This document provides an overview of computers including: 1. Definitions of a computer, its components, functions, and how it processes information. 2. Descriptions of different types of computers such as mainframe computers, personal computers, analog computers, and digital computers. 3. Explanations of computer components and input devices used to enter information into a computer like keyboards, mice, touch screens, and light pens.

1. fzpdpia ,dq;fhz;Nghk;
Mr. B.Karthiban
BSc (Hons) in Computing, Executive MSc in PM, PGDE (Reading)

2. fzpdpia ,dq;fhz;Nghk;
fzpdpapdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpKiwfs;.
fzpdpapd; ,ay;Gfs;.
fzpdpapd; ghFghLfs;.
fzpdpj; njhFjpapd; KiwtopAk; mjd; $WfSk;.
fzpdpapd; mbg;gilg; gFjpfs;.
fzpdpapy; cs;s Jiwfs;
fzpdp tiyaikg;Gfs;.
vd;gd gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngWtPh;fs;

3. fzpdp vd;gJ ahJ?
kdpjdpf; gy;NtW gzpfis vspjhf;ftjw;Fj; njhFjpfs; gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd ntd ehk;
mj;jpahak; 1 ,w; fw;Nwhk;.
“gaehpdhy; cs;splg;gLk; my;yJ njhFjpapdhy; Nrh;f;fg;gLk; jutfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L
mj;juTfisg; gaehpdhy; jug;gLk; mwpTWj;jy;fSf;Nfw;g Kiwtopg;gLj;jp mtUf;Fj; NjitahdthW
jfty;fis ntspapLk; kpd; tYtpdhy; ,af;fg;gLk; cgfuzk;” vdf; fzpdpia miof;fyhk;.
fzpdpapy; cs;s rpwg;gpay;Gfs; fhuzkhf mJ vkf;F mj;jpahtrpahd Xh; mk;rkhf khwpAs;sJ.
mtw;wpy; rpytw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;.

4. fzpdpapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
fjp
(Speed)
ve;jf fzpg;igAk; nra;tjw;F xU fzpdp kpff; Fwfpa Neuj;ij
vLf;fpd;wJ. xU nrf;fspy; kpy;ypaDf;F Nkw;gl;l mwpTWj;jy;fis eil
Kiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Mw;wy; fzpdpaplk; cs;sJ.
nrk;ik / ek;gfj;jfT
(Accuracy)
rhpahd mwpTWj;jy;fSf;Fk; juTfSf;FNfw;g fzpdp rhpahd
jfty;fisj; jUfpd;wnjd cWjpahff; $wyhk;.
jpwd;
(Efficiency)
fzpdp fisg;giltjpy;iy. mJ 24 kzp Neuk; xNu tpjkhfj;
njhopw;glLr; rhpahd jfty;fisj; jUtjw;fhd Mw;wyiyf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
gy;jpwik
(Versatility)
gy;NtW gzpfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jf; $baik fzpdpapd; xU rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.
xU jlitg; Gs;spg; gl;baiyf; fzpf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fzpdpia
NtnwhU jlit cq;fSf;F tpUg;gkhd ghliyf; Nfl;gjw;F my;yJ
tpisahl;il tpisahLtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
Njf;fp itg;gjw;Fk;
kPl;lYf;Fkhd Mw;wy;
(Storage and Retrirval)
Gj;jq;fspy; jfty;fis vOjp itj;jpUf;Fk; fhyk; mUfptl;lJ..
fzpdpapd; xU rpwpa myfpy; mjpf msT jfty;fisf; Nrkpj;J itg;gNj
,jw;Ff; fhuzkhFk;; mt;thW Nrkpj;J itj;j jfty;fisj;
NjitahdNghJ kpf tpiuthfg; ngWk; Mw;wYk; cs;sJ.

5. fzpdpapd; ghFghL
xU re;jh;g;gj;jpy; cq;fs; Mtzq;fisj; jahhpf;Fk; fzpdp NtnwhU re;jh;g;gj;jpy; njhopwrhiyapd;
nghwpj;njhFjpAk; NtnwhU re;jh;g;gj;jpy; cq;fs; Neha; epiyikfisAk; Nrhjpg;gjw;F cjTfpd;wnjd
mj;jpahak; 1 ,y; tpsq;fpf; nfhz;Bh;fs;. vdpDk; fzpdp vy;yhr; re;jh;g;gq;fspYk; xNu ngsjpf
tbtj;ij vLg;gjpy;iy vd;gijAk; tpsq;fpf; nfhz;bUg;gPh;fs;.
MfNt ehk; gad;gLj;Jk; fzpdpfisr; rpy tiffshfg; ghFgLj;jpf; fhl;lyhk;. mjhtJ
mstpw;Nfw;gTk; njhopDl;gj;jpw;Nfw;gTk; tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

7. kPf;fzpdpfs; (Super Computers)
,f;fzpdpfs; mjpAah; Mw;wy;kpf;fit. tpQ;Qhd> nghwpapay; gzpfSf;fhfTk; rpf;fyhd fzpjg;
gpurpdq;fSf;fhfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,f;fzpdpfs; ehrh (Nasa) Nghd;w epWtfq;fspdhYk; nghpa
tpahfhu epWtfq;fspdhYk; ,uhZt mYty;fSf;fhfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

8. ngUKff; fzpdpfs; (Mainframe Computers)
,it kPf;fzpdpfspYk; ghh;f;f Ntfk;> Mw;wy;> tpiy Fiwe;jit ngUKff; fzpdpj;
njhopDl;gtpay; vd;gJ gy gaeh;fs; xU fzpdpAld; ,ize;J gy Kbtplq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj;
juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; ghpkhwpf;nfhs;sy;> Njf;fp itj;jy;> kPz;Lk; ngWjy; Mfpatw;iw
Nkw;nfhs;sy; MFk;. nghpa tpahguhq;fspYk; th;j;jfj;jpYk; Ngustpyhd fzpdpj; njhopDl;gtpay;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mNjNtis ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSk; eilngWfpd;wd.

9. rpW fzpdpfs; (Mini Computers)
ngUKff; fzpdpfspYk; ghh;f;f Ntfk;> Mw;wy;> tpiy Fiwe;j rpW fzpdpfs; nghJ Nehf;ff;
fzpdpfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. gad;gLj;Jtjw;F vspjhdJ. gy gaeh;fspdhy; gy
Kbtplq;fspd; %yk; rpW fzpdpAld; ,ize;J juTfSk; jfty;fSk; ghpkhwpf;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,J
rpwpa fzpdp tiyaikg;G vdg;gLk;. tq;fpapay; njhFjpfis ,jw;F cjhuzkhff;; fhl;lyhk;.

10. jdpahs; fzpdpfs;/ Ez;fzpdpfs;/ rpWfzpdpfs;
(Personal Computers/Micro Computers/Mini Computers)
,J rpwpa fzpdpahFk;. jdpahs; gad;ghl;bw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,f;fzpdpfs; Fiwe;j
nfhs;jpwidf; nfhz;l epidtfj;ijg; Nghd;W mstpYk; tpiyapYk; fjpapYk; Fiwe;jdthFk;.
,it Fiwe;j msT kpd;idAk; Efh;fpd;wd.
Nkw;Fwpj;j tifg;gLj;jy; etPd fzpdpfSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

12. xj;jpirf; fzpdpfs;
(Analog Computers)
Rw;whlypy; cs;s khw;wq;fs; (fjp Nthy;w;wsT>
mKf;fk;> ntg;gepiy) Nghd;w xj;jpirf;
iriffis (Analog Signals) ,dq;fz;L
mjw;Nfw;gj; njhopw;gLk; fzpdpfs; xj;jpirf;
fzpdpfs; vdg;gLk;. fjpkhdp> Gydpfs; cs;s
tPjp tpsf;Ffs;> thdpiy msitg; nghwp
Mfpatw;iw ,jw;F cjhuzq;fshff;
fhl;lyhk;.
ehk; jpdrhp tho;tpy; gad;gLj;Jk; fzpdpfs;
,yf;fKiwf; fzpdpfs; MFk;. ,f;Fzpdpfs;
,yf;fKiwf; iriffis (Digital Signals)
,dq;fz;L njhopw;gLfps;wd. ,it
nra;eputpw;Nfw;g kpd; tYtpdhy;
njhipw;gLj;jg;gLfps;wd.
,yf;fKiwf; fzpdpfs;
(Digital Computers)

13. fyg;gpdf; fzpdpfs; (Hybrid Computers)
xj;jpirf; fzpdpfs; (Analog Computers)> ,yf;fKiwf; fzpdpfs; (Digital Computers) Mfpa ,U
tiffspdJk; xU fyg;ghff; fyg;gpdf; fzpdpfis mwpKfQ; nra;ayhk;. ,jaj;jpd; njhopw;ghl;il
mtjhdpg;gjw;F kUj;Jtkidapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ECG nghwp xU fyg;gpdf; fzpdpahFk;.
xj;jpirf; irifahfpa ,jaj;jpd; njhopw;ghl;il ,dq;fz;L mjid ,yf;fKiwr; irifahf
khw;wp mr;iriffis mr;rpLjy; ,g;nghwpapd; %yk; eilngWfpd;wJ.

