The document discusses judgment, which it defines as the act of affirming or denying something about a subject. It has two components: the comparison of two concepts and the pronouncement of their agreement or disagreement. Judgment results in propositions that express the relationship between a subject and its attributes. Reasoning is described as advancing to new truths or judgments through the use of prior judgments. The two methods of reasoning are induction, reasoning from specific examples to general principles, and deduction, reasoning from universal principles to specific conclusions.

1. Judgment The second operation of the human mind a mental process of transferring from the ideal order to the real order

2. Judgment the act whereby the intellect compares two ideas noting their agreement or disagreement and either combines or separates them

3. Judgment defines as the act by which the mind affirms or denies something about something else that which is denied or affirmed by the other that to which it is said to belong or not to belong known as Attribute known as subject

4. Components of Judgment Existence of two concepts Pronouncement of agreement & disagreement Comparison of two concepts Take the form of Subject & a predicate in a proposition Manifest the process of knowing the relationship b/w two concepts Embodies the principle behind the true essence of judgment

5. Proper Definition of Judgment the act by which the mind affirms or denies an attribute of a subject

6. Judgment express in sentence known as proposition, the product of judgment needs simple apprehension since without ideas to be compared NO judgment can take place

7. Proposition the external sign of judgment Defines as a statement which affirms or denies something about a certain reality or object. Often formulated in declarative form A triangle is a three-sided figure

8. Reasoning The third operation of the human mind a mental process wherein the intellect arrives at new judgment or at a new truth by using judgment previously known

9. Reasoning in this act or mental process, the mind or the intellect advances from one thing understood to another- ( engaged in mental discussion)

10. Two Methods of Reasoning the reasoning from the particular to universal; from specific instances to the formulation of general principles; from cause to effects Induction a.k.a. A POSTERIORI reasoning methods of reasoning employed by physical sciences; chemistry, biology, medicine

11. Two Methods of Reasoning the reasoning from the universal to the particular; from laws to their operations principles; from causes to effects a.k.a A PRIORI reasoning Deduction method used in mathematical & philosophical sciences

12. … thanks for listening!