The document appears to contain a series of fragmented statements and technical jargon that may pertain to quantitative data or analysis, though the specific context is unclear due to the nonsensical arrangement of text. Multiple references to terms like 'jkpoutp' and various abbreviations suggest a focus on specific data points or methodologies. Overall, the content lacks coherence and does not provide a clear narrative or conclusions.

1. ahJk; CNu! ahtUk; Nfspu;!!!
jkpo; ,yf;fpa kd;wk;
Ntshz;ikf; fy;Y}hp kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp epiyak;
fps;spFsk; - 628 252.
2008

2. nghUslf;fk;
mzpe;Jiu
tho;j;Jiu
Kd;Diu
ftpr;rhuy;
JZf;Ffs;
Xtpaq;fs;
ed;wpAiu

3. mzpe;Jiu
mUtpfSf;F ngah;Nghd ,e;j ney;iyr; rPikapy; ty;yehL
kiyapy; cUthf gy;NtW tbtk; ngw;W fps;spFsj;jpy; cs;sth;fspd;
jkpo;j;jhfj;ijj; jPh;f;f; Njq;fpAs;sJ ,e;j Kj;jkpo; tpoh kyh; “jkpoUtp’.
ekJ fy;Y}hp; jkpo; ,yf;fpa kd;wj;jpd; rhh;gpy; kyUk; ,e;j
Kj;jkpo; tpoh kyhpd; Nehf;fNk khzth;fspd; jpwid ntspf;nfhzh;e;J
mjid etPd fhy NjitfSf;F Vw;g jftikj;Jj; jUtNj.
,e;j kyhpy; khzth;fspd; rpe;jidapy; cUthd ftpr;rhuy;fs;>
Xtpaq;fs;> JZf;Ffs; Mfpad ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
fhyj;jpd; tsh;r;rp fUjp ,e;j kyh; “jkpoUtp” kpd;E}yhf
FWe;jfl;by; ntspaplg;gLtJ tuNtw;fj;jf;fJ.
,e;j Kj;jkpo; tpoh kyh; ‘jkpoUtp’ ,dp tUk; fhyq;fspYk;
ed;whf tsu Ntz;Lk;> kyu Ntz;Lk; vd xU kwj;jkpodha; tho;j;JfpNwd;.
Kidth; G. tpNtfhde;jd;
Kjy;th;>
Ntshz;ikf; fy;Y}hp kw;Wk;
Muha;r;rp epiyak;>
fps;spFsk; - 628 252.

4. tho;j;Jiu
jkpo;f; ftpijia etPd fhyj; NjitfSf;Fk;> czh;TfSf;Fk; Vw;g
jftikj;J je;j E}y;fs; gy> khzth;fspd; gilg;Gj;jpwid tsh;g;gij Vf
Fwpf;Nfhshf nfhz;L kyh;e;J tsh;e;J tUk; ,e;j Kj;jkpo;tpoh kyh; -
‘jkpoUtp”apd; tsh;r;rp ghuhl;Lf;F chpaJ.
,e;j Kj;jkpo; tpoh kyh; - jkpoUtp tUlk;; xUKiw kyu Ntz;Lk; vd;w
Nehf;fj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ.
ek; fy;Y}hpapy; ,yf;fpa kd;wj;jpd; Kjy; Kaw;rp vd;gjdhy; khzth; kd;w
MNyhrfh; vd;fpw Kiwapy; epj;jk; epj;jk; ehk; tPl;oy; Foha; mUtpapy;
Fspj;jhYk; tUlj;jpw;F xU Kiw jkpoUtpapy; KOtJk; eide;J Fspg;Nghk;
nkhop Rfk; fhz;Nghk;.
ekJ fy;Y}hpapd; jkpo; ,yf;fpa kd;wj;jpd; ,e;j Kaw;rpia ,dp
tUq;fhyq;fspYk; njhlu Ntz;Lk; vd Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpNwd;. khzth; kd;w
MNyhrfh; vd;w Kiwapy; ,e;j kyh; nkd; NkYk; kyu tsu tho;j;JfpNwd;.
;
Kidth; R. NrhkRe;juk;>
khzth; kd;w MNyhrfh;>
Ntshz;ikf; fy;Y}hp kw;Wk;
Muha;r;rp epWtdk;>
fps;spFsk; - 628 252.

5. tho;j;Jiu
gr;irg; gRe;jkpo; ehl;by; -jkpo;
gha;e;jpl tho;tJ tho;T
%jwpTs;sJ tho;T – eWk;
Kj;jkpo; fw;gJ tho;T.
vd Kj;jkpopd; rpwg;gpid Kof;fpath; ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrd;.
,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd %d;W jkpOk; ,ize;j Kj;jkpo; tpoh kyuhf
,k;kyh; ntsp te;jpUg;gJ kfpo;r;rpf;FhpaJ.
kyhpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;ss ftpij> fl;Liu> JZf;Ffs; Nghd;wit
khzth;fspd; vz;zr; rpjwy;fis ntspg;gLj;JtNjhL rKjhar;
rpe;jidfisj; J}z;LtdthfTk; mike;Js;sd.
‘mikjpahd Mo;flypy;jhd;
mw;Gjkhd Kj;Jf;fs;
Mo;e;J fplf;fpd;wd”
vd;gJ cz;ik. khzth;fspilNa kiwe;J fple;j mw;Gjkhd
Kj;Jf;fNs Kj;jkpo;tpoh kyh; gilg;Gf;fshf cUg;ngw;Ws;sd vd;gjpy;
Iakpy;iy.

6. kyhpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s gilg;Gf;fs; midj;Jk; ghkuUk; gbj;Jr; Ritf;ff;$ba
vspa eilapy; ,dpa Xirapy; mike;Js;sd. nrhw;nrwpTk; nghUl;nrwpTk;
epiwe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
vOjpf; Ftpg;Nghk; ,d;dhspy;
Vw;wk; ngWNthk; gpd;dhspy;
vd khzth;fs; vOjpf; Ftpj;j gilg;Gf;fs; kyUf;F nkU$l;Lfpd;wd.
gilg;Gf;fs; midj;Jk; Ritj;J ,d;Gwj;jf;fit. mtw;iwg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ
khzth;fsJ MwhtJ tpuyhw;wy; Gyg;gLfpwJ.
,j;jifa rpwg;G tha;e;j kyh; njhlh;e;J ntsptuTk; khzth;fspd;
gilg;Gj;jpwd; nkd;NkYk; tsuTk; tho;j;Jf;fs;.
Kidth; kh. kPdhl;rpRe;juk;>
,izg;Nguhrphpah; (jkpo;)
jkpo; ,yf;fpa kd;w MNyhrfh;>
Ntshz;ikf; fy;Y}hp kw;Wk;
Muha;r;rpepiyak;
fps;spFsk; - 628 252

7. Kd;Diu
ekJ fy;Y}hpapd; jkpo; ,yf;fpa kd;wj;jpd; Kaw;rpapy; cUthd
,e;j ‘jkpoUtp” – Kj;jkpo; tpoh kyhpidj; njhFj;J jkpod;idf;F
mspg;gjpy; ngUkpjk; nfhs;fpNwhk;.
,e;j kyhpd; Nehf;fk;> ftpij> Xtpak;> JZf;F Nghd;wtw;iwg;
gilf;Fk; jpwd; nfhz;l khzth;fis Cf;Ftpj;J mth;fspd; jpwikfis
ntspf;nfhzh;e;J fhl;LtNj.
‘khw;wk; xd;Nw khwh jj;Jtk;” vd;w fhyf;fzpjj;jpYk; epiyj;J
epw;f ,e;j Kj;jkpo; tpoh kyh; jkpoUtpapid kpd;E}yhf FWe;jfl;by; gjpj;J
ntspapLfpNwhk;.
,e;j kyh; nkd;NkYk; tsh;e;J kyu Ntz;Lk; vd tzq;fp>
,dptUk; fhyq;fspy; ,e;j Kaw;rp njhlu Ntz;Lk; vd tpiofpNwhk;.
nr. fypa%h;j;jp
nt. Jh;fhNjtp
jkpo; ,yf;fpa kd;wr;nrayh;fs;