14. fzpdpj; njhFjpapd; Kiwtop
xU njhFjpapd; njhopyhdJ juTfis cs;spl;L>
mtw;iw Kiwtopahf;fp> Njf;fp itj;J>
NjitahdNghJ Njitahd jfty;fis
ntspapLjyhFk; vd;W ehk; fw;Nwhk;. xU njhFjpapd;
njhopw;ghl;Lf;Fg; gy;NtW cj;jpfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W
,ize;J njhopw;gLfpd;wd. mk;KiwtopiaAk; xU
njhFjpapd; mikg;igAk; ,t;thW fhl;LNthk;.

16. rhtpg;gyif
(Keyboard)
fzpdpf;Fj; juTfis cs;spLk; gpurpj;jpngw;w cj;jp rhtpg;gyifahFk;. mJ mikg;gpy;
jl;nlOj;Jg;nghwpapd; rhtpg;gyif Nghy; ,Ue;jjhYk; mjpy; Nkyjpfr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhf Nkyjpf
rhtpfs; cs;sd.
nghJthfr; rhtpg;gyif ,U msTfspy; cs;sJ. mjhtJ 101 / 102 njhlf;fk; 104 my;yJ 108
tiuahd rhtpfs; cs;sd. rhtpg;gyifapy; cs;s rhtpfspd; njhopw;ghL gpd;tUkhW.

17. Rl;b
(Mouse)
fzpdpj; jpiuapy; Njhd;Wk; Rl;Lr; rhjdq;fspy; Rl;b gpurpj;j ngw;w cjhuzkhFk;. Rl;bia xU
Fwpj;j mk;rj;jpd; kPJ nrhlf;fk; NghJ mj;njhopy; xU juthf cs;splg;gLfpd;wJ. Rl;bapy; ,lJ
nghj;jhd;> tyJ nghj;jhd; vd ,Utifg; nghj;jhd; vd ,Utifg; nghj;jhd;fSk; jpiukPJ
NkNyAk; fPNoAk; cUl;Ltjw;F xU rpy;Yk; cs;sd. mt;thNw kbf; fzpdpf;Fr; (Laptop
Computer) Rl;Lr; rhjdkhfj; njhLepug;gplk; (njhL jpz;L) (Touch Pad) my;yJ Rl;b
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

18. njhLjpiu
(Touch Screen)
Gjpa fzpdpfspYk; nry; NgrpfspYk; njhLjpiu
cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdkhfTk; ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdkhfTk;
njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jpiuiaj; njhLtjd; %yk;
juTfs; cs;splg;gLfpd;wd. ,JTk; xU Rl;Lr;
rhjdkhFk;.
,af;Fgpb
(Joy stick)
,af;FgpbAk; Rl;biag; Nghd;W fzpdpj; jpiu
kPJ epiy fhl;bia ,aq;fr; nra;ag;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Rl;Lr; rhjdkhFk;. ,J fzpdp
tpisahl;LfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

19. xspg;Ngdh
(Light Pen)
Xspg;Ngdh NtnwhU Rl;Lr; rhjdkhFk; fzpdpj; jpiuapy; cs;s gl;b cUg;gbiaf; (Menu item)
fhlLtjw;F my;yJ jpiy kPJ tiutjw;F my;yJ vOJtjw;F ,t;Tj;jp gad;gLj;jg;gLfps;wJ. ,J
Njhw;wj;jpy; rhjhud Ngdhitg; Nghd;wJ. ,J fzpdpAld; njhlh;Ggl;l tbtikg;Gspy; (SPPCCO CAD
– Computer Aided Design) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

21. ,yf;fKiwf; fkuh
(Digital Camera)
,yf;fKiwf; fkuh vd;gJ xspg;glf;
fhl;rpiaAk; xspAUf; fhl;rpiaAk; fzpdpf;F
cs;spLtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cs;sPl;L
cj;jpahFk;.
tiyf;fkuh
(WebCam)
,izaj;jpD}lhff; fzpdpAld; ,idw;jpUf;Fk;
xUth; fhl;rpia vLg;gjw;F my;yJ xspAUf;
fhl;rpiag; ngWtjw;F tiyf; fkuhitg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;whh;. ,t;Tj;jp kbf; fzpdpAld;
,ize;J mikj;j jpiuf;F (Monitor/Visual
Display Unit (VDU)) NkNy fhzg;gLk; mNjNtis
kw;iwa fzpdpfSf;F ntspNa ,izf;fg;glyhk;

22. %ba Rw;Wj; njhiyf;fhl;rp fkuh
(Closed Circuit TV (CCTV))
%ba Rw;Wj; njhiyf;fhl;rpf; fkuhtpd; %yk; cUtk; my;yJ xspAUf; fhl;rpia vLj;J mj;juit
mj;JizAWg;Gld; ,izj;jpUf;Fk; fzpdpf;F cs;splg;gLk;. ,t;Tj;jp tPjpr; rl;lq;fisg;
ghJfhj;jy; Nghd;W ,lg; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; nghpJk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

24. rkjsg;gLf;if tUbfs;
(Flatbed Scanners)
rkjsg;gLif tUb vd;gJ xspg;gpujpg;
nghwpahFk;. ,J rkkhfj; njhopw;gLk; cs;sPl;L
cj;jpahFk;. mjw;F topg;gLj;jg;gLk; Kjy;
cj;jpapDs;Ns mlq;Fk; Nyrh;f; fjph;fspd; %yk;
ngwg;gl;L ,yf;fKiwj; juTfshf khw;wg;gl;Lj;
Njf;fp itg;gjw;fhff; fzpdpf;F
cs;splg;gLfpd;wJ.
gl;ilf; FwpKiw thrpg;ghd;
(Barcode Reader)
,t;Tj;jpapd; %yk; ngUk;ghyhd nghUs;fspy;
fhzg;gLk; gl;ilf; FwpKiw (Barcode)
thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mg;gl;ilf; FwpKiw
vOj;njz; (Alphanumeric) ngWkhdkhf
khw;wg;gl;L mjDld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s
fzpdpf;F cs;splg;gLk;

25. fhe;j ik thpAU thrpg;ghd;
(Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR))
,t;Tj;jp tq;fpfs; njhlh;ghff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
fhNrhiyapy; cs;s nrk;ikiar; Nrhjpg;gjw;F
,t;Tj;jp gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. fhNrhiyapd;
fPo;g; gFjpapy; cs;s vz;fis thrpj;J mjpy;
cs;s jfty;fs; (tq;fpf; FwpKiw> tq;fpf;
fzf;F vz;) fzpdpf;F cs;splg;gLk;.
xspapay; thpAU fz;lwpjy;
(Optical Character Recognition (OCR))
gy gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l Mtzq;fis kpff;
Fwfpa fhyj;jpy; tUbf; fzpdpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
fzpdpg;gLj;jpa Mtzj;ijg; gjpg;Gr;
nra;tjw;fk; xspapay; thpAU fz;lwpjy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J E}yfq;fspYk;
murhq;f epWtdq;fspYk; gutyhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cs;sPl;L cj;jpahFk;.

26. jd;dpaf;ff; fhrspg;G ve;jpuk;
(Automated Teller Machine (ATM))
tq;fpj; njhopypy; Xh; mk;rkhfpa ,t;Tj;jpapdhy;
fldl;ilapd; my;yJ tutl;ilapd; %yk;
eilngWk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;
vspjhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;Tj;jpf;F topg;gLj;jg;Glk;
fldl;ilia my;yJ tutl;ilia thrpj;J
mjpy; cs;s vz;fs; Nrhjpf;fg;gl;L
,izaj;jpD}lhf mjw;F chpa tq;fpf;
fzf;Fld; ,ize;j fzpdpf;Fj; juTfis
cs;spLtjd; %yk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fypw;fhd
jFjp Nrhjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
xspapay; Fwp fz;lwpjy;
(Optical Mark Recognition (OMR))
xspapay; Fwp fz;lwpjy; vd;gJ Fwpfis
,dq;fhzg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cs;sPl;L
cj;jpahFk;. Ngdhtpdhy; my;yJ ngd;rpypfhy;
Fwpf;fg;gl;l gbtk; ghPl;irg; gytpDs; njhpT
tpilj;jhs;fSf;Fg; Gs;spapLjy; Mfpatw;Wf;Fg;
gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;Glk; ,ttUbapd; %yk;
Kd;dNu epr;rapf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; cs;s
Fwpfis thrpj;Jf; Fwpfs; mq;F ,Ue;jy;
njhlh;ghff; fzpdpf;Fj; juTfs; cs;splg;gLk;

27. EZf;Fg;gd;dp
(Microphone)
fzpdpf;F xypia cs;spLtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; JizAWg;G Ezf;Fg;gd;dp MFk;.

