This document provides information about operating systems. It discusses the key components of a computer system including hardware, firmware, and software. It then describes several popular operating systems like Windows, Mac OS, Ubuntu, Android, and Hanthana Linux. Finally, it mentions some characteristics of operating systems like single-user vs multi-user capabilities and multi-tasking support.

1. gzpnray; Kiwikfs;
Mr. B.Karthiban
BSc (Hons) in Computing, Exe MSc in PM, PGDE (Reading)

2. gzpnray; Kiwikfs;
,g; ghlj;ijf; fw;w gpd;dh; ePq;fs;
gzpnray; Kiwikapd; ,d;wpaikahik
gzpnray; Kiwik njhopw;gly;
gzpnray; Kiwikapd; ,ilKfk;
gzpnray; Kiwikapd; gzpfs;
gzpnray; Kiwik tiffs;
gzpnray; Kiwikapd; mD$yq;fs;
gzpnray; Kiwikapd; gad;ghl;Lr; nra;epuy;
nrYj;jpfs;> Nfhg;G ciwfs;> Nfhg;Gfs;.
vd;gd gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngWtPh;fs;.

3. gzpnray; Kiwikapd; mwpKfk;
fzpdp td;nghUs; (Hardware)> epiynghUs; (firmware)> nkd;nghUs; (Software) Mfpa gy;NtWgl;l
$Wfisf; nfhz;;ljhFk;.
jpl;lkhd tbtj;ijf; nfhz;lJk; njhl;Lzif; $baJkhd
fzpdpg; ghfq;fs; td;nghUl;fs; (Hardware) vdg;gLk;>
rhtpg;gyif> Rl;b (Mouse)> njhptpg;gp (Monitor)> td;tl;L
(Harddisk)> mr;Rg;nghwp (Printer) Mfpad td;nghUs;fshFk;.
thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfj;jd; (ROM) epWtp> fzpdpapd;
mbg;gilj; njhopw;ghLfSf;fhd (BOOT) mwpTWj;jy;fs;
Mfpad epiynghUs;fs; (FirmWare) vdg;gLk;. gaehuhy;
Kjypy; jpiuapy; fhzj;jf;f vOj;Juit my;yJ glTUit
tUtpisthfj; jUtd; epiynghUs;fshFk;.

4. fzpdpapd; Muk;gj; njhopw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kiw
• gaehpdhy; fzpdpapy; kpd; ,izg;G Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJk; ikaKiw topahf;f myfpd; %yk; mbg;gil
cs;sPL> tUtpisT Kiwik (Basic Input Output System – BIOS) njhopw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• Kjypy; Power – On Self Test (Post) nra;epuy; Xl;lk; eilngWk;. ,jd; Muk;gg; gbKiwahf CMOS
(Complementary Mental Oxide Semiconducor) epidtfj;jpd; %ykhf midj;J td;nghUs;fSk;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;L mit midj;Jk; rhpahf ,aq;Ffpd;wdth vd cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• mLj;J fzpdp cw;gj;jp epWtdj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gl;l mwpTWj;jy;fs; mlq;fpa Bootstrap Loader vDk;
epiynghUspw;fika (POST) nra;epuypdhy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l Boot sequence ,jdhy; njhlf;fr;
nrYj;jpapy; (Boot Drive) Master Boot Record (MBR) thrpf;fg;gLk;.
• ,Wjpahf Bootdrive ,Ys;s gzpnray; Kiwik jwpNghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfj;jpy; (RAM)
gpuNtrpf;Fk;.
• mjw;F mLj;jjhf fzpdpapd; Koikahd fl;Lg;ghl;il> gzpnray; Kiwik ngw;W> gaeh;
,ilKfj;ij (User Interface) mspf;Fk;.

5. fzpdpapd; Muk;gj; njhopw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kiw
,e;j Koikahd nrad;Kiw njhlf;Fjy; (Booting) vd miof;fg;gLk;. gzpnray; Kiwik>
fzpdpapd; jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfj;jpy; (gpujhd epidtfj;jpy;) gpuNtrpj;jy; vd;gjd;
nghUshFk;. fzpdpapd; %ykhf Fwpg;gpl;l gzpia Nkw;nfhs;sj; Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fspd; jpul;Nl
nkd;nghUs; (Software) vdg;gLk;. nkd;nghUs;fs; gy tifg;gLk;. mtw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jpf;
fhl;lyhk;.