9. md;id jkpNo jiog;gha;
md;id jkpNo eP Ml;rpnkhopfSs;
xd;whdha;
kNyrpahtpYk;> rpq;fg;g+hpYk;
jkpo;Nrit thndhypf;fpwJ
gphpl;ldpYk; rPdhtpYk;
jkpoha;tpy; jiy rpwe;Js;sJ
,q;fpyhe;Jk; [g;ghDk;
Mk;
vk; jha;nkhop nrk;nkhopahfptpl;lJ may;ehl;by;
jha;ehl;by; mjd; epiy vd;dNth?
fd;dp jkpNo
eP kJiuapy; ige;jkpoha;
nfhq;F ehl;by; nfhQ;Rk; jkpoha; rpwe;jpUf;f
nrd;id nre;jkpNo eP kl;Lk; Vd;
nghyptpoe;J NghdhNah?
mwpiz caph; $l ‘mk;kh’ vd miof;f
jkpodpd; Fyf;nfhOe;J ‘kk;kp’ vd tpspg;gJ jFNkh?
vq;fs; ehf;F Mq;fpyk; NgRfpwJ
`pe;jpAk; gpuQ;Rk; tpUk;gp fw;fpwJ.
jkpo; Ngr VNdh jLkhWfpwJ
MdhYk; ftiyapy;iy
jkpo; ,dp rhfhJ me;epah; mijf; fhj;jpLth;
jha;nkhopapy; Ngr juk; Fiwtha;
vz;Zk; kf;fs; cs;stiu
vd; md;id jkpNo eP juzpnaq;Fk;
jiog;gJ vg;NghJ?
nt. Jh;;fhNjtp
ehd;fhkhz;L
(mjpraq;fs;

10. ,yl;rpak;
,d;iwa ,isQNd* cdJ gazk; vij nehf;fp vd;W
cdJ gpk;gj;ij eP Nfl;lJz;lh>
#l;bf; nfhs;sf; $lhJ.
,itnay;yhk; ,yl;rpaq;fsy;y eP Njh;e;njLf;Fk;
Jiwfs; - mt;tsTjhd;.
,e;jj; Jiwapy; eP tho epidg;gJ cd; tpUg;gk;.
,e;jj; Jiwia eP tho itg;gJ cdJ ,yl;rpak;.
eP <LgLk; Jiwapy; cd; ngah; nrhy;Yk; Kj;jpiu
vd;d>
Fiwe;j gl;rk; cdJ ,yl;rpak; vd;gJ mJjhd;. ek;kpy;
gyh; xU ehw;fhyp fpilf;Fk; tiuf;Fk; jPiag; Nghy;
RWRWg;ghf ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;.
fpilj;j gpwnfh me;j ehw;fhypiag; Nghy; tpiwj;Jg;
Nghfpwhh;fs;.
ek;Kila mfuhjpapy; -
Mrphpad; vd;gtd; fw;gij epWj;jptpl;ltd;.
murhq;f Copad; vd;gtd; xd;whk; Njjp kl;Lk;
cwq;fhjtd;.
kUj;Jtd; vd;gtd; Jk;kpf; nfhz;nl [yNjhj;Jf;F
kUe;J nfhLg;gtd;.
,e;j epiy khw Ntz;lhkh?
ek;kpy; gyUf;F cj;jpNahfe;jhd; ,yl;rpak; vd;gjdhy;
tUfpd;w CWfs; ,it.
gjtp cah;it nll; Mg; bgh;j; kl;Lnk jPh;khdpf;F

11. nkd;gjhdhy; ,isQh;fSf;nfy;yhk; $l Nrhfj;jhy;
Nrhif gpoj;J tpLfpwJ.
,isQNd cdJ ,yl;rpaknkd;gJ ntWk; gjtp
kl;Lky;y mjw;Fk; NkNy.
,e;jpaj; Jizf; fz;lj;jpypUf;Fk; Ntiy ,y;yhj
,isQh;fSf;nfy;yhk; ,yl;rpaj;njhL ,Ug;gJjhd;
jPh;T vd;W ehd; jphpj;Jr; nrhy;ykhl;Nld;.
mjw;Fj; jPh;T fhz;gNjhL ,yl;rpak; jPh;e;J
tpLtjpy;iy vd;W nrhy;fpNwd;.
vjphp vd;W xUtd; ,y;iynad;whYk; vjphpia
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs; vd;whh; khNr Jq;.
,Jtiuf;Fk; ,yl;rpak; vd;W xd;W ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;
,yl;rpaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; bfhs;.
Mdhy; ,yl;rpak; vd;gJ vd; vjphpay;y ez;gNd.
f. mwpTf;fuR
thiffs; (2002-2006)

12. ngz;zpak; vOfNt
ngz;ik tho;fntd;W $j;jpLNthklh
ngz;ik nty;fntd;W $j;jpLNthklh
,e;j thrfj;ij vj;jid jkpo; Fbkfd;fshy;
,e;j Mdhjpf;f r%fj;jpy; cuj;J ngr KbAk;>
fzf;F nrhy;Yq;fs; ghh;g;Nghk;*
vd; khpahijf;Fhpa ngz;ghy; r%fq;fNs
jaTnra;J thopg;gilAq;fs;. epyitg;Nghy; ,uty;
ntspr;rj;jpy; ,Jtiu tho;e;jJ NghJk; fz;NaDk;
#hpaidg; Nghy; Rakha; Rlh;tpl Kide;J th
NjhopNa ctfk; nrhy;Yk; ,gNnghJ ghh;j;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;Jk; Ke;E}W &gha; Ntiyia tpl;LtplhNj
vd;W eP kjpkaq;fp tplhNj cyfj;jpd; xt;nthU
khw;wj;ijAk; ,g;gbnahU $l;lk; vjph;j;J jhd;
te;jpUf;fpwJ.
ghtk; fg;gypy; Vwj; jpuhzpaw;wth;fs;
ftpH;e;JNghd fl;LkuNk flTs; vd;gth;fs;.
rpy jw;fhypf Rfq;fSf;fhf epue;ju yl;rpaq;fis
xj;jp NghLtJ Vd; Njhop>
,iwr;rp Jz;LfSf;F cj;juthjk; cz;L
vd;gjw;fhf rpWj;ijfis $z;Lf;Fs; FobapUf;Fk; rk;kjk;
jUtJ kpfg;bghpa gpio.
,j;Jiz Mz;Lfhykha; ,Uf;Fk; ,e;j rpy
tifaw;w kuGfis cilg;gJ fbdk; jhd;. ,d;W eP
nfhq;rk; Njhz;bit. cd; re;jjp nfhq;rk;
Njhz;ll;Lk;.
,sik cd; Njhs;fspy; ,Uf;Fk; Nghnj