29. fzpdpj; njhFjpapd; %yk; jahh;nra;ag;gl;l jfty;fis vkf;Fj; jUk; tptuq;fs; cs;sd. mtw;wpw;
rpy.
nkd;efy; (Soft Copy)
td;efy; (Hard copy)
xyp (Sound)
nkd;efy; (Soft Copy) :- nkd;efy; vd;gJ jpiu kPJ ghh;g;gjw;fhf khj;jpuk; jfty;fis ntspapLjy;
MFk;. nkd;efy; tbtj;jpy; jfty;fis ntspapLk; cj;jpfshtd:
jpiu (Monitor/ Screen)
nkd; efyhfj; jftiy ntspapLk; Kf;fpa cj;jp fzpdpj; jpiuahFk;. ,J fl;Gyf; fhl;rp myF
(Visual display Unit) MFk;. fzpdpj; jpiuapd; gy tiffs; cs;sd, mitahtd:
ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; (Output Devices)
 fNjhl;Lf; fjph;f; FohAld; $ba jpiu (Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) and Monitor)
 jputg; gspq;Ff; fhl;rp (Liquid Crystal Display – (LCD))
 xspfhYk; ,Uthap (Light Emitting Diode – (LED))

30. fNjhl;Lf; fjph;f; FohAld; $ba jpiu
(Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) and Monitor)
njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J ,d;W tiu ntspaPl;L
cj;jpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,t;tifj; jpiu
mstpy; nghpajhf ,Uf;Fk; mNjNtis mjpf
msT kpd;id Efh;fpd;wJ. MfNt> ,J
gbg;gbahfg; gad;ghl;bypUe;J ePq;Ffpd;wJ.
jputg; gspq;Ff; fhl;rp
(Liquid Crystal Display – (LCD))
,f;fzpdpj; jpiu rkjsf; fhl;rpj;
njhopDl;gtpaYf;Nfw;g cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
,U tisjF Kidthf;fpa kpd;tha;fSf;fpilNa
xU gspq;Ff; fiuriyr; Nrh;j;J ,J
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

31. xspfhYk; ,Uthap
(Light Emitting Diode – (LED))
jputg;gspq;Ff; fhl;rpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gspq;Ff; fiurYf;Fg; gjpyhf xspfhYk; ,Uthapiag;
gpuNahfpj;J mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s LED fzpdp jpiu kpf;f fth;;r;rp Njitg;gLk; nghJ ,lq;fspy;
iriffs;> fhl;rpg; gyiffs;> th;j;jfg; ngah;g;gyiffs; Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
xspfhYk; ,Uthapj; njhopDl;gtpay; ,d;W gpurpj;jpngw;w Clfkhf khwpapUg;gjw;Ff; Fiwe;j msT
kpd; Efug;gLfpd;wikNa fhuzkhFk;.

32. gy;Y}lf vwpit
(Multimedia Projector)
xNu jlitapy; gyh; ,urpf;fj;jf;f mfd;w jpiu jfty;fis ntspapl Ntz;baNghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
cj;jp gy;Y}lf vwpitahfFk;. Mrphpah;fs; fw;gpj;j;y; Clfkhfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f Kd;itg;Gfisf;
fhl;Ltjw;Fk; tpahghuf; $l;lq;fis elj;Jtjw;Fk; nghOJNghf;fpw;fhf xspAUf; fhl;rpfis
,urpg;gjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,r;rhjdj;ijf; fzpdpj; njhFjpAld; ,izg;gjd; %yk; xh; mfsd;w
jpiu kPJ Njitahd jfty;fis ntspaplyhk;.

34. td;efy; (Hard Copy)
njhlj;jf;f fzpdp ntspaPlhf td;efiyf; fhl;lyhk;. td;efiy ntspapLk; ntspaPl;L cj;jpfshtd.
mr;Rg; nghwpfs; (Printers): mr;Rg; nghwp Kf;fpakhf ,Utifg;gLk; mitahtd.
mr;Rg;nghwpfs;
Printers
mOj;jr;Rg; nghwpfs;
(Impact Printers)
Gs;sp mikTU mr;Rg; nghwp
(Dot Matrix Printer)
thp mr;Rg;nghwp
(Line Printer)
mOj;jhj mr;Rg;nghwpfs;
(Non Impact Printers)
Nyrhl mr;Rg;nghwp
(Laser Printer)
Fkpop / ikj; jhiu mr;Rg;nghwp
(Bubble Printer / Ink Jet Printer)
ntg;g mr;Rg;nghwp
(Thermal Printer)

35. mOj;jr;Rg; nghwpfs; (Impact Printers)
mr;rPl;Lj; njhopDl;gtpaypy; mOj;jr;Rg; nghwpfs; Kjd;ik thpirf;F chpadthFk;. ,q;F
nghwpKiw cj;jpahdJ mr;rpd; jiy (Head) jhspd; kPJgLthD}L mr;rPL eilngWfps;wikahFk;.
,t;tOj;jk; fhuzkhf mJ njhopw;gLk;NghJ ,iur;ry; Vw;gl;lhYk; mjpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ik
ehlh (Ink Ribbon) tpiy $bajd;W Mifahy; kpfTk; ,yhgfukhdjhFk;. mr;rpl;l efy;fis
itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tq;fpfs;> fsQ;rpaq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; ,it nghpJk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 Gs;sp mikTU mr;Rg; nghwp (Dot Matrix Printer)
 thp mr;Rg;nghwp (Line Printer)

36. Gs;sp mikTU mr;Rg; nghwp
(Dot Matrix Printer)
mr;Rg; nghwpapd; jiy Crp Nghd;w $h;fspd;
%yk; ik cs;s ehlhtpy; gLfpd;wikahy; rpwpa
Fw;W tbtj;jy; jhspd; kPJ vOj;Jfs;
mr;rplg;gLfpd;wd.
thp mr;Rg;nghwp
(Line Printer)
xU jlit xU thp tPjk; mr;rpLk; ,g;nghwp
kpfTk; tpiuthd mr;Rg;nghwpahFk;. mJ xU
epkplj;jpw;F Vwj;jho 3000 thpfis
mr;rplj;jf;fJ.

37. mOj;jh mr;Rg;nghwp
(Non Impact Printers)
,t;tr;Rg;nghwp gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jhspd; kPJ mOj;Jtjpy;iy Mifahy;> ,tw;wpy; ,iur;ry;
Vw;gLtjpy;iy. fpilf;Fk; mr;Rg;gbfs; kpfj; njspthditAk; Jg;guthditAk; MFk;. vdpDk;>
,jw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Clfk; tpiy$baJ Mifahy;> ,jidg; gad;gLj;jy; ,yhgfukhdjd;W.
,j;jifa rpy mOj;jh mr;Rg;nghwpfisg; gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;.
 Nyrh; mr;Rg;nghwp (Laser Printers)
 Fkpo; / ikj; jhiu mr;Rg;nghwp (Bubble / Ink jet Printer)
 ntg;g mr;rg;nghwp (Thermal Printer)
 tiutp (Plotter)

38. Nyrh; mr;Rg;nghwp
(Laser Printers)
Nyrh; mr;Rg;nghwpapy; mr;rplg;gl Ntz;ba gFjp
xU Nyrhlf; fw;iwapd; %yk; (Xh; MbapD}lhf)
Xh; Vw;wpa cUis (Drum) kPJ mDg;gg;gLtJk;
mjd; kPJ xU nghwpAiwapy; (Cartridge) cs;s
cyh; ikg;nghb (Toner) gLtjD}lhf
mr;rplg;gLjYk; eilngWfpd;wd.
xU epkplj;jpw;F ehd;F A4 msT jhs;fis
mr;rpLk; fjpapy; njhopw;gLk; mr;Rg; nghwpfSk;
cs;sd. fWg;G epwk; Nghd;W gy;NtW
epwq;fisf; nfhz;l ikg;nghb (Toner)
,Ug;gjdhy;> njspthd> jukhd cUf;fisAk;
mr;Rg; gbfisAk; ntspapLtjw;F kpfTk; cfe;j
rhjdk; Nyrh; mr;Rg;nghwpahFk;
Fkpo; / ikj; jhiu mr;Rg;nghwp
(Bubble / Ink jet Printer)
,e;j mr;Rg;nghwpapy; nghjpAiwapy; (Catridge)
xU ghj;jpuj;jpy; itf;fg;gLk; jut epiyikapy;
cs;s ik (Liquid Ink) rpwpa Jthuq;fspD}lhfj;
(Nozzles) jhspd; kPJ gl;L mr;rPL
eilngWfpd;wJ.

