The document describes the design and fabrication of a Savonius wind mill. It discusses the various components of the wind mill including the rotor, shaft, and shell type transformer. Formulas are provided for calculating the kinetic energy of air, power produced by the turbine, and efficiency factors like torque coefficient and power coefficient. The fabrication process involves cutting, drilling, bending, and assembling PVC pipes, plywood, and other materials to construct the vertical axis wind turbine.
LOW EXPENSE VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE USING PERMANENT MAGNETSIAEME Publication
Wind turbines are devices that convert the wind's kinetic energy into electrical power. The result of over a millennium of windmill development and modern engineering, today's wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of horizontal axis and vertical axis types. The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power. Slightly larger turbines can be used for making small contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid. Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, have become an increasingly important source of renewable energy and are used in many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels.
Design of PVC Bladed Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine for Low Wind Speed RegionIJERA Editor
The Project is aimed at designing a wind turbine that can be able to build by Laypersons, using readily available material which is feasible & affordable to provide much needed electricity. Since most of the high wind power density regions in the zone of high wind speed are already being tapped by large scale wind turbine and so it required creating a large scope for the development of low wind speed turbines. Our study focuses primarily on designing the blade for tapping power in the regions of low wind power density. The aerodynamic profiles of wind turbine blades have major influence on aerodynamic efficiency of wind turbine. This can be achieved by comparing the effectiveness of a crude blade fashioned from a different Size, Material & standard of PVC drainage pipe which are easily available in market. It can be evaluated by performing experimental analysis, data collection & its evaluation on different type & size of PVC Pipe & preparing an analytical tool for best Design.
Until we know that large wind turbines/mills to generate electricity. But the technology advanced such that these wind turbines came to our home for our domestical use. In this ppt I discussed about new small residential wind turbines by which we can reduce our electrical bills and more. Have a look!
LOW EXPENSE VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE USING PERMANENT MAGNETSIAEME Publication
Wind turbines are devices that convert the wind's kinetic energy into electrical power. The result of over a millennium of windmill development and modern engineering, today's wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of horizontal axis and vertical axis types. The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power. Slightly larger turbines can be used for making small contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid. Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, have become an increasingly important source of renewable energy and are used in many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels.
Design of PVC Bladed Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine for Low Wind Speed RegionIJERA Editor
The Project is aimed at designing a wind turbine that can be able to build by Laypersons, using readily available material which is feasible & affordable to provide much needed electricity. Since most of the high wind power density regions in the zone of high wind speed are already being tapped by large scale wind turbine and so it required creating a large scope for the development of low wind speed turbines. Our study focuses primarily on designing the blade for tapping power in the regions of low wind power density. The aerodynamic profiles of wind turbine blades have major influence on aerodynamic efficiency of wind turbine. This can be achieved by comparing the effectiveness of a crude blade fashioned from a different Size, Material & standard of PVC drainage pipe which are easily available in market. It can be evaluated by performing experimental analysis, data collection & its evaluation on different type & size of PVC Pipe & preparing an analytical tool for best Design.
Until we know that large wind turbines/mills to generate electricity. But the technology advanced such that these wind turbines came to our home for our domestical use. In this ppt I discussed about new small residential wind turbines by which we can reduce our electrical bills and more. Have a look!
This is report prepared by me on Airborne Wind Turbines (AWT). It consists of the types of wind turbines used today. Types of prototypes in the airborne sector, and a brief working of them.
Basic principles, power in wind, force on blades & turbines, wind energy conversion, site selection, basic components of wind energy conversion systems (WECS), classification of WECS, wind energy collectors, applications of wind energy
This project of Maglev windmill on the implementation of an alternate configuration of a wind turbine for power generation purposes. Using the effects of magnetic repulsion, spiral shaped wind turbine blades will be fitted on a rod for stability during rotation and suspended on magnets as a replacement for ball bearings which are normally used on conventional wind turbines. Power will then be generated with an axial flux generator, which incorporates the use of permanent magnets and a set of coils.
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Performance Analysis of Cognitive Radio for Wi-Fi Signals Using Cyclostationa...IJERA Editor
The need for radio spectrum usage is increasing day by day with recent advancements in wireless system. But there is limited amount of spectrum available. So that for solving this problem Cognitive Radio (CR) is used for purpose of the spectrum utilization properly. Basically the Licensed users use the licensed bands but the unlicensed users should always check spectrum with the help of CR technology. The main aim of cognitive radio is to sense the spectrum continuously. In this paper, we have provided the proposal that how the capacity of the system can be increased by reuse the unused licensed band by simulating a Cognitive radio system. The secondary users can occupy free space (spectrum holes) and also licensed bands by continuously monitoring the spectrum. The requirements of cognitive radio systems will be investigated by considering spectrum sensing techniques. To achieve this, a Cyclostationary Spectrum Sensing technique is studied and applied to detect OFDM signals in a noisy environment. The results are obtained for the applications employed in high frequency, such as, Wi-Fi.
This is report prepared by me on Airborne Wind Turbines (AWT). It consists of the types of wind turbines used today. Types of prototypes in the airborne sector, and a brief working of them.
Basic principles, power in wind, force on blades & turbines, wind energy conversion, site selection, basic components of wind energy conversion systems (WECS), classification of WECS, wind energy collectors, applications of wind energy
This project of Maglev windmill on the implementation of an alternate configuration of a wind turbine for power generation purposes. Using the effects of magnetic repulsion, spiral shaped wind turbine blades will be fitted on a rod for stability during rotation and suspended on magnets as a replacement for ball bearings which are normally used on conventional wind turbines. Power will then be generated with an axial flux generator, which incorporates the use of permanent magnets and a set of coils.
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Performance Analysis of Cognitive Radio for Wi-Fi Signals Using Cyclostationa...IJERA Editor
The need for radio spectrum usage is increasing day by day with recent advancements in wireless system. But there is limited amount of spectrum available. So that for solving this problem Cognitive Radio (CR) is used for purpose of the spectrum utilization properly. Basically the Licensed users use the licensed bands but the unlicensed users should always check spectrum with the help of CR technology. The main aim of cognitive radio is to sense the spectrum continuously. In this paper, we have provided the proposal that how the capacity of the system can be increased by reuse the unused licensed band by simulating a Cognitive radio system. The secondary users can occupy free space (spectrum holes) and also licensed bands by continuously monitoring the spectrum. The requirements of cognitive radio systems will be investigated by considering spectrum sensing techniques. To achieve this, a Cyclostationary Spectrum Sensing technique is studied and applied to detect OFDM signals in a noisy environment. The results are obtained for the applications employed in high frequency, such as, Wi-Fi.
