Wind turbines are devices that convert the wind's kinetic energy into electrical power. The result of over a millennium of windmill development and modern engineering, today's wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of horizontal axis and vertical axis types. The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power. Slightly larger turbines can be used for making small contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid. Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, have become an increasingly important source of renewable energy and are used in many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels.
During college days i chooses this as my seminar topic because its a new one never implemented before & many of them don't know about this . I referred many generals & took content from them , i hope may help full for others....
During college days i chooses this as my seminar topic because its a new one never implemented before & many of them don't know about this . I referred many generals & took content from them , i hope may help full for others....
Renewable energy is generally electricity supplied from sources, such as wind power, solar power,
geothermal energy, hydro power and various forms of biomass. The popularity of renewable energy
has experienced a significant upsurge in recent times due to the exhaustion of conventional power
generation methods and increasing realization of its adverse effects on the environment. Wind energy
has been harnessed for centuries but it has only emerged as a major part of our energy solution quite
recently and this report focus on utilizing wind energy by using vertical axis wind turbine.
Control Scheme for a Stand-Alone Wind Energy Conversion SystemRoja Rani
Energy is the considered to be the pivotal input for development.
At present owing to the depletion of available conventional resources and concern regarding environmental degradation, the renewable sources are being utilized to meet the ever increasing energy demand.
Due to a relatively low cost of electricity production wind energy is considered to be one of the potential sources of clean energy for the future.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE IAEME Publication
The principle objective of this project is Rural Electrification via hybrid system which includes wind and solar energy. Our intention is to design a wind turbine compact enough to be
installed on roof tops. So we decided to design a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) over Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT). Advantages of VAWT over HAWT are compact for same electricity generation, less noise, easy for installation and maintenance and reacts to wind from all directions.
The wind turbine designed to generate electricity sufficient enough for a domestic use. The electricity generated will be stored in the battery and then given to the load. This project emphasizes on electrification of remote areas with minimum cost where load shading still has to be done to meet with demand of urban areas.
Renewable energy is generally electricity supplied from sources, such as wind power, solar power,
geothermal energy, hydro power and various forms of biomass. The popularity of renewable energy
has experienced a significant upsurge in recent times due to the exhaustion of conventional power
generation methods and increasing realization of its adverse effects on the environment. Wind energy
has been harnessed for centuries but it has only emerged as a major part of our energy solution quite
recently and this report focus on utilizing wind energy by using vertical axis wind turbine.
Control Scheme for a Stand-Alone Wind Energy Conversion SystemRoja Rani
Energy is the considered to be the pivotal input for development.
At present owing to the depletion of available conventional resources and concern regarding environmental degradation, the renewable sources are being utilized to meet the ever increasing energy demand.
Due to a relatively low cost of electricity production wind energy is considered to be one of the potential sources of clean energy for the future.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE IAEME Publication
The principle objective of this project is Rural Electrification via hybrid system which includes wind and solar energy. Our intention is to design a wind turbine compact enough to be
installed on roof tops. So we decided to design a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) over Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT). Advantages of VAWT over HAWT are compact for same electricity generation, less noise, easy for installation and maintenance and reacts to wind from all directions.
The wind turbine designed to generate electricity sufficient enough for a domestic use. The electricity generated will be stored in the battery and then given to the load. This project emphasizes on electrification of remote areas with minimum cost where load shading still has to be done to meet with demand of urban areas.
This is about magnetically levitated maglev windmill.
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This project of Maglev windmill on the implementation of an alternate configuration of a wind turbine for power generation purposes. Using the effects of magnetic repulsion, spiral shaped wind turbine blades will be fitted on a rod for stability during rotation and suspended on magnets as a replacement for ball bearings which are normally used on conventional wind turbines. Power will then be generated with an axial flux generator, which incorporates the use of permanent magnets and a set of coils.