39. ntg;g mr;rg;nghwp
(Thermal Printer)
,e;j mr;Rg;nghwpapy; ntg;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpj;
jhspd; kPJ mr;rPL eilngWfpd;wJ. th;j;jf
tpahghuk;> jd;dpaf;ff; fhrspg;Gg; nghwp
Mfpatw;wpy; gw;Wr;rPl;Lfis toq;Ftjw;Fk;
Rl;Lj; Jz;Lfis mr;RLtjw;Fk; ,J mjpf
mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
tiutp
(Plotter)
fzpdp njhlh;ghd jpl;lkplypy;; (fl;llf; fiy
tbtikg;Gfs; gazj; jpl;lkpy;fs;> fg;gw; gazj;
jpl;lq;fs;) mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;Glk; ,t;
ntspaPl;L cj;jpapd; %yk; jhspd; kPJ xU Ngdh
mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; jpl;lk; ntspaplg;gLfpd;wJ.

40. xypfs; (Sounds)
xypia ntspapLk; cj;jpfis xypngUf;fpfshff; fhl;lyhk;. nghJthf my;yJ jdpg;gl;l tpjj;jpy;
xypf;fk; cj;jpfs; cs;sd.

41. ika Kiwtopahf;f myF
(Central Processing Unit) - CPU
fzpdpj; njhFjpapd; mbg;gil mk;rk; ika Kiwtopahf;f myfhFk;. fzpdpapd; %isahf
mikf;fg;gLk; ika Kiwtopahf;f myF fl;lisfSf;Nfw;gj; njhopw;gLk; mNjNtis gzpnray;
KiwikAk; (Operating) gpuNahf nkd;nghUSk; (Application Softare) njhopw;gLfpd;wd. ika
Kiwtopahf;f myF Kf;fpa %d;W gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ..
vz;fzpjKk; jUf;f myFk;
(Arithmetic & Logical Unit – ALU)
vy;yh tif vz;fzpj> jUf;fr; nray;fs;
eilngWfpd;wd.
fl;Lg;ghl;L myF
(Control Unit – CU)
fzpdpj; njhFjpapd; vy;yh cj;jpfSk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
epidtfg; gjptfq;fs;
(Memory Regiters)
ika Kiwtopahf;f myfpy; cs;sd. vz;fzpj>
jUf;f myfpy; njhopw;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
KiwtopfSf;Fj; Njitahd juTfs; jw;fhypfkhf
itj;jpUf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

42. fzpdpapd; fjp
fzpdpapd; fjp fzpdpapd; xU rpwg;gpay;ngd ehk; fw;Nwhk;. ,q;F ika Kiwtopahf;f myfpdhy;
juTfisj; jahhnra;tjw;F vLf;Fk; Neuk; fjpahf mikf;fg;gLfps;wJ. ,J fbfhuf; fjp (Clock
Speed) vdg;gLk;. fhyk; msf;fg;gLk; myF Ntww;]; (Hertz – HZ) Mf ,Uf;Fk; mNjNtis
fzpdpapdl fjp nkfhNtww;]; (Mega hertz –MHz) my;yJ fpfhNtw;]; (Giga hertz – GHz) vd;Dk;
myfpy; msf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

43. fzpdp epidtfq;fs;
(Computer Memories)
juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; Njf;fp itg;gjw;fhd Mw;wy; fzpdpaplk; cz;nld ehk; fhw;Nwhk;.
gy;NtW fzpdp epidtfq;fs; (Computer Memories) my;yJ Njf;fr; rhjdq;fs; (Storage Devices)
juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; Njf;fpitf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mNjNtis epidtfq;fspd;
njhopw;ghL NtWgl;lJ.

44. Kjy; epidtfk;
(Primary Memory)
fzpdpj; njhFjpf;F cs;splg;gLk; juTfs; ika Kiwtopahf;f myfpdhy; jahh;nra;ag;gLtjw;F
Kd;dUk; jahh;nra;ag;gl;l gpd;dUk; Kjy; epidtfj;jpy; (Primary Memory) my;yJ Kjd;ik
epidtfj;jpy; (Main Memory) itj;jpUf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,J Kjy; Njf;ffk; (Primary Storage) vdg;gLk;.
Kjy; epidtfk; %d;W tifg;gLk;.
jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfk; (Random Access Memory (RAM))
thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk; (Read Only Memory (ROM))
gJf;F epidtfk; (Cache Memory)

45. jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfk;
(Random Access Memory (RAM))
jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfj;ijj; jahh; nra;tjw;F topg;gLj;Jk; tiuf;Fk; juTfs; jw;fhypfkhf
itj;Jf;nfhs;ssg;gLfpd;wd. mjpy; itj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk; juTfs; fzpdp njhopw;gLjy;
epw;ghl;lg;gLk;NghJ (Switch Off) epidtpypUe;J mfw;wg;gLk;.
MfNt ,e;epidtfk; mopjF epidtfk; (Volatile Memory) vdg;gLk;. mt;thNw jfty;fis
ntspapLjy;> Njf;fp itj;jy;> kPz;Lk; ngWjy; Mfpatw;Wf;F Kjy; epidtfj;jpD}lhfNt Jiz
epidtfj;jpw;Fj; juTfs; topg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
jw;NghJ gad;ghl;by; cs;s jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfj;jpd; nfhs;jpwd;fs; 1 GB njhlf;fk; 24 GB
tiu ,Uf;Fk; mNjNtis njhopDl;gj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jld; ,e;j msTfs; khwyhk;.

46. thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk;
(Read Only Memory (ROM))
thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfj;jy; cs;s jfty;fs; vg;NghJk; khwhky; ,Uf;fk;. MfNt mJ mopTwh
epidtfkhFk; (Non – Volatile memory). fzpdpapd; mbg;gil Kiwtopf;Fj; Njitahd fl;lisfs;
thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfj;jpy; Njf;fp itf;fg;gLk;.
mbg;gil cs;sPl;L ntspaPl;Lj; njhFjp ((BIOS) – Basic Input Output System) fl;lisahf ,Uf;Fk;
,f;fl;lisfs; fzpdp cw;gj;jp epWtfj;jpdhy; thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfj;jpy; rpwpa ,lj;jpy; Njf;fp
itf;fg;g;l;L> fzpdpj; jha;g;gyifapy; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

47. gJf;F epidtfk;
(Cache Memory)
gJf;F epidtfk; Vida epidtfq;fspYk; ghh;f;f mstpw; rpwpajhf ,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk; kpfTk;
tpiuthdJ. ,J ika Kiwtop myF epidtfk; (CPU Memory) vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. ika
Kiwtop myfpw;Fk; (CPU) Kjd;ik epidtfj;jpw;Fk; (Main Memory) ,ilNa cs;s ,J mbf;fb
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; juTfis itj;jpUf;Fk;.
ika Kiwtop myfpypUe;J juTfs; ,Uf;fpd;wdth vd;W gJf;F epidtfj;jpy; (Cache Memory)
Nrhjpj;Jg; ghh;f;fg;gl;L Kiwtopahf;fpf;F topg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,k;Kiwtop fhuzkhf ika Kiwtop
myfpd; fjp mjpfhpf;Fk;. vdpDk;> juTfs; ,y;yhjNghJ Kjd;ik epidtfj;jpypUe;J juTfisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;L mtw;iwg; gJf;F epidtfj;jpy; Njf;fp itj;J ika Kiwtop myfpw;F topg;gLj;Jk;.