Vector Controlled Two Phase Induction Motor and To A Three Phase Induction MotorIJERA Editor
This paper presents vector controlled of single phase induction motor. some problems are with vector controlled SPIM.As SPIM’s are typically to maintain speed and also about the complex implementation of vector controlled SPIM.the implemantion of the proposed vector controlled TPIM compared to the vector controlled SPIM. The general modal sutable for vector control of the unsymmentrical two phase induction motor and also stator flux oriented controlled strategies are analized. the comparative performance of both has been presented in this work with help of a practical three phase motor.
Analysis and Visualization of Network Data Using JUNGIJERA Editor
The JUNG (Java Universal Network/Graph) Framework is a free, open-source software library that provides a common and extendible language for the manipulation, analysis, and visualization of data that can be represented as a graph or network. It is written in the Java programming language, allowing JUNG-based applications to make use of the extensive built-in capabilities of the Java Application Programming Interface (API), as well as those of other existing third-party Java libraries. In this paper, the JUNG Framework is described which is used to visualize data.
Optimum Crop Productivity in Rain Fed Area of Thana Boula Khan, Sindh, by App...IJERA Editor
The energy and food security are crisis at global level. Various sources for generating energy are under exploitation but except of renewable energy are almost costly. Hence, proper exploration and exploitation renewable energy is cheaper in comparison of fossil fuels source. In this connection, wind energy source mostly is available in the southern region of Sindh province of Pakistan. Renewable energy and agricultural farming are a winning combination. Wind, solar, and biomass energy can be harvested forever, providing farmers with a long-term source of income. The net farm returns can significantly be enhanced if available stronger winds are effectively utilized as an alternative energy resource. The project has successfully been introduced by locally manufactured windmill driven pumping units. The wind speed probability analysis based upon limited data availability indicated that during almost 92% of operational time, a wind speed of 2.5 m/s (9 km/hr) or more was available in project area. The operational analysis of windmill during 2007 indicated average 9.38 liter/min discharge was extracted, with role of 95.5 m3 of water was pumped in Kharif season, which is sufficient to irrigate 0.096 hectare of land through surface irrigation method by maintaining 10 cm depth of applied water. However, modern and efficient irrigation methods like drip and sprinkler be employed alongside windmill introduction for getting optimum agricultural productivity.
Duration for Classification and Regression Treefor Marathi Textto- Speech Syn...IJERA Editor
This research paper reports preliminary results of data-driven modeling of segmentalphoneme duration for
Marathi. Classification and Regression Tree based data driven duration modeling for segmental duration
prediction is presented. A number of features are considered and their usefulness and relative contribution for
segmental duration prediction is assessed. Objective evaluation of the duration model, by root mean squared
prediction error and correlation between actual and predicted durations, is performed.
Exergy analysis of inlet water temperature of condenserIJERA Editor
The most of the power plant designed by energetic performance criteria based on first law of thermodynamics. According to First law of thermodynamics energy analysis cannot be justified the losses of energy.The method of exergy analysis is well suited to describe true magnitude of waste and loss to be determined. Such information can be used in the design of new energy efficient system and increasing the efficiency of existing systems.In the present study exergy analysis of the shell and tube condenser is carried out. As the condenser is one of the major components of the power plant, so it is necessary to operate the condenser efficiently under the various operating condition to increase the overall efficiency of the power plant. In the present study inlet temperature of the condenser is optimized using the exergy method. The main aim of paper is to be find out causes of energy destruction that can be helpful to redesign the system and to increase the efficiency
A Mathematical Model to Solve Nonlinear Initial and Boundary Value Problems b...IJERA Editor
In this paper, a novel method called Laplace-differential transform method (LDTM) is used to obtain an
approximate analytical solution for strong nonlinear initial and boundary value problems associated in
engineering phenomena. It is determined that the method works very well for the wide range of parameters and
an excellent agreement is demonstrated and discussed between the approximate solution and the exact one in
three examples. The most significant features of this method are its capability of handling non-linear boundary
value problems.
Image Enhancement and Restoration by Image InpaintingIJERA Editor
Inpainting is the process of reconstructing lost or deteriorated part of images based on the background information. i. e .it fills the missing or damaged region in an image utilizing spatial information of its neighboring region. Inpainting algorithm have numerous applications. It is helpfully used for restoration of old films and object removal in digital photographs. The main goal of the algorithm is to modify the damaged region in an image in such a way that the inpainted region is undetectable to the ordinary observers who are not familiar with the original image. This proposed work presents image inpainting process for image enhancement and restoration by using structural, texture and exemplar techniques. This paper presents efficient algorithm that combines the advantages of these two approaches. We first note that exemplar-based texture synthesis contains the essential process required to replicate both texture and structure; the success of structure propagation, however, is highly dependent on the order in which the filling proceeds. We propose a best-first algorithm in which the confidence in the synthesized pixel values is propagated in a manner similar to the propagation of information in inpainting. The actual color values are computed using exemplar-based synthesis. Computational efficiency is achieved by a blockbased sampling process.
An Overview of Workflow Management on Mobile Agent TechnologyIJERA Editor
Mobile agent workflow management/plugins is quite appropriate to handle control flows in open distributed system; basically it is the emerging technology which can bring the process oriented tasks to run as a single unit from diverse frameworks. This workflow technology offers organizations the opportunity to reshape business processes beyond the boundaries of their own organizations so that instead of static models, modern era incurring dynamic workflows which can respond the changes during its execution, provide necessary security measures, great degree of adaptivity, troubleshoot the running processes and recovery of lost states through fault tolerance. The prototype that we are planning to design makes sure to hold reliability, security, robustness, scalability without being forced to make tradeoffs the performance. This paper is concerned with design, implementation and evaluation of performance on the improved methods of proposed prototype models based on current research in this domain.
