The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, and its primary function is to transport nutrients and oxygen-rich blood throughout the body. The heart pumps blood through a closed loop of arteries, capillaries, and veins, delivering oxygenated blood to tissues and returning deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be re-oxygenated. Key components of the cardiovascular system include the heart, which is a hollow muscular organ that acts as a force pump to circulate blood, and a network of blood vessels including arteries, veins, and capillaries.

1. Cardiovascular System
Presented by :
Rupanjana Bhattacharyya
Jayeeta Mondal
Sumukta Dey
Rupsa Pal
Rahul Ghosh
Senjuti Biswas
Arkadip Moulik

2. What is Cardiovascular System?
The cardiovascular system consists of
the heart, blood vessels, and blood. its
primary function is to transport
nutrients and oxygen-rich blood to all
parts of the body and to carry
deoxygenated blood back to the lungs.
It is a closed system of the heart and
blood vessels. The heart pumps blood
and blood vessels allow blood to
circulate to all parts of the body.

3. Components of Cardiovascular system
1. HEART
a hollow muscular organ of vertebrate
animals, composed mainly of rhythmically
contractile smooth muscle, located in chest
between lungs that by its rhythmic
contraction acts as a force pump
maintaining the circulation of the blood. At
rest, the heart might beat around 60
times each minute. But this can increase to
100 beats per minute (bpm) or more.
Location: The human heart is located within
the thoracic cavity, medially between the lungs in
the space known as the mediastinum. it is slightly
behind and left to the sternum (breastbone) and
above the diaphragm
Size: Everyone’s heart is a slightly different size.
Generally, adult hearts are about the same size as
two clenched fists, and children’s hearts are about
the same size as one clenched fist.
According to Gray's Anatomy, the heart length,
width, and thickness are 12 cm, 8.5 cm, and 6 cm,
respectively.
Weight: On average, an adult’s heart weighs
about average 10 ounces (280-340 g in males
and 230-280 g in females). Your heart may
weigh a little more or a little less, depending on
your body size and sex.

4. Arteries: carry
oxygen-rich blood from
your heart to your
body’s tissues. The
exception is your
pulmonary arteries,
which carry
deoxygenated blood to
lungs.
Capillaries: Tiny vessels throughout the body that
connect arteries to veins. This network deliver blood
and nutrient to all body tissues.
Veins: carry
deoxygenated blood
from body tissues to
your heart. The
exception is your
pulmonary veins,
which carry
oxygenated blood to
heart.
2. A closed system of blood vessels

5. Right atrium: Two large
veins deliver oxygen-poor blood to
your right atrium. The superior vena
cava carries blood from your upper
body. The inferior vena cava brings
blood from the lower body. Then the
right atrium pumps the blood to your
right ventricle.
Left ventricle: The left
ventricle is slightly larger than the
right. It pumps oxygen-rich blood
to the rest of your body with the
help of aorta.
Right ventricle: The lower
right chamber pumps the oxygen-
poor blood to your lungs through
the pulmonary artery. The lungs
reload blood with oxygen
Left atrium: After the lungs
fill blood with oxygen, the
pulmonary veins carry the blood to
the left atrium. This upper chamber
pumps the blood to your left
ventricle.
Inferior vena cava
Superior vena cava
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary artery Left pulmonary artery
Aorta
Anatomy of Heart ( Chambers and the Blood vessels)

6. Aortic valve: Opens when
blood flows out of your left
ventricle to your aorta (artery
that carries oxygen-rich blood
to your body)
Pulmonary valve: Opens
when blood flows from your
right ventricle to
your pulmonary arteries (the
only arteries that carry
oxygen-poor blood to your
lungs).
Mitral valve: Door between
your left atrium and left
ventricle.
Tricuspid valve: Door
between your right atrium and
right ventricle.
Papillary muscle: They
attach Atrioventricular valves
via the chordae tendineae and
functionally prevent
regurgitation of ventricular
blood via tensile strength by
preventing prolapse or
inversion of the valves during
systole
Chordae tendinae:
These are strong, fibrous
connections between the valve
leaflets and the papillary
muscles. These are attached to
ventricular side and prevent the
cusps from swinging back into
the atrial cavity during systole.
Anatomy of Heart (Heart valves and important muscles)
Interventricular septum: The
triangular wall of cardiac tissue that
separates the left and right ventricles
Interatrial septum: Thin
wall of tissue that separates the right
and left atria of the heart. In adult
life, its main function is to separate
the two atrial chambers so that there
is no shunting of blood between
them.

7. Left anterior descending
artery (LAD): Supplies
blood to the front and bottom of
the left ventricle and the front of
the septum.
Right coronary artery
(RCA): Supplies blood to the
right atrium, right ventricle,
bottom portion of the left ventricle
and back of the septum.
Left coronary artery: Divides
into two branches (the circumflex
artery and the left anterior
descending artery).
Circumflex artery: Supplies
blood to the left atrium and the side
and back of the left ventricle.
Coronary veins: Bring blood
back to the right atrium from
other parts of heart.
Anatomy of Heart (Blood vessels outside the heart)

8. Epicardium/visceral serous
pericardium: An evolutionarily
conserved layer of mesothelium covering
the outermost cell layer of the vertebrate
heart.
Endocardium: Innermost layer of the
heart. It lines the inner surfaces of the heart
chambers, including the heart valves. The
endocardium has two layers. The inner
layer lines the heart chambers and is made
of endothelial cells.
Myocardium: This is the muscular
middle layer of the heart responsible for the
pumping action of the heart and occupies
95% of the cardiomyocytes mass and is the
thickest layer in the heart wall.
Parietal pericardium: The outer layer
of the pericardium which is a conical sac of
fibrous tissue that surrounds the heart and
the roots of the great blood vessels.
Fibrous pericardium: This is the
tough, outermost layer of your pericardium.
It's made of connective tissue that prevents
your heart from expanding too much. It
attaches to your great vessels of your
heart)and to the central tendon of your
diaphragm
The pericardium is a protective sac
that covers your entire heart. It produces
fluid to lubricate your heart and keep it
from rubbing against other organs.
Pericardial cavity, which
is filled with pericardial
fluid
Heart walls and membrane