6. Kiwik nkd;nghUs;fs; (System Software)
Kiwik nkd;nghUs;fs; gpujhdkhf %d;W tifg;gLk;.
gzpnray; Kiwik (Operating System)
gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUs; (Utility Software)
nkhopngah;g;gpfs; (Language Translators)

7. gzpnray; Kiwik (Operating System)
fzpdpapy; epWtg;gl;Ls;s Vida nkd;nghUs;fs;> td;nghUs;fs; Mfpatw;iw Kfhiknra;J gaeh;
fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;j trjpnra;J nfhLg;gNj gzpnray; Kiwikapd; gpujhd njhopyhFk;. Kiwik
nkd;nghUs;> gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fs; Mfpad td;nghUs;fSld; gilNghd;W ,ize;J njhopw;gLk;
tpjk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

8. gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUs; (Utility Software)
fzpdpapy; epWtg;glLs;s Vida nkd;nghUs;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;> ,iaghf;fy;> mt;tr;
nraw;ghLfSf;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhd nkd;nghUs;fisj; njhpTnra;jy;> fzpdpiag; guhjkhpj;jy; Mfpa
eltbf;iffSf;nfd Mf;fg;gl;litNa ,e;j nkd;nghUs;fshFk;.
mt;thwhd rpy nkd;nghUs;fs; tUkhW:
1) er;Repuy; vjph; nkd;nghUs;fs; (Antivirus Software) – er;Repuy; njhw;WfspypUe;J fzpdpiag;
ghJfhj;jy;.
2) tl;L tbtikj;jy; (Disk Formating) – Nfhg;Gfs;> Nfhg;G ciwfs; Mfpatw;iw ,lg; nghUj;jkhd
Kiwapy; tl;bidj; (Disk) jahh; nra;jy;

9. nkhopngah;g;gpfs; (Language Translators)
fzpdpr; nra;epuy;fs; (nkd;nghUs;fs;)> mwpTWj;jy;fspd; njhFg;gpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;litahFk;. ,it
kdpj nkhopfSf;F neUf;fkhd cah;kl;l nkhopfisg; (High Level Language) gad;gLj;jpNa
vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;iwf; fzpdpahy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf;$ba nkhopahd (Machine Language) 1> 0
Mfpatw;wpy; nkhopngah;g;gNj nkhopngah;g;gpfspd; njhopyhFk;. xUq;FNrh;g;gpfs; (Assembler)>
njhFg;gpfs; (Compiler)> nghUs;Nfhlypfs; (Interpreter) Mfpad ,jw;fhd cjhuzq;fshFk;

10. gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fs; (Application Software)
gzpnray; Kiwikapy; kl;Lk; nraw;gLk; gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fs; gaeh; fzpdp rhh;e;j nraw;ghLfis
(Mtzj; jahhpg;G> fzpjr; nra;iffs; juT Nrfhpj;jy;> juTfis epiug;gLj;jy;> fzpdp
tpisahl;Lfs; Nghd;w) Nkw;nfhs;s cjTk;.
cjhuzk; :- nrhy;Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; (Word Processing)> tphpjhs; (Spread Sheets)> juTj;jsk; (Database)>
fzpdp tpisahlLfs; (Computer Gamers)> ,izaj; Njlw; nghwpfs; (Web Engines).

11. gzpnray; Kiwikapd; ,d;wpaikahik
gaeh; kw;Wk; fzpdp td;nghUs;fs; Mfpatw;Wfpilapyhd
njhlh;ig Vw;gLj;JtNj gzpnray; Kiwik nkd;nghUshFk;.
,jd;%yk; gy;NtW gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fisf; fzpdpapy;
epWTjy;> njhopw;glr; nra;aj; Njitahd fl;lisfis
toq;Fjy; cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; (Input Devices) tUtpisTr;
rhjdq;fs; (Output Devices)> kw;Wk; fzpdp epidtfk;
(Computer Memory)> Kiwtop (Process)> Nfhg;Gf;fs; (Files)>
fhg;G (Security)> tiyaikg;G (Network) Mfpatw;iw
Kfhiknra;jy;> fzpdpapy; epWtg;gl;Ls;s Vida
nkd;nghUs;fis ,af;Fjy; Nghd;w gzpfs; nra;ag;gLk;.
,jpypUe;J> fzpdpapd; Koikahd ,af;fj;ijg; gzpnray;
KiwikNa ,iaGgLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.

12. gy;NtW tifg;gl;l gzpnray; Kiwikfs;

13. tpd;Nlh]; (Windows) gzpnray; Kiwikfs;
ikf;Nuhnrhg;w; (Microsoft) epWtdj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpd;Nlh]; (Windoas) gzpnray;
Kiwik> gjpg;Ghpik nfhz;lJk; gzk; nrYj;jp ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;baJkhd Kiwik
nkd;nghUshFk;. cyfpy; kpfTk; gpugy;akhd ,e;jg; gzpnray; Kiwikapd; gy;NtW gjpg;Gfisg;
(Versions) ngwf; $bajhfTs;sJ. cjhuzk; : Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8.
,itjtpuf; ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrpfs;> tiuG ,yf;fkhf;fp (Tablet) tiff; fzpdpfs; Mfpatw;iwj;
njhopw;glr; nra;a Windows Mobile vDk; gzpnray; Kiwik mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;
Nritf; fzpdpfspd; (Server) njhopw;ghl;bw;nfd Nritg; gzpnray; Kiwikahf Windows Server
vDk; gzpnray; KiwikAk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