Analysis on Recommended System for Web Information Retrieval Using HMMIJERA Editor
Web is a rich domain of data and knowledge, which is spread over the world in unstructured manner. The
number of users is continuously access the information over the internet. Web mining is an application of data
mining where web related data is extracted and manipulated for extracting knowledge. The data mining is used
in the domain of web information mining is refers as web mining, that is further divided into three major
domains web uses mining, web content mining and web structure mining. The proposed work is intended to
work with web uses mining. The concept of web mining is to improve the user feedbacks and user navigation
pattern discovery for a CRM system. Finally a new algorithm HMM is used for finding the pattern in data,
which method promises to provide much accurate recommendation.
Fast Synchronization In IVR Using REST API For HTML5 And AJAXIJERA Editor
Need a web service is just a web page meant for a computer to request and process. IVR system uses REST API for data access while calling. When in call process user want to access data, server need to validate it and while validation data accessing must be synchronize with mysql server. For large data accessing API is essential. This method is for HTML5 and AJAX for fast data synchronization. REST can support any media type, but XML is expected to be the most popular transport for structured information. In IVR System problems with fast data access because before uses HTML4. Proposed work is for HTML5 with AJAX implementation.
The Cortisol Awakening Response Using Modified Proposed Method of Forecasting...IJERA Editor
A growing body of data suggests that a significantly enhanced salivary cortisol response to waking may indicate
an enduring tendency to abnormal cortisol regulation. More methods have been proposed to deal with
forecasting problems using fuzzy time series. In this paper, our objective was to apply the response test to a
population already known to have long-term hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis dysregulation.
We hypothesized that the free cortisol response to waking, believed to be genetically influenced, would be
elevated in a significant percent age of cases, regard less of the afternoon Dexamethasone Suppression Test
(DST) value based on fuzzy time series and genetic algorithms. The proposed method adjusts the length of each
interval in the universe of discourse for forecasting the Longitudinal Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST)
data on a fully remitted lithium responder for past 5 years who was asymptomatic and treated with lithium
throughout the experimental results show that the proposed method gets good forecasting results.
Peer-to-Peer content distribution using automatically recombined fingerprintsIJERA Editor
Due to the recent advances in broad-band network and multimedia technologies, the distribution of multimedia
contents are increasing. This will help a malicious party to duplicate and redistribute the contents; hence the
protection of the ownership is required in multimedia content distribution. The encryption of content cannot
solve the issue, because it must be ultimately decrypted at genuine users who have legal authority to distribute
content. Therefore, additional protection mechanisms are needed to discourage unauthorized redistribution. One
of the mechanisms is to generate the fingerprinting of multimedia which enables a seller to trace illegal users by
embedding identification information into the content. The research on fingerprinting techniques is classified
into two studies: collusion resistant fingerprinting systems and cryptographic protocol. Since each user
download content with his/her own fingerprint and content is a little different. If users collect some of them,
they try to find the difference and modify/delete the embedded information. Unicast transmission is applied in
multimedia content distribution which will be give more security to buyers. Merchant will create number of seed
buyers who need to distribute the content to child buyers. All the seed buyers should be online to distribute the
content. The seed buyer and child buyer fingerprint are need to store in database which will be required to find
the illegal redistribution.
Experimental Plans and Intensive Numerical Aided DesignIJERA Editor
This paper deals with new methods to optimize design and subsequent phases, notably in SMEs specialized in manufacturing. SMEs use numerical simulation to verify that the design meets the expectations of the specification, following the current traditional process: CAD model, simulation of its behavior, changes in the CAD model... This process suffers from a number of drawbacks: no overall multi-criteria vision, use of CAD software, by nature "constructive, not considering the overall objectives (even with integration of the parameters or with considering the downstream phases). The research centre DINCCS led several projects, relying on industrial cases to consider more efficient approaches. It is proposed to reverse this process by making intensive simulations, based on trade knowledge, before design itself. In order to plan the great number of simulations, automatically designed plan of experiences are used. We discuss the application of this approach to intensive simulations. The stakes are crucial for SMEs, particularly manufacturing ones. Using numerical simulation (optimization) intensively, before setting the CAD model, they can get unexpected gains (mass, better use of the means of manufacture...). The results show that the proposed approach is a very promising new way of computer aided design..
Enhancing Data Integrity in Multi Cloud StorageIJERA Editor
Cloud computing is a way to increase the capacity or add capabilities dynamically without investing in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing new software. Cloud is surrounded by many security issues like securing data and examining the utilization of cloud by the cloud computing vendors. Security is one of the major issues which reduce the growth of cloud computing. A large number of clients or data owners store their data on servers in the cloud and it is provided back to them whenever needed. The data provided should not be jeopardized. Data integrity should be taken into account so that the data is correct, consistent and accessible. For ensuring the integrity in cloud computing environment, cloud storage providers should be trusted. Dealing with single cloud providers is predicted to become less secure with customers due to risks of service availability, failure and the possibility of malicious insiders in the single cloud. This paper deals with multi cloud environments to resolve these issues. The integrity of the data in multi cloud storage has been provided with the help of trusted third party using cryptographic algorithm.
Microbial Stimulation of Growth of LucerneIJERA Editor
From the soil samples outside the areas of intensive agriculture, were allocated 145 isolates: 80 cultures growing on medium nutrient agar, 28 – on 79 medium for fixing microorganisms and 37 isolates on MRS medium, by forming zones of hydrolysis of chalk. The influence of selected microorganisms were researched on seed germination and seedling growth of lucerne. Stimulation of the growth of lucerne by some cultures reached 35% (5, R11) - 45% (1, 9, R5, R28) compared with the control.
Design And Analysis Of Savonius Wind Turbine BladesIJERA Editor
There are two kinds of wind turbines according to the axis of rotation to the ground, horizontal axis wind
turbines (HAWT) and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT). VAWTs include both a drag type configuration like
Savonius wind turbine and a lift-type configuration like Darrieus wind turbine. Savonius wind rotor has many
advantages such as low starting speeds and no need for external torque for its starting. Moreover it is cheaper in
construction and has low maintenance. It is independent of the wind direction and has a good starting torque at
lower wind speeds. The experimental study conducted in this paper aims to investigate the effect of number of
blades and other criteria that can affect the performance of the model of Savonius type wind turbine. The
experiments used to compare 2, 3, and 4 blades wind turbines to show tip speed ratio, torque and power
coefficient related with wind speed. A simulation using ANSYS 13.0 software will show pressure distribution of
wind turbine. The results of study showed that number of blades influence the performance of wind turbine.