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This presentation covers the introduction of wind energy and the process to convert wind power to electrical energy. Besides this, the presentation also includes different components and working of a wind turbine and general as well as specific advantages, disadvantages of offshore and onshore wind turbines. (It's not my made, I've downloaded it from somewhere)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
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Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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wind, while modern windmills can be automatically turned into the wind. The sail
design and materials used to create them have also changed over the years. In most
cases the altitude of the rotor is directly proportional to its efficiency. As a matter of
fact, a modern wind turbine should be at least twenty feet above from an obstruction,
though it is even more ideal for it to be thirty feet above and five hundred feet away
from any obstruction. Different locations have various wind speeds. Some places,
such as the British Isles, have few inhabitants because of high wind speeds, yet they
are ideal for wind generation. Some geographic features such as mountains also have
an influence upon wind. Mountains can create mountain breezes at night, because of
the cooler air owing down the mountain and being heated by the warmer valley air
causing a convection current. Valleys are affected in much the same way. In the
daytime, the cooler air is above the valleys and the hot air is above the mountains. The
hot air above the mountain rises above the valleys and cools, thus creating a
convection current in the opposite direction and creating a valley wind. The oceans
create convection currents, as well as they mountains or valleys. In the day, the hotter
air is above the same and the cooler air is above the ocean. The air heats up over the
sand and rises above the ocean and then cools, creating the convection current. At
night, the cooler air is above the sand and the warmer air is above the ocean, so the air
heats up over the ocean and cools over the sand. Actually there are two types of
windmills (the horizontal axis windmills and the vertical axis windmills). The
horizontal axis windmills have a horizontal rotor much like the classic Dutch four-arm
wind-mill. The horizontal axis windmills primarily rely on lift from the wind. As
stated in Bernoulli's Principle, "a fluid will travel from an area of higher pressure to
an area of lower pressure. It also states, "As the velocity of a fluid increases, its
density decreases." Based upon this principle, horizontal axis windmill blades have
been designed much like the wings of an airplane, with a curved top. This design
increases the velocity of the air on top of the blade thus decreasing its density and
causing the air on the bottom of the blade to go towards the top. Creating lift .The
blades are angled on the axis as to utilize the lift in the rotation. The blades on modern
wind turbines are designed for maximum lift and minimal drag. Vertical axis
windmills, such as the Durries (built in 1930) use drag instead of lift. Drag is
resistance to the wind, like a brick wall. The blades on vertical axis windmills are
designed to give resistance to the wind and are as a result pushed by the wind. There
have been many improvements to the windmill over the years. Windmills have been
equipped with air breaks, to control speed in strong winds. Some vertical axis
windmills have even been equipped with hinged blades to avoid the stresses at high
wind speeds. Some windmills, like the cyclo- turbine, have been equipped with a vane
that senses wind direction and causes the rotor to rotate into the wind. Wind turbine
generators have been equipped with gearboxes to control [shaft] speeds. Wind
turbines have also been equipped with generators which convert shaft power into
electrical power. Many of the sails on windmills have also been replaced with
propeller- like aerofoils. Some windmills can also stall in the wind to control wind
speed. But above all of these improvements, the most important improvement to the
windmill was made in 1745 when the fantail was invented. The fantail automatically
rotates the sails into the wind. Most wind turbines start to generate power at 11 m/s
and shut down at speeds near 32m/s. Another variable of the windmill's efficiency is
its swept area. The swept area of a disc shaped wind wheel is calculated as: Area
equals pi times diameter squared divided by four (pi equals 3.14).Another variable in
the productivity of a windmill is the wind speed. The wind speed is measured by an
anemometer. Another necessity for a windmill is the tower. There are many types of
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towers. Some towers have guy wire to support them and others don't. The towers
without guy wires are called freestanding towers. Something to take into
consideration about a tower is that it must support the weight of the windmill along
with the weight of the tower.