14. Mac gzpnray; Kiwik
Apple epWtdj;jhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l Mac OS
vdg;gLk; gzpnray; Kiwik Apple Macintosh
fzpdpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,J gjpg;G
chpkj;Jld; $ba gzk; nrYj;jpf; nfhs;tdT
nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba Kiwik nkdnghUshFk;;.
,e;jg; gzpnray; Kiwikia Apple
epWtdj;jpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l fzpdpfspy; kl;LNk
epWt KbAk;.
Ubuntu gzpnray; Kiwik
Linux gzpnray; Kiwikia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L Ubuntu gzpnray; Kiwik
jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid ,ytrkhfg;
ngwf;$ba trjpAs;sJ. MfNt> ,jid ,ytr
jpwe;j nkd;nghUs; (free and Open Source Software)
vdTk; miog;gh;.
http//www.Ubuntu.com/download vDk; tiyf;
flg;gplj;jpypue;J ,e;j gzpnray; Kiwikia
,ytrkhfg; gjptpwf;fk; nra;aKbAk;.

15. Android gzpnray; Kiwik
Google epWtdj;jpd; %ykhf Android gzpnray;
Kiwik jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ifalf;fr;
rhjdq;fSf;nfd (Mobile Devices) tpNrlkhfj;
jahhpf;fg;gl;l gzpnray; Kiwiknad Android
fisf; Fwpg;gp;lyhk;. ,J ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gLk;
gzpnray; KiwikahFk;.
Hanthana Linux gzpnry; Kiwik
,J Linux gzpnray; Kiwikia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L jahhpf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. ,jid
www.hanthana.org ,ypUe;J ,ytrkhf gjptpwf;fk;
nra;a KbAk;.

16. gzpnray; Kiwikfspd; tifg;gLj;jy;
fzpdpiaj; njhlf;fpajpypUe;J epWj;Jk;tiu fzpdpapd; td;$Wfis cr;rstpy; gad;gLj;jp
gaeUf;Fj; Njitahd gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fisj; njhopw;glr;nra;aj; Njitahd #oiyf;
fl;bnaOg;GjNy gzpnray; Kiwikapd; gpujhdkhd gzpahFk;. gzpnray; Kiwikfspd;
njhopw;ghl;Lf;fika mtw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
1) jdpg; gad;ghL (Single user)
2) gy; gad;ghL (Multi user)
3) gy; nfhs;gzp (Multi tasking)
4) epfo; Neuk; (Real time)

17. jdpg; gad;ghl;Lg; gzpnray; Kiwik
xU jlitaoy; xU gaeUf;F kl;Lk; Nritia
toq;Fk; gzpnray; KiwikNa ,JthFk;.
cjhuzk; :- MS DOS gzpnray; Kiwik
gy; gad;ghl;L gzpnray; Kiwik
xU jlitapy; xd;Wf;F Nkwgl;l gaeh;fshy;
fzpdpapy; njhopw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sf; $ba
gzpnray; KiwikNa ,JthFk;. Mainframe
Nghd;w xNu jlitapy; gy;NtW egh;fSf;nfdr;
nraw;glf;$ba nraw;glf;$ba fzpdpfspy;
,t;thwhd gzpnray; Kiwik epWtg;gLk;.
cjhuzk; :- Linux, Windows Server.

18. gy; nfhs;gzp gzpnray; Kiwik
xU jlitaoy; gy nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sf;
$ba gzpnray; KiwikNa ,JthFk;.
,jd;%yk; jdpg; gaehuhy; xU jlitapy; gy
nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
cjhuzk; :- Windows 7, Windows 8, windows 10,
Ubuntu, Mac Os
epfo;Neu gzpnray; Kiwik
,J cs;sPl;il toq;fpaJk; jhkjkpd;wp
Jyq;fis toq;f;f$ba gzpnray;
KiwikahFk;.. jd;dpaf;ff; fl;Lg;gLj;jpfisf;
nfhz;l ,ae;jpuq;fspy; ngUk;ghYk; ,e;jg;
gzpnray; Kiwik gad;gLj;jg;gLk;;
cjhuzk; :- Airline Reservation System, ATM

19. ; gzpnray; Kiwikapd; Nritfs;

20. gzpnray; Kiwikapd; gzpfs;
gzpnray; Kiwik xU nkd;nghUshFk;. ,jdhy; td;nghUs;fSk; gpw nkd;nghUs;fSk; Kfhik
nra;ag;gLk;. ,jd;%yk; Vida nkd;nghUs;fSf;fhd Nritfs; toq;fg;gLk;. fzpdpg; gzpnray;
Kiwik %ykhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; gpujhd njhopy;fs; ,uz;L tUkhW.
fzpdp KiwikapYs;s td;nghUs;fis Kfhik nra;jy;
gaeh; el;G ,ilKfj;ij toq;Fjy;