Savonius model with three blades has the best performance at high tip speed ratio.
wind energy Doubly-Fed Induction Generators and their characteristics, Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generators. Generator-Converter configurations, Grid connectivity methods, Different types of Control structures, Simulation studies on Grid connected Wind turbine generator (WTG) systems. Energy storage systems for wind power conversion systems. Solar-wind hybrid power system.Doubly-Fed Induction Generators and their characteristics, Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generators. Generator-Converter configurations, Grid connectivity methods, Different types of Control structures, Simulation studies on Grid connected Wind turbine generator (WTG) systems. Energy storage systems for wind power conversion systems. Solar-wind hybrid power system.
An Overview of Wind Power Generation and Design Aspects in Indiaijiert bestjournal
There is huge activity in wind power,pan-India with the instal led capacity increasing to 10,000MW. India today has the fifth largest installed capacity of wind power in the world w ith 11087MW installed capacity and potential for on-shore capabilities of 65000MW. However the plant load factor (PLF) in wi nd power generation is very low,often in the single digits. The increase in interest in wind energy is due to inves tment subsidies,tax holidays,and government action towards renewable energy playing a big part in nation�s energy system. T here is a need to generate environment friendly power that not only raises energy efficiency and is sustainable too. The time has come for moving to generation based subsidies and understanding the drawbacks associated with wind power in India. The capital cost of wind power is third higher than Conventional thermal power;further electrical problems like v oltage flicker and variable frequency affect the implementation of wind farm. However advances in technologies such as offshore construction of wind turbines,advanced control methodologies,and simulation of wind energy affecting over all grid performance are making a case for wind energy.
Investigate the effect of blade tip geometry on the performance Vertical Axis...Mohamed Sabry Mohamed
Fluids always flow from high-pressure region to low pressure region, this is the principle of the
airflow around the airfoil and this can create vortices at the trailing edge which reduce the lift
and increase the induced drag and turbulence around the blade turbine. Winglets are a
different method to change the geometry of the blade tip which in turn can affect the whole
performance of the turbine by reducing the vortices or by enhancing the turbine power
coefficient. This project experimentally and numerical investigates the effect of winglets on the
aerodynamic performance of the vertical axis wind turbine (H-Rotor).
Wind Power Plant Presentation (Seminar PPT) Jay Sonar
Power Point Presentation On Wind Energy and Wind Turbine & Its Components. Full Seminar Presentation For Diploma And Engineering Students. Easy and Understandable Format.
Thanks. Follow & keep Presenting.
WIND ENERGY REPORT AE 215- 2018 SOURCES OF FARM POWERmusadoto
Wind is the flow of gases on large scale. On the surface of the earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. In outer space, solar wind is the movement of gases and charged particles from the sun though space, while planetary wind is the outgassing of light chemical from a planet’s atmosphere into space. Wind by their spatial scale, their speed, the type of force that cause them, the region in which they occur and their effect. The strongest observed winds on planet in solar system occur on Neptune and Saturn. Winds have various aspects, an important one being its velocity, density of the gas involved and energy content of the wind.
Wind is almost entirely caused by the effects of the sun which, each hour, delivers 175 million watts of energy to the earth. This energy heats the planet’s surface, most intensively at the equator, which causes air to rise. This rising air creates an area of low pressure at the surface into which cooler air is sucked, and it is this flow of air that we know as “wind”. In reality atmospheric circulation is much more complicated and, after rising at the equator air travels pole wards. As it travels the air cools and eventually descends to the earth’s surface at about 30° latitude (north and south), from where it returns once again to the equator (a closed loop known as a Hadley Cell). Similar cells exist between 30° and 60° latitude (the Ferrell Cells) and between 60° latitude and each of the poles (the Polar Cells). Within these cells, the flow of air is further impacted by the rotation of the earth or the "Coriolis Effect". This effect creates a sideways force which causes air to circulate anticlockwise around areas of low pressure in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere
In summary, the origin of winds may be traced basically to uneven heating of the earth’s surface due to sun. This may lead to circulation of widespread winds on a global basis, producing planetary winds or may have a limited influence in a smaller area to cause local winds.
1. P. L. N. V. Aashrith Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 1), June 2014, pp.70-79
www.ijera.com 70 | P a g e
Design and Fabrication of Savonious Wind Mill P. L. N. V. Aashrith*, Ch.Vikranth** Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India* Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India** ABSTRACT
The project deals with the design and fabrication of Savonius wind mill. Pw – Wind power (watt), and Power produced by the turbine Pt has been calculated using m – Mass flow rate (kg/s), Swept area of the windfall ,V- Velocity of the wind, Θ- Angular position of turbine, T- Torque obtained by wind, Pt- Shaft power , Cp- Power coffecient ,Ct- Torque co-efficient , μ – Tip speed ratio , r – Radius of rotor , d- Diameter of rotor ,w- Angular speed of rotor. Various operations involved in fabrication process and characteristics & specifications of wind turbine has been mentioned
I. INTRODUCTION
Among the replenish able sources as an alternative to fossil fuels,wind energy is also equal in race.Wind on the earth surface are caused primarily by the unequal heating of the land and water by sun.the differences in temperature gradients induce the circulation of air from one zone to another.It has been estimated that roughly 10 million MW’s of energy are continuously available in the earth’s winds.the utilization of some of this energy through various mechanical conversion devies has played a decisive role in the economic development of many countries wher wind are strong and steady. Savonius wind turbines are vertical axis wind turbines and are used for wind force conversion into torque through the rotation of the main shaft. Savonius wind turbines mainly operate on the drag of the aerofoils by their opposing directions and their interaction with the wind movement. It is one of the simplest wind turbines designs ever designed. Basically they take advantage of their curvaceous shape in order to suffer less friction in movement and thus increase rotating speed with the powering of the wind.
II. DIFFERENT TYPES OF WIND PLANTS
Windmills had been widely used in Persia, China, Europe and the U.S.A for pumping water and grinding grains. Efficient wind electric generators were later developed in U.S.A. Thousands of which produced electricity for farms and homes. The wind mills are generally classified as horizontal axis and vertical axis wind mills.
(1) Horizontal axis two blades wind mill.
(2) Horizontal axis-single blade wind mill.
(3) Horizontal axis-bicycle wheel wind mill.
(4) Vertical axis wind mill.