2. SCOPE OF WORK
To utilize the available wind resources and to reduce the usage of non-renewable
energy resources. Wind energy is by far the fastest-growing renewable energy
resource. The wind energy industry so far has been supported by market incentives
backed by government policies fostering sustainable energy resources. Large-scale
wind facilities approaching the output rating of conventional power plants, control of
the power quality is required to reduce the adverse effects on their integration into the
network. These wind turbines can be used to provide constant lighting. Building’s
rooftops can be an excellent location for this type of wind mill, both because the
electric power generation is close to the user and because they allow taking
advantages of faster winds and also it is possible for generating power in rural areas
and hilly tops where electric transmission lines are difficult to reach. It can be
installed in more locations like highways, in parking areas etc.
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
The forces and the velocities acting in a Darrieus turbine are depicted. The resultant
velocity vector W, is the vectorial sum of the undisturbed upstream air velocity U, and
the velocity vector of the advancing blade. Types of vertical axis wind turbines are as
follows.
3.1. Darrieus Wind Turbine
Commonly described as “Eggbeater” turbines, or Darrieus turbines, were named after
the French inventor, Georges Darrieus. They have good efficiency, but produce large
torque ripple and cyclical stress on the tower, which contributes to poor reliability.
They also generally require some external power source, or an additional Savonius
rotor to start turning, because the starting torque is very low. The torque ripple is
reduced by using three or more blades which results in greater solidity of the rotor.
Solidity is measured by blade area divided by the rotor area. Newer Darrieus type
turbines are not held up by guy-wires but have an external superstructure connected to
the top bearing. The Darrieus design, the aerofoils are arranged so that they are
symmetrical and have zero rigging angle, that is, the angle that the aerofoils are set
relative to the structure on which they are mounted. This arrangement is equally
effective no matter which direction the wind is blowingin contrast to the conventional
type, which must be rotated to face into the wind. When the Darrieus rotor is
spinning, the aerofoils are moving forward through the air in a circular path. Relative
to the blade, this oncoming airflow is added vectorially to the wind, so that the
resultant airflow creates a varying small positive angle of attack to the blade. This
generates a net force pointing obliquely forwards along a certain ’line-of- action’.
This force can be projected inwards past the turbine axis at a certain distance, giving a
positive torque to the shaft, thus helping it to rotate in the direction it is already
travelling in. The aerodynamic principles which rotate the rotor are equivalent to that
in autogiros, and normal helicopters in autorotation. As the aerofoil moves around the
back of the apparatus, the angle of attack changes to the opposite sign, but the
generated force is still obliquely in the direction of rotation, because the wings are
symmetrical and the rigging angle is zero. The rotor spins at a rate unrelated to the
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windspeed, and usually many times faster. The energy arising from the torque and
speed may be extracted and converted into useful power by using an electrical
generator. The blades of a Darrieus turbine can be canted into a helix, e.g. three
blades and a helical twist of 60 degrees, similar to Gorlov’s water turbines The
aeronautical terms lift and drag are, strictly speaking, forces across and along the
approaching net relative airflow respectively, so they are not useful hereUnder rare
conditions, Darrieus rotors can self-start, so some form of brake is required to hold it
when stopped. A Darrieus wind turbine used to generate electricity on the Magdalen
Islands Giromill A subtype of Darrieus turbine with straight, as opposed to curved,
blades. The cycloturbine variety has variable pitch to reduce the torque pulsation and
is self-starting.The advantages of variable pitch are: high starting torque; a wide,
relatively flat torque curve; a lower blade speed ratio; a higher coefficient of
performance; more efficient operation in turbulent winds; and a lower blade speed
ratio which lowers blade bending stresses. Straight, V, or curved blades may be used.
Giromill VAWTs are also self-starting.