48. Jiz epidtfk;
(Secondary Memory Auxiliary)
Jiz epidtfk; my;yJ Jizj; Njf;fk; juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; epiyahfj; Njf;fp itf;Fk;
JizAWg;ghFk;. ,J Gaj; Njf;ffk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. cs;Ns fzpdpj; njhFjpf;fj;
njhLf;fg;gLk; Njf;ffr; rhjdq;fs; Nghd;W Gwj;Nj fzpdpf;Fj; njhLf;ff; $baJk; mq;Fk; ,q;Fk;
nfhz;L nry;yj;jf;Jkhd Jizj; Njf;fr; rhjdq;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;iwr; rpy tiffshf
tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

49. fhe;j Clfr; rhjdq;fs; (Magnetic Media Devices)
fhe;j Clfr; rhjdq;fs; fhe;j Vw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; juTfisj; Njf;fp itf;Fk;.
td;tl;L (Hard Disk)
juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; Njf;fp itf;fg; gad;gLj;Jk; gpurpj;jp ngw;w Clfkhfpa td;tl;L
nghJthff; fzpdpapDs;Ns fhzg;gLk;. vdpDk; Gwj;NjapUe;J fzpdpf;Fj; njhLf;fg;gLk; td;tl;LfSk;
cs;sd. jpdKk; Kd;NdWk; njhopDl;gtpay; fhuzkhfg; nghpa nfhs;jpwidf; (juTfs; Njf;fp
itf;fg;gl;j;jf;f ,l msT) nfhz;l td;tl;Lfs; mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
td;tl;by; cs;s juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; thrpj;jYk; mjd; kPJ vOJjYk; gaeUf;F ,aYk;.
MfNt> ,J Clfj;ij thrpf;Fk; vOJk; epidtfk; vdg;gLk;. td;tl;bd; nfhs;jpwd; 250 GB ,w;Fk; 4
TB ,jw;kpilNa ,Uf;Fk; mNjNtis njhopDl;gtpaypd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jld; ,e;j msT jpdKk; khwp
tUfpd;wJ.

50. td;tl;bd; gFjpfs;
1) epidtfj;jl;L (Platter) – cNyhfj;jl;lhf ,Uf;Fk; mNjNtis ,jd; ,U
gf;fq;fspYk; juTfisj; Njf;fp itg;gjw;fhd Mw;wy; cz;L. xU td;
tl;by; gy epidtfj; jl;Lfs; ,Uf;fyhk;.
2) Roy; jz;L (Spindle) – epditfj; jl;il itj;Jf; nfhz;L Royr;
nra;fpd;wJ.
3) jiy (Head) – epidtfj; jl;by; cs;s fhe;jj; juTfis epidtfj; jl;bd;
kPJ vOJjy; Mfpad jiyapd; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. xU epidtfj;
jl;bw;F NkNyAk; fPNoAk; ,U jiyfs; cz;L.
4) J}z;bg; Gak; (Actuator arm) – jiy J}z;bg; Gaj;jpd; %yk; mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; mirf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
epidtfj; jl;by; ve;j ,lj;jpYk; juTfis vOJtijAk; thrpg;gijAk; rhj;jpakhf;FfpdwJ.
5) tYj; njhLg;ghd; (Power connector) – td;tl;bd; njhopw;ghl;bw;Fj; Njitahd kpd;tYit njhLf;fpd;wJ.
6) IDE njhLg;ghd; (IDE connector) – epidtfj; jl;bw;Fj; juTfisg; ghpkhWfps;wJ.
7) J}z;b (Actuator) - ,jDld; njhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Gaj;ij mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; nfhz;L nry;Yk; kpd; mq;fkhfpa
,J Nkhl;lhpd; %yk; njhopq;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

51. fhe;j ehlh
(Magnetic Tape)
Fiwe;j fjpiaAk; cah; nfhs;jpwidAk; nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; ghJfhj;J
itg;gjw;F khj;jpuk;fisAk; ghJfhj;J itg;gjw;F khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. jpdrhp tho;tpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.

52. xspapay; Clfq;fs;
(Optical Media)
Xh; cNyhfj; jl;by; Fwpg;gjd; (ntl;Ltjd;) %yk; juTfs; Njf;fp itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. juTfisAk;
jfy;fisAk; mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; nfhz;L nry;tjw;F mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gy if xspapay;
jl;Lfs; cs;sd. mtw;wpy; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

53. rhjdk; tif msT tpk;gk;
,Wtl;L CD- Rom (Compact Disc –
Read Only Memory)
juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; thrpg;gjw;F khj;jpuk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk;
650 – 900 MB
CD – R (Compact Disc – Write once)
xU jlit khj;jpuk; juTfisAk; jfy;fisAk; vOjp>
gpd;dh; thrpg;gjw;F khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ (Write
once then Read only)
CD – RW (Compact Disc Re – Writable) Gy jlit juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; vOjyhk; 650 – 900 MB
,yf;fKiwg; gy;tpjj; jl;Lfs;. DVD
– ROM Digital Versatile Disc – Read
Only Memory.
juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; thrpg;gjw;F khj;jpuk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
4.7 – 9.4 GBDVD – R (Digital Versatile disc – Write
Once)
xU jlit khj;jpuk; juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; vOjp>
gpd;dh; thrpj;jiy khj;jpuk; nra;fpad;wJ
DVD – RW (Digital Versatile Disc –
Rearitable)
gy jlit juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; vOjj;jf;fJ
G@ - Nw Blu – Ray (BD) R mjpf msT juTfidj; Njffp itf;fj;jf;f nghpa
nfhs;jpwidf; nfhz;lJ. Thrpg;gjw;F khj;jpuk; xU jlit
vOjj;f;fJ. juTfis vOJtjw;F ePy epwKs;s
Nyrh;f;fjph;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
25 – 128 GB
Blu – Ray RE xU jlit vOjg;gl;l; juTfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf kPz;Lk;
Mapuk; jlit Kof; nfhs;jpaDk; epuk;Gk; tiu juTfisr;
Nrh;f;fyhk;.
Blue – Ray #D 3D tPbNahtpy; gjpTnra;ag; gad;gLfpd;wJ.

54. jpz;k epiyikr; rhjdq;fs;
(Solid State Devices)
mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; nry;yhj jpz;k mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; ,r;rhjdq;fs; jpz;k epiyikr;
rhjdq;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd. ,r;rhjdq;fs; juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; thrpf;fTk; vOjTk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
USB gspr;rPl;Lr; nrYj;jp (USB flash drive)
epidtf ml;il (Memory Card)

55. USB gspr;rPl;Lr; nrYj;jp
(USB flash drive)
vspjhf mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; nfhz;L nry;yj;
jf;fjhf ,Ug;gjdhYk; tpiuthfj; juTfisf;
fhz;gjw;fhd Mw;wy; fhuzkhfTk; USB
gspr;rPl;Lr; nrYj;jp kpfg; gpurpj;jpngw;w Jizj;
Njf;ffr; rhjdkhf cs;sJ.
epidtf ml;il
(Memory Card)
USB gspr;rPl;L ,af;fpia xj;j njhopw;ghl;ilf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mdhy;> fzpdpAld;
njhLg;gjw;fhd njhopDl;gk; khWk; mNj Ntis
msTk; rpwpjhFk;. ,yf;fKiwf; fkuh> nry;Ngrp>
fzpdp tpisahl;L Mfpatw;wpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk; - ghJfhg;ghd ,yf;fKiw ml;il
(SD Card – Secure Digital Card)

56. fzpdpapd; Jiwfs;
(Ports)
fzpdpAk; fzpdpapd; rhjdq;fSk; NtnwhU fzpdpAld; njhLf;g;gLk; ,ilKfq;fs; Jisfs; MFk;.
xU fzpdpapy; Jiwfs; fzpdpapd; gpw;gf;fj;jpy; my;yJ Kw;gf;fj;jpy; cs;sd. Jiwfis
,dq;fhz;gjw;Ff; FwpaPLfs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. vy;yhj; JiwfSk; jha;gyifAl;d (Motherboard)
njhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

57. PS/2 Jiw
rhtpg;gyifiaAk; Rl;biaAk; fzpdpj; JiwAld;
njhLg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Cjh
epwKs;s Jiw rhtpg;gyiff;Fk; gr;ir epwKs;s
Jiw Rl;bf;Fk; chpad. Mdhy; jw;NghJ
rhtpg;gyifiaAk; Rl;biaAk; fzpdpj;
njhFjpAld; njhLg;gjw;Fk; ngUk;ghYk; USB
Jiw gad;gLj;g;gLfpd;wJ.
rkhejuj; Jiw (Parallel Ports)
rkhe;juj;Jiwapd; %yk; mr;Rg;nghwp fzpdpj;
njhFjpAld; njhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J 25
Jthuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. jw;NghJ
mr;Rg;nghwpiaf; fzpdpj; njhFjpAld;
njhLg;gjw;F. USB Jiw ngUk;ghYk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

58. HDMI Jiw
tpNrlkhf kbf;fzpdpapy; fhzg;gLk; HDMI
Jiw fzpdpj; jpiu (Monitor)> gy;Y}lf vwpit>
,yf;fKiwj; njhiyf;fhl;rp> ,yf;fKiw
xypngUf;fp Mfpatw;iwj; njhLf;fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
RJ 45 Jiw
,j;Jiwapd; %yk; fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; cs;s
fzpdpfs;> tiyaikg;G topg;gLj;jp (Network
Router) Mfpad Nkhnlk;Kld; (Modem) my;yJ
tiyaikg;G MspAld; (Network Switch)
njhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