III. PROPERTIES AND CONSIDERATIONS OF WIND MILLS:
(a)PROPERTIES: (1) the wind energy is free, inexhaustible and does not need transportation. (2) hydroelectric power projects take several years to complete,the growth of nuclear power has been even slower,and coal fired thermal plants face the problem of lomg transpiration.wnd power plant,on the other hand,does not take long time to construct.such windmills will be highly desirable and economical to the rural arweas which are far remote places from existing grids. (3) some facts on rainfall in india are relevant.of the total annual rainfall of 370 million hectare- meters(MHWS),120 MHWS lost by evaporation ,80MHWS seep into the ground and 170 MHMS of water in river flows,113 MHWS are not availablefor utilization.it is this unutilized water often causes floods. Obviously,proper water managements would demand laege energy inputs for controlling drainage and run-off during monsoons.wind energy can be used for this purpose economixcally a 80% of the annual rainfall and 60% annual wind energy (in india) are both confined to the monsoon months.this combination definitely warrants aserious consideration for exploting it.
(4) Ther is stong rason why wind power should be welcomed by grids wch have some hydroelectric inputs in india.the water level in the hydel reservoir is at its lowest before the onset of the south west monsoon.if less water is drawn during the monsoon,a high level could be maintained for longer period.during the monsoon period,wind energy can be used to feed the grid.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. P. L. N. V. Aashrith Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 1), June 2014, pp.70-79
www.ijera.com 71 | P a g e
(b) CONSIDERATIONS: (1) the major disadvantage associated with the wind power is that it is not consistent and steady which makes the complications in designing the whole plant. (2) the wind is a very hazardous,treacherous and unpredictable commodity.blowing in strong gusts from varying directions and leaving account such phenomena as hurricanes and tornadoes-it can cause tremendous shear stresses which may smash the whole plant within no time.to avoid this,special and costly designs and controls are always required. (3) the power coffecient (ratio of the power actually delivered by the rotor to the power of the wind in the rotor disc) can be 0.593 maximum for aerodynamic rason.the machine developed to date (ERDA’S plum brook unit) has power coefficient of 0.4. (4) Among al the disadvantages mentioned above,the cost factor is major has restricted the development of wind power on large scale foe feeding to th existing grid.the estimated cost of wind electricity generation,storage and distribution system is over 1 lakh ruppes which may be considered beyond the means of the most villages. With all this disadvantages,this source of power has a bright future as the use of small aero generator producing 200 to 300 watts which is sufficient to power a house of one family at a reasonable cost will definitely attract the villages for the good standard of life.
IV. FACTOR AFFECTING WIND POWER EXTRACTION
Elevation of blade hub above ground-the higher above ground one is , the higher wind velocity and since the power is proportional to the cube of the velocity, an increase in hub elevation from 30 m to 50 m leads to an average wind seed 7.6% higher. This becomes a significant cost-benefit trade-off, since taller hubs become more expensive. Spacing of wind turbines on wind farms-too far spacing will prevent the maximum amount of wind to be intercepted. However, too close spacing will lead to interference and downwind units will be less productive. Sitting of wind turbine-naturally not all locations are suitable for placements of wind turbines. In order to be economical, most sites have to have average wind speeds of about 10 m/s. This speed usually increases with height above ground. Air density-the higher the density of air, the more power carried by the wind and as air density decreases with height above sea-level, usually sites in mountainous regions are less preferable than those at flat, sea-level locations.
V. METHODOLOGY
Savonius Wind Mill Model
Introduction: The vertical-axis wind turbine have simple structure and installation. They are useful in different speed and direction of wind. Unlike horizontal axis turbines, in vertical axis turbines rotation speed is low and torque is high. These turbines are independence from wind direction. Because of low speed and high torque in these turbines, some forms of power transfer such as compressed air and hydraulic have preference to generate electricity. This device could be used for pumping water in agriculture and industry. Description: In vertical axis wind turbines or rotors, such as Savonius rotating axis is perpendicular to wind direction. Therefore the surface which is moved by air, after rotating half a round, should move in reverse direction of wind. This is the reason of decreasing of power ratio. Therefore blade is an important factor in these rotors. The Savonius rotor includes two half cylinder shape blades (nominal diameter d, height h). The movement is mainly the result of the different between the drag on the advancing paddle and the drag on the other one. The lift force, which normally takes place to the direction of wind velocity, produces the rotation in this type of turbine. There is high pressure before the surface whereas low pressure after it. The Savonius rotor can be constructed from simple materials using common tools. The Rotors are robust and do not require precision machining or tight tolerance like those needed to make modern airfoils. Due to symmetry to with respect to the flow direction, vertical axis wind turbines accept winds from any direction equally. This contrasts with horizontal axis wind turbines that must face into the wind to achieve maximum power. Horizontal turbines are pointed in a fixed direction to take advantage of a single predominant wind direction.
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VI. SAVONIUS WINDMILL MODEL
CHARACTERISTICS & SPECIFICATIONS OF WIND TURBINES •Wind Speed: This is very important to the productivity of a windmill. The wind turbine only generates power with the wind. The wind rotates the axis (horizontal or vertical) and causes the shaft on the generator to sweep past the magnetic coils creating an electric current. •Blade Length This is important because the length of the blade is directly proportional to the swept area. Larger blades have a greater swept area and thus catch more wind with each revolution. Because of this, they may also have more torque. •Base Height The height of the base affects the windmill immensely. The higher a windmill is, the more productive it will be due to the fact that as the altitude increases so does the winds speed. •Base Design Some base is stronger than others. Base is important in the construction of the windmill because not only do they have to support the windmill, but they must also be subject to their own weight and the drag of the wind. If a weak tower is subject to these elements, then it will surely collapse. Therefore, the base must be identical so as to insure a fair comparison.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
S.NO
PART
SPECIFICATIONS
1
Physical Dimension of Wind Mill
58x58x34cm3
2
Number of PVC pipes
12 pipes
3
PVC pipe dimension
Length = 50cm, Diameter= 2.54 cm.
4
Number of T- Joints
12
5
T- Joint Diameter
2.54cm
6
Number of Bends
4
7
Diameter of Bends
2.54cm.
8
Central axis (PVC Pipe)
Length = 54cm, Diameter = 3cm.
9
Cylindrical magnet piece
Diameter = 8cm Height = 2cm
10
Number of L plates placed
16
11
Ball Bearing
C6202
12
Mild Steel U-Clamps
4
13
Amature Angle
90o
14
Number of Transformers
4
15
Type of Transformer
606, Shell type transformer.