9. Pulmonary circulation
The circuit begins with
deoxygenated blood returned
from the body to the right
atrium of the heart where it is
pumped out from the right
ventricle to the lungs.
Coronary circulation
The circulation of blood in
the arteries and veins that
supply the heart muscle.
Coronary arteries supply
oxygenated blood to the
heart muscle. Cardiac
veins then drain away the
blood after it has been
deoxygenated.
Systemic circulation
The circuit loop that delivers
oxygenated blood from the left
heart to the rest of the body, and
returns deoxygenated blood
back to the right heart via large
veins known as the venae cava.
Blood circulation in human
Double Circulation
The way blood flows in the human body is unique, and it is quite efficient
too. The blood circulates through the heart twice, hence, it is called double
circulation. Other animals like fish have single circulation, where blood
completes a circuit through the entire animal only once.
The main advantage of double circulation is that every tissue in the body
has a steady supply of oxygenated blood, and it does not get mixed with the
deoxygenated blood.

10. 7,8
9,10
11
1
2
3
4
4
5
6
Systemic
circulation
Pulmonary
circulation
Double circulation / Pulmonary and Systemic circulation

11. Cardiac Cycle
Atrial Systole: In this phase, SA
node send signal to AV node to
open bicuspid and tricuspid
valve. The blood flows from
both atria to both ventricles due
to the contraction of the atria.
Isovolumetric Contraction: At
this stage, ventricles begin to
contract. The atrioventricular
valves and the semilunar valves
remain closed and there is no
transformation in volume. 1st
heart sound generate due to
closure of valve
Ventricular systole: Here
ventricles contract and get
emptied (also known as
ventricular ejection phase)
Pulmonary semilunar and aortic
semilunar valves get opened.
Isovolumetric Relaxation: In this
phase, no blood enters the
ventricles, and consequently,
pressure decreases, ventricles stop
contracting and begin to relax. Now
due to the pressure in the aorta
pulmonary semilunar and aortic
semilunar valves get closed. This
closure cause 2nd heart sound.
Ventricular Filling Stage: In
this stage, blood flows from the
atria into the ventricles as the
atrioventricular valves remain
open. In this stage, all the
chambers of the heart are in a
relaxed state.
What is Cardiac cycle ??
The cardiac cycle is a series of pressure
changes that take place within the heart. These
pressure changes result in the movement of
blood through different chambers of the heart
and the body as a whole. In another words it
refers to the repeating pattern of contraction
and relaxation of the heart. Systole means
contraction and diastole means relaxation.
Duration of Cardiac Cycle
Our heart beats 72 times in a minute i.e. 72
cardiac cycles occur in one minute or 60
seconds. Therefore time taken for one cycle
to occur is 60/72 i.e. 0.8 seconds. Time
taken by the various steps of a cardiac
cycle is as follows:
•Atrial systole- 0.1s
•Ventricular systole- 0.3s
•Joint diastole- 0.4s
•Atrial diastole- 0.7 seconds
•Ventricular diastole-0.5 seconds.

12. P wave: A heartbeat starts with
the generation of an electrical
signal at the sinoatrial node (SA
node)—the heart’s natural
pacemaker—and that signal
subsequently passes to the
atrioventricular node (AV node).
On an ECG, this is what the P
wave, that first little blip,
represents.
QRS wave complex: The big
spike in the middle of the ECG is the
QRS complex, which reflects the
electrical signals leading to
ventricular contraction. It’s made up
of multiple waves, but they’re usually
grouped together for analysis.
T wave :The T wave represents
the heart’s electrical activity
returning to baseline—ventricular
repolarization. (Atrial
repolarization occurs during the
QRS complex, so it isn’t clearly
visible on the ECG readout.) After
ventricular repolarization, the
muscles of the ventricles relax.
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
What is a Electrocardiogram??
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) records the
electrical signal from the heart to check for different
heart conditions. Electrodes are placed on the chest to
record the heart's electrical signals, which cause the
heart to beat. A single round of the cardiac cycle
shows up in 3 main “waves” on an ECG—the P
wave, the QRS complex, and the T wave. These
waves reflect the activities of the heart’s electrical
conduction system, which is composed of specialized
muscle fibers.

13. Coronary
heart disease
Stroke
Arrhythmia
Heart attack
Heart failure
Cardiomyopat
hy
Rheumatic
Heart disease
1
2
Angina
pectoris
4 5
6
7
8
3
Common heart condition / Heart diseases

14. Statins: They are a group of medicines that
can help lower the level of low-density
lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood. LDL
cholesterol is often referred to as "bad
cholesterol", and statins reduce the production of
it inside the liver.
Treatment for heart diseases
Blood thinners: are medicines that prevent
blood clots from forming. They do not break up
clots that you already have. But they can stop
those clots from getting bigger. It's important to
treat blood clots, because clots in your blood
vessels and heart can cause heart attacks,
strokes, and blockages
Being physically active is a major step
toward good heart health. It's one of your
most effective tools for strengthening the heart
muscle, keeping your weight under control
and warding off the artery damage from high
cholesterol, high blood sugar and high blood
pressure that can lead to heart attack or stroke.
Beta blockers: They block the release of the
stress hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline.
They are widely prescribed for angina, heart
failure and some heart rhythm disorders, and to
control blood pressure. They are usually
tolerated well without significant side effects.

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