59. nrtpg;Gyj;Jiw / Kid
(Audio Port / Jack)
,j;Jiw Ezf;Fg;gd;dp> xypg;ngUf;fp>
jiyg;gd;dp (Head Phone) Nghd;w nrtpg;Gy
Clfq;fisf; fzpdpj; njhFAld; njhLf;fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
ePy epwk; - xyp cs;sPL (Line In)
gr;ir epwk; - xypngUf;fp (Line Out)
Cjh epwk; - Ezf;Fg;gd;dp (Micro Phone)
mfpyj; njhlh;ghl;ikj;Jiw
(USB Universal serial Bus Port)
jw;NghJ gy cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fSk; ntspaPl;Lr;
rhjdq;fSk; fzpdpAld; USB Jiwapd; %yk;
njhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

60. xspAUj;Jiw
(Video Port)
tiutpay; Jiw vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;
xspAUj;Jiw fzpdpj; jpiu> njhiyf;fhl;rp
my;yJ gy;Y}lf vwpit Mfpatw;iwf; fzpdpj;
njhFjpAkld; njhLf;fg; gadgLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ,
,J 15 Jthuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
njhlh;epiyj;Jiw
(Serial Port)
fzpdpia ,izaj;Jld; njhLf;fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Nkhnlj;ijf; (Modem)
fzpdpAld; njhLf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
jw;NghJ ,j; Jiwf;Fg; gjpyhf USB Jiw
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

61. juTj; njhlh;ghly; (Data Communication)
xU fzpdpapdhy; jahh;nra;ag;gl;l juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; NtnwhU fzpdpj; njhFjpf;F
CLflj;jy; juTj; njhlh;gh;y; MFk;.,e;juTj; njhlh;ghlypw;fhff; fzpdpfspilNa xU njhLg;ig
Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mj;njhLg;G fzpdpfis tiyaikg;ghf;fYf;F mtrpakhFk;
juTj; njhlh;ghlYf;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gil mk;rq;fs
juT %yk; - juTfis mDg;Geh;
(njhiyNgrp miog;igg; Vw;gLj;Jeh;)
CLflj;jy; Clfk; - juTfis
CLflj;jg; gad;gLj;Jk; Clfk;
(njhiyNgrp ehz;fs;> ehz;fspy;yhjJ)
juTthq;fp – juTfisg; ngWeh;
(njhiyNgrp miog;igg; ngWeh;)

62. juT CLflj;jg;gLk; Kiwfs;
(Data Transmission Modes)
xU njhFjpapypUe;J NtnwhU njhFjpf;Fj; juTfs; ntt;NtW Kiwfspy; CLflj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
mitahtd:
xw;iw Kiw (Simplex Mode)
miu ,Utopg;Nghf;F Kiw (Half Duplex Mode)
KO ,Utopg;Nghf;F Kiw (Full Duplex Mode)

63. xw;iw Kiw
(Simplex Mode)
xw;iwj; juT CLflj;jypy; juTfs; juT
KjypyUe;J juT thq;fpf;F khj;jpuk; nry;fpd;wd.
mr;Rg;gbfisg; ngWjy;> njhiyf;fhl;rp
epfo;r;rpfis ,urpj;jy;> thndhypiar;
nrtpkLj;jy; Mfpatw;ia ,jw;F
cjhuzq;fshff; fhl;lyhk;.
miu ,Utopg;Nghf;F Kiw
(Half Duplex Mode)
miu ,Utopg;Nghf;F Kiwapy; juTfs; xU
jpirapy; khj;jpuk; CLflj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ
%yj;jpypUe;J thq;fpf;Fj; juTfis CLflj;jy;
KbtilAk; NghJ khj;juk; thq;Feh; %yj;jpw;Fj;
juTfis CLflj;jyhk;. ,izaj;jpD}lhfj;
jfty;fis tprhhpj;jYk; ngWjYk;> ghJfhg;Gg;
gphptpdh; gad;gLj;Jk; Nthf;fp Nuhf;fpg; nghwp
Mfpad ,k;Kiwf;F cjhuzq;fshff;
fhl;lg;glyhk;.

64. KO ,Utopg;Nghf;F Kiw
(Full Duplex Mode)
KO ,Utopg;Nghf;F (Full Fuplex) Kiwapy; xNu jlitapy; ,U jpirfspYk; juTfs;
CLflj;jg;gLfpd;wd. njhiyNgrp ciuahly; ,k;Kiwf;F cjhuzkhFk;.

65. juT CLflj;jy;
(Data Transmission Medium)
njhFjpfspilNa njhlh;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F Kf;fpakhd Xh; mk;rk; CLflj;jYf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
ClfkhFk;. CLflj;jy; Clfq;fs; ,U tifapd. mjhtJ> topg;gLj;jg;gl;;l ClfKk;
topg;gLj;jg;glhj ClfKk; MFk;. gpd;tUk; cUtpy; ,t;tiffSf;Fhpa cjhuzq;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

66. topg;gLj;jpa Clfk;
(Guided / Wired)
juTfis CLflj;jg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Clfk; xU ngsjpf Clfk; (Physical Medium) vdpd;> mjid
topg;gLj;ja Clfkhff; fhl;lyhk;. xd;whf KWf;fpa fk;gpr; Nrhb (Taisted Pair) juT CLflj;jypw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J ,Utifg;gLk;.
gupiraplhj KWf;fpa Nrhb (Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP))
ghpirapl;l KWf;fpa fk;gpr; Nrhb (Shielded Twisted Pair (STP))

67. gupiraplhj KWf;fpa Nrhb
(Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP))
njhiyNgrpj; njhlh;GfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;;jg;gLk;
xd;whf KWf;fpa nrg;Gf; fk;gpr; Nrhb
ghpiraplg;glhj KWf;fpa fk;gpr; NrhbahFk;.
,it kpfTk; tisaj;jf;fjhf ,Uf;Fk;
mNjNtis ,yhgfukhdJ. vdpDk; neLe;
Jhuj;jpw;Fj; juTfis CLflj;jy; jilg;gLk;.
100 kPw;wh; vd;Dk; cah;e;jgl;rj; J}uj;jpw;Fj;
juTfis CLflj;Jtjw;F cfe;jJ.
ghpirapl;l KWf;fpa fk;gpr; Nrhb
(Shielded Twisted Pair (STP))
epiw $ba nryT kpf;f Mdhy; gupirapl;l
KWf;fpa fk;gpr; Nrhb juT CLflj;jy;
epiyikia tpUj;jpahf;fpAs;sJ.

68. Xur;R tlk;
(Coaxial Cable)
flj;Jk; tlr; Nrhb xd;isf; nfhz;l Xur;R
tlj;jpd; nrg;Gf; fk;;gp tiy Nghd;w xU Gw
tlk; ika tlj;ijr; Rw;wp kpd; fhe;jtpay;ig
cz;lhf;Ffpd;wJ. ,t;tlr; Nrhb gpshj;jpf;Fg;
ghpirapdhy; NtWgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhiyf;fhl;rp
md;nudh> CCTV tlq;fs. Mfpatw;Wf;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,t;tlk; tpiy $baJ.
xspapay; ehh;fs;
(Fiber Optics)
,t;tlKk; flj;Jk; tlr; Nrhbiaf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. mfzp (Core) fz;zhbf;
NfhyhFk;. mjidr; Rw;wp nky;ypa fz;zhb
ehh;fSk; ,t;tlr; Nrhvia NtWgLj;Jtjw;Fg;
gpshj;jpf;Ff; fQ;RfKk; cs;sd. ,t;t+lfj;jpy;
cs;s rpwg;gpay;G juTfis CLflj;Jk;NghJ
xsp njwpg;gile;J CLflj;jg;gLtjhFk;. ,J
fjph;fspd; KwpT vdg;gLk;. ,J etPd
njhiyNgrp tiyaikg;Gfspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ .,J tpiy $baJ.