16
Rotor dimension
50x23cm2
17
Rotor Material
Mild Steel
18
Rotor Thickness
1.2cm
19
Swept Area (A)
50x23 cm2
20
Number of terminals used
2 (Positive and negative)
DESIGN OF WIND MILL
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Wind turbine blades have on aerofoil – type
cross section. While designing the size of blade it is
must to know the weight and cost of blades. In the
three blade model, vertical shaft has been used; it has
a height and diameter of 54cm & 3cm respectively.
The angle between two blades is 60
0
. So if one Blade
moves other blades comes in the position of first
blade, so the speed is increases.
BLADE PROFILE
SHAFT DESIGN
While designing the shaft of blades it should be
properly fitted to the blade. The shaft should be as
possible as less in thickness & light in weight for the
six blade, the shaft used is very thin in size are all
properly fitted. So no problem of slipping & fraction
is created, for the shaft PVC pipe is used, which is
having very light weight. Length of shaft & diameter
are 54cm& 3cm respectively. And at the top and
bottom ends mild steel of length 1inch each are
respectively are fixed to give strength to the hollow
shaft.
ransformer and permanent magnet.
Transformer
For generation of electricity from the designed
vertical axis wind turbine, we chose a 606 Shell type
transformer . When windings are surrounded by the
core, the transformer is shell form. Shell form design
may be more prevalent than core form design for
distribution transformer applications.
Shell form design tends to be preferred for extra
high voltage and higher MVA applications because,
though more labor-intensive to manufacture, shell
form transformers are characterized as having
inherently better kVA-to-weight ratio, better short-circuit
strength characteristics and higher immunity
to transit damage.
Shell Type Transformer
Operation
The main principle of operation of a transformer
is mutual inductance between two circuits which is
linked by a common magnetic flux. A basic
transformer consists of two coils that are electrically
separate and inductive, but are magnetically linked
through a path of reluctance. A mutual electro-motive
force is induced in the transformer from the
alternating flux that is set up in the laminated core,
due to the coil that is connected to a source of
alternating voltage. Most of the alternating flux
developed by this coil is linked with the other coil
and thus produces the mutual induced electro-motive
force.
FORMULAS
Kinetic energy of air is calculated by following
equation:
PW = ½ moV2
The mo(kg/s) is air mass flow rate and V(m/s) is
speed of blowing air .By replacing mo energy
Equation is changeable to power in surface which is
swept by rotor:
Pw = ½ V3A.
Pw(watt) is power, ƥ(kg/m3) is air density and
A(πR2) is surface which is swept by rotor.
Following equation is useful to calculate power
produced by turbine:
Pt(θ)= F(θ).V(θ) = λ(θ)ω(θ).
Θ is angular position of turbine, λ is torque of vertical
force to blade’s surface (force of air pressure), V is
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speed vector in force point of F, and ω is rotating speed of blade. The power factor can be defined as the ratio between the power in turbine shaft (Pt) and the wind power (Pw) due to its kinetic energy right before the turbine plane, which yields: Cp =Pt/Pw When turning, the Savonius rotor presents the wind with a concave and a convex section, and derives most of its power from drag. The drag coefficient for a flow perpendicular to the convex face of a half pipe is 1.2, while the drag coefficient for the concave section is nearly twice as high at 2.3. Therefore, the force on the concave side of the rotor is higher, inducing a torque that turns the rotor. In addition to the torque due to drag, flow through the gap between the two rotor blades causes lift with thrust out the back face of the rotor helping it turn in the desired direction. Rotors of the torque coefficient, Ct, the power coefficient, Cp, and the wind speed to tip speed ratio, μ. For Savonius rotor, Ct = T/ (0.5V2Ad), Cp = P/ (0.5V3A) And μ = πlN/ (60V), μ is tip speed ratio, which is defined as the ratio between a blade’s speed at its tip and the faraway wind velocity. For a turbine of radius r, spinning at angular rate ω, in a wind with faraway velocity V, we have μ = r ω/V The Turbine efficiency, also known as its power coefficient, Cp, as the ratio between the power produced by the turbine and the power contained in the wind that passes through the reaches of the turbine blades.
The maximum power of a Savonius rotor is given by, where and are the height and radius of the rotor and is the wind VARIOUS OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN FABRICATION PROCESS •Cutting PVC pipes and plywood of required dimensions are cut using bench vice and handsaw. The Shell type transformer is cut into two halves of 900 each. •Drilling The T- joints and Bends after assembled are drilled with 5mm diameter and 1 inch bolts are inserted. •Bending The Mild sheets of 12mm thickness sheets of length 30cm and breadth 32cm using mallet, 2cm round file and anvil.
•Turning
The main shaft is turned on the inner side using lathe up to 2mm thickness for fixing ball bearings. •Soldering The four transformers are joined in series by soldering wires and these are connected to positive and negative terminals. The four LED bulbs are joined by parallel connection by soldering. •Assembly The four transformers are bolted to the wooden plate; the wooden plate is joined to the main frame using U- clamps. The Three bended sheets are joined to the main axis by bolt and nut. The permanent magnet is fixed to the main axis by using glue. The 16 mild steels plates are placed and attached to the magnet by using glue, thereby creating sixteen poles. The four transformers are joined in series and this is connected to positive and negative terminals and to a parallel connection of four LED bulbs. AVERAGE WIND SPEEDS (Kmph)
MONTH/DAY
JANUARY
FEBUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
1
4
4
5
13
15
15
2
4
4
2
13
17
8
3
6
3
3
10
17
5
4
6
3
3
9
18
5
5
5
5
5
13
14
5
6
4
6
4
12
13
7
7
5
5
4
9
14
7
8
3
3
4
10
15
8
9
7
5
6
11
18
12
10
5
8
9
12
16
11
11
4
7
11
13
15
6
12
5
4
13
13
12
6
13
5
6
13
10
6
5
14
4
4
10
10
6
14
15
5
4
9
8
7
18
16
4
5
8
13
9
11
17
3
5
4
17
13
9
18
5
6
3
15
14
11
19
6
8
5
13
15
11
20
3
6
8
8
17
6
21
4
4
10
14
19
6
22
5
4
12
5
15
7
23
8
4
13
4
18
4
24
5
3
9
7
13
3
25
6
3
9
8
11
13
26
6
3
10
10
9
18
27
4
4
12
11
7
15
28
3
3
11
13
10
12
29
4
11
13
11
11
30
5
10
13
11
9
31
5
14
14
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AVERAGE WIND SPEEDS (Kmph)
MONTH/ DAY
JULY
AUGUST
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
1
9
18
9
2
10
3
2
10
14
9
8
8
6
3
13
11
10
7
6
7
4
13
5
7
7
6
8
5
9
3
5
10
6
8
6
3
6
9
11
5
9
7
5
9
3
10
6
10
8
4
7
4
8
5
12
9
7
2
5
4
6
12
10
6
4
7
4
7
12
11
9
4
5
8
6
12
12
7
5
5
7
7
11
13
16
5
5
9
7
7
14
12
4
5
16
6
5
15
9
5
6
9
7
5
16
8
6
4
4
8
4
17
12
7
7
4
10
5
18
12
7
9
4
10
5
19
12
9
5
5
10
5
20
14
14
8
7
6
4
21
9
14
6
7
12
3
22
8
11
8
10
15
5
23
7
10
7
9
14
7
24
15
13
9
7
9
4
25
16
10
8
4
4
7
26
14
10
7
4
5
5
27
17
10
7
6
4
4
28
15
7
11
4
5
4
29
12
4
6
6
12
5
30
10
9
5
6
12
3
31
15
9
4
9
5
7
WIND DISTRIBUTION ON EASTER GHATS Average Wind Speed: 16 to 21 kmps.