13. vJ Ufk; vd;gij vlbtpL
vOjpag;gbjhd; elf;Fk; vy;yhk;
tpjptrk; vd;gij tpl;LtpL
fw;gidfspy; fl;lg;gLk; Nfhl;ilfis tpl
vjhh;j;j;jpd; FbirfNs ekf;F Njit.
Xbf;nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhy;jhd; mJ ejp
cytpf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhy;jhd; mJ fhw;W
nray;gl;L nfhz;nl ,Ue;jhy;jhd; mJ ,sit
cd;,wit nray;gll;Lk;. ,d;ndhU ngz;zpak;
vOe;jplNt.
gpwe;jJk; ghy;thb gpwF gs;spf;$lk; Kbe;jhy;
fy;Y}hp gpd; fy;ahzk; ,Wjpapy; rikayiwf;F kl;LNk
thf;fg;gl;L te;jtshy; ,d;Dk; ek; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy;
vj;jid vj;jid ngz;zpak; tpwF
js;spf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
f. mwpTf;fuR
thiffs; (2002-2006)

14. fhjy; nra;ayhk;
fhjy; nra;ayhk;
kzk; cs;s kyh;fis my;y
ey;y kdpjh;fis
fhjy; nra;ayhk;
mofhf cs;s ngz;iz my;y
mwpTj;jpwd; kpf;f Gj;jfq;fis
fhjy; nra;ayhk;
cyf mofpia my;y
cdJ caph; ez;giu
fhjy; nra;ayhk;
flTs;fis gf;jpNahL my;y
fy;tpia fw;Wf; nfhLg;gth;fis
fhjy; nra;ayhk;
mofhd Njtijia my;y
cdf;fhf mauhJ ghLgLk; ngw;Nwhh;fis
fhjy; nra;ayhk;
fz;zofpia my;y
fz;ghh;it mw;wth;fis
fhjy; nra;ayhk;
cz;ikaw;wth;fis my;y
CdKw;wth;fis
,e;jpahtpd; fl;blj;J}z;fs; ehk;
Nghypf; fhjy; vd;Dk; Gaypy;
mope;J tpl Ntz;lhk;
ehk; Kaw;rpiaf; fhjy; nra;Nthk;!
gapw;rpiaf; fhjy; nra;Nthk;!
ntw;wp ek;ikf; fhjy; nra;Ak;.
K. jpt;ah
Msg;gpwe;jtu;fs;

15. ek;gpf;if
KbahJ vd;W
cyfk; cdJ
KJfpy; Ntz;Lkhdhy;
vOjl;Lk;
cdJ kdjpy;
vOj mDkjpf;fhNj.
ep[k;
epoy;
epiyahdJ my;y
ep[Nk epiyahdJ
MfNt
epoypy; rha;tijtpl
ep[j;jpy; rha;tNj Nky;
K. jpt;ah
Msg;gpwe;jtu;fs;

16. ngz;
V kdpjNd
ngz;iz ntWk; g+thf
kl;Lk; ghh;f;fhNj – mjpy;
cs;s eWkzj;ijg; ghh;
ngz;iz ntWk; epytha;
kl;Lk; ghh;f;fhNj – mjpy;
cs;s xspiag; ghh;
ngz;iz ntWk; rpiyahf
kl;Lk; ghh;f;fhNJ – mtsplk;
cs;s czh;r;rpiag; ghh;
ngz;iz ntWk; mofhf
kl;Lk; ghh;f;fhNj – mtsplk;
cs;s mwpitg; ghh;
ngz;iz ntWk; kidtpahf
kl;Lk; ghh;f;fhNj – mtsplk;
cs;s ghrj;ijg; ghh;
ngz;iz ntWk; ngz;zhf
kl;Lk; ghh;f;fhNj – mtis
md;idahfg; ghh; - cd;
tho;tpd; jPgr; Rlh;
jhNd Rlh; tpl;L vhpAk;
vz;zpg;ghh;
xt;Nthh; Mz;Lk;
cdJ
gpwe;j jpdk; tUfpd;wJ
Mdhy;
rhjid thdpy;
eP
gwf;Fk; jpdk; tUfpd;wjh?
vz;zpg;ghh;
K. jpt;ah
Msg;gpwe;jtu;fs;

17. Rikjhq;fp
jhNa
vd;id
fUtiwapy; Kjypy; Rke;jha;
kz;zpNy fhy; itj;jNghJ
khh;NghL Rke;jha;
jtoj; njhlq;fpaNghJ
NjhspNy Rke;jha;
eil tz;b kwe;jNghJ
Ms;fhl;b tpuy; gpbj;J Rke;jha;
ehd; MshFk; tiu
vd; Njitfis Rke;jha;
kzkhd gpd;G vd; kidtpia Rke;jha;
ehd; fy;yiw nry;Yk;NghJ
vd; gphptpid Rkg;gha;
,g;gbf; fUtiw Kjy; fy;yiw tiu
Rik jhq;f ehd; vg;gpwtpapy;
Rik jhq;fpahtJ?
epd;
Rik jhq;FtJ?
n[. uhN[; Fkhh;
Msg;gpwe;jtu;fs;

18. ntw;wp-Njhy;tp
ntw;wpfs; vy;yhk;
ntFkhdk; ,y;iy
Njhy;tpfs; vy;yhk;
mtkhdk; ,y;iy
ntw;wpfs; gy Neuk;
Nghij jUk;
Njhy;tpfs; gyNeuk;
ghij jUk;
ntw;wpfs; rpy rkak;
Ntfg;gLj;Jk;
kdij ,uz;bw;Fk;
rkepiyg;gLj;J
typik fhj;jpUf;fpfwJ
cd;id vjph;ghh;j;J
n[. uhN[; Fkhh;
Msg;gpwe;jtu;fs;

19. ntw;wp epr;rak;
kiyapype;J ejp cUthfpwJ
vd;gjw;fhf
kio tUj;jg;ggLtjpy;iy
epyT Nja;e;JtpLk;
vd;gjw;fhf
thdk; tUj;jg;gLtjpy;iy
coth;fs; epyj;ij cOtJ
vd;gjw;fhf
g+kpj;jha; tUj;jg;gLtjpy;iy
NjdPf;fs; Njid cwpQ;rptpLk;
vd;gjw;fhf
g+f;fs; tUj;jg;gLtjpy;iy
njd;wy; epd;W NghFk;
vd;gjw;fhf
kyh;fs; tUj;jg;gLtjpy;iy
g+f;fs; cjph;e;J tpOk;
vd;gjw;fhf
kuq;fs; tUj;jg;gLtjpy;iy
gpwF
Vd; kdpjh
eP kl;Lk; Njhy;tp fz;L
Jtz;L Nghfpwha;
nga;Ak; kiof;Nfw;g jhd;
tpisAk; epyk;
mNj Nghy;
nra;Ak; Kaw;rpf;Nfw;g jhd;
cd;Dila ntw;wp . g. mfpyh
mjpraq;fs

20. ftpijapd; ftpij njhFg;G
kdk; NgRk; nksd thh;j;ijfs;
fz;fspypUe;Nj
fhl;rpfs; Njhd;Wk;
fw;gidapypUe;Nj
ftpijfs; Njhd;Wk;
Jauj;jpyUe;Nj
fhtpak; Njhd;Wk;
Njhy;tpapypUe;Nj
Qhdq;fs; Njhd;Wk;
#hpad; kiwe;jhy;
tpsf;nfhd;W rphpf;Fk;
Raeyk; kiwe;jhy;
itaNk nropf;Fk;
g+kpiaj; jpwe;jhy;
GijaYk; ,Uf;Fk;
G+f;fisj; jpwe;jhy;
Njd;Jsp ,Uf;Fk;
ejpfisj; jpwe;jhy;
fodpfs; nropf;Fk;
ehisiaj; jpwe;jhy;
ek;gpf;if rpf;Fk;.