Figure 1 Orking of Darrieus Wind Turbine
3.2. Savonius Wind Turbine
Savonius turbines are one of the simplest turbines. Aerodynamically, they are drag-
type devices, consisting of two or three scoops. Looking down on the rotor from
above, a two-scoop machine would look like an”S” shape in cross section. Because
of the curvature, the scoops experience less the drag when moving against the wind
than when moving with the wind. The differential drag causes Savonius turbine to
spin. Because they are drag-type devices, Savonius turbines extract much less of the
wind’s power than other similarly-sized lift-type turbines. Much of the swept area of a
Savonius rotor may be near the ground, if it has a small mount without an extended
post, making the overall energy extraction less effective due to the lower wind
speeds found at lower heights.
3.3. Advantages of Savonius Turbines
Savonius turbines are used whenever cost or the reliability is much more important
than efficiency. For example, most anemometers are Savonius turbines, because
efficiency is completely irrelevant for that application. Much larger Savonius turbines
have been used to generate electric power on deep-water buoys, which need small
amounts of power and get very little maintenance. Design is simplified because,
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unlike with Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs), no pointing mechanism is
required to allow for shifting wind direction and the turbine is self-starting. They can
sometimes have long helical scoops, to give smooth torque. The most ubiquitous
application of the Savonius wind turbine is the Flettner Ventilator which is commonly
seen on the roofs of vans and buses and is used as a cooling device. The ventilator
was developed by the German aircraft engineer Anton Flettner in the 1920s. It uses
the Savonius wind turbine to drive an extractor fan. The vents are still manufactured
in the UK by Flettner Ventilator Limited Small Savonius wind turbines are sometimes
seen used as advertising signs where the rotation helps to draw attention to the item
advertised. They sometimes feature a simple two- frame animation.
4. CHARACTERSTICS AND SPECIFICATIONS OF WIND
TURBINES
The Source of Winds
In a macro-meteorological sense, winds are movements of air masses in the
atmosphere mainly originated by temperature differences. The temperature gradients
are due to uneven solar heating. In fact, the equatorial region is more irradiated than
the polar ones. Consequently, the warm and lighter air of the equatorial region rises
to the outer layers of the atmosphere and moves towards the poles, being replaced at
the lower layers by a return flow of cooler air coming from the Polar Regions. This air
circulation is also affected by the Coriolis forces associated with the rotation of the
Earth. In fact, these forces defect the upper flow towards the east and the lower flow
towards the west. Actually, the effects of differential heating dwindle for latitudes
greater than 30ºN and 30ºS, where westerly winds predominate due to the rotation of
the Earth. These large-scale air flows that take place in all the atmosphere constitute
the geostrophic winds. The lower layer of the atmosphere is known as surface layer
and extends to a height of 100 m. In this layer, winds are delayed by frictional forces
and obstacles altering not only their speed but also their direction. This is the origin of
turbulent flows, which cause wind speed variations over a wide range of amplitudes
and frequencies. Additionally, the presence of seas and large lakes causes air masses
circulation similar in nature to the geostrophic winds. All these air movements are
called local winds.
4.1. The Power of Wind
The power in the wind can be computed by using the concepts of kinetics. The wind
mill works on the principle of converting kinetic energy of the wind to mechanical
energy. The kinetic energy of any particle is equal to one half its mass times the
square of its velocity.
4.2. Wind Speed
This is very important to the productivity of a windmill. The wind turbine only
generates power with the wind. The wind rotates the axis (horizontal or vertical) and
causes the shaft on the generator to sweep past the magnetic coils creating an electric
current.
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4.3. Blade Length
This is important because the length of the blade is directly proportional to the swept
area. Larger blades have a greater swept area and thus catch more wind with each
revolution. Because of this, they may also have more torque
4.4. Base height
The height of the base affects the windmill immensely. The higher a windmill is, the
more productive it will be due to the fact that as the altitude increases so does the
winds speed.
4.5. Base Design
Some base is stronger than others. Base is important in the construction of the
windmill because not only do they have to support the windmill, but they must also be
subject to their own weight and the drag of the wind. If a weak tower is subject to
these elements, then it will surely collapse. Therefore, the base must be identical so as
to insure a fair comparison.