SYSTEM
PRESSURE DEFICIENT(atm)
ASSOCIATED WIND SPEED(KMPH)
Low pressure area
1.0
<32
Depression
1-3
32-50
Deep Depression
3-4.5
51-59
Cyclonic Storm
4.5-8.5
60-90
Severe cyclonic storm
8.5-15.5
90-119
Very severe cyclonic storm
15.56-65.6
119-220
Super Cyclonic storm
>65.6
>220
OTHER MAJOR PLACES WHERE MAXIMUM WIND SPEED OCCURS:
SNO
PLACE OF LANDFALL
MAXIMUM WIND SPEED(kmph)
1
Chittagong
224
2
Chirala,A.P.
260
3
Rameshwaram
204
4
Sriharikota
213
5
Bangladesh
213
6
Kavali,A.P.
235
7
Machlipatnam,A.P.
235
8
Chittagong
235
9
Paradip,Orissa
260
VARIATIONS OF WIND SPEED WITH DAYS OF MONTH IN VISAKHAPATNAM SUB- URBAN:
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FORMULAS Kinetic energy of air is calculated by following equation: PW = ½ moV2
The mo (kg/s) is air mass flow rate and V (m/s) is speed of blowing air .By replacing mo energy
Equation is changeable to power in surface which is swept by rotor: Pw = ½ V3A. Pw (watt) is power, ƥ (kg/m3) is air density and a (πR2) is surface which is swept by rotor. Following equation is useful to calculate power produced by turbine: Pt (θ) = F (θ).V (θ) = λ (θ) ω (θ). Θ is angular position of turbine, λ is torque of vertical force to blade’s surface (force of air pressure), V is speed vector in force point of F, and ω is rotating speed of blade. The power factor can be defined as the ratio between the power in turbine shaft (Pt) and the wind power (Pw) due to its kinetic energy right before the turbine plane, which yields: Cp =Pt/Pw When turning, the Savonius rotor presents the wind with a concave and a convex section, and derives most of its power from drag. The drag coefficient for a flow perpendicular to the convex face of a half pipe is 1.2, while the drag coefficient for the concave section is nearly twice as high at 2.3. Therefore, the force on the concave side of the rotor is higher, inducing a torque that turns the rotor. In addition to the torque due to drag, flow through the gap between the two rotor blades causes lift with thrust out the back face of the rotor helping it turn in the desired direction. Rotors of the torque coefficient, Ct, the power coefficient, Cp, and the wind speed to tip speed ratio, μ. For Savonius rotor, Ct = T/ (0.5V2Ad), Cp = P/ (0.5V3A) And μ = πlN/ (60V), μ is tip speed ratio, which is defined as the ratio between a blade’s speed at its tip and the faraway wind velocity. For a turbine of radius r, spinning at angular rate ω, in a wind with faraway velocity V, we have μ = r ω/V The Turbine efficiency, also known as its power coefficient, Cp, as the ratio between the power produced by the turbine and the power contained in the wind that passes through the reaches of the turbine blades.
The maximum power of a Savonius rotor is given by, where and are the height and radius of the rotor and is the wind Some Models of Savonius Wind:
The Savonius Wind Mill is designed with different various rotor diameters and heights. Savonius turbines extract much less of the wind's power than other similarly-sized lift-type turbines. Much of the swept area of a Savonius rotor may be near the ground, if it has a small mount without an
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extended post, making the overall energy extraction less effective due to the lower wind speeds found at lower heights Some of the standard models are listed below:
1. Model1- General Household model
R= .1m and h= .2m. 2. Model2 – EOLE , built in Quebe, Canada. R= 30m and h= 100m. 3 . Model3 – VAWT-850, UK. R= 19m, h= 45m. 4. Model4 -- Model developed . R= .23m, h= .5m. Output of Savonius Wind Mill for different Wind speeds:
Sino
Model/Wind Speed.(kmph)
Model 1 (watts)
Model 2 (watts)
Model 3 (watts)
Model 4 (watts)
1
3
0
624.9
177.9
0.023
2
5
0.019
2891
823.875
0.11
3
7
0.052
7933.14
2260.7
0.304
4
9
0.1123
16860
4804.839
0.646
5
13
0.3388
50813.744
14480.42
1.947
6
16
0.632
94735
26199.6
3.6375
7
Eastern Ghats Min speed-17
0.758
246274
32382.5
4.355
8
Eastern Ghats Max speed-22
1.643
399668
70180.568
9.44
9
Sea breeze min speed-12
0.266
185029
11389.25
1.532
10
Sea breeze maxspeed-26
2.712
406851
52728
7.0928
Energy Output of Savonius Wind Mill in Visakhapatnam: MODEL “EOLE” ( R= 30m, h= 100m) 1. Implemented along sea coast of Visakhapatnam. Sea coast length = 80km Number of Windmills (Placed at a distance of 100m each) = 80000/100
=800 windmills
Average Sea Breeze = 16kmph.