21. jd;Ds; cUthtJ
jd;dk;gpf;if vd;gJ
jd;Ds; tUtJ
ek;gpf;if vd;gJ
jd;id ek;gp tUtJ
gzpT vd;gJ
gz;gpy; tUtJ
,uf;fk; vd;gJ
kdjpy; tUtJ
tUj;jk; vd;gJ
tho;f;ifapy; tUtJ
Njhy;tp vd;gJ
ntw;wpapy; tUtJ
ftpaurp Nyhfehjd;
fhf;fg;gpwe;jtu;fs;

22. flNyhuf; ftpij
jd; fhjiy fiuapy;
njhiyj;Jtpl;L ftiyNahL
Njbf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; miyfs;
mOf;F Nghdgpd;Gk;
miyapd; jhyhl;by; rpf;fpf;nfhz;L
ntspNa tu kWf;Fk; fly; Fspay;.
jhd; $l;b te;j jd; Foe;ijfisAk;
kwe;J jd;idNa Foe;ijahf epidj;J
jd; Foe;ijfSld; tpisahbf;
nfhz;bUe;jha;
jd;id Juj;jp te;j miyfs; ghjpapNyNa
epd;Wtpl
jhd; n[apj;J tpl;ljhf epidj;J kfpo;e;j rpWtd;
jdf;F fhjyp ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; guthapy;iy
jd;id fhjypf;f ,t;tsT nghpa
gue;j cs;sk; ,Uf;fpwNj vd;W kfpOk;
fly; fhjyh;fs;
fly; Xirfisf; Nfl;f ghifs;
Njitapy;iynad ep&gpj;j rpyNgh;
gLf;f $l gQ;Rnkj;ij fpilf;ftpy;iy
,q;F elf;fNt fpilj;jpUf;fpwJ vd;W
ele;J nfhz;Nl jphpe;j rpyh;.
cly; Klf;Fk; tajpy;
KWf;F tpw;Wf;nfhz;bUe;j ngz;

23. jd; ngaiu fy;ntl;Lfspy; jhd;
nghwpf;f Kbatpy;iy
flw;rq;FfspyhtJ nghwpf;fyhk;
vd;W epidj;j rpyh;
nghUisg; ghh;j;J fhR nfhLf;f
Nahrpg;ghh;fs; vd;W
fhir vOjpg; Nghl;Ltpl;L
nghUis tpw;w filf;fhud;.
Neuk; Nghf;fpa flypd;
Nerk; kwthjpUf;f ed;wpAld;
eha;f;Fl;b nghk;ikfis
thq;fpr; nrd;w rpyh;
,tw;iwnay;yhk; urpj;j ehd;
,d;Dk; rpytw;iwAk; epidj;Njd;
Kaw;rpfs; jtwpdhYk;
Kaw;rpf;f jtwhNj vdf;$Wk; miyfs;
ntw;wpapy; %o;fpf; fplf;fhNj mJ
cd;id tpOq;fptpLk; vdf;$Wk; Kjyiy
ehd; thrk; gug;g fhR
Nfl;gjpy;iy
ePq;fs; kl;Lk; jd; md;igg; gug;ghky;
mikjpaha; ,Uf;fpwPh;fs; vdf; Nfl;Fk;
njd;wy;
cz;ikahd kfpo;r;rp jhd; kfpo;tjpy;
,y;iy gpwiu kfpo;tpg;gjpy;jhd;
cs;sJ vdf; $Wk; flw;fiu.
[Ptd; (cs;stiu)
mjpraq;fs;

24. vq;Nf re;Njhk;
miy fiuiaj; njhl;lhy; flYf;F re;Njhk;
fhw;W Nkfj;ijj; njhl;lhy; kiof;F re;Njhk;
#hpad; thdj;ijj; njhl;lhy; gfYf;F re;Njhk;
re;jpud; tpz;izj; njhl;lhy; ,uTf;F re;Njhk;
,uT gfiyj; njhl;lhy; ehisf;F re;Njhk;
kyh; nja;tj;ijj; njhl;lhy; g+irf;F re;Njhk;
Kaw;rp ciog;igj; njhl;lhy; ntw;wpf;F re;Njhk;
kdR neQ;irj; njhl;lhy; jhd; fhjYf;F re;Njhk;
fhjy; vd;Nwd;
njd;wy; vd;Nwd; Njdha; te;jhs;
kyh; vd;Nwd; khiyaha; te;jhs;
Nkfk; vd;Nwd; kioaha; te;jhs;
Miy vd;Nwd; flyha; te;jhs;
#hpad; vd;Nwd; gfyha; te;jhs;
re;jpud; vd;Nwd; gfyha; te;jhs;
tz;zk; vd;Nwd; thdtpy;yha; te;jhs;
thh;j;ij vd;Nwd; ftpijaha; te;jhs;
el;G vd;Nwd; cwtha; te;jhs;
fhjy; vd;Nwd; ml Nghlh vd;whs;.
Nf. mz;zhkiy
mjpraq;fs;

25. ,d;iwa ,isQNd
,isQNd
rhjpf;Fk; tajpy;
rr;ruTfs; vjw;F
ty;yik cz;Ldf;F
td;Kiwfs; vjw;F
mQ;rh neQ;rd;jhd;
mQ;r itg;gNjd;
tPud; Nfhioia
ntd;why; mJ
ntw;wpah
khw;wpf;nfhs;
cd; Kbit
el;G vd;Dk;
tpy;nyLj;J
md;G vDk;
mk;nga;J ghh;
mJ nrhy;Yk;
cd;Dila ehisa tuyhw;iw.
vk;. fhh;j;jpfh Njtp
mjpraq;fs;

26. fuq;fs; kwe;j kdpjk;
fspw;Wg;gil njhluha;>
fz;tpopj;Jf; fhtyuha;>
,uj;j neb tPRk; fe;jYld;>
tpopapy; jPgnghwp gug;gp>
;
Rfj;ij kwe;J
kdjpy; fdd;W fdd;W
kuj;Jg; Nghd kdpjj;Jld;
Kbe;J Nghd czh;r;rpAld;
neQ;rk; mf;dp gpuNtrkha;
mfpyj;J ehLfspny;yyhk;
rpg;gha; gilfs; rpiyaha;
vy;ifapy; tpiwj;j tpwfha; epw;f.
cd; gifah fhuzk;
cd; MAjk; Jilf;f
mLj;jtd; ifah mLg;nghpa Ntz;Lk;>
Vdpe;j Nghuhl;lk; mtdpnay;yhk;>
Ntw;Wil mzpe;j g+jtbtpy;
GJg;GJ tbtpy; xt;nthU ehl;bYk;
,yq;if jkpodpd; ,w;Wtpl;l
,jaj;ij Jisj;j gpd;Dkh
fuq;fs; ,d;Dk; fisg;gilatpy;iy
fhh;fpy; tPud; tPl;L Xyk; Nfl;l
gpd;Dkh nrtpfs; Nfhhpf;ifapLfpd;wd
Aj;j rj;jj;jpw;F
fhh;Fz;by; gy cly; Jz;L
ghh;j;j gpd;Dkh rptg;G tz;zj;jpy;
Rpy;ypLfpwJ cd; fz;fs;
,j;jid fz;l gpd;Dkh cdf;F
,Ujaj;jpy; rk;gl;b mbf;ftpy;iy?
NghJklh kdpjh NghJk;
iffs; MAjk; jhq;f