21. fzpdp Kiwikapd; td;nghUs;fis Kfhik nra;jy;
fzpdpapy;> gzpnray; Kiwik %ykhfTk; gpd;tUk; Kfhikj;Jtj; njhopw;ghLfs; %ykhfTk;
fzpdpapd; td;$Wfs; Kfhik nra;ag;gLk;.
Kiwtop Kfhik (Process Management)
epidtf Kfhik (Memory Management)
rhjd Kfhik (Device Management)
Nfhg;G Kfhik (File Management)
fhg;G Kfhik (Security Management)
tiyaikg;G Kfhik (Network Management)
fzpdpapy; ,e;jr; nraw;ghLfs; eilngWk; tpjk; kw;Wk; mtw;wpw;fpilahd njhlh;G Mfpad gpd;tUk;
thpg;glj;jy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

22. Kiwtop Kfhikj;Jtk; (Process Management)
fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ehk; gy;NtW gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tpjk; gw;wp ePq;fs; mwpe;Js;sPh;fs;.
cjhuzkhf Mtznkhd;iw mr;Rg;nghwp %yk; mr;rpl;Lf; nfhs;tJ njhlh;ghf mwpe;jpUg;gPh;fs;.
Mtzj;ij mr;rply; xU njhopw;ghnld vkf;F Njhd;wpa NghjpYk; fzpdpapy; ,e;j njhopw;ghL gy
myFfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Nl epiwNtw;wg;gLk;. gzpnray; Kiwikapdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,t;thwhd
myFj; njhopw;ghLfs; Kiwtop vd miof;fg;gLk;.
;.
fzpdpapy; nraw;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; fzpdp
nkd;nghUs;fs; my;yJ epfo;r;rp epuy;fspd;
gFjpfis Kiwtopfs; vd vspikahff; $wyhk;.
fzpdpapd; vy;yhr; nraw;ghLfSk; xd;W my;yJ
gy gbKiwfspD}lhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

23. Kiwtop Kfhikj;Jtk; (Process Management)
Kiwtopf;Fj; Njitahd tifapy; ika Kiwtop myfpdhy; Neuk; xJf;fg;gly;> epidtfj;ij xJf;fpf;
nfhs;sy;, chap Kiwtopf;fhd cs;sply;> tUtpisT myif Ntwhf;fpf;nfhs;sy; Nghd;w ts
Kfhikj;Jtq;fs; gzpnray; Kiwapd; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;NghJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
mt;thNw vy;yhr; nrad;KiwfisAk; chpa tifapy; xOq;FgLj;jp eltbf;if vLg;gNj gzpnray;
Kiwikapd; njhopw;ghlhFk;. cjhuzkhff; fbjnkhd;iw mr;rpLk;NghJ ,ileLtpy; rhtpg;gyifiag;
gad;gLj;jp VNjDnkhd;iw cs;spLtijf; fUj;jpw;. nfhs;Nthk;. ,jd; NghJ Kjypy; fzpdpahy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba fUkk; vJntadj; jPg;khdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j ,uz;L nraw;ghLfSk; xNu jlitapy; eilngWtJ Nghy; Njhd;wpdhYk; fzpdpapy; ,e;j ,uz;L
nraw;ghLfSk; ,uz;L re;jh;g;gq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. mt;thNw mr;rplg;gLk; Mtznkhd;wpy; VjhtJ
nrhy;nyhd;iwj; jl;lr;Rr; nra;jhy; ahJ epfOk;? ehk; mr;rplYf;fhd fl;lisia toq;fpa gpd;dh; me;j
Mtzj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jpUj;jq;fs; mr;Rg;nghwp %yk; mr;rplg;gLkh? mt;thW mr;rplg;glhJ vdNt>
,jpypUe;J fzpdp %ykhd nraw;ghLfs;> Fwpj;j xOq;Fkiwapy; Kfhik nra;ag;gLfpd;wd vd
mwpaKbfpwJ.

