The document discusses basic infrastructures for water and sanitation in rural areas. It outlines a methodology with two levels: 1) Establishing safe, affordable, and sustainable water and sanitation services through demand-responsive and appropriate technology approaches. 2) Improving governance practices through capacity building, information management systems, and water resource management. The goal is to fulfill the human right to water by improving access, hygiene, service delivery, and management at the community and district levels.

1. Basic Infrastructures for water
and sanitation
María J. Ledesma-Carbayo

2. Contents
• Introduction
• Methodology levels
• Safe, affordable and sustainable
water & sanitation services
• Governance practices in water,
sanitation and management

3. Introduction I
• Human Right to Water: Confirmed in the General
Comment No. 15 of the UN Committee on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights that:
‘the human right to water entitles everyone to
sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible
and affordable water for personal and domestic
uses’.
‘the human right to water is indispensable for
leading a life in human dignity. It is a prerequisite
for the realization of other human rights’.

4. Introduction II
• Strategic guidelines
Provision of
Basic services
Intervention
Active Capacity Building
Model
Citizenship
Advocacy

5. Introduction III
INFRASTRUCTURES PROJECTS:
Improvement of the bridges in Mtabila and Moyovosi
Burundian refugee camps in Tanzania (1995)
• Tanzania
Improvement of the road from Barazani to
Lagangareri, Mangola Valley (1999-2000)
– POPULATION: 37.6 millions
HYDROSANITARY PROGRAMS :
MANGOLA
– LANGUAGE: Swahili & English
MANGOLA VALLEY
KIGOMA
SAME
– HDI:st162 of 177
1 phase 1996-1997
– LIFEndEXPECTANCY: 47.9 años.
2 phase 2002-2004
– MORTALITY (<5 años): 14,8%
rd 3 phase 2004-2006
– GDP per capita: 674 PPA$.
4th phase 2006-2007
• EU +RURAL DISTRICT
KIGOMA Spanish
Funding 1997-2001
st
1 phase
nd
2 phase 2002-2003
• Learning2003-2005 and
rd
3 phase
from
with phase 2006-2009
4 others-
th
Universities, NGO,
SAME DISTRICT
local phase 2008-2010
goverment
Pilot phase 2006-2008
1 st

6. Introduction IV
Water access
coverage in
rural areas.
Mean coverage
42%
Source: Water Aid

7. Introduction V
• No equitable provision
42% of coverage in rural areas
• Financial, operation and maintenance problems
40% of the rural systems are not functional
• Quality and quantity depending on season
Scarcity during dry season
• Low water quality
Pollution or salinity
• Improvable planning on resources and investment
Improving technical and institutional capacities

8. Introduction VI
AIM: Water Right Fulfillment
– equitable provision of water and
sanitation services in rural areas
BY improving:
– the access to W&S
– hygienic practices
– the service delivery
– management at the community and
district levels

9. Methodology I
• Two levels of intervention
– Establishment of safe, affordable and
sustainable water & sanitation services
– Improvement of governance practices in
water and sanitation services and
management of water resources.

10. Methodology II
General
DECREASE IN
WATERBORNE DISEASES Objective
DRINKING WATER
HYGIENIC AND
SANITATION
EDUCATION
SANITARY
SUPPLY
Specific
Objectives
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION Transverse
WORKING SIDE BY SIDE WITH THE DISTRICT factors

11. Safe, affordable and sustainable water
& sanitation services I
• Demand responsive.
– The community identifies the needs
– The community has to open a bank
account
EQUITY!!!

12. Safe, affordable and sustainable water
& sanitation services II
• Appropriate technology.
– possible technical proposals in the
lowest appropriate level
– the community chooses the option they
consider themselves able to maintain
– Participatory final design with the
community leaders (source choice,
number, kind and situation of taps...).

13. Drinking Water Supply
GOALS:
One water distribution point each
less than 250 people.
Distance from any house to a water
distribution point no further than
400 m.
Minimum water supply capacity:
25l/inh./day.
Water user entities managing the
system.
Legal and cost recovery systems
implemented.
Close supervision by the District
Water Department.