69. topg;gLj;jg;glhj Clfq;fs;
(Unguided / Wireless)
ngsjpfg; nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jhky; iriffshfj; juTfis CLflj;jy;> topg;gLj;jg;glhj
Clfk; vdg;gLk;.
thndhyp miyfs; (Radio Wave)
Ez;ziyfs; (Microwaves)
nrq;fPo;f; fjph;fs; (Infrared)

70. thndhyp miyfs;
(Radio Wave)
juTfis CLflj;Jtjw;F thndhyp miy
Clfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ it ig (wi – Fi)
G@Uj; (Bluttooth) Mfpad thndhyp miyfpspd;
kPjhd njhopw;ghLfSf;F cjhuzq;fshFk;.
nrq;fPo;f; fjph;fs;
(Infrared)
njhiyf;fhl;rpapd; Nra;ikf;fl;Lg;gLj;jfspw;
Nghd;W ehz;fs; ,y;yhj rhtpg;gyiffisAk;
Rl;bfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F nrq; fPo;f; fjph;j;
juTfis CLflj;Jk; Clfq;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

71. Ez;ziyfs;
(Microwave)
Ez;ziy CLflj;jypd;NghJ juTfs; xU Nfhl;by; nry;fpd;wd. MfNt CLflj;jy; epiyaq;fs;
xd;iwnahd;W Nehf;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. epiyaq;fSf;fpilNa cs;s J}uk; gw;wpj; jPh;khdpf;Fk;NghJ
gpuNjrj;jpd; Gtpapay; mk;rq;fs; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk;. nra;kjp CLflj;jy; (Satellite Communication)
nra;kjpj; njhlh; ghlypy; juTfs; nrYj;Jk; mQ;ryq;fs; (Transponders) tbtj;jy;
CLflj;jg;gLfps;wd. 36000 fpNyh kPw;wh; cauj;jNy thdpy; ,Uf;Fk; nra;kjp epiyaq;fspdhy;
Gtpapy; cs;s NfhGuq;fspD}lhf NfhGuq;fSf;f CLflj;Jfpd;wd. nra;kjp CLflj;jypd; %yk; ve;ej;
J}uj;jpw;Fk; juTfis CLflj;jhk;. ,jid ,izaj; njhlh;ghlypw;Fg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

72. fzpdp tiyaikg;Gfisj; njhLf;Fk; rhjdq;fs;
(Computer network connecting devices)
fzpdp tiyaikg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F ,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l fzpdpfs; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fzpdpfis xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhLg;gjw;fhfj; njhLf;Fk; rhjdq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

73. tiyaikg;G ,ilKf ml;il
(Networl Interface Card)
,J fzpdpapd; jha;g;gyifapy;
nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehk; Nkw;Fwpj;j xU
re;jh;g;gj;jpy; fw;w juT CLflj;jy; topfhl;b
Clfk; (Guided / Wired) tiyaikg;G ,ilKf
ml;ilapy; (Network Interface Card) cs;s
tiyaikg;Gj; Jiwf;F (Network Port) fzpdp
njhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;T+lfk; RJ 45 (Socket)
njhLg;gpapd; %yk; JiwAld; njhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Msp my;yJ Ftpak;
Switch / Hub
,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l
fzpdpfSf;fpilNa cs;s njhlh;ig
cUthf;Ftjw;F Msp my;yJ Ftpak;
,ilaPlhfj; njhopw;gLfps;wJ. ,j;njhlh;Gf;fhf
top fhlba (Guided / wired) Clfk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mNjNtis Xh; me;jk;
fzpdpapy; cs;s tiyaikg;Gj; JiwAlDk;
kw;iwa me;jk; Mspapy; my;yJ Ftpaj;jpy;
cs;s JiwAlDk; njhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

74. MspapYk; Ftpaj;jpYk; cs;s rpy NtWghLfs;
gpujhd NtWghL ghpkhWk; fjpahFk;. fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; cs;s fzpdpfSf;fpilNa jfty;fisg;
ghpkhWk; NghJ Ftpak; ghpkhWk; jfty;fs; vy;yhk; fzpdpf;F topg;gLj;jg;gLk; mNjNtis Msp chpa
fzpdpf;F khj;jpuk; jfty;fis topg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,q;F Ftpaj;jpd; %yk; Njitaw;w njhe;juT
Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
jfty;fisg; ghpkhw;Wk;NghJ Ftpak; miu - ,Utopg;Nghf;F (Half Duplex) Kiwapy; njhopw;gLk;
mNjNtis Msp KO - ,Utopg;Nghf;F (Full Fuplex) Kiwf;Fg; gad;gLjj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

75. it ig
(Wireless Fidelity – (Wi – Fi))
,d;W tiu fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; gpurpj;jp ngw;w
Clfkhf it ig (Wi – Fi) Vw;gp mike;Js;sJ.
thndhyp miyfspd; %yk; kpf tpiuthd
fzpdpj; njhLg;igg; Nghd;W nry;NgrpfSf;Fk;
kbf; fzpdpfSf;Fk; tpiuthd ,izaj;
njhLg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F it ig Vw;gp
Clfkhf mikfpd;wJ.
topg;gLj;jp
(Router)
,uz;L my;yJ gy fzpdp
tiyaikg;GfspilNa njhLg;ig Vw;gLj;jg;
gad;gLj;Jk; rhjdk; topg;gLj;jp (Router)
MFk;. mJ tiyaikg;G Eiothapy; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLk;. jftiy CLflj;Jtjw;F
kpfTk; cfe;j topahdJ topg;gLj;jpapdhy;
jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

76. Nkhnlk;
(Modem)
fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; cs;s fzpdpfspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jdpahs; fzpdpia
,dzaj;Jld; njhLf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhjdk;
Nkhnlk; MFk;. Nkhnlk; juTg; ngah;g;ghsuhfj;
njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.
mjhtJ fzpdpapy; cs;s ,yf;fKiwj; (Digital)
juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; xj;jpirr; (Analog)
iriffshfg; ngah;j;Jj; njhiyNgrp tlq;fspd;
%yk; CLflj;jiyr; nra;fpd;wJ. ,J Modulation,
DEModulation vd miof;fg;gLk; mNjNtis
Modem vd;Dk; gjk; ,t;tpU nrhw;fspYUe;Jk;
ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nkhnlk; rpy tifg;gLk;. mjhtJ
mfepiy Nkhnlk; (Internal) Gwepiy Nkhnlk;
(Externale)> fk;gpapy;yh (Wireless) Nkhnlk; MFk;.
jPr;Rth;
(Firewall)
jPr;Rthl vd;gJ fzpdp tiyaikg;igg;
ghJghf;Fk; njhFjpahFk;;. ,izaj;jpw;Fk; fzpdp
tiyaikg;gpw;FkpilNa juT jfty;
CLflj;jiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;jj; Njitahd
Vw;ghLfs; ,jpy; ,lk;ngWk;. jPr;Rh;
,izaj;jpw;Fk; fzpdp tiyaikg;gpw;Fk;
,ilNa xU ghJghg;Gj; jLg;ghfj;
jhgpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,J nkd;nghUs; Nghd;W td;nghUshfTk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jd; %yk; fzpdp
tiyaikg;gfSf;fpilNa cs;s juTfisAk;>
jfty;fisAk; ghpkhWk;NghJ cz;lhFk;
nehpriyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

77. Nritg; gaeh;; / Nritaf tiyaikg;G
(Client / Server Network)
fzpdp tiyaikg;igf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; xU gpujhd fzpdpj; njhFjp cs;sJ. ,J Nritaff; (Server)
fzpdp vdTk; mjDld; njhlh;Ggl;l Vida fzpdp Nritg; gaeh; (Client) fzpdp vdTk;
miof;fggLk;. tiyaikg;Gg; gzpnra; njhFjp (Network Operating System) MdJ Nritaff; fzpdp
epWtg;gLk; ,izaj;jpypUe;J my;yJ gpuNjr tiyaikg;gpypUe;J juTfis my;yJ jfty;fisf;
NfhUgth; Nritg; gaeh; (Client) vdTk; juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; jfty;fisAk; toq;Feh;
Nritafk; (Server) vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

78. fzpdp tiyaikg;G
(Computer Network)
fzpdp tiyaikg;G Njitf;F my;yJ ,ltrjpf;F Vw;gj; jpl;lkplg;gLfpd;wJ.

79. ,lj;Jhpg; gug;G tiyaikg;G
(Local Area Network (LAN))
xU fl;llj;jpd; Xh; miwapy; my;yJ rpy
miwfis ,izj;J epWtg;gLk; fzpdp
tiyaikg;G ,lj;Jhpg; gug;G tiyaikg;G (LAN)
vdg;gLk;. xu ghlrhiyapy; my;yJ
gy;fiyf;foj;jpy; rpwpa mstpy; tpahghuj;jpy;
my;yJ mYtyfj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
tiyaikg;ig ,jw;F cjhuzkhff; fhl;lyhk;.
ngUefh;g; gug;G tiyaikg;G
(Metropolitan Area Network (MAN))
10 iky; my;yJ mjpYk; Fiwe;j gpuNjrj;ij
cs;slf;FkhW mike;j ,lj;Jhpg; gug;G
tiyaikg;Gfs; rpytw;iwf; nfhz;l Nrh;khdk;
ngUefh;g; gug;G tiyaikg;Gfs;> fpisfs; cs;s
epWtf tiyaikg;Gfs;> fpisfs; cs;s
gy;fiyf;fof mikg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iw ,tw;Wf;F
cjhuzkhf fhl;lyhk;

80. ngUk; gug;G tiyaikg;Gfs;
(Wide Area Network (WAN))
kpfTk; mfd;w xU gpuNjrj;ij cs;slf;FkhW mikf;fg;gLk; tiyaikg;G (WAN) ngUk; gug;G
tiyaikg;G vdg;gLk;. xU ehl;by; Nghd;W xU ehl;bw;F ntspNaAk; Vw;gLj;jg;Glk; tiyaikg;Gj;
njhLg;G ngUk; gug;G tiyaikg;G vdg;gLk;. ,jw;Fr; rpwe;j cjhuzk; ,izak; MFk;.