Figure 2 Block Diagram of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
5. INDIAS MARKET OVERVIEW OF WIND ENERGY
OVERVIEW
The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s, and has significantly
increased in the last few years. Although a relative newcomer to the wind industry
compared with Denmark or the US, India has the fifth largest installed wind power
capacity in the world. In 2009-10 India’s growth rate is highest among the other top
four countries. The worldwide installed capacity of wind power reached 157,899 MW
by the end of 2009. USA (35,159 MW), Germany (25,777 MW), Spain (19,149 MW)
and China (25,104 MW) are ahead of India in fifth position. The short gestation
periods for installing wind turbines, and the increasing reliability and performance of
wind energy machines has made wind power a favoured choice for capacity addition
in India. India has a vast supply of renewable energy resources. India has one of the
world’s largest programs for deployment of renewable energy products and systems
3,700 MW from renewable energy sources installed.
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Table I Capacity of Indias Wind Powerplants
States with potential Potential MW Installed MW
Andra Pradesh 8285 93
Gujarat 9675 173
Madya Pradesh 5500 23
Maharashtra 3650 401
Orissa 1700 1
Karnataka 6620 124
Rajastan 5400 61
Tamil Nadu 3050 990
West Bengal 450 1
6. MATERIALS USAGE IN CURRENT WIND TURBINES
A wide range of materials are used in wind turbines. There are substantial differences
between small and large machines and there are projected changes in designs that will
accommodate the introduction of new material technologies and manufacturing
methods. To arrive at a total, the material usage is weighted by the estimated market
share of the various manufacturers and machines types. In general the materials used
for wind turbines are Steel, Aluminium, Copper and PVC Pipes In this project we
have used Aluminium discs and PVC Pipes. The following are certain important
properties present in the materials.
6.1. Young’s modulus
Its defined as the ratio of stress and strain, where the strain does not have units.
Therefor youngs modulus has the units of stress, N/mm2 , MPa , GPa The value for
PVC is 10 GPa.
6.2. Hooke’s law
This law states that stress is directly proportional to strain within the elastic limit.
Yield stress it is the value of stress at which the material continues to deform at
constant load conditions. The value for PVC Pipe is 20MPa.
6.3. Ultimate stress
It is the maximum stress induced in the specimen and it occurs in the plastic region.
The value for PVC Pipe is 6.89 MPa.
6.4. Fracture Stress
As the reduction in cross sectional area continues, the load bearing capacity of
specimen reduces gradually. At a certain stage cross sectional of specimen is so small
that it cannot sustain the load and hence it breaks. The stress at which the specimen
breaks is known as fracture stress. It is generally less than ultimate stress for ductile
and plastics materials.
6.5. Hardness
It is the measure of resistance to penetration and abrasion, which is a function of
stress required to produce some specified type of failure. It is generally expressed as a
number. Toughness The ability of material to absorb energy in the plastic range is
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known as toughness. Toughness per unit volume of the material is known as modulus
of toughness.
7. PRINCIPLE OF GENERATOR OPERATION
7.1. Generator
The generator uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical
rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday’s law of induction. A
dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a
constant magnetic field, and a rotating winding called armature which turn within that
field. The motion of the wire within the magnetic field causes the field to push on the
electrons in the metal, creating an electric current in the wire. On small machines
constant magnetic field may be provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger
machines have constant the magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets,
which are usually called field coils. The commutator was needed to produce direct
current. When a loop wire rotates in a magnetic field, the potential induced in it
reverses with each half turn generating an alternating current. However, in early days
of electric experimentation, alternating current generally no known use. The few uses
for electricity, such as electroplating, used direct current provided by messy liquid
batteries. The generation of electricity by a dynamo is based on a principle of
magnetism called induction. When the lines of force that pass from the north to the
south pole of a magnet are cut by a wire there is produced or induced in the wire a
current of electricity. That is, if we take a loop or coil of wire which has no current in
it and a magnet which also has no current, and move the loop or coil between the
poles, a momentary current is produced. If a series of loops or coils are used instead
of one loop, a current may be generated continuously. This method of generating
electric current is called induction.
