Logic hand outs#4
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...not only for your eyes but for your internal senses as well... may it be converted by into concepts & ideas of your possible intellect...ciao!
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judgment(proposition)
The document discusses different types of propositions including:
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2. Multiple propositions which combine two or more subjects and predicates.
3. Modal propositions which modify the copula to indicate how necessarily, possibly, or contingently the predicate belongs to the subject.
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Idea is the intellectual representation or
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Term is the verbal expression of an idea.
Hypothetical Syllogism
This document discusses different types of logical syllogisms:
1. Hypothetical syllogism uses a conditional premise and categorical conclusions. There are three types of hypothetical propositions: conditional, disjunctive, and conjunctive.
2. Conditional syllogism uses a conditional premise and its valid forms are modus ponens and modus tollens.
3. Disjunctive syllogism uses a disjunctive premise and its valid forms are ponendo tollens and tollendo ponens.
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Propositions can take three forms: categorical, hypothetical, or modal. This document focuses on categorical propositions, which make a direct statement about the relationship between a subject and predicate term. There are four types of categorical propositions based on their quality (affirmative or negative) and quantity (universal or particular): A propositions are universal and affirmative, E propositions are universal and negative, I propositions are particular and affirmative, and O propositions are particular and negative. The distribution of a term depends on the proposition's quality and quantity - universal propositions distribute the subject term, while negative propositions distribute the predicate term.
judgment and proposition
Judgment and propositions are important concepts in logic. Judgment is an act of the mind asserting or denying a relationship between two concepts. A proposition expresses a judgment as a declarative sentence. There are different types of propositions including categorical and non-categorical. A categorical proposition uses a subject, predicate, and copula, and can be affirmative or negative in quality and universal or particular in quantity. The subject and predicate terms of a proposition have specific universal or particular quantities depending on the type of proposition.
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Idea is the intellectual representation or
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Term is the verbal expression of an idea.
Hypothetical Syllogism
This document discusses different types of logical syllogisms:
1. Hypothetical syllogism uses a conditional premise and categorical conclusions. There are three types of hypothetical propositions: conditional, disjunctive, and conjunctive.
2. Conditional syllogism uses a conditional premise and its valid forms are modus ponens and modus tollens.
3. Disjunctive syllogism uses a disjunctive premise and its valid forms are ponendo tollens and tollendo ponens.
4. Conjunctive syllogism uses a conjunctive premise stating two choices cannot be true together.
It provides examples and
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Propositions can take three forms: categorical, hypothetical, or modal. This document focuses on categorical propositions, which make a direct statement about the relationship between a subject and predicate term. There are four types of categorical propositions based on their quality (affirmative or negative) and quantity (universal or particular): A propositions are universal and affirmative, E propositions are universal and negative, I propositions are particular and affirmative, and O propositions are particular and negative. The distribution of a term depends on the proposition's quality and quantity - universal propositions distribute the subject term, while negative propositions distribute the predicate term.
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Judgment and propositions are important concepts in logic. Judgment is an act of the mind asserting or denying a relationship between two concepts. A proposition expresses a judgment as a declarative sentence. There are different types of propositions including categorical and non-categorical. A categorical proposition uses a subject, predicate, and copula, and can be affirmative or negative in quality and universal or particular in quantity. The subject and predicate terms of a proposition have specific universal or particular quantities depending on the type of proposition.
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Propositions are the basic units of logic and language that can be either true or false. There are several types of propositions:
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- Hypothetical propositions state conditions and possibilities using "if-then" clauses, with the antecedent as the condition and consequent as the possibility.
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Based from the book : "Logic Made Simple for Filipinos" by Florentino Timbreza here is the summary made into powerpoint of Lesson 12: The Categorical Syllogism.
It Includes:
Introduction to categorical syllogism
General Axioms of the Syllogism
Eight Syllogistic Rules
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Examples in these slides are our own, there were no examples derived from the book.
logic - workbook summary
contents.
intro to logic
nature of the idea
terms
definitions
preposition
diagraming categoral proposition
eduction
syllogism
etc...
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Here are the kinds of supposition for the underlined terms in each proposition:
1. "Tamarao" - Absolute supposition
2. "Tamarao" - Material supposition
3. "Pag-asa" - Logical supposition
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The document outlines the three mental operations of reasoning: simple apprehension, judgment, and reasoning. Simple apprehension is grasping a thing without affirming or denying it. Judgment is joining two apprehended terms and affirming or denying them. Reasoning is drawing a conclusion from a set of valid premises. It then provides examples and structural features of each operation.
