Introduction Logic Gates with Boolean Functions

1. ; jUf;f thapy;fSk; G+ypad; jh;f;fq;fSk;
Mr. B.Karthiban
BSc (Hons) in Computing, Executive MSc in PM, PGDE (Reading)

2. ,g; ghlj;ijf; fw;w gpd;dh; ePq;fs;
,yj;jpudpaypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Fwp kl;lq;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;s
mbg;gil jUf;f thapy;fs; $l;L jUf;f thapy; FwpaPLfis ,dq;fhz
G+ypad; Nfhitfid nka;epiy ml;ltiz %yk; fhl;lTk;.
G+ypad; NfhitfSf;Fhpa ,yf;fr; Rw;Wf;fis tiuaTk;.
mbg;gilj; jUf;f thapy;fspd; cjtpAld; $l;Lj; jUf;f thapy;fis epUkhzpf;fTk;.
,yf;fr; Rw;Wf;fSf;Fhpa G+ypad; Nfhitfis vOjp mtw;Wf;Fhpa nka;epiy ml;ltizia
fl;bnaOg;gTk;
njhifapLQ; Rw;W vd;why; vd;d vd mwpe;J nfhs;sTk;;
jUf;f thapy;fspd; eilKiwg; gpuNahfq;fissf; Fwpg;gplTk;
vd;gd gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngWtPh;fs;.

3. mwpKfk;
nghJthf> jUf;fj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ahNjDk; xd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ mjd; ngWNgW cz;ik|
(True) my;yJ ngha;| (False) vd mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
md;whl tho;tpy; caphpdq;fSf;fpilapy; njhlh;ghly;
gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; epfo;fpwJ. ,jw;Fr; rkpf;iQfs;
gad;gLj;jgg;gLk;. gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; Kunrhyp %ykhfr;
nra;jp njhptpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd rkpf;iQ toq;fg;gLk;.
mt;thNw epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;Ls;s njhlUe;jpd; gaz
Muk;gj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; Kfkhf njhlUe;Jg; ghJfhtyhpdhy;
CJFonyhyp vOg;gg;gl;L gr;irepwf; nfhbAk;
mirf;fg;gl;L rkpf;iQ toq;fg;gLk;. njhlUe;J gazj;
njhlf;fj;Jf;F iffhl;b kuj;jpy; cs;s gr;irepw xspr;
rkpf;iQ Ntz;Lk;. rptg;G epw xspr; rkpf;iQ fhzg;gl;lhy;
njhlUe;J epWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;

4. mwpKfk;
ePq;fs; kfpOe;njhd;wpy; (Nkhl;lhh;f; fhh;) gazk;nra;a Kd;gjhf mjpy; Vwpf; fjTfis ed;F ,Wfg;
G+l;bf;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;. fjTfspy; xd;NwDk; rhpahfg; G+l;lg;gltpy;iynadpy; fhl;b (Indicator)
kpdFkpo; xsph;tjd; %yNkh xypnaOg;Gtjd; %yNkh rhujpf;F rkpf;iQ toq;fg;gLk;. ehd;F fjTfSk;
,Wfg; G+l;lg;gl;bUg;gpd; kl;LNk ,t;thW vOg;gg;gLk; irif epWj;jg;gLk;. ,jd; gpd;dNu gadj;ij
Muk;gpf;fKBAk;. NkYk;> thfdj;jpd; Kw;Gw Mrdj;jpy; mkh;e;jpUg;gth; ghJfhg;G Mrdg;gl;b
mzpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iyNay; mJ gw;wpa rkpf;iQ vOg;gg;gLk;.
gzg;ngl;lfnkhd;iwj; jpwg;gjw;F ,uz;L rhtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLkhapd; mjd;
fjitj; jpwg;gjw;F me;j rhtpfs; ,uz;Lk; mtrpakhditahFk;. mt;thNw>
md;whl tho;tpy; ehk; iriffspd; mbg;gilapy; jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F
xg;ghfNt fzpdpAk; rkpf;iQfisg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ.