24. epidtf Kfhik (Memory Management)
fzpdp nraw;gLk;NghJ epidtfj;jpy; (gpujhdkhf jw;Nghf;F ngWtop epidtfkhd Kjd;ik epidtfk;)
mNdf nraw;ghLfs; eilngWtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. cs;slf;fg;Lk; midj;Jj; juTfSk; ika
Kiwtop myfpw;F mDg;gg;gLk; tiu Ngzp itj;jpUf;fg;gly;> Kiwtopahf;fg;gl;l juTfis mjhtJ
jfty;fis tUtpisT myfpw;F mDg;gg;gLk; tiu NgZjy; Mfpad epidtfj;jpNy eilngWk;.
vdNt> epidtfj;ij epak Kiwapy; Kfhik
nra;jy; fzpdpapd; rPuhd nraw;ghl;bw;F kpfTk;
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. Kiwtopahf;fj;jpd;NghJ
epidtfj;jpy; Vw;glf;$ba rpf;fy;fisj; jtph;j;J
Kiwtopg;gLj;jYf;Fj; Njitahd ,lj;ij
epidtfj;jpy; xJf;fpf; nfhLj;jy;> me;j
Kiwtopia ,Wjpapy; epidtfj;jpypUe;J ePf;Fjy;
Nghd;w eltbf;iffis epidtf Kfhikia
Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

25. epidtf Kfhik (Memory Management)
epidtf Kfhikf;nfd gzpnray; Kiwik %yk; gy;NtW cj;jpfs; ifahsg;Glk;. mjhtJ gzpnray;
Kiwik gpujhd epidtfk; (jw;Nghf;F ngWtop epidtfk;) kw;Wk; Jiz epidtfk; Nghd;w ,uz;L
tifahd epidtfq;fis Kfhik nra;fpd;wJ vd;gij ehk; epidtpw; nfhs;s NtzLk;.
fbjnkhd;iwg; gjpg;Gr; nra;tjw;nfd fl;lis toq;fpa gpd;dj; mf;fbjj;jpy; VNjdnkhd;iw
,ilr;nrUfy; nra;tJ gw;wf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;f. ,q;F fbjnkhd;W mr;Rg;nghwpapy; mr;rp;glg;gLkNghJ
vk;khy; mf;fbjj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; tplaq;fs; mr;Rg;nghwp %yk; mr;rplg;gLtjpy;iy. fzpdpapy;
jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfj;jpy; cs;s tplaq;fs; kl;LNk mr;rplg;gLk;. mjd; gpd;dh; vk;khy;
cs;splg;gLk; tplaq;fs; mr;Rg;nghwpadhy; mr;rplg;glhJ.

26. rhjd Kfhikj;Jtk; (Device Management)
fzpdp Kiwikapy; mNdf tl;lg;Gwr; rhjdq;fs; (Peripheral Devices) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij
ePq;fs; mwptPh;fs;. ,e;j midj;J rhjdq;fisAk; gzpnray; KiwikNa fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. rhjd
Kfhikf;nfd td;$Wg; gFjpfshd rhjdf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpfs; (Device Controllers)> nkd;nghUs; gFjpfs;
Mfpatw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;jntdr; nrYj;jpr; nra;epuy;fs; (Device drivers) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

27. rhjd Kfhikj;Jtk; (Device Management)
cjhuzkhf cq;fshy; nfhs;tdT nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl;l mr;Rg;nghwp cq;fssJ fzpdpAld;
rhpahfj; njhopw;gLtjw;F mjw;Fhpa rhjdr; nrYj;jp (Device driver) gzpnray; Kiwikapy;
chpathW epWtg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW ,y;iynadpy; mr;Rg;nghwpapypUe;J mr;rpliy Nkw;nfhs;s
Kbfpd;w NghjpYk; mjpypYs;s jd;dpaf;fkhf ,uz;L gf;fq;fspYk; mr;rpliy Nkw;nfhs;sy; Nghd;w
Nkyjpf trjpfisg; gad;gLj;j Kbahj epiy cUthFk;.
jw;rkak; mNdf rhjdq;fs; nghUj;jpaTlNdNa
,aq;ff;$baitahf (Plug and Play) jahhpf;fg;gl;bUf;fJld;
mjw;Fhpa nrYj;jr; nra;epuy;fs; (Device Driver)
jd;dpaf;fkhfNt gzpnray; Kiwikapy; epWtg;gLtijf;
fhzyhk;. ,jdhy; nrYj;jpf; nray;epuy;fisg; Gwk;ghf
epWt Ntz;ba rpf;fy; vOtjpy;iy.

28. Nfhg;G Kfhik (File Management)
fzpdpapy; juTfisr; Nrkpj;Jitf;ff; Nfhg;Gfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. mtw;iwr; rPuhf Kfhik
nra;tjw;F Nfhg;G ciwfs; (Fllders) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,t;thwhd Nfhg;Gfis Kfhik nra;tJk;
gzpnray; Kiwikapd; gzpahFk;.
Gjpa Nfhg;Gfisj; jahhhpj;jYk; mtw;iw chpathW Nrkpj;jYk;.
Njitaw;w Nfhg;Gfis mopj;jy;
Njitf;Nfw;g Nfhg;G ciwfis cUthf;FjYk; Njitaw;w Nfhg;g
ciwfis mopj;jYk;;
Nfhg;Gfs;> Nfhg;G ciwfs; Mfpatw;Wf;F kPs; ngahply;
Nfhg;Gfs;> Nfhg;G ciwfs; Mfpad ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fis khw;Wjy;
Njitahd re;jh;gq;fspy; Njitahd Nfhg;Gfisj; jpwj;jy;
gzpnray; Kiwik %yk; Nfhg;G Kfhikf;nfdg; gpd;tUk; gzpfs; Mw;wg;gLfpd;wij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