81. tiyaikg;G ,ltpay;
(Network Topology)
xU tiyaikg;gpy; fzpdpj; njhLg;igj; jpl;lkplYk; tiyaikg;ghf;fKk; tiyaikg;ghf;f ,ltpay;
vdg;gLk;. gy;NtW tiyaikg;G ,ltpay;fsi cs;sd. mitahtd.
cL tbtj;jpw;F tiyaikg;ghf;fy; (Star Topology)
ghl;il tbtj;jpw;F tiyaikg;ghf;fy; (Bus Topology)
tisa tbtj;jpw;F tiyaikg;ghf;fy; (Ring Topology)
ku tbtj;jpw;F tbtikg;ghf;fy; (Tree Topology)
fz;zp tbtj;jpw;F tiyaikg;ghf;fy; (Mesh Topology)

82. cL tbtj;jpw;F tiyaikg;ghf;fy;
(Star Topology)
nghJthff; fhzj;jf;f tbtikg;ghfpa ,jpy;
Ftpaj;ij my;yJ Mspia ikakhff; nfhz;L
mjDld; fzpdpfs; njhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ghl;il tbtj;jpw;F tiyaikg;ghf;fy;
(Bus Topology)
gpujhd tlj;jpD}lhf vy;yj; njhLg;GfisAk;
Vw;gLj;jp tiyaikg;ghf;fiy ,t;thW fhl;lyhk;.
,t;tlj;jpy; Vw;gLk; xOq;fpd;ik vJTk;
tiyaikg;gpy; cs;s vy;yhf; fzpdpfisAk;
ghjpf;fyhk; Mifahy; tlk; KJnfYk;G
(Backbone) vdg;gLk;. KJnfYk;gpd; ,U
me;jq;fspYk; Kbg;ghd;fs; (Terminator)
fhzg;gLk;. mJ Nghd;W ,t;tbtikg;G kpf
vspjhifahy; ,q;F Fiw;j msT tlq;fs;
Njitg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F tiuaWj;j
vz;dpf;ifapyhd fzpdpfis khj;juk;
njhLf;fyhk;.

83. tisa tbtj;jpw;F tiyaikg;ghf;fy;
(Ring Topology)
fzpdpfs; xU tisakhfj; jhdg;gLj;jg;gl;L
tlj;jpdhy; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhLf;fg;gLk;
,t;tiyaikg;gpy; ve;jnthU juTk; jftYk;
tl;ltbtj;jpy; nry;Yk; xU fzpdpapy; my;yJ
tlj;jpy; cs;s xOq;fpd;ik KO tiyaikg;Gk;
jfh;Twf; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
ku tbtj;jpw;F tbtikg;ghf;fy;
(Tree Topology)
cL tbtj;jpyhd; (Star Topology) rpy
tiyaikg;Gfisg; ghl;il tbtj;jyp
tiyaikg;ghf;fy; ku ,ltpay; vdg;gLk;. ,q;F
xt;nthU tiyaikg;igAk; NtW Ntwhff;
fhl;Lg;gLj;jj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy; Xh; mD$ykhFk;.

84. fzzp tbtj;jpw;F tiyaikg;ghf;fy;
(Mesh Topology)
,q;F tiyaikg;gpy; cs;s vy;yhf; fzpdpfSk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhLf;fg;gLk;. rpf;fyhd njhLg;G
Mifahy; fl;Lg;ghL fbdkhdjhFk;. nryT $baJ. vdpDk; xU fzpdpia Ntnwe;j fzdpAlDk;
njhLf;fyhk;. ,izaj;jpy; gy;NtW tif tiyaikg;Gfs;. ,Ug;gijg; fhzyhk;. ,J xU rpf;fyhd
tiyaikg;ghf ,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk; ngUk;ghYk; tiy tbtj;jpw;F tiyaikg;Gr;
nra;ag;gl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

86. juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk;
fzpdpfSf;fpilNa ghpkhwj;jf;fjhf
,Uj;jy;
juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; fzpdpfSf;fpilNa
ghpkhwj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy; tiyaikg;ghf;fj;jpd;
xU Kf;fpa mD$ykhFk;. mt;thNw mj;juTfis
my;yJ jfty;fisr; Nritafj;jpd; (Server)
fzpdpapy; Njf;fpitg;gjd; Clhf
mt;tiyaikg;Gld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nritg;
gaeh;fs; (Client) xNu Neuj;jpy; jfty;fisg;
ngwj;jf;jhf ,Uf;Fk;
juTfisj; Njf;fp itj;jy;
Njitaw;w tpjj;jpy; xNu juitg; gy fzpdpfs;
Njf;fp itf;fhikahy; Njf;fp itg;gjw;fhd ,l
msTk; vQ;rpapUf;Fk;.

87. tsj;ijg; nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jy;
mr;Rg;nghwp> tUb (Scanner)> nkhnlk; (Modem)
vd;Dk; rhjdq;fisj; fzpdp tiyaikg;Gl;d;
,izg;gjd; %yk; mt;tiyaikg;Gld;
,ize;Js;s Nritg; gaeh;fs; (Client) jq;fs;
fzpdpiaAk; mt;td;nghUs;fisAk; ,izj;jy;
vspjhFk;.
xU Kfg;gLj;jpa nkd; nghUs;fisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.
nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f nkd;nghUs;fs;
xt;nthd;iwAk; fzpdpf;F NtWNtwhf
epWTk;NghJ Njitaw;w NeuKk; gzKk;
nrytplg;gLfpd;wd. mk;nkd;nghUs;fisr;
Nritaff; (Server) fzpdpapy; Njf;fp itg;gjd;
%yk; tiyaikg;Gld; ,ize;Js;s Nritg;
gaeh; (Client) mk; nkd;nghUs;fisg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.

88. ahjhapDk; Xh; ,lj;jpy; ve;Neuj;jpYk;
,izg;gjw;fhd Mw;wy;
,izaj;Jld; ,iztjd; %yk; gaeh; ve;j Xh;
,lj;jpYk; ve;Neuj;jpYk; jdJ Mtzq;fSlDk;
juTfSlDk; ,izayhk;.
ghJfhg;G
mDkjpngw;w Nritg; gaeh;fs; khj;jpuk;
Nritafj;Jld; ,izayhk;. Mifahy; mjpy;
juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; Njf;fp itj;jy;
kpfTk; ghJfhg;ghdjhFk;.

89. kpd;dQ;ry;
fzpdpfSf;fpilNa kpfTk; vspa jfty;
ghpkhw;w Kiwahf kpd;dQ;ry; Kiwiag;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
juTfSf;Ff; Fiwe;j ghJfhg;G
tiyaikg;ghf;fj;jpd; xU gpujhd gpujp$yk;
juTfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F KbahikahFk;.
tiyaikg;gpy; cs;s ve;jf; fzpdp %yKk;
juTfisj; Njf;fp itf;f Kbahtpl;lhy;
Nritafk; (Server) fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jp
mDkjpapd;wpj; juTfisg; ngWtjd;Wk; mjidg;
ghJfhj;jy; fbdkhFk;.

90. tiyaikg;G jfh;TWjy;
rpy tiyaikg;G tbtikg;Gfspy; xU fzpdp
my;yJ tlk; jfh;TWjy; tiyaikg;gpy; cs;s
Vida fzpdpfspd; njhopw;ghl;ilg; ghjpf;Fk;.
er;Repuy;
fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; cs;s xU fzpdpapy;
my;yJ fzpdpfspy; er;Repuy; GFk;NghJ kw;iwa
fzpdpfSf;Fk; mJ gutyhk;.

91. fzpdpj; jtWfs;
gpujhd fzpdpapy; tOf;fs; my;yJ jfh;Twjy;
Vw;gLtjhy; kw;iwa fzpdpfSk; njhopw;ghlhky;
,Uf;fyhk;
gapw;rpj; Njitfs;
xU tiyaikg;igf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd; ,lh;g;ghL
tiyaikg;ig Kfhkpf;Fk; egh; Nghd;W mjidg;
gw;wp tpNrl gapw;rp ngw;wtUk; mtrpak;.