5. mwpKfk;
caphpdq;fSf;fpilNa rkpf;iQfs; %ykhfj; njhlh;ghly; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJ Nghd;W fzpdpAlDk;
njhl;ghliy Nkw;nfhs;s rkpf;iQfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ ‘ON’. ‘OFF; Mfpa
epiyikfSs; xd;wpd; %ykhf ,af;ff;$bajhf fzpdp jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j epiyikfs;
,uz;ilAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;l ,Uk vz; (Binary number) FwpaPl;L Kiwik gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jw;fika
fzpdpapy; ,e;j ,uz;L epiyikfisAk; tifFwpf;f 0 kw;Wk; 1 Mfpa ,yf;fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,q;F AND. OR. NOT Mfpa mbg;gil jUf;fr; nra;iffs; gw;wpAk;
mtw;iw vLj;Jf; fhl;lg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jUf;f thapyfs; kw;Wk;
mit njhlh;ghd G+ypad; Nfhitfs; nka;epiy ml;ltiz Mfpad
gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;Nthk;.

6. jUf;f thapy;fs;
,Uk vz;fspd; cjtpAld; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy jUf;fr; nra;iffisf; fl;bnaOg;gp mtw;wpd; %yk;
gy;NtW jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba Rw;Nw jUf;fr; Rw;Wfs; (Logic Circuits) vdg;gLk;. Vuhskhd
rpf;fyhd ,yf;fr; Rw;Wf;fisg; gad;gLj;jpNa fzpzp cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jUf;f thapy;fs;
vdg;gLk; mbg;gilj; jUf;fr; Rw;Wf;fs; gy chpathW ,izf;fg;glNl rpf;fyhd ,yf;fr; Rw;W
(Digital Circuit) tbtikg;gl;Ls;sJ. jUf;f thapy;fSf;F cs;splg;gLk; nga;g;G my;yJ nga;Gfis
fUj;jpy;nfhz;L mjw;Nfw;wthwhd tUtpisTfis toq;FtNj jUf;f thapy;fspd; %ykhf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
jUf;f thapy;fs; gy;NtWgl;l njhopDl;g Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpd;
mfj;NjAs;s Rw;W jpuhd;rp];uh;> ,Uthap (Diode)> jilapfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
,Uthap (Diode),yf;fr; Rw;W (Digital Circuit) jUf;fr; Rw;Wfs; (Logic Circuits)

7. jUf;f thapy;fs;
jUf;fthapy; Rw;Wfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;Jf;fika mtw;iw ,uz;L tiffshf tifg;gLj;jyhk;
mbg;gilj; jUf;f thapy;fsp (Basic Logic Gates)
Nrh;khdj; jUf;f thapy;fs; (Combinational Logic Gates)
mbg;gilj; jUf;f thapy;fd; nfhz;;l Rw;W

8. mbg;gil jUf;f thapy;fs;
G+ypad; nra;iffshd OR, AND, NOT Mfpatw;iwg; ngsjpf hPjpahf vLj;Jiuf;f mbg;gilj; jUf;f
thapy;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. mbg;gilj; jUf;f thapy;fs; %d;W tifg;gLk; mit tUkhW.
AND thapy; (AND gate)
OR thapy; (OR gate)
NOT thapy; (NOT gate)

9. AND thapy; (AND gate)
AND jUf;fj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sntdg; gpd;tUk; cjhuzq;fisj; fUj;jpw; nfhs;Nthk;
cq;fs; fzpdp Ma;T$lf; fjtpw;F G+l;L> Mikg;G+l;L Mfpad ,lg;gl;L G+l;lg;gl;bUg;gpd; fjitj;
jpwg;gjw;F fjtpYs;s G+l;bd; jpwg;G> Mikg;G+l;bd; jpwg;G Mfpad mtrpakhFk;. ,e;j ,uz;L
rhtpfisAk; gad;gLj;jpdhy; kl;LNk me;jf; fjitj; jpwf;fKbAk;. fjtpYs;s G+l;bd; jpwg;G my;yJ
Mikg;g+l;bd; jpwg;G Mfpaw;Ws; xd;iw klLk; gad;gLj;jp me;jf; fjit jpwf;f KbahJ. NkYk;>
rhtpfs; ,d;wpAk; me;jf; fjitj; jpwf;f KbahJ.
AND nra;ifia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s njhlh;epiyapyhd kpd; Rw;wpidf; fUJNthk;.
A,B Mfpa nga;g;Gfspd; jUf;fr;
re;jh;g;gk; 0 MfTs;sjhd kpd;Rw;W
AND jUf;f thapypDs;s kpd;Rw;W
A,B Mfpa nga;g;Gfspd; jUf;f re;jh;g;gk; 1
MfTs;sjhd kpd;Rw;W

