k.a . a s a ddle thrombus
Cla s s ic pre s e nta tion is pos te rior
pa re s is with we a k or a bs e nt puls e s
in the re a r limbs ; foot pa ds a re
pa le , a nd the toe na ils won’t ble e d
whe n quicke d; the ga s trocne mius
a nd tibia l mus cle s a re rock ha rd by
10-12 hrs pos t-clot
Aggre s s ive thrombolytic the ra py
ma y be ins titute d if the clinicia n
fe e ls the thrombus is re ce nt (2-4
hrs ) a nd the he a rt dis e a s e is
ma na ge a ble but the prognos is is
s till gua rde d
112. Fe line Thromboe mbolis m (cont)
Mos t common s ite is a t the
a ortic trifurca tion
Clinica l s igns de pe nd on
the de gre e of he a rt dis e a s e
a nd the s ite of
thromboe mbolis m
It ma y be the firs t s ign of
he a rt dis e a s e or
s ome time s ca ts will s how
s e ve re s igns of CHF