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The document discusses the divisions of logic. There are two main divisions - traditional logic and symbolic logic. Traditional, or Aristotelian logic, uses deductive syllogisms to attain demonstrated knowledge. Symbolic logic uses symbols to analyze arguments and determine their validity. Logic can also be divided into formal logic, which examines argument structure and validity, and material logic, which considers the meaning and truth of concepts in arguments. Language has three basic functions - informative, which communicates information; expressive, which expresses emotions; and directive, which causes or prevents actions through commands, requests, and recommendations.
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This document discusses reasoning and inference. It defines reasoning as a mental process of inferring the agreement or disagreement of two ideas based on their relation to a common third idea. There are two methods of reasoning: induction and deduction. Inference refers to drawing conclusions from given propositions. There are two types of inference - immediate and mediate. Immediate inference draws directly from one proposition to another. Mediate inference involves reasoning through multiple steps. The document also discusses various logical rules and relationships between categorical propositions like conversion, obversion, and opposition.
Logic Ppt
Here are the specific kinds of supposition for the terms in each proposition:
1. "Tamarao" - Essential supposition
2. "Tamarao" - Material supposition
3. "Pag-asa" - Logical supposition
4. "Pag-asa" - Material supposition
Categorical syllogism
The document discusses categorical syllogisms and logical fallacies. It defines a categorical syllogism as having two premises and one conclusion, where each proposition is in one of four forms: A, E, I, or O. It explains the terms, premises, and rules of syllogisms. It then discusses formal fallacies as errors of logical form and informal fallacies as errors of language. Examples are provided of fallacies of ambiguity, relevance, and presumption.
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There are different forms of prepositions such as single-word and complex prepositions. Types of prepositions are prepositions of time, prepositions of place and prepositions of direction.
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The document discusses judgment, which it defines as the act of affirming or denying something about a subject. It has two components: the comparison of two concepts and the pronouncement of their agreement or disagreement. Judgment results in propositions that express the relationship between a subject and its attributes. Reasoning is described as advancing to new truths or judgments through the use of prior judgments. The two methods of reasoning are induction, reasoning from specific examples to general principles, and deduction, reasoning from universal principles to specific conclusions.
Mediate Inference/Syllogisms
This document defines and explains categorical syllogisms. It discusses the key elements of categorical syllogisms including premises, terms, and rules governing validity. Categorical syllogisms are logical arguments with three terms and two premises that lead to a conclusion. The major premise contains the major term, minor premise contains the minor term, and the conclusion is derived from the premises. There are rules regarding the terms, quality of propositions, and quantity of propositions that must be followed for a syllogism to be valid. Fallacies can occur if these rules are violated.
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The document discusses various logical fallacies and their definitions. It begins by explaining the origins of the word "fallacy" and provides some background. It then proceeds to define and give examples of several common fallacies, including ad hominem, post hoc ergo propter hoc, slippery slope, hasty generalization, and argumentum ad populum. It concludes with reviewing the definitions of some fallacies and introducing new ones such as begging the question and red herring.
Categorical propositions
The document discusses the theory of deduction and categorical propositions. It explains that Aristotelian logic focuses on arguments with categorical propositions that relate classes or categories to each other. There are four standard forms of categorical propositions - universal affirmative (A), universal negative (E), particular affirmative (I), and particular negative (O). Each relates the subject and predicate classes in a different way. For example, an A proposition states that all members of the subject class are members of the predicate class, while an O proposition states that at least one member of the subject class is not a member of the predicate class.
Analysis - Inductive and Deductive Arguments
The document discusses deductive and inductive arguments. It defines deductive arguments as trying to prove conclusions with inescapable logic, while inductive arguments claim conclusions are probable or likely given the premises. Common patterns of deductive reasoning include hypothetical syllogisms, categorical syllogisms, elimination arguments, and arguments based on definitions. Common patterns of inductive reasoning include generalization, prediction, appeals to authority, causal reasoning, statistics, and analogy.
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The document discusses the structure of predicates and their components. It defines a predicate as having a verb component, which can be a single verb or a more complex structure centered around a verb. The subject and predicate of a sentence can each be a single word, phrase, or syntactic structure such as modification, complementation, or coordination. The predicate consists of verbs and their properties like person, tense, voice, and modifiers or complements. Complements have a close semantic relationship to the verb, while adjuncts freely modify it.
JRIorion-Stem-C-21st 2017 Literature
The story is about a boy who encounters Minggay Awok, an old woman rumored to be a witch, in a river. Although afraid due to the rumors, the boy accepts her help in catching shrimp. However, upon learning her name is Minggay Awok, he runs away in fear, believing the rumors. The themes are about not judging based on rumors and appearances alone, and the need for proof before making accusations.
