1. Philo 1
MIDTERM
Stephanie F. Branzuela
TF(7:30-9:00)AM
PROF. FRANKLIN Q. CLITAR

2. Judgment..
• The second act of the intellect by which it
pronounces the agreement or disagreement
between terms and ideas.
• It is the act by which the intellect compares
and expresses the objective identity or non-
identity between ideas. Ideas in themselves
are neither true nor false.

3. • Example : The term “ lady ” and the term “
beautiful ” are neither true nor false. But
when the intellect compares these two
terms and expresses whether they agree
or disagree in a statement, then we can
say whether the statement is true or false.
Thus, the sentence “The lady is
beautiful.” could now be said to be true or
false. The intellect making judgment
therefore either affirms or denies.

4. Proposition
• external sign of judgment w/c express
declarative sentence.
• provides reason, explanation to support a
judgment made expresses an idea, explanation
feeling or emotion.
• can be analyzed as either true or false
• definition a statement which affirms or denies
something about a reality or object.

5. Components of A Proposition
1. Subject term- being talk about the predicate.
a) Quantifier- words w/c determines the quantity.
2. Copula- are expressed in the verb ‘to be’
- determines the quality.
3. Predicate term- the one that describe the subject.

6. 2 kinds of Proposition
• Affirmative Proposition-
Expresses agreement between
two terms
• Negative Proposition- Expresses
disagreement between two
terms

7. Quality of the Proposition
The quality of proposition is determined by the quality
of the copula
Affirmative
 whenever the predicate term accepts
something of the subject term
All roses are flowers.
Negative
 whenever the predicate term negates or
denies something of the subject term
A squash is not an eggplant.

8. A. Proposition in terms of
Quality
(Copula)
1. Affirmative proposition that uses
affirmative Copula
2. Negative proposition that uses negative
Copula
B. Truth and Falsity (proposition in terms of
Reality)
1. True proposition- is the proposition that
agree to the reality
2. False proposition- is a proposition that
disagree the reality

9. C. Proposition in terms of Quantity (Quantifier)
1. Particular Proposition- is a proposition that uses
particular subject term.
Ex. Some, several, few and etc.
• Several movie directors are passionate.
2. Universal Proposition- is a proposition that uses
singular, indefinite, collective and universal w/c
focuses on subject term.
Ex. This, that, all, every, each, any, group and no
quantifier but it’s ends in ‘S’
• All government officials are natural-
born citizens.

10. Combination of a Quantity
and Quality of Proposition
1. Universal Affirmative Proposition- A”
Proposition“
2. Particular Affirmative Proposition- “I”
Proposition
3. Universal Negative Proposition- “E”
Proposition
4. Particular Negative Proposition- “O”
Proposition

11. Proposition Quantity Quality
A Universal or Affirmative
Singular
E Universal or Negative
Singular
I Particular Affirmative
O Particular Negative

12.  All affirmative propositions share their
extensions to the subject terms and by doing so
the predicate gives some of its parts to the subject
 subject is drawn to the extension of the
predicate
 In Negative propositions the subject is
excluded from the extension of the predicate
 No relationship exists b/w the subject and the
predicate

13. Special types of Proposition
I. Categorical Proposition
 a proposition whose Predicate is Directly attributed
to the Subject.
 Answerable by true or false and yes or no directly.
 Predicate is always pointing our the subject directly.
 proposition by which the affirmation or denial b/w
two concepts is expressed in an Absolute, Immediate,
Direct or Unconditional manner
Ex. Mangyans are the minorities from Mindoro.

14. Kinds of Categorical
A. Single Categorical Proposition- a
proposition having 1S and 1P, whose P is
directly attributed to the S.
Ex. Rema is pretty.
2 types of Single Categorical Proposition
a) Simple Proposition- is a proposition w/a
1S,1P and has NO MODIFICATION to the
S,P and to the C.
Ex. She is simple.
b) Composite Proposition- is a proposition w/a
1S,1P and has a MODIFICATIONS to the
S,P,C and to the S and P.
Ex. The boy at the back is late.(S is modified)
The boy is 15 mins. Late.(P is modified)
The boy must be late.(C is modified)

15. 2 types of Composite
a. Complex- Subject, Predicate, subject and
predicate are modified.
b. Modal- Copula is modified.
Modal Proposition- is a proposition whose
Copula is modified in order to show the
MANNER or MODE how the Predicate
belong to the Subject.

16. Kinds of Modal
1. Necessary Modal- a proposition
whose copula is modified in order to
show that the P MUST BELONG or
(necessarily belong) to the S.
FORMULA: MUST BE
Ex. A circle must be round.
2. Impossible Modal- a proposition
whose copula is modified in order to
show that the P CANNOT/DOES NOT
belong to the S.
FORMULA: CANNOT BE
Ex. A square cannot be round.

17. 3. Possible Modal- a proposition whose copula
is modified in order to show that the P CAN
BELONG/MIGHT to the S.
FORMULA: CAN BE/MIGHT BE
Ex. I might be shopping tomorrow
4. Contingent Modal- is a proposition whose
copula is modified in order to show that the
P NEED NOT BELONG to the S.
FORMULA: NEED NOT BE/LONG

18. B. Multiple Categorical Proposition- a
proposition w/c is a combination of two or
more proposition uses
1S,2P,2S,1P,2S,2P,2S,3P,3S,2P,3S,3P and etc.
Ex. Argene is handsome and smart.
o Argene is handsome.
o Argene is smart.

19. Kinds of multiple proposition
1. overtly multiple- plainly multiple(obviously)
2. covertly multiple- it appears to be single but actually
multiple.
• Copulative- is a proposition that has 2 or more
SUBJECT/ PREDICATE combined into 1.
It uses conjunction such as AND.
E.g.
mira and steph are dancer and singer.
Mira is dancer.
Mira is singer.
Steph is dancer.
Steph is singer.

20. • Adversative-combination of 2 proposition
that are opposed to each other, with the
conjunction; BUT, YET, ALTHOUG, EVEN
THOUGH.
E.g.
• We bathed the dog, but we couldn’t get him
clean.
• You see yet do not hear.
• This technology, although not a foolproof way
to monitor abusers, might give victims
advance warning that danger is approaching.
• Even though she is ignorant but she is fine.

21. • Relative- 2 proposition that is combines,
where the predicate have relation in terms of
times and places; WHILE, AFTER, BEFORE.
e.g.
Before you go, turn of the light.
She is watching while eating.
After the class, I play volleyball.

22. • Causal- combination of 2 proposition of it is
cause/reason for the other. BECAUSE, FOR
e.g.
You got 5 because you didn’t take your
examination test.
• Comparative- combination of 2 proposition
expresses degree of comparison.
• (GREATER, MORE THAN)
E.g.
Zerods is more smarter Than Earl.