Figure 3 Magnetic Field Showing Loop of Wire Rotating Between the North (N) and South
(S) Poles of A Magnet
7.2. Direction of an Induced Current
The direction of an induced current depends upon two factors: (1) the direction of the
motion of the wire, and (2) the direction of the magnetic lines of force. A very
valuable method of determining the direction of current used in practical life is called
Fleming's Rule. Place the thumb, forefinger, and center finger of the right hand so as
to form right angles to each other. If the thumb points in the direction of the motion of
the wire, and the fore finger in the direction of the magnetic lines of force, the center
finger will point in the direction of the induced current. It is very important to know
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the direction of the current in revolving a loop of wire between the poles of a magnet
in order to understand the working of a generator. The loop of wire between the poles
of the magnet. If the loop is rotated to the right, as indicated by the arrow head, the
wire XB moves down during the first half of the revolution. As the result of the first
half of the revolution, the current would flow in the direction AYBX. Repeat the
reasoning for the second half of the revolution. Notice that for every complete
revolution, the current reverses its direction twice. As the strength of the current
depends upon the number of lines of force cut, so the induced electromotive force
starts at zero, goes to a maximum, and then back to zero in the first half-turn. That is,
the induced electromotive force reaches its maximum when the loop is in a horizontal
position because it cuts the most lines of force at this position. It cuts the least number
of lines of force at the beginning and at the end of each half-vertical revolution.
8. DESIGN OF WIND TURBINE
8.1. Design of Blade
Wind turbine blades have on aero foil type cross section and a variable pitch. While
designing the size of blade it is must to know the weight and cost of blades. In the
project nine blades with vertical shaft are used, it has a height and width of 100cm
and 6inch respectively. So if one Blade moves other blades comes in the position of
first blade, so the speed is increases. Since we are making a low cost wind turbine, the
blades are made using PVC pipes.
Figure 4 Design of Blades
8.2. Shaft Designing
While designing the shaft of blades it should be properly fitted to the blade. The shaft
should be as possible as less in thickness and light in weight for the nine blade, the
shaft used is very thin in size are all properly fitted. So no problem of slipping and
fraction is created, we are cycle rims at the top and bottom side they are easily
available, cheap and works perfectly. Length of shaft is 1m.
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Figure 5 Shaft Designing
8.3. Design of Bearing
For the smooth operation of Shaft, bearing mechanism is used. To have very less
friction loss the two ends of shaft are pivoted into the same dimension bearing. The
Bearing has diameter of 2.54cm. Bearing are generally provided for supporting the
shaft and smooth operation of shaft. We have used ball bearings for the purpose of
ease of maintenance.
8.4. An Electric Dynamo
For generation of electricity from the designed our vertical axis wind turbine, we
chose generator that can be made by our surrounding materials. We select an old
ceiling fan, since it have the windings in it. We remove the rotating aluminium disk ie
the rotor and placed permanent magnets (neodymium) between the air gaps.14
magnets were placed according to the coils and closed the fan.
Figure 6 Ceiling Fan with Magnet Placed
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Table 2 Specification of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Base Dimension
Height 100cm
Width 150cm
Blade Dimensions
Height 100cm
Diameter 6 in
Thickness 0.125 in
Angle between blades 40 degrees
Shaft Dimension
Diameter 2.54cm
Length 100cm
9. OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN FABRICATION PROCESS
9.1. Gas Cutting
A cutting torch is used to heat metal to kindling temperature. A stream of oxygen is
then trained on the metal and metal burns in that oxygen and then flows out of the cut.
