This document discusses water supply and sanitation issues facing low-income communities in Indonesia. It notes disparities in access to opportunities between wealthy and poor people globally and in developing countries. Specific issues addressed include lack of access to clean water and sanitation, water-borne diseases like diarrhea, efforts to address these problems, and targets and progress under the Millennium Development Goals to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation. The document also provides an overview of a project in Indonesia that included infrastructure development, education, and capacity building to work toward these targets.

1. Water Supply and Sanitation forWater Supply and Sanitation for
Low Income CommunityLow Income Community
in Indonesiain Indonesia
20082008
Deddy S Bratakusumah, PhDDeddy S Bratakusumah, PhD

2. Disparity Between the Wealthy and the Poor with RegardDisparity Between the Wealthy and the Poor with Regard
to Opportunities at the World Level (Share in 1997)to Opportunities at the World Level (Share in 1997)
1%
1%
13%
17%
31%
86%
82%
68%
1%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Share in World GDP
Share in exports of
goods and services
Share in direct foreign
investment
Poorest 20% Medium 60% Wealthiest 20%
* Source: Human Development Report 1999, United Nations
DisparitiesDisparities

3. Inequality and ParadoxesInequality and Paradoxes
 The three richest people in the world own assetsThe three richest people in the world own assets
that exceed the combined gross domesticthat exceed the combined gross domestic
products of the world’s poorest 48 countries.products of the world’s poorest 48 countries.
 Among the 4.4 billion people who live inAmong the 4.4 billion people who live in
developing countries:developing countries:
– three fifths have no access to basic sanitationthree fifths have no access to basic sanitation..
– one third are without safe drinking waterone third are without safe drinking water..
– one quarter lack adequate housingone quarter lack adequate housing..
– one fifth live beyond the reach of modernone fifth live beyond the reach of modern
health serviceshealth services..
– one fifth of all children do not get as far asone fifth of all children do not get as far as
fifth grade in elementary schoolfifth grade in elementary school..
– one fifth of all children are undernourishedone fifth of all children are undernourished..
SOURCE: KLIKSBERG, 2003

4. Social ExclusionSocial Exclusion
 30,000 children die daily from easily30,000 children die daily from easily
preventedprevented and treated diseases.and treated diseases.
 Every four seconds, a person dies fromEvery four seconds, a person dies from
hunger. This works out to 24,000 peoplehunger. This works out to 24,000 people perper
day.day.
 1.3 billion people have no access to clean1.3 billion people have no access to clean
water.water.
 Water is much more expensive for poorWater is much more expensive for poor
people. In Karachi, poor people pay 83people. In Karachi, poor people pay 83 timestimes
as much for their water than doesas much for their water than does the middlethe middle
class. In Jakarta, 60 timesclass. In Jakarta, 60 times more. In Lima, 20more. In Lima, 20
times more.times more.
SOURCE: KLIKSBERG, 2003

5. The FactsThe Facts
 Diarrhoeal diseases are the most common healthDiarrhoeal diseases are the most common health
problems and causes of death worldwide.problems and causes of death worldwide.
 4.4 billion people suffer from diarrhoea every4.4 billion people suffer from diarrhoea every
yearyear
 1.8 million people die from it each year1.8 million people die from it each year
 4000 children under 5 die from it every day4000 children under 5 die from it every day
 2.6 billion people worldwide lack of basic2.6 billion people worldwide lack of basic
sanitationsanitation
 1.1 billion do not have access to safe drinking1.1 billion do not have access to safe drinking
waterwater

6. The CauseThe Cause
The transmission of diarrhoeal and waterThe transmission of diarrhoeal and water
related diseases are directly linked torelated diseases are directly linked to
inadequate access to water and hygieneinadequate access to water and hygiene
practicespractices