29. Nfhg;G Kfhik (File Management)
Nfhg;G Kfhikapd;NghJ gzpnray; Kiwikapd; %yk; Nfhg;gpd; ,ay;Gfs;> Nfhg;gpidf; ifahSjy;>
Nfhg;gpDs; Eiotjw;fhd mDkjp> Nfhg;G Kiwik Mfpad njhlh;ghd tplaq;fs; fUj;jpw;
nfhs;sg;gLk;.

30. fhg;G Kfhik
(Security Management)
fzpdpf;Fg; gy;NtW mr;RWj;jy;fs; Vw;gLtijf;
fhzyhk;. cjhuzkhf fzpdp er;Repuy; Nghd;wd
%yk; fzpdpapd; nkd;nghUs;fspd; nraw;ghl;bd;
kPJ gy;NtW ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
NkYk; fzpdpapy; mDkjpapd;wpg; gpuNtrpj;J
fzpdpj; jfty;fis mopj;jy; Nghd;w gy
gpur;rpidfSf;F fzpdp Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;ba
epiy cs;sJ. ,t;thwhd ghjpg;GfspypUe;J
fzpdpia gzpnray; Kiwik ghJfhf;fpd;wJ.
,jd; nghUl;L fzpdpg; gzpnray; Kiwik
%yk; gy;NtW Kiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLk;.
tiyaikg;G Kfhik
(Network Management)
mNefkhd gzpnray; Kiwikfs; tiyaikj;jw;
nraw;ghLfSf;F mDruidahf tpsq;Fk;.
tiyaikg;gpy; cs;s fzpdpfs;> mr;Rg;nghwp
Nghd;w td;nghUs;fSk; Nfhg;GfshfTs;s
nkd;nghUs;fs; Nghd;w tsq;fSk; fk;gpfspd;wp
,izf;fg;gl;Lg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba trjp
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
tiyaikg;gpDs; njhiytpy; cs;s
fzpdpnahd;iw mZfj;jf;f Mw;wiy gzpnray;
Kiwik toq;Fk;. ,jw;nfd vspikahd
njhlh;ghly; kw;Wk; gy;Y}lf tifj; njhlh;ghly;
Mfpatw;Wf;fhd trjpia fzpdp tiyaikg;G
toq;Fk;. jw;NghJ fzpdp tiyaikg;igg;
gad;gLj;jj; njhiytpYs;NshUld; njhlh;ghly;
cr;rstpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,J Kfpy;
fzpg;G (Cloud computing) vdg;gLk;.

31. gaeh; el;G ,ilKfj;ij toq;Fjy;
gaeUld; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s ,ilKfk; mtrpakhFk;. gzpnray; Kiwik %ykhf
Njitahd nraw;ghLfis ,yFthfTk; vspikahfTk; Nkw;nfhs;sj; Njitahd fl;lisfis
toq;Fjy; mwpTWj;jy;fis tow;Fjy; Mfpatw;iw gaeh; el;G ,ilKfk; Mw;WfpwJ. ,e;j
,ilKfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpj; Njitwhd vy;yhr; nraw;ghLfisAk; rpf;fypd;wp ,yFthf Nkw;nfhs;s
KbfpwJ.
gpujhdkhf ,uz;L tifahd ,ilKfq;fs; cs;sd.
fl;lisf;Nfhl;L ,ilKfk;
(CLI – Command Line Interfaces)
tiutpay; gaeh; ,ilKfk;
(GUI – Graphical User Interfaces)

32. fl;lisf; Nfhl;L ,ilKfk; nfhz;l gzpnray; Kiwik
(CLI – Command Line Interfaces)
Muk;g fhyq;fspy; cUthf;fg;gl;l rfy fzpdpg; gzpnray; KiwikfspYk; fl;lisf; Nfhl;L
,ilKfNk fhzg;gl;lJ. chap fl;lisfs; mwpTWj;jy;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;spLtjw;nfd epidTj;
J}z;b (Prompt) fhzg;gl;lJ. Njitahd midj;Jf; fl;lisfs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs; Mfpatw;iw ,e;j
epidTj; J}z;bapy; cs;spl Ntz;ba epiy ,Ue;jJ. NkYk;> ,q;F chpa fl;lisfs;> njhlhpay;
(Syntax) Mfpatw;iw rhpahff; iff;nfhs;tJk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