27. vd;W eP vz;zpajyh
iffs; cd; nraw;iff; Nfhis
,af;fr; nra;a vd epidj;jjhNy
fuq;fs; - mLj;jtd; jiythq;f
vd;W eP rpe;jpj;jjhyh?
Xd;iw kwe;Jtpl;lhNa
mLj;jtNdhL if fYf;fp
rkhjhdj;jpy; kdk; gug;gp
kfpo;r;rpiag; ghpkhwTk; - cd;
fuq;fs;jhd; Ntz;Lnkd;W kwe;J
NghdhNa
Nghh;f;nfhb cah;j;j jhNdh fuq;fs;
nts;isf; nfhb cah;j;jTk;
Ntz;lhNkh
md;W njw;fpy; kl;Lk; Njitg;gl;lJ
xU nts;isg;Gwh
,d;W juzpf;fhf my;yth Njit
vz;zpylq;fh nts;sisg; Gwhf;fs;
mjw;Fk; Njit cd; ,ize;j fuq;fs;
fuq;fs; kl;Lky;y cd; ,ize;j
kdq;fSk;jhd;
epj;jpah
Msg;gpwe;jtu;fs;

28. jtk;
jtkpUe;J <d;w gps;is ehd;
vd; jha;f;F
ehDk; jtkpUe;Njd; fUtiwapy;
vd; jhapd; mofpa Kfk; ghh;f;f
cd; epidtpy;jhd; ehd;
vd; epiditNa fz;Nld;
Njhw;wdh; khkpahh; kUkfs;
ehk; NghLk; FWk;Gr; rz;ilahy;
,Ug;Ngd; jtk; tUlf; fzf;fpy;
eP vdf;fhf kl;LNk
nksd tpujk;
,jakpy;yhky; Nerpf;fpNwd;
vd;dpjak; cd;dplj;jpy;
fhw;W ,irf;f Nkfk; fiya
eP ,irf;f vd;Wjhd; ehd;
nksdk; fiytJ
czh;e;Njd; ePapUf;Fk;NghJ
fhyj;jpd; Ntfj;ij
ntWj;Njd; eP ,y;yhjNghJ
fhyj;jpd; jhkjj;ij
vd; tPl;bYk; vy;Nyhuh Xtpak;
eP te;J nrd;w ghjr; RtLfs;
ntWj;jJ ehdy;y Nuh[h
vd;W ehd; cdf;Ff; nfhLg;Ngd; vd;W
vd;dUfpy; eP
nksdtpujkha; ehd;
,uh. guhrf;jp
Msg;gpwe;jtu;fs;

29. ,isQNd vOe;J th
jd;dk;gpf;if ,y;yhky; jLkhWk;
NjhoNd – eP
,Uis itj;Jf;nfhz;L
nghUis vq;Nf NjLfpwha;
cd; tpopfspy; (fdTfspy;) ,Uf;fpwJ
g+uz re;jpudpd; Ngnuhsp
fdT fhz;
fdT fhz;
cd; fdT edthFk; tiu
fdTf;F fiuapy;iy – Mdhy;
vd;whtnjhU tpbT cz;L
fhyq;fs; khwpDk;
cd; ,yl;rpa fdtpypUe;J khwptplhNj
cWjp> Kaw;rp> jd;dk;gpf;if - ,tw;iw
cWjpaha; nfhz;L cd; tpop tphpa
Kaw;rp nfhs; - gpd;
mayhh; tpop tphpa cah;e;J epw;gha;
eP ,d;W tbf;Fk; fz;zPh;
vd;whtJ xUehs; Gd;dif tbtnkLf;Fk;

30. mJtiu nghWj;jpU
mauhky; cioj;jpL
Mh;g;ghpj;J Mh;g;ghpj;J
vOe;J tUk;
miyfisg; ghNud;
Mapuk; Kiw
flypy; js;spsdhYk;
fiuNaWk; ntwpnfhz;L
kPz;Lk; kPzLk; Nguiyfsha;
mijf; fz;L ePAk;
vOe;J th
Njhy;tpfisj; Njhw;fbf;f
j. ntq;fNl ngUkhs;
Msg;gpwe;jtu;fs;

31. jz;zPUk; fz;zPUk;
V fly; jhNa
ePhpd;wp mikah cynfd;W cid tzq;f
ePNah vq;fis fz;zPhpy; %o;fr; nra;jha;
caph;fhf;Fk; czTf;fhf cd;dbiar; Nru
jha;kbNa Ngahdhy; jg;gpf;f topNaJ
eP czthfpdha;> capuhfpdha; ,e;j
cly;nghUs; Mtpnay;yhk; cd;Dilanjd;Wjhd;
vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhNah
V fly;ePNu vj;jid Nghpd; fz;zPiu eP Fbj;jha;
ce;ePh; cg;G fhpf;fpd;wNj
cd;dhy; FLk;gj;ij ,oe;j Foe;ijfSf;Fk;
Foe;ijfis ,oe;j ngw;nwhUf;Fk; tho;tpy;
kpQ;rpapUg;gJ fz;zPiuj; jtpu Ntnwd;d ,Uf;fpwJ jz;zPNu
cd;dhy; New;W gy Nfhbfspy; ,d;Nwh njUf;Nfhbapy;
cd;dhy; New;W FLk;gj;jiytd; ,d;Nwh ntw;W kdpjd;
ehq;fs; 2005I ,dpikaha; vjph;Nehf;f
eP vj;jid ehs; jpl;lkpl;lha; vq;fspd; tho;topf;f

32. V Mo;flNy ,e;j mopah gop vjw;Fdf;F
MdhYk; fly;ePNu
cd;dhy; vq;fspd; xUikg;ghL ntspg;gl;lJ
Ntshq;fd;dpapy; ,we;Njhh;f;F
Ntjidg;gLfpd;wd mf;u`huq;fs;
,e;Jtpd; clypy; ,];yhkpa ,uj;jk;
,dk;; kj Ngjq;fsis ,aw;if ntd;wJ
kj khr;rh;aq;fis khDlk; ntd;wJ.
Mz;L gy fle;jhYk; mopahj RtLfsha;
,d;Wk; vq;fs; neQ;rpy; Rdhkpapd; Nfhuj; jhz;ltk;
miyabf;Fk; flNy vq;Nf xspj;J itj;jpUe;jha;
,j;jid MNtrj;ij
%Nte;jh; fhj;jkz; Ke;ePuhy; moptjh
fz;zfp gpwe;j kz; fz;zPhpy; mkpo;tjh
,dpAk; Ntz;lhk; ,e;jf; nfhLikfs;
nt. Jh;fhNjtp
mjpraq;fs;

33. vd; mts;
fhw;wpd; miy Xa;e;JtpLk;
vd;dtspd; Ngr;riy Nfl;lgpd;
flypd; miy Xa;e;JtpLk;
vd;dtspd; rphpg;giy Nfl;lgpd;
vd; caph; miy epd;WtpLk;
vd;dtis fhzhj ehl;fspy;
F.uQ;rpj;Fkhh;
mjpraq;fs;
kPz;Lk; ehd;
gfypy; Ntiy
Njba fhy;fs;
‘gopf;Fg; gop’ vd typj;jd
ntwpj;j Rth;fs;
mNj Kfnkd mYg;Gld;
Kiwj;jd
vdJ ek;gpf;if
eg;ghirapy;
Kaw;rp vd KdfpaJ
fbjq;fs; vidg; gphp
vd;W xJq;fpf; fple;jd
mNj fl;by;> “te;Jtpl;lhah
vd Vsdk; nra;jJ
NkYk; ,y;yhj fz;zPh;j;Jsp
Mo;e;j mDjhgk; vd
fPNo tpOe;jJ
Mk; kPzL;k; ehd; cwq;f ghh;f;fpNwd;
n[. uhN[;Fkhh;
Msg;gpwe;jtu;fs;