14. Drinking Water Supply
Intake
Installing pipes
Hand water well pump

15. Drinking water supply
Tanks

16. Sanitation
Ventilated improved Pit (VIP)

17. Safe, affordable and sustainable water
& sanitation services III
• Social marketing and one to one
promotion for hygiene and sanitation.
– PHAST approach- Health Promoters
– Social marketing techniques
– Child to Chilid school activities
– house-by-house campaigns

18. Hygiene promotion
Social Marketing:
• Demonstrative Pits and Tilt taps
• Sanitation competitions
•Theater, T-Shirts, Wall painting, comics, …
• POSITIVE MESSAGES!!!

19. Hygiene promotion
Wall painting
Tilt tap

20. Safe, affordable and sustainable water
& sanitation services IV
• Participatory Techniques.
– Community participation and
management
– the community is fully involved and
responsible for planning, design and
decision-making to maintenance and
expansion.

21. Communities involved in all the
project cycle
THE MAIN ACTORS
THEY WILL BE THE OWNERS AND USERS OF THE SYSTEMS

22. Governance practices in water,
sanitation and management I
District Departments (Water,
Health and Education)
Technical Universities Community
Related Basin Office
Groups of volunteers Other Civil Based Organizations / NGOs

23. Governance practices in water,
sanitation and management I
• Capacity building.
– Strengthening the capabilities and the
relationship between local and district levels.
– The district health, education and water
departments are involved in all stages of the
program and trained on matters like PHAST,
water and sanitation project designing,
planning, monitoring and assessment.
– At village level, the Water Users Entities are
trained on operation, maintenance and
management. The Village Health Committee is
also trained on hygiene promotion.
• Increase of awareness of water
policy and related rights and
obligations in the communities

24. Governance practices in water,
sanitation and management II
• Information Management System.
– facilitate decision-making and resources
allocation at District Level.
– Geographical Information System (GIS) with
relevant data has been demonstrated as a
valuable tool to strengthen District capacities
in raising other external funds based on
reliable studies and proposals.
• Water Resources Management
– Increase access to water resources information
at District and Basin level to promote effective
Integrated Water Resources Management.

25. Management systems of water supply
and sanitation information
Water Supply and Sanitation Data Bases
SIG Water Point Mapping

26. Monitoring the access to water supply
using GIS
SAME DISTRICT
SAME DISTRICT
WATER POINTS DENSITY BY WARDS IN 2006
FUNCTIONAL WATER POINTS DENSITY BY WARDS IN 2006
NJORO NJORO
SAME URBAN MSHEWA KISIWANI SAME UR BAN KISIWANI
MSHEWA
MHEZI MHEZI
RUVU MWEMBE RUVU MW EMBE
VUDEE MSINDO VUDEE MSINDO
MAORE MAORE
VUJE VUJE
BOMBO BO MBO
CHOME CHOME
MTII MT II
BO
BO
MYAMBA
MYAMBA
MPINJI
MPINJI
AM
AM
SUJI SU JI
MAKANYA MAKANYA
BW
BW
NDUNGU NDUNGU
KIRANGARE KIRANG ARE
KIHURIO KIHURIO
HEDARU VUNTA BENDERA HEDARU VUNTA BENDERA
20 0 20 40 Kilometers 20 0 20 40 Kilometers
N
N
Key Key
less than 1 water point per 1,000 people
less than 1 water point per 1,000 people
between 1 and 2 water points per 1,000 people
between 1 and 2 water points per 1,000 people
between 2 and 4 water points per 1,000 people
between 2 and 4 water points per 1,000 people
greater than 4 water points per 1,000 people
greater than 4 water points per 1,000 people
Urban W ard Not Included in the Study
Urban Ward Not Included in the Study

27. Open Challenges!!
• Low cost appropriate technology vs
maintenance management systems
• Social Research to promote
– Hygienic habits
– Enhancing the feeling of ownership
– Active Citizenship
• Empowerment and Involvement of local
Universities
• Innovative technologies to monitor the
coverage of access and health indicators

28. Ahsante sana!
TUTAKUNYWA MAJI!!!