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This document discusses the concept of judgment in philosophy. It defines judgment as the mental process of comparing two ideas and determining if they agree or disagree. There are several steps in the judgment process: apprehending concepts, juxtaposing ideas, comparing them, making a mental predication of their (non)identity, and potentially expressing this as a written or oral proposition. Categorical propositions directly affirm or deny something in subject-copula-predicate form, while other types of propositions include conditionals and disjunctions. The document also discusses reducing propositions to standard logical form.
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Propositions are the basic units of logic and language that can be either true or false. There are several types of propositions:
- Categorical propositions make a claim about a subject and predicate, and can be universal, particular, affirmative, or negative.
- Hypothetical propositions state conditions and possibilities using "if-then" clauses, with the antecedent as the condition and consequent as the possibility.
- Disjunctive propositions present alternatives using "either-or", and can be strict if the possibilities exclude each other, or broad if the possibilities can both occur.
- Conjunctive propositions combine possibilities using "and" that cannot both be true simultaneously
Argument
An argument is a logical structure with premises that lead to a conclusion. Arguments can be evaluated based on validity, truth, and soundness. Validity means the conclusion follows logically from the premises. An argument is sound if it is valid and all premises are true. Inductive and deductive reasoning differ in strengths and weaknesses. Inductive relies on experience while deductive accepts fixed definitions, but may lead to apparently necessary but false conclusions. Fallacies and counterarguments should be considered when critically evaluating arguments.
Conversion (LOGIC)
This document discusses types of proposition conversion. Proposition conversion involves interchanging the subject and predicate of an original proposition without changing quantity. There are two main types: simple conversion, where the quantity stays the same, and partial (accidental) conversion, where the quantity changes. Simple conversion can be from universal to universal, particular to particular, or empty to empty propositions. Partial conversion changes the quantity, such as from universal to particular or empty to oblique. Examples are provided to illustrate each type of conversion.
CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
Based from the book : "Logic Made Simple for Filipinos" by Florentino Timbreza here is the summary made into powerpoint of Lesson 12: The Categorical Syllogism.
It Includes:
Introduction to categorical syllogism
General Axioms of the Syllogism
Eight Syllogistic Rules
Figures and Moods of the Categorical Syllogism
Examples in these slides are our own, there were no examples derived from the book.
logic - workbook summary
contents.
intro to logic
nature of the idea
terms
definitions
preposition
diagraming categoral proposition
eduction
syllogism
etc...
Logic
Here are the kinds of supposition for the underlined terms in each proposition:
1. "Tamarao" - Absolute supposition
2. "Tamarao" - Material supposition
3. "Pag-asa" - Logical supposition
Logic - Three mental operations
The document outlines the three mental operations of reasoning: simple apprehension, judgment, and reasoning. Simple apprehension is grasping a thing without affirming or denying it. Judgment is joining two apprehended terms and affirming or denying them. Reasoning is drawing a conclusion from a set of valid premises. It then provides examples and structural features of each operation.
Division of logic
The document discusses the divisions of logic. There are two main divisions - traditional logic and symbolic logic. Traditional, or Aristotelian logic, uses deductive syllogisms to attain demonstrated knowledge. Symbolic logic uses symbols to analyze arguments and determine their validity. Logic can also be divided into formal logic, which examines argument structure and validity, and material logic, which considers the meaning and truth of concepts in arguments. Language has three basic functions - informative, which communicates information; expressive, which expresses emotions; and directive, which causes or prevents actions through commands, requests, and recommendations.
Reasoning (Logic)
This document discusses reasoning and inference. It defines reasoning as a mental process of inferring the agreement or disagreement of two ideas based on their relation to a common third idea. There are two methods of reasoning: induction and deduction. Inference refers to drawing conclusions from given propositions. There are two types of inference - immediate and mediate. Immediate inference draws directly from one proposition to another. Mediate inference involves reasoning through multiple steps. The document also discusses various logical rules and relationships between categorical propositions like conversion, obversion, and opposition.
Logic Ppt
Here are the specific kinds of supposition for the terms in each proposition:
1. "Tamarao" - Essential supposition
2. "Tamarao" - Material supposition
3. "Pag-asa" - Logical supposition
4. "Pag-asa" - Material supposition
Categorical syllogism
The document discusses categorical syllogisms and logical fallacies. It defines a categorical syllogism as having two premises and one conclusion, where each proposition is in one of four forms: A, E, I, or O. It explains the terms, premises, and rules of syllogisms. It then discusses formal fallacies as errors of logical form and informal fallacies as errors of language. Examples are provided of fallacies of ambiguity, relevance, and presumption.
