The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the heart. It describes the location of the heart in the chest cavity and discusses the layers of tissue that surround and protect it. It also outlines the internal structures of the heart including the atria, ventricles, valves, conduction system and coronary circulation. Key aspects like the cardiac cycle and roles of the different chambers and valves during systole and diastole are highlighted at a high level.
Anatomy & Physiology of Cardiac system with Cardiac Assessment- Diagnostic In...DR .PALLAVI PATHANIA
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, which is an anatomical pump, with its intricate conduits (arteries, veins, and capillaries) that traverse the whole human body carrying blood. ... The pumping action of the heart usually maintains a balance between cardiac output and venous return.
it is a presentation about heart and our circulatory system. this presentation on heart is made by me from my heart to score good in my physical education subje
Anatomy & Physiology of Cardiac system with Cardiac Assessment- Diagnostic In...DR .PALLAVI PATHANIA
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, which is an anatomical pump, with its intricate conduits (arteries, veins, and capillaries) that traverse the whole human body carrying blood. ... The pumping action of the heart usually maintains a balance between cardiac output and venous return.
it is a presentation about heart and our circulatory system. this presentation on heart is made by me from my heart to score good in my physical education subje
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Crash-Course for AIPMT & Other Medical Exams 2016(Essentials heart)APEX INSTITUTE
Dear Students/Parents
We at 'Apex Institute' are committed to provide our students best quality education with ethics. Moving in this direction, we have decided that unlike other expensive and 5star facility type institutes who are huge investors and advertisers, we shall not invest huge amount of money in advertisements. It shall rather be invested on the betterment, enhancement of quality and resources at our center.
We are just looking forward to have 'word-of-mouth' publicity instead. Because, there is only a satisfied student and his/her parents can judge an institute's quality and it's faculty members coaching.
Those coaching institutes, who are investing highly on advertisements, are actually, wasting their money on it, in a sense. Rather, the money should be invested on highly experienced faculty members and on teaching gears.
We all at 'Apex' are taking this initiative to improve the quality of education along-with each student's development and growth.
Committed to excellence...
With best wishes.
S . Iqbal
( Motivator & Mentor)
This presentation will help you to get to known about the human heart in very much clear way. It will help you alot in making your concepts clear regarding the human heart and it's functioning.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Anatomy of the heart, Schleich
1. Anatomy and physiology of the heart
Embryology of normal heart and of the T4F
The congenital heart defects and the T4F
2. Anatomy and Physiology
of the Heart
Fallot’ Project
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_anatomy.html
http://www.texasheartinstitute.org/hic/anatomy/anatomy2.cfm
http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio202/cyberheart/hartint0.htm
www.biosbcc.net/b100cardio/htm/heartant.htm
5. The heart is located between the lungs in the
middle of the chest, behind and slightly to the Location
left of the breastbone (sternum).
1
1
2
3 2
Heterotaxia
isomerism
6. definitions
• Dextrocardie:
– dextrocardie, traduisant la seule inversion de la pointe du cœur (normalement
orientée à gauche).
– Mésocardie / lévocardie
• Hétérotaxie:
– Le terme « hétérotaxie » signifie étymologiquement « positionnement
différent » (heteros, différent ; taxos, positionnement).
– désigne une malformation congénitale se traduisant par un mauvais
placement des organes internes, pairs ou non, dans le thorax et/ou la cavité
abdominale, par rapport à un axe de symétrie droite/gauche.
– (1) situs inversus ou situs totalis, traduisant une inversion complète des
organes internes « en miroir » par rapport à un sujet dit normal ; (2) situs
ambigus, traduisant une inversion partielle
• Isomérisme:
– Dédoublement d’un côté droit ou gauche
7. appendages Visceral and Heart Situs
Pectinae muscles
Situs solitus
Situs inversus
Right isomerism
Isomérisme droit
Left Isomerism
8. Insertions
A double-layered membrane called the
pericardium surrounds your heart like a
sac.
