Training on IWRM for academics in West Africa

1. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
Introduction to
Integrated Water Resources Management
Regional Training of Trainers Workshop
National Water Resources Institute, Kaduna, Nigeria
6 – 10 December 2004
West Africa Network for
Capacity Building in Integrated
Water Resources Management
Dogara Bashir
National Water Resources Institute,
Kaduna, Nigeria

2. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
Outline of Presentation
Critical nature of water to life and development
Challenges to water management
New paradigm to management of water resources
Integrated water resources management (IWRM)
Schematic of the IWRM Process
Translating IWRM Principles to Action

3. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
About Water
Constant
amount of
Water in the
hydrologic
cycle
Growing
Population
Growing
Economic
Activities
Increasing Demand for Water
Growing Pollution
Competition for Scarce Water
Need for Conflict Resolution

4. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
About Water ….
A “Single” Resource – has no substitute
A Limited Resource
A Scarce Resource (or is it?)
Has Social, Economic, and Environmental
Value (social and environment are recent)

5. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
A Unique Resource
Every organism, individual, and ecosystem
on the planet depends on water for survival.
Water impacts all aspects of life on the
planet
Poor water management and water
shortages can lead to disease, malnutrition,
reduced economic growth, social instability,
conflict, and environmental disaster.

6. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
The Global Water Budget
Global Water
97% Seawater
3% Freshwater
Global Freshwater
87% Not Accessible
13% Accessible (0.4% of global)

7. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
A Challenge to Water Management

8. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004

9. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
Top 10 Largest Cities by 2015
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Tokyo
Bombay
Lagos
Shanghai
Jakarta
Sao Paulo
Karachi
Beijing
Dhaka
Mexico City
Population, millions

10. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
Population in W. Africa 2000-2015
134
88
149
99
165
108
180
118
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2000 2005 2010 2015
Rural
Urban
Population and Growth Tendency in W. Africa
Source: WHO/UNICEF, 2000

11. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
Countries with Water Related
Stress in W. Africa
Source: WHO/UNICEF, 2000
Countries
Renewable Interior
Water/inhabitant
(m3
/yr)
Annual takings of
freshwater in %
of water
resources
Annual takings
of freshwater per
inhabitant (m3
)
Benin 1,690 1.4 28
Burkina Faso 1,466 2.1 39
Cape-Verde 701 8.7 76
Ghana 1,499 1.0 35
Mauritania 150 NA NA
Niger 326 14.3 65
Nigeria 1,982 1.8 46

12. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
Nigeria’s Water Challenges
Hydrological:
• spatial and temporal variability
• recurring and prolonged droughts
• increasing desertification
Socio-economic:
• high and rapid growing population
• increasing urbanization
• increasing poverty
• inefficient agricultural/irrigation practices
• decreasing and poor industrial practices
Environmental:
• poor and fragmented watershed management
• water pollution & destruction of aquatic habitats
• excessive and uncontrolled groundwater exploitation
• poor environmental sanitation and hygiene practices

13. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
Nigeria’s Water Challenges…
Institutional:
• fragmented management (role definition)
• inadequate coordination (horizontally/vertically)
• policy inconsistency
• inadequate stakeholder participation
• insufficient hydro-meteorological information
Financial:
• irrational pricing policies for raw/treated water
• Non-collection of pollution charges
• Lack of transparency and accountability
• inadequate financing for watershed protection
• inadequate financing for data management
Transboundary Waters:
• downstream of Rivers Niger & Benue and Lake Chad
• growing concern: NBA, LCBC, NNJC
• Regional efforts weak

14. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
The Water Scene
Resources are scarce
Demands are outstripping supplies
Environmental/Ecological issues are serious
Policy and institutional issues are complicated
Current approach is sectoral and fragmented
Financing is poor and options are expensive

15. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
Where Are We Headed?
Decreasing per-capita availability
Degrading water quality
Increasing competition/conflict within sectors
and within society
 Urban versus agriculture
 Haves versus have nots
 Upstream versus downstream
 National versus international
Increasing competition/conflict with the
environment

16. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
Water as a Global Issue
Water crisis has steadily moved up the
global agenda
The process is driven by
 water-related health impacts,
 rapid industrialization,
 water security, and
 awakening environmental consciousness

17. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
The Paradigm Shift
1992 Dublin Principles- emphasizing:
• participatory approach to development and management of water
• finite and vulnerable nature of fresh water & its essentiality to man
• use of economic instruments to promote efficient use of water
1992 Agenda 21 (Rio) - stressing:
• integrated water resources management
• environmental impact & sustainability of water resources projects
2002 WSSD (Johannesburg) - mandating:
• each country to develop its IWRM/water efficiency plans by 2005
• efforts to achieve the MDGs by 2015

18. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
MDGs … a starting point
Goal 1. Eradicate extreme
poverty and hunger
Goal 2. Achieve universal
primary education
Goal 3. Promote gender
equality and empower
women
Goal 4. Reduce child
mortality
Goal 5. Improve maternal
health
Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS,
malaria and other diseases
Goal 7. Ensure environmental
sustainability
Goal 8. Develop a Global
Partnership for Development

19. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
New Paradigm
Eco-system
WATER USE SECTORS
IWRM
CROSS-SECTORAL DIALOGUE
IWRM is the ‘integrating handle’ leading from
Sub-sectoral to cross-sectoral water management
Industry&
Others
Food
People

20. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
A Delicate Balance
A ‘blue revolution’ to ensure sustainable
management of natural resources

21. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
Integrated Water Resources
ManagementA systematic process for linking water and water-
related policy, objectives, and uses to improve
decision making in:
operation and management of natural resources and
environmental systems;
design and implementation of programs and policies.
A coordinating framework for integrating sectoral
needs, water and water-related policy, resource
allocation, and management within the context of
social, economic, and environmental development
objectives.

22. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
Integration in the NATURAL SYSTEM, between:
• land and water use
• freshwater system and coastal waters
• upstream and downstream
• quantity and quality
• surface water and groundwater
Why IWRM?...
IWRM ensures interdependence & integration

23. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
Why IWRM?...
IWRM ensures interdependence & integration
Integration in the HUMAN SYSTEM:
• mainstreaming water in the national economy
• involving everybody
• ensuring co-ordination between sectors
• ensuring partnership between public and private sector
management

24. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
Key Water & Water-
related Policies/Inst.
Resources
Assessment &
Analysis
Use Assessment
& Analysis
Resource
Development &
Management Plan
Implementation
& Monitoring
Resource Allocation
Strategy
Review &
Evaluation
Country
Development
Objectives
Schematic of the IWRM Process
• Stakeholder Input
• Donor Input
• Other Input

25. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
IWRM can be characterized as:
A process, not a product
Scale independent - applies at all levels of
development
A tool for self assessment and programme
evaluation
A tool for policy, planning, and management
A mechanism for evaluating competing
demands, resource allocation, and tradeoffs

26. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
Translating IWRM Principles to Action
M
anagem
entInstrum
ents
InstitutionalRoles
Enabling
Environment
Assessment
Information
Allocation tools
Policies
Legislation
Central-Local
Public-Private
River Basin
ECOSYSTEM SUSTAINABILITY
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY SOCIAL EQUITY
Success depends on political will and popular awareness

27. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
Enabling Environment
Right Attitude: Government as an Enabler only
• formulates national water policies
• encourages and regulate the private sector
• enacts water resources legislations
• ensures separation of enforcement of regulations and
service provision functions
• encourages dialogue with neighbouring countries
(on transboundary resources)

28. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
Appropriate Institutional Roles
Effective participation and cooperation of all
organisations and agencies at all levels and
across sectors by:
• anchoring the coordination at the highest apex level
• creating coordination bodies at the river basin level
• devolving responsibility to the lowest appropriate level
• developing human and institutional capacity

29. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
Water Resources Assessments:
• Data collection networks and assessment techniques
• EIA techniques
• Risk management tools –for floods and droughts
Water Resources Information Dissemination:
• Raise awareness – a ‘water movement’
• Informed stakeholder participation
Allocation and Conflict Resolution:
• Allocation through market instruments
• Allocation based on the valuation of costs and benefits
• Conflict resolution mechanisms: upstream/downstream,
sector/sector, human/nature
Practical Management Instruments

30. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
Regulatory Instruments:
• Direct controls – laws, regulations, rights, guidelines,
standards
• Economic instruments – prices, tariffs, subsidies,
incentives, fees, charges, markets, taxes, etc.
3 basic principles:
• User-pays principle
• Polluter-pays principle
• Subsidise the good, tax the bad
• Encouraged self-regulation - transparent benchmarking,
product-labeling, etc,
Practical Management Instruments…

31. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
Practical Management Instruments…
Technology:
•research and development
•technology assessment guidelines
•technology choice guidelines
Financing:
investment in IWRM – by users, governments,
OPS, ESAs, provides high returns to society……!

32. S02-Introduction to IWRM Dogara Bashir 6 Dec. 2004
THANK YOU!