10. AND thapy; (AND gate)
,q;F A,B Mfpa MspfSk;; Q vDk; kpd;FkpOk; cyh;fyk; %yk; njhlh;epiyapy;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,uz;L MopfisAk; nga;g; ghfTk; kpd;Fkpio gag;G MfTk; nfhs;Nthk;.
,q;F A, B Mfpa Mspfs; ,uz;Lk; %ba epiyapy; cs;sNghJ kpd;Fkpo;fs; xspUk;. A my;yJ B
Mfpa MspfSs; xd;W kl;Lk; %ba epiyapy; cs;s NghJ kpd;Fkpo; xspuhJ. NkYk;> ,uz;L
MspfSk; jpwe;j epiyapy; cs;sNghJk; kpd;Fkpo; xspuhJ. ,e;jr; nrad;Kiwia gpd;tUkhW
ml;ltizg;gLj;jyhk;.
xt;nthU MspAk; %bAs;s re;jh;g;gk; my;yJ kpd;Fkpo; xspUk; re;jh;g;gj;ij ‘1’ vDk; jUf;fk;
%ykhfTk; xU Msp kl;;Lk; jpwe;Js;s epiy my;yJ kpd;Fkpo; xspuhj epiy ‘0| vDk; jUf;fk;
%ykhfTk; tifFwpf;Fk;NghJ AND jUf;fg; thapypd; cs;sPL> tUtpisT Mfpad gpd;tUk;
ml;ltid ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
AND ,id xj;j kpd;Rw;wpy; kpd;Fkpopd; xsph;T

11. AND thapy; (AND gate)
,q;F A,B Mfpa cs;spLiffs; ,uz;Lk; ‘1’ vDk; jUf;fj;jpy; cs;sNghJ kl;LNk Q=1 MFk;.
,e;j ,uz;L cs;spLiffSk; 0 MFk;NghJk; xU cs;spLifapd; jUf;fk; 1 MfTk; kW
cs;spLifapd; jUf;fk; 0 MfTk; cs;sNghJ Q=0 MFk;. ,e;j ml;ltiz AND thapYf;Fhpa
nka;epiy ml;ltiz (Truth table) vdg;gLk;.
,e;j jUf;f thapy;> ,uz;L cs;spLiffisf; nfhz;Ls;sjhy;
mlltizapy; ehd;F (22 = 4) re;jh;g;gq;s; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
AND thapypd; jUf;fq;fshf A,B Mfpad mike;jpUf;Fk;. G+ypad;
,yf;f kplypw;fika ,J A,B vdj; jug;gLk;.
AND thapYf;Fhpa mbg;gilg; G+ypad;Nfhit kw;Wk; AND
thapyd; FwpaPL Mfpad tUkhW.
,e;j AND thapypy; Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L cs;sPLfs; cs;sd.
,uz;bYk; $ba vz;zpf;if nfhz;l cs;sPLfSlhd AND jUf;f
thapy; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
AND jUf;f thapYf;Fhpa nka;epiy
ml;ltiz
AND thapYf;Fhpa G+ypad;
ml;rufzpj NfhitAk; FwpaPLfSk;
AND thapypd; tUtpisT 0 Mtjw;F Fiwe;jJ xU cs;spLifNaDk; 0
Mf ,Uf;fNtz;L:k;mtjhdpg;G

