The document summarizes key aspects of the cardiovascular system. It describes the anatomy of the heart, including the four chambers and major valves. It explains that deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart and is pumped to the lungs, while oxygenated blood enters the left side and is pumped out to the body. It also discusses regulation of blood flow and pressure through the heart cycle and autonomic nervous system.

1. Chapter 15 Cardiovascular System

2. Cardiovascular System heart blood vessels Average Size of Heart 14 cm long 9 cm wide Fist-sized

4. Know all of this!

6. Heart Chambers Right Atrium receives blood from inferior vena cava superior vena cava coronary sinus Left Atrium receives blood from pulmonary veins Right Ventricle receives blood from right atrium Left Ventricle receives blood from left atrium

8. Heart Valves Tricuspid Valve right A-V valve between right atrium and right ventricle Bicuspid Valve left A-V valve aka mitral valve between left atrium and left ventricle Pulmonary Valve semilunar valve between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk Aortic Valve semilunar valve between left ventricle and aorta

9. Path of Blood Through the Heart

10. Blood and its flow Remember that deoxygenated blood is represented by blue (but it is actually a deep, deep red) Oxygenated blood is represented by red and would be bright red in real life The deoxygenated blood always comes back to the heart and enters the right side (but from our view it looks like the left) It leaves and goes to the lungs to get oxygenated It then enters the left side of the heart before getting pumped out the aorta to the rest of the body

11. Path of Blood Through the Heart

12. Pulmonary Circuit (lungs) CO 2 blood from the body CO 2 blood from the body CO 2 to the lungs Superior vena cava O 2 CO 2

13. Systemic Circuit (body) O 2 blood from the lungs O 2 blood from the lungs O 2 blood to the body CO 2 O 2

14. Summary Atria receive blood Ventricles pump blood out of the heart Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart Exception: pulmonary arteries carry deoxy. from the heart to the lungs Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart Exception: pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

15. Review of blood flow Deoxygenated blood comes in the SVC or IVC to the Rt. Atrium Through the tricuspid valve To the Rt. Ventricle Out the pulmonary valve Into the pulmonary artery To the lungs to get oxygenated Oxygenated blood comes back to the heart in the pulmonary veins into the Lt. Atrium Through the bicuspid valve To the Lt. Ventricle Out the aortic valve Into the Aorta and out to the rest of the body The explanation of blood flow on the worksheet is great except that it leaves out the valves that are getting passed through, make sure you know that too!

16. “ Pumps your Blood”

17. Coronary Arteries These are the arteries that feed the heart muscle with oxygen If these get clogged you have a heart attack When oxygenated blood gets pushed into the aorta there are detours leading to the coronary arteries Coronary arteries  right and left  cardiac veins  coronary sinus  right atrium

18. Summary of Changes During Cardiac Cycle

19. Lubb dupp This is the terminology most scientists use to describe the sound of the heart It is made by the opening and closing of valves The lubb sound is made by the A-V valves closing The dupp sound is made by the aortic and pulmonary valves (semilunar) closing Listen to your partners (or your) heart for this sound with the stethoscope 

20. The conduction of the heart Remember how your heart can even beat outside of your body??? It has its own electrical system!!

22. The conduction of the heart The Sinoatrial (SA) node is at the top of the rt. atrium The Atrioventricular (AV) node is at the bottom of the rt. atrium (in between atrium and ventricle) The impulse is conducted down the septum of the ventricles It then branches back up

23. S-A node A-V node Follow the path!

24. Electrocardiogram recording of electrical changes that occur in the myocardium used to assess heart’s ability to conduct impulses P wave – atrial depolarization; about to contract QRS wave – ventricular depolarization; about to contract T wave – ventricular repolarization

26. Regulation of Cardiac Cycle physical exercise body temperature concentration of various ions potassium calcium parasympathetic impulses decrease heart action sympathetic impulses increase heart action cardiac center regulates autonomic impulses to the heart

27. Regulation of Cardiac Cycle Autonomic nerve impulses alter the activities of the S-A and A-V nodes

28. Blood Vessels arteries carry blood away from ventricles of heart arterioles receive blood from arteries carry blood to capillaries capillaries sites of exchange of substances between blood and body cells venules receive blood from capillaries veins carry blood toward RA of heart

29. *Veins have valves because they have to work against gravity. With each pump of the heart the blood goes through a valve and can’t go back!

31. Capillary Network

32. Regulation of Capillary Blood Flow Precapillary sphincters may close a capillary respond to needs of the cells low oxygen and nutrients cause sphincter to relax

34. Arterial Blood Pressure Blood Pressure – force the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels Arterial Blood Pressure rises when ventricles contract falls when ventricles relax systolic pressure – maximum pressure diastolic pressure – minimum pressure

35. Blood Pressure Desired to be under 120/80 Measured in mmHg Top number is systolic (pressure when heart contracts) Bottom number is diastolic (pressure when heart is at rest) Both are important but especially the bottom number because your heart needs to rest Learn and practice taking blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer