This document discusses sustainable sanitation and sanitary conditions around the world. It notes that 2.5 billion people lack improved sanitation and many developing countries treat little of their wastewater. It also discusses diseases related to poor sanitation like diarrhea and ascariasis. Sustainable sanitation systems must protect human health, not harm the environment, be appropriate and affordable. Functions of sanitation include excreta containment and treatment, greywater management, and stormwater handling.
This document discusses water and sanitation challenges in India. It notes that water is essential for life but is often contaminated, and many people in India lack access to safe drinking water. Inadequate sanitation is also widespread and a major cause of disease. Some solutions proposed include seeking new water sources through desalination, reducing water demand in agriculture and industry, recycling water, and improving sanitation facilities and wastewater treatment. Proper sanitation is important for public health by preventing the spread of diseases.
This document is a case study examining accessibility to water supply and waste disposal facilities in Oworonshoki slum area of Lagos, Nigeria. It finds that private individuals provide 64% of daily water while public provision is only 36%. The slum area faces serious problems with sanitation and hygiene due to lack of facilities and open defecation. The study evaluates accessibility and usefulness of water and waste services for improved living standards through surveys and analysis of the local population. Key issues identified include water scarcity, overflowing drains, infrequent waste collection contributing to unhygienic conditions and health risks for residents.
This document discusses sanitation, public health, and microbiology in Bangladesh. It covers several key points:
1) Public health microbiology deals with microbial pathogens and how they cause disease. Laboratory tests are used to identify bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi that cause illnesses.
2) Bangladesh faces challenges in water supply and sanitation. While most people have access to groundwater, many wells are contaminated with unsafe levels of arsenic. Lack of access to improved sanitation also contributes to health issues.
3) Proper disposal of human waste and treatment of wastewater/sewage is important for public health. However, Bangladesh still has many people without access to basic sanitation facilities and wast
This document discusses reducing the environmental impact of caring for patients with kidney disease. It presents a position statement from the Italian Society of Nephrology with 10 initial actions focused on dialysis management: 1) reducing the need for dialysis through conservative strategies; 2) limiting drugs and favoring lifestyle/diet approaches; 3) encouraging reuse of hospital materials; 4) recycling paper and glass; 5) recycling non-contaminated plastic; 6) reducing water usage; 7) reducing energy usage; 8) including environmental criteria when evaluating dialysis machines; 9) properly sorting contaminated and non-contaminated waste; 10) considering environmental impacts in facility construction. The statement aims to increase awareness and coordinate industry/social interactions to
Inadequacy of Safe Domestic Water Supply in Small Urban Centre’s in Kenya: A ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Urbanization and subsequent creation of urban sprawl have become a major concern to many countries worldwide and particularly, developing countries that experience a rapid rate of urbanization. This situation is pronounced more in Africa where the annual growth rate were 4.7% and 4.6% between 1960 - 1980 and 1980 - 2000 respectively. (UN 1969). In Kenya the big numbers of small urban centres such as Ahero indicate the trend where urbanization is spreading. This influx of people into specific settlements creates high demand for water. This situation implies that no provision of safe water for domestic use can be expected. In Ahero town, the provision of adequate supply of safe water for domestic use is lacking. This has led to other environmental problems including high health risks for the inhabitants. This study examines the state of and the adequacy of supply of safe domestic water in Ahero town. A survey was conducted that made use of the existing physical development plan for Ahero town. A still camera was used to capture the state of the subject of study and 199 close ended questionnaires. Discussions were held with key informants and non-governmental organizations in relation to water supply in the town. The data collected was analyzed using statistical package for social scientists (SPSS). The study established that there is one water point constructed by the Catholic Mission church. The facility is situated in the mission compound and run by the same church that supplies water at a fee. Other sources include wells and nearby River Nyando. The study concludes that environmental problems relating to poor and inadequate supply of safe domestic water exists in Ahero town. It recommends that proper strategy and planning for provision of these essential services is made.
Climate change, agricultural pollution, and non-agricultural diffuse water pollution pose key challenges to the sustainability of water and wastewater services in the UK. Climate change will increase the frequency of extreme weather events like droughts and floods, affecting infrastructure and operations. Agricultural runoff contributes nitrates and pesticides that pollute water sources. Non-agricultural diffuse pollution involves chemicals from buildings, consumer products, and businesses that contaminate water when they enter sewer systems. Addressing these issues is vital for maintaining affordable, high quality drinking water now and in the future.
A global overview of potable water resources availability andAlexander Decker
This document provides an overview of potable water resources availability and accessibility in Southern Africa. It discusses that while there is sufficient freshwater globally, lack of infrastructure and inequitable distribution limit people's access, especially in rural and low-income urban areas. Water shortages are often due to mismanagement, corruption, and lack of prioritization of water and sanitation projects and budgets. Ensuring equitable access to potable water requires improved governance and allocation of resources.
This document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, soil, and noise pollution. It focuses on the causes, effects, and methods of control for water pollution. The main causes of water pollution are industrial wastes, sewage water, and agricultural wastes. Effects include spread of waterborne diseases. Control methods include sewage treatment and effluent treatment. The document also briefly outlines solid waste management, causes of air pollution, and methods to control air pollution such as establishing industries away from cities.
This document discusses water and sanitation challenges in India. It notes that water is essential for life but is often contaminated, and many people in India lack access to safe drinking water. Inadequate sanitation is also widespread and a major cause of disease. Some solutions proposed include seeking new water sources through desalination, reducing water demand in agriculture and industry, recycling water, and improving sanitation facilities and wastewater treatment. Proper sanitation is important for public health by preventing the spread of diseases.
This document is a case study examining accessibility to water supply and waste disposal facilities in Oworonshoki slum area of Lagos, Nigeria. It finds that private individuals provide 64% of daily water while public provision is only 36%. The slum area faces serious problems with sanitation and hygiene due to lack of facilities and open defecation. The study evaluates accessibility and usefulness of water and waste services for improved living standards through surveys and analysis of the local population. Key issues identified include water scarcity, overflowing drains, infrequent waste collection contributing to unhygienic conditions and health risks for residents.
This document discusses sanitation, public health, and microbiology in Bangladesh. It covers several key points:
1) Public health microbiology deals with microbial pathogens and how they cause disease. Laboratory tests are used to identify bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi that cause illnesses.
2) Bangladesh faces challenges in water supply and sanitation. While most people have access to groundwater, many wells are contaminated with unsafe levels of arsenic. Lack of access to improved sanitation also contributes to health issues.
3) Proper disposal of human waste and treatment of wastewater/sewage is important for public health. However, Bangladesh still has many people without access to basic sanitation facilities and wast
This document discusses reducing the environmental impact of caring for patients with kidney disease. It presents a position statement from the Italian Society of Nephrology with 10 initial actions focused on dialysis management: 1) reducing the need for dialysis through conservative strategies; 2) limiting drugs and favoring lifestyle/diet approaches; 3) encouraging reuse of hospital materials; 4) recycling paper and glass; 5) recycling non-contaminated plastic; 6) reducing water usage; 7) reducing energy usage; 8) including environmental criteria when evaluating dialysis machines; 9) properly sorting contaminated and non-contaminated waste; 10) considering environmental impacts in facility construction. The statement aims to increase awareness and coordinate industry/social interactions to
Inadequacy of Safe Domestic Water Supply in Small Urban Centre’s in Kenya: A ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Urbanization and subsequent creation of urban sprawl have become a major concern to many countries worldwide and particularly, developing countries that experience a rapid rate of urbanization. This situation is pronounced more in Africa where the annual growth rate were 4.7% and 4.6% between 1960 - 1980 and 1980 - 2000 respectively. (UN 1969). In Kenya the big numbers of small urban centres such as Ahero indicate the trend where urbanization is spreading. This influx of people into specific settlements creates high demand for water. This situation implies that no provision of safe water for domestic use can be expected. In Ahero town, the provision of adequate supply of safe water for domestic use is lacking. This has led to other environmental problems including high health risks for the inhabitants. This study examines the state of and the adequacy of supply of safe domestic water in Ahero town. A survey was conducted that made use of the existing physical development plan for Ahero town. A still camera was used to capture the state of the subject of study and 199 close ended questionnaires. Discussions were held with key informants and non-governmental organizations in relation to water supply in the town. The data collected was analyzed using statistical package for social scientists (SPSS). The study established that there is one water point constructed by the Catholic Mission church. The facility is situated in the mission compound and run by the same church that supplies water at a fee. Other sources include wells and nearby River Nyando. The study concludes that environmental problems relating to poor and inadequate supply of safe domestic water exists in Ahero town. It recommends that proper strategy and planning for provision of these essential services is made.
Climate change, agricultural pollution, and non-agricultural diffuse water pollution pose key challenges to the sustainability of water and wastewater services in the UK. Climate change will increase the frequency of extreme weather events like droughts and floods, affecting infrastructure and operations. Agricultural runoff contributes nitrates and pesticides that pollute water sources. Non-agricultural diffuse pollution involves chemicals from buildings, consumer products, and businesses that contaminate water when they enter sewer systems. Addressing these issues is vital for maintaining affordable, high quality drinking water now and in the future.
A global overview of potable water resources availability andAlexander Decker
This document provides an overview of potable water resources availability and accessibility in Southern Africa. It discusses that while there is sufficient freshwater globally, lack of infrastructure and inequitable distribution limit people's access, especially in rural and low-income urban areas. Water shortages are often due to mismanagement, corruption, and lack of prioritization of water and sanitation projects and budgets. Ensuring equitable access to potable water requires improved governance and allocation of resources.
This document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, soil, and noise pollution. It focuses on the causes, effects, and methods of control for water pollution. The main causes of water pollution are industrial wastes, sewage water, and agricultural wastes. Effects include spread of waterborne diseases. Control methods include sewage treatment and effluent treatment. The document also briefly outlines solid waste management, causes of air pollution, and methods to control air pollution such as establishing industries away from cities.
7191 . the right to water and sanitation - a practical guideGian Paolo Pezzi
A Franciscan Perspective on the Right to Water. Francis’s respect for Sister Mother Earth reminds us that the right to water is certainly important, but at the same time we need to respect the Water’s rights too!
This practical guide shows the importance of water, the water's rights, and the commitment of the community towards water providing reflection, statistics, and exercises. Here you can find both the Power Point and a word text to facilitate the use of both in separate way. (Jpic-jp.org).