7. The EffortsThe Efforts
 Cut the transmission of bacterialCut the transmission of bacterial
 Provide low cost techniques for treating waterProvide low cost techniques for treating water
supplysupply
 Provide latrines for dumping human wastesProvide latrines for dumping human wastes
 Campaigning hand washing cultureCampaigning hand washing culture
 Educating people and promoting well known,Educating people and promoting well known,
basic concepts to improve hygiene in thebasic concepts to improve hygiene in the
communitiescommunities
 Simple techniques for treating water at homeSimple techniques for treating water at home
and storing it in safe containers could save aand storing it in safe containers could save a
huge number of lives each yearhuge number of lives each year

8. Bacterial TransmissionBacterial Transmission
BarriersBarriers
SOURCE: MALTESER INTERNATIONAL, 2008

9. MDGsMDGs
SOURCE: UNDP, 2008

10. Target of MDGsTarget of MDGs
Target 7c:Target 7c:
Reduce by half the proportion of people withoutReduce by half the proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe drinking watersustainable access to safe drinking water
Indicators:Indicators:
** Proportion of population using an improved drinkingProportion of population using an improved drinking
water sourcewater source
** Proportion of population using an improved sanitationProportion of population using an improved sanitation
facilityfacility

11. The ProgressThe Progress
SOURCE: WHO, 2006

12. Indonesia Country ProfileIndonesia Country Profile
2000 2005 2006
1. POPULATION, TOTAL (MILLIONS) 206.27 220.56 223.04
2. POPULATION GROWTH (ANNUAL %) 1.3 1.4 1.1
3. GNI PER CAPITA, ATLAS METHOD
(CURRENT US$) 590 1,250 1,420
4. INCOME SHARE HELD
BY LOWEST 20% 9.2 7.1 -
5. LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH,
TOTAL (YEARS) 66 66 68
6. FERTILITY RATE,
TOTAL (BIRTHS PER WOMAN) 2.4 2.3 2.2
7. MORTALITY RATE,
UNDER-5 (PER 1,000) 48 36 34
8. PRIMARY COMPLETION RATE,
TOTAL (% OF RELEVANT AGE GROUP) - 99 99
9. RATIO OF GIRLS TO BOYS IN PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY EDUCATION (%) 96 97 98
10. IMPROVED WATER SOURCE
(% OF POPULATION WITH ACCESS) 77 - 80
11. IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES,
URBAN (% OF URBAN POPULATION WITH ACCESS) 69 - 67
SOURCE: THE WORLD BANK, 2008

13. WSS SnapshotsWSS Snapshots
SOURCE: WSP RESEARCH REPORT, AUGUST 2008

14. National Water Supply andNational Water Supply and
Sanitation StrategiesSanitation Strategies
SOURCE: WSP-EAP, 2006

15. The ProjectThe Project
The Project consisted of two broad components:
1. Direct Infrastructure Development Support
This included construction of water supply
and sanitation infrastructure. Water
supply construction included piped systems and
non-piped systems, while sanitation
construction included setting up of communal
toilets.

16. The ProjectThe Project
2. Institutional Development and Capacity
Building Support.
This included the following subcomponents:
* Hygiene and Sanitation Education (HSE)
* Training and Community/Institutional
Development
* Technical Assistance
* Project Management

17. Water Supply TargetsWater Supply Targets
SOURCE: WSP-EAP, 2006

18. Sanitation TargetsSanitation Targets
SOURCE: WSP-EAP, 2006

19. Sanitation CoverageSanitation Coverage
SOURCE: WSP RESEARCH REPORT, AUGUST 2008

20. National Budget TrendsNational Budget Trends
SOURCE: WSP-EAP, 2006

21. Final RemarksFinal Remarks
 Water Supply and Sanitation ServiceWater Supply and Sanitation Service
Coverage IncreasingCoverage Increasing
 Some Better Impacts of Health ConditionSome Better Impacts of Health Condition
AchievingAchieving
 Water Pollution from Poor SanitationWater Pollution from Poor Sanitation
DecreasingDecreasing
 Water Supply Quality getting BetterWater Supply Quality getting Better
 Environmental Condition more BetterEnvironmental Condition more Better
 Access Time to Water Supply and SanitationAccess Time to Water Supply and Sanitation
Facilities DecreasingFacilities Decreasing

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