12. OR thapy; (OR gate)
OR jUf;fj;ij tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s gpd;tUk; cjhuzj;ijf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;Nthk;
,uz;L thry;fisAila NgUe;jpy; gazpf;FnkhUth; Kd; thrypdhNyh gpd; thrypfhNyh
,wq;fyhk;.
P vd;gthpd; tPl;Lf;Fr; nry;tjw;F gy;NtW ghijfs; fhzg;gLkhapd; me;j ghijfspy;
vjD}lhfNtDk; mth; jdJ tPl;il mila KbAk;.
gpd;tUk; vspa kpd;Rw;nwhd;iwf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;Nthk;.
,q;F A,B Mfpa Mspfs;> kpd;Fkpo; Q Mfpa ,uz;Lk; cyh;fyqq;fSld; rjhe;jukhf
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd ,uz;L MspfisAk; cs;sPlhfTk; kpd;Fkpio tUtpisthfTk; fUJNthk;.
,uz;L cs;sPLfspy; xd;W jUf;fr; re;jh;g;gk; 1 MFk;
Nghjhd kpd;Rw;W
,uz;L cs;sPLfspy; jUf;fr; re;jh;g;gk; 0 MFk; Nghjhd
kpd;Rw;W

13. OR thapy; (OR gate)
,e;jr; Rw;wpy; Msp A Nah Msp B Nah Mspfs; A,B Mfpa ,uz;LNkh %lg;gl;Ls;s re;jh;g;gj;jpy;
klLk; ,e;jr; Rw;wpy; kpd;Fkpo; xspUk;. ,jidg; gpd;tUkhW ml;ltizapy; fhl;lyhk;.
xt;nthU MspAk; %baepiyapy; cs;sNghJ my;yJ kpd;Fkpo; xspUk; re;jh;g;gk; 1 vDk; jUf;fk;
%ykhfTk; Mspnahd;W jpwe;Js;s epiy my;yJ kpd;Fkpo; xspuhjepiy cs;s re;jh;g;gk; 0 VDk;
jUf;fk; %ykhfTk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk;NghJ mjidg; gpd;tUkhW ml;ltizg;gLj;j KbAk;. ,e;j
ml;ltiz OR jUf;f thapYf;Fhpa nka;epiy ml;ltiz (Truth table) vdg;gLk;.
OR ,Ys;s rkepiy kpd;Rw;wpy; kpd;Fkpopd; elj;ij
OR jUf;f thapYf;Fhpa nka;epiy ml;ltiz

14. OR thapy; (OR gate)
NkNy OR thapypd; cs;sPLfs; ,uz;Lk; 0 Mf cs;sNghJ vg;NghJk; tUtpisT 0 Mf ,Uf;Fk;.
NkYk;> xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l cs;sPLfisf; nfhz;;l OR thapypy; me;j cs;sPLfs; midj;Jk; 0 Mf
cs;sNghJ tUtpisT 0 MFk;.
,jw;fika A=1 myyJ B=1 my;yJ C=1 MFk;NghJ Q=1 MFk;. ,e;j ml;ltiz OR jUf;f
thapYf;Fhpa nka;epiy ml;ltiz vdg;gLk;.
OR jUf;fg; gliyf;Fhpa G+ypad;
ml;rufzpjf; NfhitAk; FwpaPLk;
OR thapypd; tUtpisT 1 Mf miktjw;Ff; Fiwe;jJ xU cs;sPNlDk; 1 Mf
mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
,e;jr; nra;if G+ypad; ml;rufzpjj;jpy; “A + B” vdf; FwpaPl;L
tbtpy; fhl;lg;gLk;. ,J ePq;fs; fzpj ghlj;jpy; vz;fisf;
$l;Ltjw;nfhdg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; $l;ly; fzpjr;nra;if md;W.
NkYk;> Nenuz;fisf; Fwpg;gpl Neh; milahsk; gad;gLj;jg;glhJ. mJ
“ A my;yJ B“ my;yJ “ A OR B” vdNt cr;rhpf;fg;gLk;.
OR jUf;f thapYf;Fhpa G+ypad; NfhitAk; Rw;W thpg;glKj;
fhl;lg;glLs;sJ.
mtjhdpg;G