Urban areas face many environmental problems due to high population density and lack of proper urban planning. Some of the key issues discussed are the development of slums due to migration of rural populations, improper management of solid waste leading to pollution, overexploitation of natural resources, lack of open spaces, and various types of pollution including air, noise, water pollution. Other problems discussed are violation of urban planning rules, water logging and drainage issues, high traffic problems, and increased temperatures due to urban heat island effect. The document uses Mumbai as a case study to highlight specific environmental issues affecting the city like shrinking mangroves, toxic air, pollution of lakes like Powai Lake, deaths of sea creatures, opposition to urban development plans,
Water, sanitation and diarrheal disease presentationWillie Mtwana
This document summarizes a study on water, sanitation, and diarrheal disease in Murii Village, Kenya. The study found that most residents had access to piped water and latrines. However, some still obtained water from unprotected sources. While few cases of diarrhea were reported, knowledge of causes was limited. The study concluded access to water and sanitation was generally good, and recommended further health education to promote alternative water treatment methods.
The Report describes a cleanliness campaign named "Swachchhata" for Ahmedabad city. It mainly focuses on creating Swachchhata as a brand.It also describes the IMC campaign for the whole project.
Indiscriminate solid waste dioposal in bauchi causes and impacts on the commu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on indiscriminate solid waste disposal in Bauchi, Nigeria. The study found that the area generates 286 metric tonnes of solid waste daily but only 111 metric tonnes is collected, with 205 illegal dump sites. Issues like lack of storage, long distances to collection centers, poor attitudes towards environmental health, availability of open spaces, and weak waste disposal laws contribute to the problem. The paper recommends immediately removing existing waste, providing more collection centers, increasing community involvement, raising environmental awareness, and enforcing waste management laws to reduce indiscriminate disposal and restore environmental health.
This grant proposal seeks funding for a 1.5 year research project in Lima, Peru investigating factors related to access to clean drinking water. The proposal has two phases: Phase I will assess needs and existing programs around purified drinking water technology in vulnerable communities. Phase II will provide a purified drinking water technology system to a case study group in Lima to identify potential public health benefits. The proposal hypothesizes that providing access to clean water through these "conditional public asset transfers" could improve health and enable financial independence, similar to conditional cash transfer programs in other countries. The research will involve qualitative and quantitative social science methods to understand perspectives and needs regarding clean water access.
Women and solid waste sgregation in bauchi nigeriaAlexander Decker
1. The document discusses a study on women's role in household solid waste segregation in Bauchi, Nigeria.
2. It finds that women dominate the generation, storage, and collection of household solid waste, making up 81%, 96%, and 91% respectively.
3. However, women are not integrated into solid waste management. The study recommends mandating household solid waste segregation at the source and empowering women as key actors in segregation to improve environmental quality and increase family income.
This document discusses solutions for providing clean drinking water and proper sanitation in India. It notes that over one third of India's population lacks access to basic sanitation and safe drinking water. Some of the key issues discussed include depleting groundwater resources, inadequate water supply even where infrastructure exists, and health impacts of unsafe water and lack of sanitation. Proposed solutions focus on innovative technologies for water supply and sanitation, including systems for emptying and treating waste from non-sewered areas. Community-led approaches, public-private partnerships, and generating demand for sanitation services are also recommended. The document advocates for institutional and policy reforms to support expanded access to clean water and sanitation.
CDC: Understanding the Cholera Epidemic, HaitiStanleylucas
CDC epidemiologic study provides several additional arguments confirming an importation of cholera in Haiti. There was an exact correlation in time and places between the arrival of a Nepalese battalion from an area experiencing a cholera outbreak and the appearance of the first cases in Meille a few days after. The remoteness of Meille in central Haiti and the absence of report of other incomers make it unlikely that a cholera strain might have been brought there another way. DNA fingerprinting of V. cholerae isolates in Haiti (1) and genotyping (7,21) corroborate our findings because the fingerprinting and genotyping suggest an introduction from a distant source in a single event (22).
Ensuring a clean and healthy environment through effective environmental management will provide significant benefits to human health and society. Poor air quality, chemical exposure, water pollution, ecosystem degradation, climate change, and ozone depletion all pose threats to human well-being. Reducing air pollution, practicing sound chemical and waste management, improving access to clean water, sustainably managing land and forests, addressing climate change, and protecting the ozone layer can help prevent millions of deaths and illnesses annually related to environmental hazards. Integrated solutions across sectors will be needed to protect human health and promote sustainable development.
This document outlines the content of a course on water demand management (WDM). The course covers WDM in context, municipal WDM options, benefits and a WDM plan. Key topics include the links between WDM and integrated water resources management, definitions of WDM, motivations for WDM, available WDM measures and the status of WDM in Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries. The document provides learning outcomes for students and discusses constraints and incentives for implementing WDM.
This document provides an overview of domestic waste water treatment systems (DWWTS) in Ireland and the factors that influence their proper maintenance. It discusses how poorly maintained systems can negatively impact water quality and human health. The regulatory framework in Ireland requires DWWTS registration and inspections to protect water resources. However, past studies show many systems are not properly maintained. This study aims to understand risk perception, communication, and attitudes towards enforcement as they relate to DWWTS upkeep through interviews in a rural area with many systems.
The report summarizes a field trip to the Kpakungu area of Minna, Niger State to assess urban planning challenges. Key findings include:
1) Housing is unplanned with inadequate spacing between buildings and lack of infrastructure like roads and drainage.
2) Water sources are contaminated due to proximity to waste and lack of sanitation facilities. Electricity is scarce and firewood is primarily used.
3) Health and education facilities are limited. Tourism potential is also limited due to lack of planning.
Recommendations call for improved planning, infrastructure development, sustainable energy access, and water/sanitation improvements to address health, environmental and quality of life issues in the area. Proper urban
Environment is one of the most important determinant of health. It includes the physical,biological and psychosocial environment. sustainable environment is needed to acquire good health. Environment is effected by many factors, so health is.
Impacts of agricultural wastes on groundwater pollution in lipakala farms, on...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of agricultural wastes on groundwater pollution at Lipakala Farms in Nigeria. Water samples from the main water well supplying the farm were tested. Results showed elevated levels of ions like lead and nitrates. Physical characteristics like temperature and turbidity were within acceptable limits, but taste indicated high salt deposits. Microbial analysis found bacterial and coliform contamination, indicating pollution from waste. The well is located downstream from a waste dump and farmland, making it susceptible to runoff. Improved waste disposal and public education are recommended to prevent further groundwater contamination.
This document summarizes a study on the socio-economic impacts of arsenic contamination in drinking water in Basti Rasul Pur, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan. Key findings include:
1) 77% of water samples tested were found to have unsafe levels of arsenic contamination.
2) 50% of people surveyed showed symptoms of arsenicosis (arsenic poisoning) and 60% of household earnings were being spent on medical treatment.
3) Widespread illiteracy meant the population was largely unaware of the health risks of drinking contaminated water.
There is a need for sustainable solutions to provide the affected community with safe drinking water and mitigate the severe health and socioeconomic impacts of arsenic
The document discusses water supply and sanitation. It makes three key points:
1. Safe drinking water and sanitation are important for public health but over 1 billion people lack access to safe water and 2 billion lack adequate sanitation as of 1990. This lack of access is a major cause of disease in developing countries.
2. Many diseases are transmitted through contaminated water, including viral, bacterial, protozoal and helminthic diseases. Unsafe water is a primary reason for ill health globally.
3. There are various methods of purifying water for individual and community use, including boiling, chemical disinfection, rapid sand filters and chlorination, which reduces bacteria and controls algae but has limitations
This document discusses environmental health and outlines several key points:
1. It introduces the links between the environment and human health, how environmental factors impact disease burden, and various environmental health risks.
2. The WHO defines environmental health as those aspects of human health determined by physical, chemical, biological, social and psychological factors in the environment.
3. An estimated 24% of the global disease burden is linked to modifiable environmental factors such as water, sanitation, air pollution, which disproportionately impact low-income countries and children.
7191 . the right to water and sanitation - a practical guideGian Paolo Pezzi
A Franciscan Perspective on the Right to Water. Francis’s respect for Sister Mother Earth reminds us that the right to water is certainly important, but at the same time we need to respect the Water’s rights too!
This practical guide shows the importance of water, the water's rights, and the commitment of the community towards water providing reflection, statistics, and exercises. Here you can find both the Power Point and a word text to facilitate the use of both in separate way. (Jpic-jp.org).
Urban areas face many environmental problems due to high population density and lack of proper urban planning. Some of the key issues discussed are the development of slums due to migration of rural populations, improper management of solid waste leading to pollution, overexploitation of natural resources, lack of open spaces, and various types of pollution including air, noise, water pollution. Other problems discussed are violation of urban planning rules, water logging and drainage issues, high traffic problems, and increased temperatures due to urban heat island effect. The document uses Mumbai as a case study to highlight specific environmental issues affecting the city like shrinking mangroves, toxic air, pollution of lakes like Powai Lake, deaths of sea creatures, opposition to urban development plans,
Water, sanitation and diarrheal disease presentationWillie Mtwana
This document summarizes a study on water, sanitation, and diarrheal disease in Murii Village, Kenya. The study found that most residents had access to piped water and latrines. However, some still obtained water from unprotected sources. While few cases of diarrhea were reported, knowledge of causes was limited. The study concluded access to water and sanitation was generally good, and recommended further health education to promote alternative water treatment methods.
The Report describes a cleanliness campaign named "Swachchhata" for Ahmedabad city. It mainly focuses on creating Swachchhata as a brand.It also describes the IMC campaign for the whole project.
Indiscriminate solid waste dioposal in bauchi causes and impacts on the commu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on indiscriminate solid waste disposal in Bauchi, Nigeria. The study found that the area generates 286 metric tonnes of solid waste daily but only 111 metric tonnes is collected, with 205 illegal dump sites. Issues like lack of storage, long distances to collection centers, poor attitudes towards environmental health, availability of open spaces, and weak waste disposal laws contribute to the problem. The paper recommends immediately removing existing waste, providing more collection centers, increasing community involvement, raising environmental awareness, and enforcing waste management laws to reduce indiscriminate disposal and restore environmental health.
This grant proposal seeks funding for a 1.5 year research project in Lima, Peru investigating factors related to access to clean drinking water. The proposal has two phases: Phase I will assess needs and existing programs around purified drinking water technology in vulnerable communities. Phase II will provide a purified drinking water technology system to a case study group in Lima to identify potential public health benefits. The proposal hypothesizes that providing access to clean water through these "conditional public asset transfers" could improve health and enable financial independence, similar to conditional cash transfer programs in other countries. The research will involve qualitative and quantitative social science methods to understand perspectives and needs regarding clean water access.
Women and solid waste sgregation in bauchi nigeriaAlexander Decker
1. The document discusses a study on women's role in household solid waste segregation in Bauchi, Nigeria.
2. It finds that women dominate the generation, storage, and collection of household solid waste, making up 81%, 96%, and 91% respectively.
3. However, women are not integrated into solid waste management. The study recommends mandating household solid waste segregation at the source and empowering women as key actors in segregation to improve environmental quality and increase family income.
This document discusses solutions for providing clean drinking water and proper sanitation in India. It notes that over one third of India's population lacks access to basic sanitation and safe drinking water. Some of the key issues discussed include depleting groundwater resources, inadequate water supply even where infrastructure exists, and health impacts of unsafe water and lack of sanitation. Proposed solutions focus on innovative technologies for water supply and sanitation, including systems for emptying and treating waste from non-sewered areas. Community-led approaches, public-private partnerships, and generating demand for sanitation services are also recommended. The document advocates for institutional and policy reforms to support expanded access to clean water and sanitation.
CDC: Understanding the Cholera Epidemic, HaitiStanleylucas
CDC epidemiologic study provides several additional arguments confirming an importation of cholera in Haiti. There was an exact correlation in time and places between the arrival of a Nepalese battalion from an area experiencing a cholera outbreak and the appearance of the first cases in Meille a few days after. The remoteness of Meille in central Haiti and the absence of report of other incomers make it unlikely that a cholera strain might have been brought there another way. DNA fingerprinting of V. cholerae isolates in Haiti (1) and genotyping (7,21) corroborate our findings because the fingerprinting and genotyping suggest an introduction from a distant source in a single event (22).
Ensuring a clean and healthy environment through effective environmental management will provide significant benefits to human health and society. Poor air quality, chemical exposure, water pollution, ecosystem degradation, climate change, and ozone depletion all pose threats to human well-being. Reducing air pollution, practicing sound chemical and waste management, improving access to clean water, sustainably managing land and forests, addressing climate change, and protecting the ozone layer can help prevent millions of deaths and illnesses annually related to environmental hazards. Integrated solutions across sectors will be needed to protect human health and promote sustainable development.
This document outlines the content of a course on water demand management (WDM). The course covers WDM in context, municipal WDM options, benefits and a WDM plan. Key topics include the links between WDM and integrated water resources management, definitions of WDM, motivations for WDM, available WDM measures and the status of WDM in Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries. The document provides learning outcomes for students and discusses constraints and incentives for implementing WDM.
This document provides an overview of domestic waste water treatment systems (DWWTS) in Ireland and the factors that influence their proper maintenance. It discusses how poorly maintained systems can negatively impact water quality and human health. The regulatory framework in Ireland requires DWWTS registration and inspections to protect water resources. However, past studies show many systems are not properly maintained. This study aims to understand risk perception, communication, and attitudes towards enforcement as they relate to DWWTS upkeep through interviews in a rural area with many systems.
The report summarizes a field trip to the Kpakungu area of Minna, Niger State to assess urban planning challenges. Key findings include:
1) Housing is unplanned with inadequate spacing between buildings and lack of infrastructure like roads and drainage.
2) Water sources are contaminated due to proximity to waste and lack of sanitation facilities. Electricity is scarce and firewood is primarily used.
3) Health and education facilities are limited. Tourism potential is also limited due to lack of planning.
Recommendations call for improved planning, infrastructure development, sustainable energy access, and water/sanitation improvements to address health, environmental and quality of life issues in the area. Proper urban
Environment is one of the most important determinant of health. It includes the physical,biological and psychosocial environment. sustainable environment is needed to acquire good health. Environment is effected by many factors, so health is.
Impacts of agricultural wastes on groundwater pollution in lipakala farms, on...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of agricultural wastes on groundwater pollution at Lipakala Farms in Nigeria. Water samples from the main water well supplying the farm were tested. Results showed elevated levels of ions like lead and nitrates. Physical characteristics like temperature and turbidity were within acceptable limits, but taste indicated high salt deposits. Microbial analysis found bacterial and coliform contamination, indicating pollution from waste. The well is located downstream from a waste dump and farmland, making it susceptible to runoff. Improved waste disposal and public education are recommended to prevent further groundwater contamination.
This document summarizes a study on the socio-economic impacts of arsenic contamination in drinking water in Basti Rasul Pur, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan. Key findings include:
1) 77% of water samples tested were found to have unsafe levels of arsenic contamination.
2) 50% of people surveyed showed symptoms of arsenicosis (arsenic poisoning) and 60% of household earnings were being spent on medical treatment.
3) Widespread illiteracy meant the population was largely unaware of the health risks of drinking contaminated water.
There is a need for sustainable solutions to provide the affected community with safe drinking water and mitigate the severe health and socioeconomic impacts of arsenic
The document discusses water supply and sanitation. It makes three key points:
1. Safe drinking water and sanitation are important for public health but over 1 billion people lack access to safe water and 2 billion lack adequate sanitation as of 1990. This lack of access is a major cause of disease in developing countries.
2. Many diseases are transmitted through contaminated water, including viral, bacterial, protozoal and helminthic diseases. Unsafe water is a primary reason for ill health globally.
3. There are various methods of purifying water for individual and community use, including boiling, chemical disinfection, rapid sand filters and chlorination, which reduces bacteria and controls algae but has limitations
This document discusses environmental health and outlines several key points:
1. It introduces the links between the environment and human health, how environmental factors impact disease burden, and various environmental health risks.
2. The WHO defines environmental health as those aspects of human health determined by physical, chemical, biological, social and psychological factors in the environment.
3. An estimated 24% of the global disease burden is linked to modifiable environmental factors such as water, sanitation, air pollution, which disproportionately impact low-income countries and children.
Sustainable Water (Safe Water and Improved Sanitation): Engaging the YouthsCharles Anukwonke
The slide presented the sustainable development goal number 6. and its concerns; Safe water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Financial innovation strategy is presented on how it will help achieve the said goal of sate water and sustainability.
The document discusses the growing problem of water pollution worldwide and proposes a multi-pronged solution. It suggests creating a fund to educate young professionals in developing countries about water treatment techniques. It also proposes establishing community water centers to oversee local sanitation projects and offering incentives for waste water treatment programs and good water management practices among communities and industries. The goal is to increase technical knowledge, encourage local initiatives, raise awareness from an early age, and incentivize sustainable practices to address water pollution issues.
This document discusses India's challenges in ensuring access to clean water and sanitation for all citizens. Key points include:
- Over 63 crore Indians lack access to sanitation facilities and drink contaminated water.
- Inadequate water and sanitation costs India 6.4% of GDP in health costs and lost productivity.
- Rural women walk long distances each day to collect water.
- Government schemes aim to improve rural water supply and sanitation but challenges remain.
- Ensuring access to clean water and sanitation is important for human dignity.
This presentation covers water and sanitation as predictors of good health and wellbeing. Poor water and sanitary conditions permits the outbreaks of epidemics as well as infectious and communicable diseases. It is an important goal in the sustainable development goals and all efforts must be made to protect our water bodies and uphold the highest standards of sanitation
It is about sanitation and public health microbiology with special reference to Bangladesh. It covers: water supply, the use of safe water, sanitation, disposal of human excreta and refuse.
151218 2 middletonj save the planet save the nhsJohn Middleton
Planetary health, ecological public health relationship between climate change and public health globally and locally.Part of Birmingham University International Masters seminar series
181017 long version middletonj planetary health or plexit iiphf gibraltarJohn Middleton
The document discusses the work of the United Kingdom Faculty of Public Health (FPH), which is a membership organization for public health professionals across the UK and other countries. It aims to improve and protect public health through standards, advocacy, training, and knowledge. The document then discusses various topics related to planetary health and environmental changes that impact health, such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and land use change. It provides examples of how these environmental changes can lead to direct health effects like heatwaves or ecosystem-mediated effects like emerging infectious diseases.
Environmental health programs aim to prevent illness by managing the environment and influencing behaviors to reduce exposure to disease factors. They focus on environmental sanitation, impact assessment, and occupational health through inter-agency collaboration. The programs work to provide healthy settings for Filipinos by reducing environmentally-linked diseases through health promotion and hazard reduction. Key areas of focus include water supply, solid waste, food sanitation, and hospital waste management. Environmental factors are responsible for a significant portion of global disease burden, and improving environmental health could prevent millions of deaths each year, especially in children.
A review of climate change and impending planetary health catastrophe and its relevance to Island communities and there public health services. Presented to the 25th Inter-Island Public Health Forum, Gibraltar, October 18th 2018. 181017 long version middletonj planetary health or plexit iiphf gibraltar
SDG 6 aims to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all by 2030. It has various targets including access to clean water, reducing pollution, improving water quality by reducing dumping of hazardous chemicals. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of clean water and sanitation as hand washing is critical to prevent spread but billions lack access. Progress on SDG 6 positively impacts other goals and challenges include financing, data, capacity and innovation.
This document is an internal assessment report on solid and sewage waste management in the community of Linstead, Jamaica. It includes an introduction outlining the purpose of studying how improper waste disposal impacts residents' health. The literature review discusses how waste pollution negatively affects health and the environment. It also examines Linstead's lack of proper sewage management and irregular solid waste collection. The report will use research findings to evaluate impacts of waste and provide recommendations to alleviate problems.
Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and adequate treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage.[1] Preventing human contact with feces is part of sanitation, as is hand washing with soap. Sanitation system aim to protect human health by providing a clean environment that will stop the transmission of disease, especially through the fecal-oral route.[2] For example, diarrhea, a main cause of malnutrition and stunted growth in children, can be reduced through sanitation.[3] There are many other diseases which are easily transmitted in communities that have low levels of sanitation, such as ascariasis (a type of intestinal worm infection or helminthiasis), cholera, hepatitis, polio, schistosomiasis, trachoma, to name just a few.
A range of sanitation technologies and approaches exists. Some examples are community-led total sanitation, container-based sanitation, ecological sanitation, emergency sanitation, environmental sanitation, onsite sanitation and sustainable sanitation. A sanitation system includes the capture, storage, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta and wastewater.[4] Reuse activities within the sanitation system may focus on the nutrients, water, energy or organic matter contained in excreta and wastewater. This is referred to as the "sanitation value chain" or "sanitation economy
A presentation on planetary health concerns for the Gloucestershire branch of the British Medical Association, 7th February 2019. 190207 middletonj planetary health or plexit?
Governments: Leo Heller, UN Special Rapporteur on the human right to WASH, 16...water-decade
This document discusses the human rights to water and sanitation. It outlines the legal basis for these rights in various international agreements and resolutions. It defines the human rights to water and sanitation, which include sufficient and accessible water and sanitation that is safe, acceptable, and affordable. It discusses key principles like availability, quality, accessibility, and affordability. It analyzes progress on MDG targets for water and sanitation access, highlighting ongoing inequalities between urban/rural and rich/poor groups.
Clean Water & Sanitation for All: UNSDG # 6 by Nicholas Boutin, Maya McAndrews, Matthew Mosher, and Emily Price, Bristol County Agricultural High School
This document summarizes a presentation on building resilient health systems for climate change. It discusses the need for frameworks to increase health system resilience. It provides background on key concepts like health, health systems, and environmental determinants of health. It then highlights research examples on how climate change impacts health through water and sanitation systems and vector-borne diseases. The presentation introduces a WHO framework with 10 components for resilient health systems and provides details on the health research and environmental health management components. It also discusses national climate change adaptation research plans, including Australia's plan for the health sector.
1. Ch. 1. Sustainable sanitation
- a review
Management
& organisation
Residents´ views
& actions
Physical arrangements
including technology
The challenge is to
protect our health
and the environment
This challenge can be
addressed, if
management, residents,
policies, technology and
engagement are in place
2. 1.1 Sanitary Conditions in the world
How do we perceive sanitary conditions?
What functions must a sustainable system fulfil?
Learning objective:
To become familiar with various sanitary
conditions in the world, functions of
sanitation, and to foster a critical under-
standing of statistics and other data.
3. Sanitation – ’the silent crises’
2.5 billion people (35% of the world's population 2010)
lack so called improved sanitation
18% of the world's population lack safe water supply
10% of all wastewater in developing countries is treated
Malnutrition is a major factor making us more vulnerable
to disease and death, thus food security is important
The combined effects of poor personal and domestic
hygiene and lack of safe water and good environmental
sanitation is considered the most important risk factor
for disease and death
4. Proportion of households in major cities
connected to piped water and sewers
House or yard Connected to
connection for water (%) a sewer (%)
Africa 43 18
Asia 77 45
Latin America & 77 35
Caribbean
Oceania 73 15
Europe 96 82
North America 100 96
5. new
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Africa Asia LA & C America Europe
Wastewater - collected and treated by
effective treatment plants (median percentage)
Source: UNDP & UNICEF 2003 (Fig. 3.13)
6. Stormwater, solid and organic waste
Animals scavenging organic
material and clogged storm water
drains
Stormwater drainage as a
conduit for solid waste
Copyright: Jan-Olof Drangert
Copyright: Jan-Olof Drangert
7. Exercise: Upgrading environmental sanitation
in dense settlements
Thor-Axel Stenström, SMI, Sweden
before after
Thor-Axel Stenström, SMI, Sweden What Next?
After Improvemen
8. Sanitation ladder ....... upgrading
Outside house:
Private dry
urine-
diverting toilet
Communal
flush
Indoors:
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
Open
defecation
Björn Vinnerås Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping
University, Sweden
9. Diseases related to excreta and wastewater
Disease: Mortality
(death/year)
Burden of
disease*
Comments
Diarrhoea 1 800 000 62 000 000 99.8% of deaths occur in dev.
countries; 90% are children
Typhoid 600 000 no data Estimate: 16 million cases/year
Ascariasis 3 000 1 800 000 Estimate: 1.45 billion infections,
of which 350 million suffer
adverse health effects
Hookworm
disease
3 000 60 000 Estimate: 1.3 billion infections of
which 150 million suffer adverse
health effects
Schisto-
somiasis
15 000 1 700 000 Found in 74 countries, 200 million
estimated infected, 20 mi with
severe consequences
Hepatitis A no data no data Estimate: 1.4 million cases/yr.
Source: WHO, 2006
* DALYs/year estimates the time lost due to disability or death from a disease compared with long life free of that disease (See Ch
10. Source: UNICEF and World Health Organization, 2012
Sanitation coverage trends by developing
region, and urban-rural divide 1990-2010
Urban – rural divide
11. Improved urban sanitation coverage 2010
Source: UNICEF and World Health Organization, 2012
Proportion of the population in 59
developing
countries using both improved drinking
water
sources and improved sanitation (per cent)
12. What sanitation is about
• Personal and household hygiene
• Clean environment incl. water
• Solid waste management
• Greywater disposal and treatment
• Safe excreta disposal
• Stormwater handling
Traditional interpretation:
• Acceptance, affordable, convenience and pride
• Environmentally sustainable arrangements incl.
chemical risks and resource conservation
Additional perspectives:
13. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Pathogen & hazardous waste reduction – indicators
depend on flow-stream
Nutrient reuse – (i) X% of excreted N, P, K is reused
for crop production, (ii) Y% of used water is reused
Nutrient & hazardous waste containment –
indicators depend on flow-stream
Integrated resource management –
indicators depend on flow-stream
Access – (i) 24-hr access to facility year-round, (ii) privacy, personal security and shelter,
(iii) no smell, (iv) preferrably indoors and accessible to men, women, children, elderly
Greywater management – (i) no stagnant water in compound or in streets,
(ii) no vectors, (iii) no avoidable pollution e.g. fat or paint residues
A sanitation ladder for improved functions
Adapted from Kvarnström et al., 2010
Excreta containment – (i) in use, (ii) no vectors, (iii) no faecal matter, (iv) hand-washing
facility in use (v) can withstand stormwater events
14. Sustainable - more than a catch word
The Bruntland Commission (1987) expressed sustainability as:
“…development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs" …
Sustainability comprises a variety of perspectives:
Ecology, Economy, Social, Resource saving, Reuse, etc.