34. ek;gpf;ifapy; efh;fpwJ tho;f;if
eP epidg;gnjy;yhk; elf;ftpy;iyah
mjw;fhf
epidg;gijNa epWj;jptplhNj
eP gbg;gnjy;yhk; gad;gltpy;iyah
mjw;fhf
gbg;gijNa epWj;jp tplhNj
eP Nfl;gnjy;yhk; fpilf;ftpy;iyah
mjw;fhf
Nfl;gijNa epWj;jptplhNj cd;
ciog;gpw;Nfw;g Cjpak; fpilf;ftpy;iyah
mjw;fhf
g+kp gue;J fplf;fp;dwJ
ciog;igNa epWj;jp tplhNj
g+kp gue;J fplf;fpd;wJ
eP elg;gjw;fhf
thdk; tphpe;J fplf;fpd;wJ
eP gwg;gjw;fhf
fly; fhj;Jf; fplf;fpd;wJ
eP ePe;Jtjw;fhf
vO
rpwif tphp
gwe;J nry; gha;e;J nry; tiue;J nry;
Vndd;why;
ek;gpf;ifapy;jhd;
......efh;fpwJ tho;f;if
n[. uhN[;Fkhh;
Msg;gpwe;jtu;fs;

35. Ntshz; $L
fps;spapd;
Ntshz;ik $l;Lf;FO
,aw;ifNahL ,ize;j ,dpjha;
thOk; khzt gwitfs; jhq;fs;
vq;fs;
jha; gwitfsha; tpsq;Fgth;fNs
khpahijf;Fhpa Nguhrphpa ngUk;kf;fs;
,e;jf; $Ljhd; khzth;fshfpa
vq;fspd; tPL - ,J
cyfpw;Nf cztspf;Fk;’
tpQ;QhdKiw – tptrhaj;ij
fw;Wj;jUk; VL.
gj;J khjk; Rke;jJ jhapd; fUtiw
Mdhy;
gy Mz;Lfhyk; Rkf;fpwJ – vq;fs;
fy;Y}hpapd; fy;tpaiw
,J
khzth;fis caNu Vw;wptpLk;
Vzpaha;
kWfiu Nrh;f;Fk; Njhzpaha;
mwpT jhfk; jPh;f;Fk; Nfzpaha;
tpsq;Fk;
,t;Ntshz;ik fy;Y}hp
guzpapd; juzpapy; mike;J
fk;gPukha; fhl;rpaspf;fpfwJ - ,j;jifa

36. ngUikkpf;f fy;Y}hpap;y;
gapYK; khzth;fshfpa ehk;
rhjidfs; gy Ghpe;J
rhpj;jpuq;fs; gy gilj;J
cah;e;J nty;Nthk; tpz;Zf;F
,jd; %yk; ngUik
Nrh;g;Nghk; ,e;jpa kz;Zf;F
tho;f jkpo;
tsh;f Ntshz;ikf; fy;Y}hpapd; Gfo;.
gphpT
new;kzpfs; Kw;wpaJk;
tise;jJ
epyj;ij tpl;Lg;
gphpag; NghfpNwhNk
vd;w Vf;fj;jpy;.
tp.Rjhuhzp
fhf;fg;gpwe;jtu;fs;

37. fdT
vd; tpuypd; ];ghprk;
cidj; jPz;Lk;NghJ
eP NgrpaJ tapw;wiwapy;
vdf;Fg; Ghpe;jnjd
czh;e;jha;
gs;spg; gl;liwapd;
Kjy;ehs;
Mj;jpr;Rtb kwe;jNghjpd;
vd;idg; gphpe;j
mj;jUzj;jpd;
czh;r;rpj; jJk;gy;fis
,d;Wk;
kwf;ftpy;iyab
vd; fd;dj;jpy; Kj;jkpl;L
iffshy; mizj;J
ghh;itapy; ghrtag;ggLj;jpa
Kjy; ngz;zb eP
ngz;zpak; Kw;Wg;ngWtJ
jha;ikapy; - vd;
vz;zq;fs; Kw;Wg; ngWtJk;
cd;dpy;jhd;
ghh;j;jTld; kdjpd; rydq;fis mf;FNtuha;
MzpNtuha;r; nrhy;tnjg;gb.
vs;ssTk; epiy tYthJ
vidNa epidf;Fk;
Ngijg; ngz;Nz – cd;
fz;zPUk; fhak;
Jilf;Fk; kUe;jhdnjg;gb

38. rkaj;jpy;
cd; ghrj;ijg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;shjJk;
cz;ikjhd;
jz;zPhpy; tpLk; kPdpd;
fz;zPh; Nghy
tpLjpj; jPtpy;
cidg; gphpe;jhYk;
epidtha; te;J nry;thab
mh;j;jrhkj;jpy; mUNf
ePapy;iynad;whYk; eP
thq;fpj; je;j jiyaizia
kbnad epidj;J
cwq;fpaijAk; kwf;ftpy;iyab
md;Wjhd; czh;e;Njd;
ehd; vt;tsT Raeythjpnad
flTsplk; tuk; Nfl;lNghJ
cdf;fhf vJTk; Nfl;ftpy;iyab
vdf;fhf Nfl;Nld;
kWgpwtpapy; - cd; jhahf Ntz;Lnkd
fdtpy;
ghh;j;j rhujp
mjpraq;fs;

39. fhyk;
tsik xU fhyk;
tWik xU fhyk;
tsikapy; Mlf;$lhJ
tWikapy; Nrhh;e;J tplf;$lhJ
NkhfdfPu;j;jp
J}z;fs;

40. fy;Y}hp thry;
fy;Y}hp vd;Dk; thrypy;
ek; fdT vd;Dk; fjitj; jpwe;J
ntw;wp vd;Dk; nfhbia ehl;l
cwq;fhky; ciog;Nghk; cah;T ngWk; tiu
ed;wp nrhy;Nthk; ehk; ,Uf;Fk; tiu.
cah;T
tsUk; nghOjpy; Gj;jfk; tphpj;J
kyUk; fz;fis mjDs; gjpj;J
Kad;W gbj;jhy; Kjy;tuhfyhk;
md;id
fhl;by; ,Ug;gJ njd;id
tPl;by; ,Ug;gJ jpz;iz
J}uj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ nrd;id
ehk; tpUk;Gtnjy;yhk; jhNa cd;id
jpyftjp>
fhf;fg;gpwe;jtu;fs;

41. NghuhL
fisNahL
Nghuhb n[apf;Fk; gaphpy;jhd;
cztpUf;F
Njhy;tpNahL
Nghuhb n[apf;Fk; ntw;wpapy;jhd;
gykpUf;F
Kaw;rpNahL
Nghuhb n[apf;Fk; kdjpy;jhd;
rhjidapUf;F
ek;gpf;ifNahL
Nghuhb n[apf;Fk; kdpjdplk;jhd;
tho;tpUf;F;
fdfrghgjp
J}z;fs;