33. tiutpay; gaeh; ,ilKfq;fs; nfhz;l gzpnray; Kiwik
(GUI – Graphical User Interfaces)
rhsuk; - W indows
glTU - I cons
gl;bfs; - M enus
Rl;lhd; - P ointer
jw;rkak; gad;ghl;bYs;s vy;yhf; fzpfpfspYk; tiutpay; Kiwapyhd ,ilKfq;fNs cs;sd.
gaehpdhy; ,yFthff; Rl;biag; gad;gLj;jp my;yJ tpuy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Njitahd
nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sf; $ba trjp ,tw;wpy; cs;sJ. ,jd;%ykhf kpf ,yFthf gzp
nray;Kiwikiag; gad;gLj;jp njitahd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. tiutpay; gaeh;
,ilKfj;Jld; $ba gzpnray; Kiwikapy; (Operating Systems with Graphical User Interfaces (GUI))
ehd;F gpujhd $Wfs; %ykhf gaeUf;fhf trjpfs; toq;fg;gLk;. ,it RWf;fkhf WIMP vd
miof;fg;gLk; mf;$Wfs; tUkhW.

34. gzpnray; Kiwikapy; fhzg;gLk; gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fs;.
fzpdpapd; nraw;ghl;bw;Fg; gzpnray; Kiwik gy;NtW topfspy; cjTfpd;wJ vd;gij ePq;fs;
jw;NghJ mwpe;Js;sPh;fs;. fzpdpapd; rPuhd ,af;fk; kw;Wk; fzpdpf;F Vw;glf;$ba mr;RWj;jy;fisj;
jLj;jy; Mfpatw;Wf;nfd gy;NtW gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fs; gzpnray; Kiwikaapy; cs;sd. Kd;dh;
nghJthf gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fs; jdpj;jdpahf nfhs;tdTnra;J epWtNtz;ba ,Ue;jNghJk; ,d;W
gy gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fs; gzpnray; KiwikaDs;NsNa cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd;.

35. nkd;nghUs;fs; Nfhg;GfisnaLj;jYk; td;tl;LfspypUe;J kPSl;lw;
gpujpnaLj;jy;
tl;Lj; ghPl;rpg;ghd; tl;Lfspy; FiwghLfs; cs;s ,lq;fis ,dq;fhZk;
nkd;nghUs;.
tl;L Jz;lhf;fy; Tl;by; RahjPdkhd rpwpa gpuNjrq;fis ,izj;J nghpa
gpuNjrj;ij cUthf;fp tlbid xOq;fikj;jy;
Nfhg;Gfs; / juTfisr; Ruf;Fjy; mjpf nfhs;sTila Nfhg;Gf;fisr; RUf;fp Fiwe;j
nfhs;ssTilajhf khw;Wjy;
Nfhs;gzp Kfhik (Task Manager) ,jd; %ykhff; fzpdpapy; nraw;gLk; nra;epuy;fs;>
Kiwtopfs; gw;wpa jfty;fis toq;Fjy; fzpdpapd;
toikahd epiyikfis fhl;Ljy;.
Kiwik tOf;fisf; fz;lwpAk; fUtp ,jd; %yk; fzpdpapy; my;yJ fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy;
cs;s nkd;nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; td;nghUs;fspYs;s
FiwghLfs; ,dq;fhzg;gLk;.
er;R epuy; vjph;g;G nkd;nghUs;fs me;epa nkd;nghUs;fis ,dq;fhzy;> mtw;iw mfw;wjy;
Mfpad %yk; fzpdpiag; ghJfhj;jy;.

36. juTfs; my;yJ Nfhitfisg;
gbnaLj;jy; / ntl;bnahl;Ljy;
FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fg; NgZtjw;F Clip board cjTk;
juT xUq;fpizg;G nkd;nghUs; ,jd; %yjhf Kjd;ik Njf;fj;jpypUe;J ,yf;fj; Njf;fj;jpd;
jfTj;jd;ikia NgZjy;
tl;Lg; gphptply; nkd;nghUs; ,jd; %ykhf jdpahd nrYj;jpia gy jUf;fr; nrYj;jpfshf gphpf;Fk;
trjp nra;jy;
fzpdpr; nraw;ghL gad;gLjjg;glhj epiyapy; fzpdpiag; ghJfhg;gjw;nfd Screen Saver gad;gLj;jg;gly;.
fzpdpapy; epWtg;gl;Ls;s nkd;nghUs;fspd; tptuq;fs; kw;Wk; njhlh;Gila td;nghUs;fs; gw;wpa tptuq;fis
toq;Fjy; System Profiles ,d; %ykhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
fzpdp tiyaikg;Gfspd; njhlh;Gilikiag; gFj;jha;jy;> juT khw;wPl;ilr; Nrhjpj;jy; tiyg; gad;ghlL
nkd;nghUs;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gly;.
,q;F vk;khy; gpd;tUk; gad;glL nra;epuy;fs; rpy gw;wp kl;Lk; fUj;jpw; nfs;sg;gLk;.
tl;Lg; gphptply; - Disk Partitioning
tl;L tbtikj;jy; - Disk Formatting
Jz;lhf;fy; - Defragmentation