The outer layer of the pericardium
surrounds the roots of your
heart's major blood vessels and is
attached by ligaments to your
spinal column, diaphragm, and
other parts of your body.
The inner layer of the pericardium
is attached to the heart muscle.
A coating of fluid separates the
two layers of membrane, letting
the heart move as it beats, yet still
be attached to your body.
9.
10. Position of the cavities and great arteries
back
right left
front
12. Atria / Appendages
right atrial appendage : a small conical
muscular pouch attached to the right atrium
The LAA is a windsock-like structure
that is long, tubular and hooked.
14. The muscular strap reinforcing the septal Specific parts of the right ventricle
surface, extending into the apical
trabecular component is named the
septomarginal trabeculation (septal band
in USA), which has two limbs, the antero-
cephalad or antero-superior limb going
towards the papillary muscles of the
tricuspid valve and the postero-caudal or
postero-inferior limb running towards the
pulmonary leaflets.
The multiple muscular bundles extending
from the septomarginal trabeculation and
ran onto the parietal wall of the outflow
tract is named the septoparietal
trabeculations. One of them is named
moderate band, which run towards the
medio papillary muscle of the tricuspid
valve.
15. Mitrale valve
2 leaflets
Left ventricle
anterior
posterior
Chordae tendineae
2 papillary muscles
anterolateral
posteromedial
3 chambers
inlet
trabecular part Left view
outlet
16. The conduction system
The electrical signal begins in the
sinoatrial (SA) node, located at the top of
the right atrium. The SA node is
sometimes called the heart's "natural
pacemaker." When an electrical impulse
is released from this natural pacemaker, it
causes the atria to contract.
The signal then passes through the
atrioventricular (AV) node. The AV node
checks the signal and sends it through
the muscle fibers of the ventricles,
causing them contract.
The SA node sends electrical impulses at
a certain rate, but the heart rate may still
change depending on physical demands,
stress, or hormonal factors.
17. The aorta branches off into two
main coronary blood vessels (also
called arteries). These coronary Coronary Circulation
arteries branch off into smaller
arteries, which supply oxygen-rich
blood to the entire heart muscle.
The right coronary artery supplies
blood mainly to the right side of the
heart. The right side of the heart is
smaller because it pumps blood
only to the lungs.
The left coronary artery, which
branches into the left anterior
descending artery and the
circumflex artery, supplies blood to
the left side of the heart. The left
side of the heart is larger and more
muscular because it pumps blood to
the rest of the body.
20. A heartbeat is a two-part pumping action that takes about
a second. Cardiac Cycle: diastole Phase
This part of the two-part pumping phase (the longer of the
two) is called diastole.
Diastole begins as the ventricles start to relax. Soon the
pressures within the aorta and pulmonary artery exceed
ventricular pressures, causing the semilunar valves to
close (B2 murmur).
As the ventricular pressure falls below the atrial pressure
the AV valves open and the ventricles fill with blood. The
ventricles fill to about 80% of capacity prior to contraction
of the atria, the last event in diastole.
Atrial contraction forces the final 20% of the end-
diastolic volume (the volume of blood that exists in the
ventricles at the end of diastole) into the ventricles. / SA node
contracts
Summary of Diastole:
Ventricles relax
pulmonary and aortic valves close
AV valves open
ventricles fill (about 80% of capacity)
atria contract (ventricles fill another 20%) /
Contraction reaches AV node…
21. The second part of the pumping phase
begins when the ventricles are full of
blood.
Cardiac Cycle: Systole Phase
The electrical signals from the SA node
travel along a pathway of cells to the
ventricles, causing them to contract. This is
called systole.
As the ventricles start to contract, the
ventricular pressure soon exceeds the atrial
pressure, causing the AV valves to close (B1
murmur).
As the ventricles continue to contract, the
ventricular pressure exceeds the arterial
pressures causing the semilunar valves
open. Blood is forcefully ejected out of the
ventricles and into the aorta and
pulmonary artery.
Summary of Systole :
ventricles contract
AV valves close
aortic and pulmonary valves open
blood is ejected
atria relax and fill with blood