42. ,sikapy; fy;
Foe;ij njhopyhsp – Nthpy;yh Mykuj;jpd; xw;iw tpOJ
gUt fhw;wpy; jtwp ghisapy; tpOe;j tpij eP
eP ehisa ,e;jpahtpd; rpw;gp vd;gjhNyh
,d;Nw cd;id fl;ll Ntiyf;F mDg;gptpl;lhh;fs;
,sikapy; fy; vd;gjhNyh cd;
,siknay;yhk; fy;Yilj;Nj fopfpd;wJ.
,jakpy;yh kdpjh;fshy; ,Uk;ig
cilf;fpd;wd ,e;j thioj; jz;Lfs;
ahh; ,e;j gl;lhk; g+r;rpfspd; rpwFfspy;
ghuq;fw;fis Vw;wpaJ
INah ,e;j tsh;gpiw tho;nty;yhk; Nja;fpwNj
Rpyfhyk; gpQ;Rtpuy;fspy; eP gQ;Rnghjp Rke;jha;
Rz;zhk;G fhy;thapy; cd; tho;itAk; Ntf itj;jha;
cdf;fhf
fz;zPh;tpl;Nl rpte;jNjh #isapd; nrq;fw;fs;
eP tz;z tz;zkha; rhaNkw;wpdhYk;
cd; tho;tpd; epwNkh vd;Wk; rptg;gha;
Cnuy;yhk; kj;jhg;G cd; tpuy;fspy; tpj;ijahy;
cd; tho;tpy; vg;NghJ jPghtsp
tWikf;F Mirg;gl;L tuk; thq;fhJ ngw;wjhNyh
cd; md;id thliff;F tpw;whs; cd;id
V khdplh fzf;fpy;yhky; gps;is ngw;W
fy;Yilf;f mDg;gpdhy; ftiyfs; Ngha;tpLkh
,dp cyfpy; flTs; gpwe;jhy;
khbtPl;byd;wp khl;Lj; njhOtj;jpy; gpwf;fkhl;lhh;
gpwe;jhy; mtiuAk; njhopw;$lj;jpw;F mDg;gptpLthh;fs;
cd; fz;zPh; Jsp gl;L fy;Yk; fiuAk; fz;Nz
fy;Ys;sk; nfhz;Nlhhpd; neQ;rk;?
nt. Jh;fhNjtp
mjpraq;fs;

43. mopahj el;G
goFk; Kd; ‘ jdpik’
gofpa gpd; ‘ ,dpik’
gphpTk; vd;gJ ‘nfhLik’
gphpe;jhy; njhpAk; ‘el;gpd; ngUik’
mjdhy; el;G vd;Wk; moptjpy;iy
,uTk; gfYk; ,Uf;Fk; tiu
cd; fdTk;> epidTk; kiwahJ
vd; clYk; capUk; ,Uf;Fk; tiu
ek; el;G vd;Wk; mopahJ
g+ghyd;
mjpraq;fs;

44. Xyf;Fuy;
X ,aw;ifNa cdJ fypahl;lj;jpd; cr;rk;
ehq;fs; fz;l brk;gh; 26-2004
eP Mba Ml;lj;jpd; Xyf;Fuy;jhd; vl;Lj;jpf;Fk;
tpisahbf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; rpWtd; tPL jpUk;GthNdh vd;W
fhj;jpUe;j jha;f;F eP je;j ghpR Xyf;Fuy;
mq;fhbf;Fr; nrd;w md;id mjpurj;Jld; tUthNsh vd;W
Mtyhf fhj;jpUe;j gpQ;RfSf;F eP je;j ghpR Xyf;Fuy;
flYf;Fr; nrd;w fztd; glF epiwa kPDld; tUthNdh vd;W
fhj;jpUe;j kidtpf;F eP je;j ghpR Xyf;Fuy;
jha;f;Fg; gpd; jhuk; vd;W jhuj;ijNa jhahf epidj;j
fztDf;F eP je;j ghpR Xyf;Fuy;
kdjpw;F kfpo;r;rpaspg;gha; vd;W cd;dplj;jpy; te;j
fhjyh;fSf;F eP je;j ghpR Xyf;Fuy;
,t;thW
ghh;j;j ,lnky;yhk; Xyf;Fuy; vOg;gptpl;L
xd;WNk njhpahjJNghy; cwq;FfpwhNa
md;idiag; Nghy; midtiuAk; mutizf;Fk; eP
fhydhf khwp ghrf; fapw;why; thhpf;nfhz;L
Nghd nfhLikjhd; vd;d?
fy;ypw;Fk; <uk; cz;L vd;ghh;fNs
cdJ cs;sk; fy;ypDk; fbdkhdNjh
kfd; gbj;J cah;thd; jd;idf; fhg;ghd; vd;w
ngw;Nwhhpd; fz;zPUf;F eP jUk; gjpy; vd;d
ngw;Nwhiu ,oe;J mdhijahd
gpQ;R neQ;rq;fSf;F eP jUk; gjpy; vd;d
fhynky;yhk; Nrh;e;J tho;Nthk; vd;w fdT
fhdyha; Nghd jk;gjpaUf;F eP jUk; gjpy; vd;d

45. jpUkzk; vg;NghJ vd;W fhj;jpUe;j fhjyhpd;
fdT> fdthfNt NghdNj mjw;F eP jUk; gjpy; vd;d
NghJk;
,e;j Nfhuj; jhz;ltj;jpd; Xyf;Fuy;>
fhjpd; topahf> cs;sj;ijf; fhag;gLj;Jk;
Xyf;Fuy; Xa;e;J Nghfl;Lk; ,j;Jld;
,aw;ifapd; fhyr;RtbypUe;J> ,aw;ifapdhy;
fhzhky; Nghd> vq;fs; rNfhju rNfhjhpfSf;F
,Njh- vq;fspd; fz;zPh; fhzpf;if
vk;. fpU;zrhkp
Msg;gpwe;jtu;fs;
fhjy;
epoyha; ,Ue;jha;
ntapyha; tUfpwha;
capuha; ,Ue;jhy;
cwtha; tUfpwha;
fhw;wha; ,Ue;jhy;
kioaha; tUfpwha;
Nfhgkha; ,Ue;jhy;
re;Njhkha; tUfpwha;
md;Ng eP ,Ue;jhy;
vd;idNa ehd; kwe;JtpLfpNwd;
vk;. rptre;jpud; (J}z;fs;)

46. vdJ fz;zpy; fz;l fdT
fz;Zf;Fs; fz;Nld; mtis
nrq;FwpQ;rp kyh; Nghy; Njhd;wpdhs;
fhj;jpUf;Fk; fd;dp mts;jhd; vd;Nwd;
fw;gidfs; gy tsh;j;Njd;
fdtpy; Njhd;wpaJ fhjy; fpspNah (,y;iy)
vdJ fhyj;jpd; Nfhyf;fpspNah
,sikapd; CQ;rypNy Njhd;wpait ,dpf;Fk;
,dpj;jJ Njdha;
,dpikahf ghl;birj;jhs;
jkpopirapd; murp mtNsh
,d;dpirapd; Kbtpy; epd;Nwd;
fhjypd; Nfhyk; vd;Nwd;
fhj;jpU mq;Nf ehis vd;why; vdJ
fw;gidf;F vy;iy ,y;iy
fdTfs; VJk; kpr;rk; ,y;iy
$tpaJ Nrty;
tpopj;Njd;
kiwe;jhs; mts;
fh. uhN[;
mjpraq;fs;

47. ,d;iwa ,e;jpah
md;W fhe;jp ehl;L
kf;fSf;fhf cioj;jhh; - Mdhy;
,d;W ehl;L kf;fs;
fhe;jp Nehl;Lf;fhf ciof;fpd;wdh;.
V. rptuhkd;
J}z;fs;
el;G Jspfs;
el;ig ,jaj;jpy; Rkf;f Ntz;Lk;
Rikahf my;y Rfkhf
ey;yit elf;f ,jaj;jpy;
el;ig tpijf;f
ftiyia kiwf;f
epytpd; xspapy;
fly; miyapd; Xiria Nfs;
rp. gpughfud;
fhf;fg;gpwe;jtu;fs;