Prepositions: forms and types
There are different forms of prepositions such as single-word and complex prepositions. Types of prepositions are prepositions of time, prepositions of place and prepositions of direction.
Logic hand outs#3
The document discusses judgment, which it defines as the act of affirming or denying something about a subject. It has two components: the comparison of two concepts and the pronouncement of their agreement or disagreement. Judgment results in propositions that express the relationship between a subject and its attributes. Reasoning is described as advancing to new truths or judgments through the use of prior judgments. The two methods of reasoning are induction, reasoning from specific examples to general principles, and deduction, reasoning from universal principles to specific conclusions.
Mediate Inference/Syllogisms
This document defines and explains categorical syllogisms. It discusses the key elements of categorical syllogisms including premises, terms, and rules governing validity. Categorical syllogisms are logical arguments with three terms and two premises that lead to a conclusion. The major premise contains the major term, minor premise contains the minor term, and the conclusion is derived from the premises. There are rules regarding the terms, quality of propositions, and quantity of propositions that must be followed for a syllogism to be valid. Fallacies can occur if these rules are violated.
Fallacies
The document discusses various logical fallacies and their definitions. It begins by explaining the origins of the word "fallacy" and provides some background. It then proceeds to define and give examples of several common fallacies, including ad hominem, post hoc ergo propter hoc, slippery slope, hasty generalization, and argumentum ad populum. It concludes with reviewing the definitions of some fallacies and introducing new ones such as begging the question and red herring.
Categorical propositions
The document discusses the theory of deduction and categorical propositions. It explains that Aristotelian logic focuses on arguments with categorical propositions that relate classes or categories to each other. There are four standard forms of categorical propositions - universal affirmative (A), universal negative (E), particular affirmative (I), and particular negative (O). Each relates the subject and predicate classes in a different way. For example, an A proposition states that all members of the subject class are members of the predicate class, while an O proposition states that at least one member of the subject class is not a member of the predicate class.
Analysis - Inductive and Deductive Arguments
The document discusses deductive and inductive arguments. It defines deductive arguments as trying to prove conclusions with inescapable logic, while inductive arguments claim conclusions are probable or likely given the premises. Common patterns of deductive reasoning include hypothetical syllogisms, categorical syllogisms, elimination arguments, and arguments based on definitions. Common patterns of inductive reasoning include generalization, prediction, appeals to authority, causal reasoning, statistics, and analogy.
Logical Opposition (Social Philosophy and Logic)
this presentation is all about the 4 kinds of logical opposition..
you can also watch the video..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOpXCwFt0y0
Structure of-predication- Edwin Sulispriyanto
The document discusses the structure of predicates and their components. It defines a predicate as having a verb component, which can be a single verb or a more complex structure centered around a verb. The subject and predicate of a sentence can each be a single word, phrase, or syntactic structure such as modification, complementation, or coordination. The predicate consists of verbs and their properties like person, tense, voice, and modifiers or complements. Complements have a close semantic relationship to the verb, while adjuncts freely modify it.
JRIorion-Stem-C-21st 2017 Literature
The story is about a boy who encounters Minggay Awok, an old woman rumored to be a witch, in a river. Although afraid due to the rumors, the boy accepts her help in catching shrimp. However, upon learning her name is Minggay Awok, he runs away in fear, believing the rumors. The themes are about not judging based on rumors and appearances alone, and the need for proof before making accusations.
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Question 1
Evaluate a mode of study that you do well and one that you could improve on. Please explain
how you plan on improving that which you find to be weak in your own study habits.
Your response should be at least 75 words in length. You are required to use at least the attached
textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be
referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Question 2
Describe the two ways that students normally study in a typical college course.
Your response should be at least 75 words in length. You are required to use at least the attached
textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be
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Question 3
Describe the typical design of a college course and the outcomes that result for students in these
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Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
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2. Determine the purpose of analyzing the logic of the subject one is studying.
3. Compare and contrast the logic of college as it is and as it should be.
4. Assess the logic of the four modalities of communication.
5. Appraise the criteria for evaluating an author's reasoning by using the elements of thought.
6. Identify how one should assess one's progress in learning.
7. Describe the strategies for self-assessment.
8. Apply the generic model to various applied majors
Unit Lesson
This lecture continues with the discussion of rhetorical devices.
Downplayers
A downplayer is a word that is inserted in a sentence that undermines something that is being discussed. Let’s take a look at two
sentences that mean the same thing in their deepest structure, but that have radically different connotations due to one word.