Sustainability criteria for sanitation arrangements may read (EcoSanRes):
- protecting and promoting human health,
- not contributing to environmental degradation or
depletion of the resource base,
- being technically and institutionally appropriate,
economically viable and socially acceptable
15. Crucial physical boundaries for human activities
Biodiversity
loss
Acid
oceans
Ozone
depletion
N & P
cycles
Land use
changes
Chemical
pollution
Source: Rockström et al., 2009
Freshwater
global use
Aerosol
loading
Climate
change
Planetary
boundary
16. Requirements on sanitation arrangements
Inside the home (old requirements):
- hygienic and protecting human health
- comfortable (indoors, no smell, easy to clean, security)
Outside of the home requirements (new! ):
- save resources (little/no water, reuse nutrients, little energy)
- protect the environment (ground & surface water, soil, air)
Lessons to consider:
• Requirements change over time, sometimes quickly
• Energy use is high for conveyance over long distances
and for advanced treatment technology
17. Epidemics rather than endemics have
shaped our views
After John Snow discovered (1854) that cholera can be trans-
mitted by contaminated well water, sanitary engineers focussed
their interest on organic matter in water as an indicator of faecal
contamination. Many rivers with high organic loads were
wrongly labelled as hazardous since the origin of the organic
matter was not from faeces but from humus! (Hamlin, 1990)
Example 2
Sanitary inspectors in Linköping (small town in Sweden) described the
sanitary conditions in the workers´ living quarters as deplorable with
stagnant storm water and awful smell, and causing ill health (1870s).
However, infant mortality in such areas did not differ from that in
richer areas with piped water and sewers. Lack of sanitary precaution
by all classes was the reason, and not until the general hygiene
improved did the death toll figures come down! (Nilsson 1994; Esrey, 1990)
Example1
18. Continued
Example 3
Water issues have been in focus to the detriment of appreciating
good sanitation. Cairncross (1989) and others have reached the
conclusion that water quantity is more important to good health
than water quality for many diseases. Enough water to clean the
hands and body, wash clothes, clean the house, etc. is more
important than improved drinking water quality at the margin.
Lesson to consider:
We need to measure the right parameters
to be able to draw useful conclusions.
19. • Sanitation viewed as less important
• People assumed to be uninterested
• Is less of a public concern, and
attracts little public investment in
poor urban areas up to now
• Residents do not perceive that they
pay for sanitation by eg poor health
Lessons to consider:
• The Millennium Development Goals deal more with water than
sanitation issues, but sanitation is picking up with the new emphasis.
• Separate planning for sanitation and water leads to installation of
piped supply long before proper disposal and treatment of wastewater
• Water ”will do the trick”
• Everyone wants water
• Water supply is a public
concern, and attracts public
and private investments
• Easy to charge for the water
- if the supply is regular
Sanitation versus Water
Editor's Notes
The technology-based approach to monitoring and policy is quite standard and regulations and by-laws are in many cases formulated in a technology-prescriptive way, which facilitates the life for those responsible for enforcement and monitoring.
The flipside of that coin is that regulations, by-laws and legislation formulated in this way might hamper the development and improvement of technology since technologies not specified in the regulatory framework will consequently not be authorized to use.
Moreover, a regulatory framework formulated in this way will also become outdated if innovative sanitation technologies not covered in the regulatory framework do show up on the sanitation market.
In contrast, some governments have moved towards more function-based policy, in an attempt to be more inclusive. For example, the South African White Paper on Sanitation (passed 2001) is based on principle rather than technology, stating that the minimum acceptable basic level of sanitation encompasses:
In Sweden on-site sanitation regulation has undergone a remake over the last ten years, going from being technology-prescriptive to being function-oriented.
2006, the Environmental Protection Agency published new national guidelines on on-site sanitation, which focused not on sanitation technology per se but the function of the sanitation technology instead. The Swedish EPA thereby guides the local authorities on what kind of demands they should pose on the house owner. The national guidelines are especially emphasizing the need to reduce the phosphorus loads to the recipient water bodies and the importance of nutrients recycling. The new national guidelines are describing functions to be complied to within three different categories: (i) basic functions, (ii) health protection, and (iii) environmental protection. The two last categories are further specified into normal protection level and high protection level, where any of these levels can be applied depending on the local context (see Box 1). To help the local environmental authorities in their decision-making the Swedish EPA has produced a handbook explaining the regulatory implications on on-site sanitation. Moreover, some municipalities have produced living documents, where technologies fulfilling the function requirements in their municipality for the different protection levels are listed. In order for these documents to be up-to-date with the sanitation system development they need to be regularly updated.
The functions on the first rung are focused on stopping the spread of fecal-oral disease through proper excreta containment and hand washing. This rung recognizes that the use of a public or shared latrine, with a functional hand-washing facility, will be able to count towards improved sanitation. This would be the equivalent to the rung "shared latrines" in the JMP ladder used today (Figure 2), although the JMP ladder does not include hand-washing. To break the disease chain the first rung should also eliminate flies. In addition, this rung addresses important issues for user satisfaction and acceptance by having aesthetic functions. The pleasantness of the user experience with a sanitation system can be a determiner of whether it is used properly and thus whether it is providing the necessary benefit. Therefore, it is important that the facilities are free of odours and pests (including flies, insects and rodents), and have regular cleaning and maintenance to preserve a clean/pleasant experience.
Planetary boundaries are real. They define the safe operating space for humanity with respect to the Earth system and are associated with the planet´s biophysical subsystems and processes. Today, most of the thresholds can be given by a value for one or more control variables, such as carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere (350 parts per million by volume). Two of the identified 9 boundaries have no threshold values (see slide). The boundaries in three systems (rate of biodiversity loss, climate change and human interference with the nitrogen cycle counted as rate at which N2 is removed from the atmosphere and converted to reactive nitrogen), have already been exceeded.
Humanity may soon be appreoaching the bounglobhwater use, change in land use,ocean acidification and interference with the global phosphorus cycle..
Although the planetary coundaries are described in terms o f invidividual quantities ans separate preceswses, the boundaries are tigthly coulpled. If one boundary is transgressed, then other boundaries are also iunder serious risk. For instance, significant lan-use changes in the Amazon could influence water resources as fdar away as Tibet.