15. NOT thapy; (NOT gate)
NOT jUf;fthapy; gw;wpf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;Sk;NghJ epug;G rkpf;iq gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;tJ
mtrpakhFk;. cs;sPl;bd; %yk; toq;fg;gLk; jUf;fr; rkpf;iQia ,dq;fz;L mjw;Fhpa epug;G
rkpf;iQia tUtpisthf toq;FtNj NOT thapypd; njhopw;ghlhFk;. ,q;F ,uz;L rkpf;iQfspy;
VNjDnkhd;W kw;iwajd; epug;gp (Complement) vdg;gLk;. mjhtJ “ 0” ,d; epug;gp “1” MFk;. “1” ,d;
epug;gp “0” MFk;.
cs;slf;fg;gLk; jUf;fg; ngWkhdj;ij epug;gp tUtpisthfg; ngWtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,yj;jpudpay; Jizf;$Nw NOT thapyhFk;. gpd;tUk; Rw;iwf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;Nthk;.
NOT jUf;f thapYs;shd ,yj;jpudpaw; Rw;W

16. NOT thapy; (NOT gate)
,q;F Msp A %ba epiyapy; cs;sNghJ kpd;FkpopD}lhf kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghahj fhuzj;jpdhy; mJ
xspuhJ. vdpDk;> Msp jpwe;j epiyapy; cs;sNghJ kpd;Fkpo; xspUk;. ,q;F cs;sPL A Mf
mikAk;NghJ A ,d; epug;gp tUtpisthFk;. NOT nra;iff;Fhpa G+ypad; Nfhit Rw;W thpg;glk; Mfpa
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
NkNy NOR jUf;f thapy;fspd; cs;sPLfs; ,uz;Lk; 0 MFk;NghJ ngUk;ghYk;
tUtpisT 1 MFk;. mt;thNw ,uz;Lf;F Nkk;gl;l cs;sPLfisf; nfhz;l OR jUf;f
thapy;fspy; cs;sPLfs; mizj;Jk; 0 MFk;NghJ tUtpisT 1 Mf mike;jpUf;Fk;.mtjhdpg;G

17. $l;Lj; jUf;fthapy;fs;
,yf;fKiwf; fzpdp> fzpg;ghd;> ryit ,ae;jpuk;> Ez;ziy mLg;G> ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrp> etPd
njhiyf;fhl;rpfs;> ,yf;fKiwf; fbfhuq;fs;> topgjdkhf;fpfs; Mfpadtw;wpd; njhopw;ghL jUf;f
thapy;fspd; njhopw;ghl;by; jq;fpAs;sJ. Njitahd rpf;fy; epiyj;j jUf;fk; cUthFk; tifapy;
gy;NtW tifg;gl;l jUf;f thapy;fis ,izj;Jj; jahhpf;fg;gl;l ,yj;jpudpay; Rw;Wfs; mtw;wp;y;
cs;sd. mbg;gilj; jUf;f thapy;fisg; gad;gLj;jpNa ,t;thwhd $l;Lj; jUf;fthapy;fs;
mikf;fg;gLk;;.
,yf;fKiwf; fzpdp fzpg;ghd;
ryit ,ae;jpuk;
Ez;ziy mLg;G
ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrp
,yf;fKiwf; fbfhuq;fs;topgjdkhf;fp
etPd njhiyf;fhl;rp

18. NOR thapy; (NOR gate)
OR nra;ifapd; epug;gpr; nra;if mjhtJ NOT OR nra;ifapd; jUf;f thapy; NOR thapnydg;gLk;.
,jd;NghJ OR thapypd; tUtpisit NOT thapypd; %yk; tUtpisitg; ngwj;jf;f tifapy; NOT
OR Mfpad ,uz;il ,izf;Fk;NghJ fpilf;Fk; jUf;fk; NOR thapypd; jUf;fkhFk;. ,jid
gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;.
mbg;gil nka;epiy ml;ltizapd; cjtpAld; ,jw;Fhpa nka;epiy ml;ltizia gpd;tUkhW
fl;bnaOg;gyhk;.
NOR jUf;f thapypd; rkdpiyj; jUf;fr; Rw;W
mbg;gil naa;epiy ml;ltizapd; mbf;filapy; NOR jUf;f thapyps;Fhpa
nka;epiy ml;ltiz;