For cutting, the set-up is a little different. A cutting torch has a 60- or 90-degree
angled head with orifices placed around a central jet. The outer jets are for preheat
flames of oxygen and acetylene. The central jet carries only oxygen for cutting. The
use of a number of preheating flames, rather than a single flame makes it possible to
change the direction of the cut as desired without changing the position of the nozzle
or the angle which the torch makes with the direction of the cut, as well as giving a
better preheat balance . Manufacturers have developed custom tips for Map, propane,
and polypropylene gases to optimize the flames from these alternate fuel gases.
9.2. ARC Welding
Arc welding uses a welding power supply to create an electric arc between an
electrode and the base material to melt the metals at the welding point. They can use
either direct (DC) or alternating (AC) current, and consumable or non-consumable
electrodes. The welding region is sometimes protected by some type of inert or semi-
inert gas, known as a shielding gas, and/or an evaporating filler material. The process
of arc welding is widely used because of its low capital and running costs. The
following gauge lengths of electrodes are used in this process 8, 10 and 12mm. The
number of electrodes used in this fabrication is around 40-45 electrodes.
9.3. Aluminium Welding
Welding of aluminium is easily done and only requires a little extra equipment and
skills. Extra equipment will be needed no matter what and if welding out of position it
will require a journeyman skill level (that’s an understatement). Aluminium welds
very well with MIG and it is best used on thicker materials that are in the flat position.
You can weld thinner materials and out of position but those areas are only for the
highly skilled and experienced aluminium MIG Welders. In most cases even if you
are an experienced welder this is going to be very difficult to learn because of the way
the puddle looks and the fast travel speeds used to weld out of position.
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10. OPERATIONS MODELING OF VAWT
The modelling of VAWT prototype is carried out in solid edge ST6, and this should
be helpful in predict the failure of wind turbine at various load. The different parts of
VAWT are shown in below.
10.1. Wind turbine
The VAWT consists of nine blades of PVC sectioned pipes and has a diameter of 15
cm and a length of 1 m. As we consider about the weight it is the most efficient
material that satisfies both strength and light weight with minimum cost. The nine
blades are attached to the cycle rim with the help of nut and bolt. The rotation of the
turbine is transmitted to the generator and power is generated. The turbine has the
capacity to withstand 9.8 m/s velocity of wind. Since the power developed in wind
turbine is directly proportional to cubic times of velocity of air and area of blades.
Figure 7 Wind Turbine
10.2. Joining between Blades and Rim
The blades are attached to the rim though the nut and bolt. The bolts has length of 30
mm and 10mm diameter. Each blades consists of 8 nut and bolt joints. The nut and
bolts are attached to the rim with help of a 3mm thickness metal plate.
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Figure 8 Joining Between Blades and Rim
10.3. Pulley
A driven pulley is attached on the top of the generator. The driven pulley has a
diameter of 10 cm and the driver pulley has a diameter of 6cm. the center to center
distance between the pulley and turbine is made adjustable and we take the mean
distance as 90cm. there is also a mechanism for adjusting the height of the generator
through a lever mechanism.
Figure 9 Pulley
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10.4. Belt Drive
There is a belt drive that connected between the wind turbine and the driven pulley
that is connected with the generator. Round belt is used as the transmission drive,
because the area of contact is minimum and high efficient and cost effective. The
length of the belt is 296 cm which can be find from the below equation.
L= π (r1 + r2) + 2x + [(r1 – r2)2/x] (1)
Where x = center to center distance between the driver and the driven pulley.
The angle of contact of the assembly is 147.76 degree which can be calculated
from the below equation.