“Brent got a B on his exam.”
“Brent only got a B on his exam.”
By inserting the word “only,” the person saying sentence two has downplayed Brent’s achievement. Most people would be
happy, or at least satisfied, with a grade of B on an exam. However, the second sentence seems to diminish Brent’s
accomplishment by indicating that a grade of B on the exam does not meet his or her expectations of Brent. You can think of
downplayers as using scare quotes “” in verbal language. Let’s look at some more examples.
“Yeah, Ellen just got her ‘degree’,”
In this case, the person seems to indicate ...
Targeting the audience
The document provides guidance on effective persuasion by targeting the needs and motivations of the audience. It discusses how to identify an audience's needs using Maslow's hierarchy and then structure an argument that appeals to those needs. The document recommends knowing the audience well, focusing on what matters most to them, and staying consistent with facts and values to engage their support.
Grammar
Critical listening involves using reason to make logical judgments about what is heard. It includes listening for appropriate tone, distinguishing between facts and opinions, understanding denotation versus connotation, identifying euphemisms, recognizing self-important language, and avoiding logical fallacies. Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning that can mislead listeners. Examples of common fallacies discussed are hasty generalizations, begging the question, non sequiturs, testimonials, bandwagon techniques, card stacking, false comparisons, and emotional appeals.
Grammar
Critical listening involves using reason to make logical judgments about what is heard. It includes listening for appropriate tone, distinguishing between facts and opinions, understanding denotation versus connotation, identifying euphemisms, recognizing self-important language, and avoiding logical fallacies. Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning that can mislead listeners. Examples of common fallacies discussed are hasty generalizations, begging the question, non sequiturs, testimonials, bandwagon techniques, card stacking, false comparisons, and emotional appeals.
THE ART OF ARGUMENTATION AND DEBATE
The document discusses the process of research and preparation for argumentation and debate. It outlines various methods for gathering information from different sources, including consulting dictionaries, books, newspapers, and experts. It emphasizes the importance of thoroughly researching both sides of an issue. It also discusses different systems for organizing research materials, such as notebooks or index cards, and the need to properly cite sources. The goal of research is to collect facts, data, statistics, and inferences to both establish one's own argument and refute opposing arguments.
1000 - 1500 word argumentative essay PROMPT Is putting yourse.docx
1000 - 1500 word argumentative essay
PROMPT: Is putting yourself first a good approach to life?
FAQ
· How should I get started?
· Have the Personal Responsibility and Critical Thinking Rubrics open in front of you. Your grade will be assessed according to these two rubrics. Scroll down for these rubrics.
· Some questions to ask yourself as you are brainstorming: What does "putting yourself first" mean as you see it? What are the consequences of living this way? How would you describe the opposite of "putting yourself first"? If you had to choose between them, which way of life is better? Do you have to choose between them? If you disagree with your friend who thinks life is about putting oneself first as much as possible whenever possible, how would you persuade your friend that life is not a selfish or self-indulgent pursuit? How do you justify that your own actions are altruistic, and to what end do you pursue acts in the interest of others? Do you do so with the same passion as you do endeavors that fulfill a want or a need in your own life? Once you have entertained the above questions, carve out a thesis statement that states clearly whether or not "put yourself first" is a good approach to life and why.
· Early in your essay, describe how you understand "putting yourself first". It's important to define how you view this way of life before either advocating for it or rejecting it.
· Look up any information that you may need to check your biases. Suppose you intend to argue that rich people get ahead because they do not donate to charity. You might first explore studies to verify whether or not this is true. Who gives more to charity, the rich or the poor?
Have the facts.
· Argue for your thesis throughout your essay.
· Address objections to your position.
· How should this essay relate to Chapter 2?
· When writing this essay, you are not required to discuss the theories of meaning from Chapter 2 unless you find them relevant to "put yourself first". Focus the entirety of your essay on "put yourself first" and direct alternatives to this way of life as you draw upon the "big picture" from Chapter 2, that is the consequences of having a theory of meaning at all.
· In drafting this essay, I recommend that you also read section 8-3 of The Big Questions and the 1000 Word Philosophy link that I have posted below. Scroll, scroll.
· How many sources do I need to cite?
· You
must site some sources. See the Evidence component of the Critical Thinking Rubric. Though there is no minimum number of cited sources beyond our textbook, sometimes you need to refer to other source material in making your argument. Whenever you discuss content that should be backed up with a source, be sure to incorporate accurate sources and cite them.
· What format and style of citation should I use?
Use MLA. Academic philosophers use Chicago Manual. If you continue studies in philosophy, you will learn Chicago Manual; however, fo.
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