19. NOR thapy; (NOR gate)
,jw;fika NOR thapy;fs; ,uz;L xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlh;epiyapy; ,ize;Js;s OR, NOT thapy;fs;
,uz;bw;F rktYthdJ. NOR thapypw;Fhpa G+ypad; Nfhit kw;Wk; jUf;ff; FwpaPL fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,jw;Fhpa jUf;fr; Rw;W > nka;epiy ml;ltiz Mfpadd ml;ltiz fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
NkNy NOR jUf;f thapy;fspd; cs;sPLfs; ,uz;Lk; 0 MFk;NghJ ngUk;ghYk; tUtpisT 1
MFk;. mt;thNw ,uz;Lf;F Nkk;gl;l cs;sPLfisf; nfhz;l OR jUf;f thapy;fspy;
cs;sPLfs; midj;Jk; 0 MFk;NghJ tUk; tpisT 1 Mf mike;jpUf;Fk;.
mtjhdpg;G

20. NAND thapy; (NAND gate)
NAND nra;ifia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;l vspa kpd;Rw;iwf; fUJNthk;.
,q;F A,B Mfpa Mspfs;> Q vDk; kpd;Fkpo; Mfpad vspa
kpd;fyq;fSld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,uz;L MspfisAk; cs;sPlhfTk;
kpd; Fkpio tUtpisthfTk; nfhs;Nthk;. ,q;F A,B Mfpa Mspfs;
%bAs;s epiyapy; kl;LNk kpd;Fkpo; xspuhJ. Vida vy;yhr;
re;jh;g;gq;fspYk; kpd;Fkpo; xspUk;. ,e;j nrad;Kiwia ml;ltizapy;
gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;.
NAND nra;ifapd; epug;G nra;if my;yJ NOT, AND nra;iff;Fhpa jUf;fthapy; NAND jUf;fthapy;
vdg;gLk;. ,q;F AND thapypd; tUtpidit NOT thapYld; njhlh;epiyapy; ,izf;fg;gl;bf;Fk;NghJ
mjidg; gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;.
NAND jUf;f thapYf;fhd jUf;fr; Rw;W
NAND jUf;f thapYf;f kpd; Rw;W

21. NAND thapy; (NAND gate)
mbg;gil jUf;f thapy;fSf;Fhpa nka;epiy ml;ltizapd; ,e;j jUf;fj;Jf;Fhpa nka;epiy
ml;ltizia gpd;tUkhW fl;bnaOg;gyhk;.
;
NAND jUf;f thapypd; cs;sPLfs; ,uz;Lk; 1 Mf
mikAkplj;J vg;NghJk; tUtpisT 0 MFk;.
mbg;gil nka;epiy mbg;gilapd; cjtpAld; NAND jUf;f
thapypw;fhd nka;epiy ml;ltiz
,jid vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk; G+ypad; NfhitAk; FwpaPLk; fPNo
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
NAND jUf;f thapypd; nka;epiy ml;ltizapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mbg;gil nka;epiy mbg;gilapd; cjtpAld;
NAND jUf;f thapypw;fhd nkw;epiy ml;ltiz
NAND jUf;f thapypw;fhd nka;epiy ml;ltiz
NAND jUf;f thapypw;Fhpa
G+ypapd; NfhitAk; FwpaPLk;
NAND jUf;f thapYf;fhd jUf;fr; Rw;W
mtjhdpg;G

22. G+ypad; NfhitAld; njhlh;ghd jUf;fr; Rw;Wfis epUkhzpj;jy;
A.(A+B)+B Q=A.(A+B)+B vDk; G+ypad; ml;ruf; fzpjf; Nfhitiag; ngWtjw;F jUf;f thapy;fs;
nfhz;l Rw;wpid mikg;Nghk;.
,e;jr; Rw;wpy; A,B ,uz;L vd cs;sPLfs; cs;sd. G+ypad; Nfhitf;Fhpa jUf;fr; Rw;W tUkhW.
A.(A+B)+B Q=A.(A+B)+B vDk; G+ypad; ml;ruf; fzpjf; Nfhitf;Fhpa Rw;W
,e;j re;jh;g;gj;jpy; ePq;fs; fw;W jUf;f thapy;fs; midj;ijAk; Multimedia Logic (MMLogic)
nkd;nghUisg; gad;gLj;jp tiue;J mjd; cs;sPl;Lg; ngWkhdq;fspd; Nghjhd nkhopw;ghl;il
mtjhdpf;f (https://www.softronix.com/Logic.html)
nraw;ghL