48. ngz;Nz nrhy;yptpL
Nkfk; fiue;Jtpl;lJ
thdk; ntsph;e;Jtpl;lJ
G+kp Fsph;e;Jtpl;lJ
kyh;fs; kyh;e;Jtpl;ld
G+f;fs; g+j;J tpl;ld
ngz;Nz nksdk; Ntz;lhk;
fhjiy nrhy;yptpL
vd;id thotpL
moF
fWg;G epw gw;fs;
nts;is epw Kb
mofha; ,Uf;fpwhh;
nefl;bt;tpYk;

49. kwe;Njd; vd;idNa
Rl;nlhpf;Fk; #hpaDk; $l
xU J}rpjhd;
eP Nfhgkha; ghh;f;Fk;
ghh;itahy;
rpy;nyd;w ,utpd; ,Ul;L$l
ghjp ,y;iy
miytPRk; cd; kapy;Njhif
$e;jyhy;
Fapy; $l kwe;JNghFk;
jd; Fuiy
eP NgRk; koiyg;
Ngr;rpdhy;
khd; $l epWj;jptpLk;
jhd; elg;gij
eP Js;spj; Js;sp
elg;gjhy;
ehd; vd;idNa kwe;Njd;
vjphpy; eP
tUtjhy;...
vk;. fhh;j;jpfh Njtp
mjpraq;fs;

51. JZf;Ffs;
N`hl;lypy; Ntiy ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jth; Gjpjhf g+r;rpkUe;J filapy;
Ntiyf;Fr; Nrh;e;jhh;. mthplk;
tptrhap : jk;gp NkhNdhFNuhl;Nlhgh]; ,Uf;fhf?
N`hl;lypy; Ntiy ghh;j;jth;: ,Uf;F rhh;. rhg;gplth ,y;y ghh;ryh?
tptrhap : ???
uNk; : vq;f tPl;y ‘kpy;f;’I g+id Fbr;rpUr;rp
RNu;: ‘Nfl;”lh Fbr;rpJ
uNk;: ,y;y Nfl;fhk Fbr;rpUr;rp
Nehahsp 1 : ,Ue;jhYk; ,e;j M];gj;jphpapy nuhk;g mepahak; gz;whq;f
Nehahsp 2 : vd;d Mr;R?
Nehahsp 1 : lhf;liu [d;dy; topah ghh;j;jJf;Nf gP]; thq;fpl;lhq;f
,u. rutzf;Fkhh;
mjpraq;fs;

52. fzpjg;Gjph;
Gj;jpyf;f vz;fspy; 5y; KbtilAk; vz;iz ngUf;f vspa Kiw
1. cjhuzk;; 75 75My; ngUf;f Ntz;Lk;
,uz;L vz;Zk; xd;whf ,Ug;gjhy; Kjypy; 25 Nghl;Ltpl;L Nkny cs;s
gj;jpyf;f vz;Zld; xd;W 4l;b fPNo cs;s vz;Zld; ngUf;fpdhy; tpil
fpilf;Fk;.
(gj;jpyf;f vz; 7 xd;iw $l;bdhy; 7 1 8
8 cld; 7I ngUf;f 56 fpilf;Fk;)
75 75 5625
2. ,uz;L vz;Zf;Fk; 10 tpj;jpahrk; vd;why; Kjypy; 75I Nghl;L
Nkw;$wpathW nra;a Ntz;Lk;
3. (7 1 8 8 6 48)
4. 75
5. 45
6. 4875
3. 20 tpj;jpahrk;
,uz;L vz;Zf;Fk; 20 tpj;jpahrk; vd;why; Kjypy;y 25I Nghl;L gj;jpyf;f
vz;Zld; xd;iwf;$l;b mjid fPnP cs;s vz;zhy; ngUf;fp tUk;
tpilAld; xd;iw $l;bg; Nghl Ntz;Lk;.
(7 1 8 8 5 40)
75
55
4125
4. ,uz;Lf;Fk; 30 tpj;jpahrk; vd;why; Similar to 20 tpj;jpahrk; Mdhy; 25
gjpyhf 75I NghlNtz;Lk;.
(7 1 8 8 4 32 1 33)
75
45
3375
Nf. G+ghyd;
mjpraq;fs;

53. ;
21 E}w;whz;bd; fpoikfis
fz;lwpAk; Kiw
xU tUlj;jpy; VNjDk; xU Njjpia Fwpg;gpl;lhy; mjd; fpoikia kpf vspjhf
fz;Lgpof;f Xh; vspa top. Njjpfis fz;Lgpbf;f xt;nthU khjj;Jf;Fk;
gpd;tUk; Nfhl; (code) vz;iz gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
Jan, Oct 1 May 2
Feb, Mar, Nov 4 June 5
Apr, July 0 Sep, Dec 6
Aug 3
cjhuzkhf 13.12.06 vd;d fpoik vd;gij fz;L gpbf;fyhk;. –
Kjypy; tUlj;ij 4-My; tFf;f Ntz;Lk;.
tUlk; :06/4
<T : 1
khjf; NfhL vz; : 6
Njjp : 13
$l;ly:; 26
nkhj;j $l;liy 7-My; tFf;f fpilf;Fk; kPjp vz;iz nfhz;L Njjpfis
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
kPjp 202te;jhy; : nts;sp
kPjp 212te;jhy; : rdp
kPjp 222te;jhy; :::::: QhapW
kPjp 232te;jhy; : jpq;fs;
kPjp 242te;jhy; : nrt;tha;
kPjp 252te;jhy; : Gjd;
kPjp 262 te;jhy; : tpahod;
$l;ly; = 26 = 5
77
kPjp 5 tUtjhy; 13.12.06 md;W Gjd; fpoik

55. KUfk;khs;
J}z;fs;

56. NrhidKj;J
(mjpraq;fs;);

57. fNdrz;
J}z;fs;

59. nre;jpy;
(mjpraq;fs;);

60. ed;wp
“ed;wp kwg;gJ ed;wd;W”
,e;j Kj;jkpo; tpoh kyh;- “jkpoUtp” FWe;jfL
ntspapLtjw;Fg; ngupJk; Cf;fk; je;J ,e;j Kaw;rpia Cf;Ftpj;J mzpe;Jiu
toq;fpa ekJ fy;Y}up Kjy;th; mth;fSf;F mjpraq;fspd; rhh;ghf vq;fsJ
ed;wpiar; rkh;gpf;fpNwhk;.
,e;j kyUf;F tho;j;Jiu toq;fp vq;fis Cf;Ftpj;J NkYk;
vq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd midj;J cjtpfSk; toq;fp ,e;j kyu; ntw;wp kyuhf
kyu cjtpa khztu; kd;w MNyhrfu ;mth;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; jkpo; ,yf;fpa kd;w
MNyhrfu ;mth;fSf;Fk; vq;fsJ ed;wpia cupj;jhf;FfpNwhk;.
,e;j kyu; ntw;wp kyuhf kyu cjtpa midj;J Nguhrpupag;
ngUkf;fSf;Fk; vq;fsJ ed;wpia njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwhk;.
fw;gid eakpf;f ftpijfisAk;> vopy;kpF Xtpaq;fisAk;
gilj;J mspj;j khztu;fshfpa Msg;gpwe;jtu;fs;> fhf;fg;gpwe;jtu;fs; kw;Wk;
J}z;fSf;Fk; vq;fspd; kdkhu;e;j ed;wpfs;...
,e;j Kaw;rpapy; cjtpa midj;J cs;sq;fSf;Fk; vq;fsJ
ed;wp. ,dptUk; fhyq;fspYk; ,e;j Kaw;rpiaj; njhlUkhW
Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpNwhk;.
ed;wp..
,tz;
mjpraq;fs;

61. jkpo; ,yf;fpa kd;wk;
Ntshz;ikf; fy;Y}hp kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp epiyak;
fps;spFsk; - 628 252.