Ø = (180 - 2α) π/180 (2)
Figure 10 Belt drive
11. THEORTICAL CALCULATIONS
The wind mill works on the principle of converting kinetic energy of the wind to
mechanical energy. The kinetic energy of any particle is equal to one half its mass
times the square of its velocity, or mv2
K.E = mv2 (3)
K.E = kinetic energy
m = mass
v = velocity M is equal to its Volume multiplied by its density of air
M = AV (4)
Substituting equation (4) in equation (3) we get
KE = AV.V 2
KE = AV 3
watts
P= ρAV3
/ 2 (5)
P= power of the turbine ρ= density of air (1.225 kg/m3)
A= Area of air in m2
V= Velocity of striking air m/s
A = length*breadth (m2
)
A = πDL/2 (6)
15. Ramu S, Abhilash M, Ajay M, Aravind S and Hariprasad M
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D = Diameter of the blade (m
L = Length of the blade (m)
12. ANALYSIS OF VAWT
Analysis of wind turbine blades are conducted in solid edge ST6. It gives maximum
stress that can withstand , and the deflection diagram at maximum principle stress.
Analysis conducted on blade material gives positive results.
12.1. Result of Analysis
(a) The optimum power is generated when the wind is blow at 4 to 5m per second and
deflection is minimum at this speed. The stress value that develop in the joining
portion is found to be the maximum and its value is 5.65 MPa. Which is less than the
ultimate stress.
(b) The failure of the turbine blades occur , when the wind blows at a speed of 9.8 m/s
and the deflection of the blades are maximum and the von misses stress is 6.9 MPa.
At this condition a cracking on the joining face of the blades will occur.
Figure 11 Analysis of Blades
13. STORAGE SYSTEM
13.1. Inverter
A power inverter, or inverter, is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct
current (DC) to alternating current(AC) The input voltage, output voltage and
frequency, and overall power handling depend on the design of the specific device or
circuitry. The inverter does not produce any power; the power is provided by the DC
source. A power inverter can be entirely electronic or may be a combination of
mechanical effects (such as a rotary apparatus) and electronic circuitry. Static
inverters do not use moving parts in the conversion process
13.2. Batteries
The runtime of an inverter is dependent on the battery power and the amount of power
being drawn from the inverter at a given time. As the amount of equipment using the
inverter increases, the runtime will decrease. In order to prolong the runtime of an
inverter, additional batteries can be added to the inverter. Battery used for this
construction is Lead Acid Battery.
16. Low Expense Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Using Permanent Magnets
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 259 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 11 Block Diagram For The Battery And Inverter Setup
14. ADVANTAGE OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE OVER
HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINE
There are several reasons why we would choose a vertical axis wind turbine over
a horizontal axis windmill.
1. They are mounted lower to the ground making it easy for maintenance if needed
2. They start creating electricity at speeds of only 6 mph.
3. They may be able to build at locations where taller structures, such as the horizontal
type can’t
4. Higher power utilization
5. Lower noise level–only 27-37 DB, suitable for your living condition.
6. Safer operation–Spin at slower speeds than horizontal turbines, decreasing the risk of
Injuring birds and also decreasing noise level.
7. Simpler installation and maintenance– besides the traditional installation site, it can
be Mounted directly on a rooftop, doing away with the tower and associated guy
lines.
8. Not affected by orientation variation no matter the wind blow from any orientation,
VAWT can work without regard to its face. Economical and practical-Although one-
time investment expenses are larger, but you don’t have to pay higher tariffs forever.
15. CONCLUSION
Our work and the results obtained so far are very encouraging and reinforce the
conviction that vertical axis wind energy conversion systems are practical and
potentially very contributes to the production of clean renewable electricity from the
wind even under less than ideal sitting conditions. It is hoped that they may be
constructed used high-strength, low- weight materials for deployment in more
developed nations and settings or with very low tech local materials and local skills in
less developed countries. The Savonius wind turbine designed is ideal to be located on
top of a bridge or bridges to generate electricity, powered by wind. The elevated
altitude gives it an advantage for more wind opportunity. With the idea on top of a
bridge, it will power up street lights and or commercial use. In most cities, bridges are
a faster route for everyday commute and in need of constant lighting makes this an
efficient way to produce natural energy.
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