23. jUf;fj; njhifapLQ; Rw;Wfs; (Integrated Circuits)
,yj;jpudpaw; Rw;Wf;fis cUthf;fj; Njitahd ,yj;jpudpay; $whf njhifapLQ; Rw;wpidf; (IC)
Fwpg;gplyhk;. NkNy> rpf;fyhd ,yj;jpudpay; Rw;Wg; gFjpfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;. cjhuzkhf etPd
njhiyf;fhl;rp> ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrp Nghd;wtw;wpy; Rw;Wg; gFjpfs; Vuhskhf fhzg;gLk;.
jpuhd;rp];uh;> (Transistor)> jilapfs; (Resistor) nfhs;sstpfs; (Capacitor) ,Uthapfs; (Diodes)
Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;lJk; Fwpg;gpl;l njhopw;ghnlhd;iw Mw;Wtjw;nfdj; jahhpf;fg;gl;lJkhd tpNrl
Rw;Nw njhifapLQ; Rw;whFk;. xU Rw;Wg; gFjpia Koikahf xU ftrj;jpy; ,l;Lj; jahhpf;ff;$ba
njhopDl;gKiwfs; jw;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW jahhpf;fg;gLk; Rw;Nw njhifapLQ; Rw;W
vdg;gLk;.
AND thapy;fis nfhz;l jUf;f njhifapLQ; Rw;W njhifapLQ; Rw;wpd; Gwj;Njhw;wk;

24. jUf;fj; njhifapLQ; Rw;Wfs; (Integrated Circuits)
cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Ez;Kiw topahf;fpapy; (Microprocessor) jUf;f thapy;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
njhifapLQ; Rw;Wf;fs; Vuhskhff; fhzg;gLk;.
,e;jj; njhifapLQ; Rw;wpy; jUf;fthapw; Rw;Wfs; cs;slq;fpapUf;Fk; cjhuzkhf fPNo cs;s
cUtpy; AND thapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jUf;f njhifapLQ; Rw;Wf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thW vy;yh
tifj; jUf;f thapy;fSk; cs;slq;fpathwhf mikf;fg;gl;l njhifapLQ; Rw;WfSk; cs;sd.
AND thapy;fis nfhz;l jUf;f njhifapLQ; Rw;W njhifapLQ; Rw;wpd; Gwj;Njhw;wk;
,e;jj; njhifapLQ; Rw;Wfspy; 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13 Mfpa Kiwfs; (Pins) cs;sPLfshFk;. ,jpYs;s 3, 6, 8,
11 Mfpa Kidfs; tUtpisTfshFk;. NkYk; cUypy; 14 Kidfs; nfhz;l njhifapLQ; Rw;wpd;
Gwj;Njhw;wk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

25. jUf;f thapy;fspd; eilKiw gpuNahfq;fs;
cjhuzk; - 1 : tPl;L myhu Kiwik (Home alarm System)
tPl;by; fs;th; Eioa Kw;gLk;NghJ mJ gw;wp tPl;bDs;NsapUg;NghUf;F mwptpf;Fk; rkpf;iQj; njhFjp
fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J OR jUf;f thapy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;%ykhf
tPl;L ad;dy;fs; ,uz;;L kw;Wk; Kd;> gpd;Gwf; fjTfs; ,uz;L Mfpad ghJfhf;fg;gLk;. ,tw;Ws; ve;j
ad;diyNah fjitNah jpwe;jhy; Mgj;J rkpf;iQf; fUtp ,aq;fp xyp vOg;Gk;.
,e;j Rw;wpid eilKiwapy; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ
Id;dy; fjTfSf;Fhpa jUf;f thapy;fs;>
czhpfSld; (Sensors) ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,e;j
Rw;wpy; ad;dy;> fjTfs; Mfpad jpwe;Jd;d
epiyf;Fhpa cs;sPL 1 vdTk; %bAs;s re;jh;g;gj;jy;
cs;sPL 0 vdTk; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. fPNo cs;s
cUtj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW ,jd; cs;sPLfs;
midj;Jk; %ba epiyapy; 0 Mf cs;s NghJ Mgj;J
rkpf;iQ xyp vOgg;glhJ.
tPl;bd; Mgj;J mwptpg;Gr; rkpf;iQ Kiwik
tPl;bd; Mgj;J mwptpg;Gr; rkpf;iQ Kiwik %yk; rkpf;iQ
vOg;gg;glhj re;jh;g;gk;