Output of one Windmill = 94.73 KiloWatts. Total Output = 800 x 94.73 = 75,700 KiloWatts. 2. Implemented along Eastern Ghats of Visakhapatnam Eastern Ghats Range = 50km. Number of Windmills (Placed at a distance of 100m each) = 50000/100 = 500 windmills Average Wind Speed = 19.5 kmph. Output of one Windmill = 1,71.62 KiloWatts. Total Output = 500 x 1,71.62 = 85,813 KiloWatts. Total Power Output =( 85813 + 75700)kw = 1,61,513 KiloWatts. MODEL VAWT-850 (R= 19m, h= 45m) 1. Implemented along sea coast of Visakhapatnam: Sea coast length = 80km Number of Windmills (Placed at a distance of 100m each) = 80000/100 =800 windmills Average Sea Breeze = 16kmph. Output of one Windmill = 27 KiloWatts. Total Output = 800 x 27 = 21,600 KiloWatts. 2. Implemented along Eastern Ghats of Visakhapatnam Eastern Ghats Range = 50km. Number of Windmills (Placed at a distance of 100m each) = 50000/100 = 500 windmills Average Wind Speed = 19.5 kmph. Output of one Windmill = 48.8 KiloWatts. Total Output = 500 x 48.8 = 24,438 KiloWatts. Total Power Output =( 21,600 + 24,438 )kw = 46,038 KiloWatts. Energy Saved Total Conventional Energy used in Visakhapatnam = 586.8MW Energy saved in using EOLE Savonius Windmill = 161.51 MW Total Convectional Used = (586.8 – 161.51)MW = 425.29 MW Percentage Energy Saved by using EOLE Windmill = (161.51/586.8) x 100
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= 27.52% Energy saved in using VAWT-850 Savonius Windmill = 46.03 MW Total Convectional Used = (586.8-46.03) MW = 540.77 MW Percentage Energy Saved by using VAWT-850 Windmill = (46.03/586.8) x 100. = 7.8%
VII. ADVANTAGES OF SAVONIUS WIND MILL
a) It is a renewable source of energy. b) Wind power systems are non-polluting so it has no adverse influence on the environment. c) Wind energy systems avoid fuel provision and transport. d) On a small scale up to a few kilowatt system is less costly. e) On a large scale costs can be competitive conventional electricity and lower costs could be achieved by mass production. f) They are always facing the wind - no need for steering into the wind. g) Have greater surface area for energy capture -can be many times greater. h) Are more efficient in gusty winds – already facing the gust. i) Can be installed in more locations - on roofs, along highways, in parking lots. j) Can be scaled more easily - from mill watts to megawatts.
VIII. ADVANTAGE OF SAVONIUS WIND TURBINE OVER HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINE
There are several reasons why we would choose a vertical axis wind turbine over a horizontal axis windmill. 1. They are mounted lower to the ground making it easy for maintenance if needed. 2. They start creating electricity at speeds of only 6 mph. And 3. Third, they may be able to be built at locations where taller structures, such as the horizontal type, can't be. 4. Higher power utilization-- 20% higher than HAWT. 5. Lower noise level--only 27-37 DB, suitable for your living condition. 6. Safer operation--Spin at slower speeds than horizontal turbines, decreasing the risk of injuring birds and also decreasing noise level.
IX. CONCLUSION
Vertical axis wind energy conversion systems are practical and potentially very contributive to the production of clean renewable electricity from the wind even under less than ideal sitting conditions. It is hoped that they may be constructed used high- strength, low- weight materials for deployment in more developed nations and settings or with very low tech local materials and local skills in less developed countries. The Savonius wind turbine designed is ideal to be located on top of a bridge or bridges to generate electricity, powered by wind. The elevated altitude gives it an advantage for more wind opportunity. With the idea on top of a bridge, it will power up street lights and or commercial use. In most cities, bridges are a faster route for everyday commute and in need of constant lighting makes this an efficient way to produce natural energy. REFERENCES [1] Peter, C., Sheets, B. and Tablar, S. (2008): Emerging Technologies in the Wind Turbine Market, The Palace Hotel, San Francisco, CA. 19-20 November 2008. [2] Manwell, J.F., McGowan, J.G. and Rogers, A.L. (2009): Wind Energy Explained UK, John Wiley & Son Ltd. [3] Akwa, J.V., Junior, G.A.S. and Petry, A.P. (2012): Discussion on the Verification of the Overlap Ratio Influence on Performance Coefficients of a Savonius Wind Rotor Using Computational Fluid Dynamics. Renewable Energy, Vol.38, pp.141-149. [4] Halsey, N. (2011): Modeling the Twisted Savonius Wind Turbine Geometrically and Simplifying its Construction. Oregon Episcopal School. [5] D’Alessandro, V., Montelpare, S., Ricci, R. and Secchiaroli, A. (2010): Unsteady Aerodynamics of a Savonius Wind Rotor: A New Computational Approach for the Simulation of Energy Performance. Energy, Vol.35, pp. 3349-3363. [6] Islam, M.Q., Hasan, M.N. and Saha, S. (2005): Experimental Investigation of Aerodynamic Characteristics of Two, Three and Four Bladed S-Shaped Stationary Savonius Rotors. The Proceeding of International Conference on Mechanical Engineering 2005, 28-30 December 2005, Dhaka, Bangladesh. [7] Musgrove, P. (2010): Wind Power, UK: Cambridge University Press.
[8] Hayashi, T., Yan, L. and Suzuki, K. (2004): Wind Tunnel Tests on a Three-stage Out- phase Savonius Rotor. [Online]. Available at: http://www.2004ewec.info/files/231400_tsuto
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 1), June 2014, pp.70-79
www.ijera.com 79 | P a g e
muhayashii_01.pdf [Accessed on 13 November 2011]. [9] Jain, P. (2011): Wind Energy Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York. [10] Johnson, C. (1998): Practical Wind- Generated Electricity. [Online]. Available at: http://mbsoft.com/public/wind.html [Accessed on 24 April 2012]. [11] Solanki, C.S. (2009): Renewable Energy Technologies: A Practical Guide for Beginners, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi, pp.103-106. [12] Saha, U.K., Thotla, S. and Maity, D. (2008): Optimum Design Configuration of Savonius Rotor Through Wind Tunnel Experiments. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol.96, pp.1359-1375.