26. jUf;f thapy;fspd; eilKiw gpuNahfq;fs;
mjhtJ ,e;j epiyapy; ad;dy;fs; midj;Jk;
%bapUf;Fk;. vdpDk; xU cs;sPL 1 MfNth
my;yJ cs;sPLfs; midj;Jk; 1 MfNth
cs;sg;NghJ Mgj;Jr; rkpf;iQ xyp vOg;gg;gLk;.
cjhuzkhf glj;jpy; KjyhtJ ad;dy;
egnuhUtuhy; jpwf;fg;gl;lTld; tPl;L
chpikahsUf;F mJ gw;wp Mgj;J rkpf;iQ
vOg;g;gLk; tpjk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;thW rkpf;iQj; njhFjp %yk; Mgj;J mwptpf;fg;gLk;
re;jh;g;gq;fs; ml;ltiz ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tPl;bd; Mgj;J mwptpg;Gr; rkpf;iQ Kiwik %yk; Mgj;J
mwptpf;fg;gLk; re;jh;g;gk;

27. jUf;f thapy;fspd; eilKiw gpuNahfq;fs;
cjhuzk; - 2 :
Gj;jhf;Feh; xUtuhy; tPjptpsf;Ffspy; Vw;gLk; kpd;tpuaj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;F jh;f;fthapy;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp cUthf;fg;gl;l Rw;W (System to Control street light) cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j
xsp/,Us; czhp (Dark/Light sensor)> fbif (Timer) ifKiw Msp (Manual switch) Mfpad
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tPjp tpsf;F Kiwikapy; Vw;gLk; kpd; tPz; tpuaj;jpidf;
Fiwg;gjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l Rw;W
,q;F tpsf;Ffs; xspUtjw;fhf re;jh;g;gq;fs; rpy fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
mitahtd:-
 ifKiw Msp klLk; %ba epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; re;jh;g;gk;
 Rw;wpd; fbif cs;sPL – 1 maw;#oy; ,Ushf cs;s re;jh;g;gk;
tPjp tpsf;Ffspy; Vw;gLk; kpd; tpuaj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd Rw;W

28. jUf;f thapy;fspd; eilKiw gpuNahfq;fs;
ifKiw Msp kl;Lk; %ba re;jh;g;gk;
ifKiw Msp %ba epiyapy; cs;s epiyiaf; fUJk;NghJ mjd; cs;sPL 1 Mf miktjhy;
tpsf;Ffs; xspUk;.
Rw;wpd; fbif cs;sPL 1 MfTk; maw;#oy; ,Ul;bYk; cs;s re;jh;g;gk;
fbifapd; Neuk; Kd;dNu jahh;nra;ag;gl;l Neuk; Mfpatw;Wf;filapy; NtWghL fhzg;gbd; cs;sPL 1
my;yJ 0 MFk; . mjhtJ gp;.g.6.00> K.g.6.00 vd Vw;fdNt jahh; nra;ag;gl;bUg;gpd; cs;sPL 1 MfTk;
K.g.6.00 ,ypUe;J gp.g.6.00 kzp tiuapyhd fhy cs;sPL 0 MfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk;> xsp czhpapd;
Kd;dNu jahh;nra;j ngWkhdq;fSf;Nfh mijtpl mjpfkhd xspAs;s re;jh;g;gj;jpNyh #oy; kio
Kfpy;fspdhy; ,Ul;lhf cs;sNghJ xspAzhpapd; ngWkhdk; 0 MapDk; fbifapd; Neuk; gp;.g.6.00 –
K.g.6.00 tiu ,y;iynadpy; tPjptpsf;Ffs; xspuhJ.