37. tl;Lg; gphptply; (Partitioning)
ngJthf fzpdpapy; ngsjpf hPjpahf xU td;tl;L klLNk fhzg;gLk;. vdpDk;> mJ jUf;f
hPjpahf ghfq;fshf Ntwhf;fg;gLk;. ,t;thW td;tl;il Njitf;Nfw;g ghfq;fshfg; gphpj;J
Ntwhf;Fjy; td;tl;Lg; gphptply; (Partitioning) vdg;gLk;.
miktbtg;gLj;Jk; (Configure) Kjw; re;jh;g;gj;jpNyNa ,jid Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mt;thNw>
VNjDk; fhuzj;jpdhy; Nkyjpf td;tl;Lf;fis fzpdpapy; Nrh;f;Fk;NghNjh my;yJ Vw;fdNt
cs;s td;tl;il mfw;wpg; Gjpa td;tl;ik ,Lk;NghNjh me;j td;tl;il gphptply;
nra;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.
NkYk;> Vw;fdNt Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s gphptpliy khw;wpaikf;f
Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gbd;> me;jr; re;jh;g;gj;jpYk; gphptpliy
Nkw;nfhs;syhk; vt;thnwdpDk; gphptply; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s
td;tl;by; kPz;Lk; gphptpliy Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ chap
td;tl;bYs;s midj;Jj; juTfSk; mopq;JtpLk;. MfNt>
,t;thwhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; Njitahd juTfspd; kPSl;;lw; gpujpia
(Backup) nghw;Wf;nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
fPNoAs;s thpg;glq;fspy; gphptpliy Nkw;nfhs;s Kd;dUk;
gphptply; Nkw;nfhz;l gpd;dUk; td;tl;bd; Njw;jk;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

38. gphptplypd; mtrpak;
gy;NtW fhuzq;fSd;nfd td;tl;L $Wfshfg; gphptplg;gLk;. gpujhd fhuzq;fs; rpy tUkhW.
fzpdpapy; Njf;fg;gLk; tplaq;fis ntt;Ntwhfr; Nrkpj;jy;. (cjhuzkhf nkd;nghUs;fs; xU gphptpYk;
juTfs; ,d;DnjhU gphptpYk; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;).
fzpdpg; gzpnray; Kiwikfs; gytw;iw epWTjy; (cjhuzkhf xNu fzpdpapy; Windoas> Ubuntu
Mfpad gzpnray; Kiwikfis epWTjy;)
gzpnray; Kiwikapd; Njitfisg; G+h;j;jpnra;jy; (cjhuzkhf rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; gzpnray;
Kiwikapd; gzpf;nfd td;tl;bd; Nkyjpf gphpT Njitg;gLk;).
td;tl;by; $Wfshfg; gphptpliy Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NgJ mtw;wpd; $Wfis jdpj;jdpahd nrYj;jpfsff;
fhzyhk;. Windows #oypy; ,e;jf; $Wfs; xt;nthd;Wk; C vOj;jpy; Muk;gpj;J ngahplg;gLk;. Kjyhk;
nrYj;jp C nrYj;jp vdg;gLk;. ,uz;lhtJ nrYj;jp D nrYj;jp vd ngahplg;;;gLk;.
Linux #oypy; td;tl;bd; $Wfs;> ,yf;f gy;jpwthw;wy; tl;L> rpkpl;L epidtfk; Mfpad midj;Jk;
Nfhg;G ciwapdy; (Linux ,y; ,it bnuf;lh; vd miof;fg;gLk;). gpujpaPL nra;ag;gLk;. Linux #oypy;
C,D vd;w ngah;fspy; nrYj;jpfisf; fhztpayhJ.

39. tl;L tbtikj;jy; (Disk Formatting)
td;tl;by; gphptpliy Nkw;nfhz;lNghJ khj;jpuNk mjpy; juTfsir; Nrkpf;f KbAk;. me;jf; $Wfs;
midj;Jk; jdpj;jdpahf vk;khy; tbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
tbtikj;jy; %ykhf td;tl;L> nefpo;tl;L Mfpatw;wpy; mjw;fhpa Kiwikia gad;gLj;jp Nfhg;Gj;
juTfis Nrkpf;f Vw;wthW khw;wpaikf;fg;gLk;.
jw;fhyj;jpy; re;ijapy; mNdf jw;fhypf epidtfw;fs; Kd;dNu tbtikf;fg;gl;l (Pre- Formatted_
epiyapy; cs;sjhy; mtw;iw Neubahfg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
Njitf;Nfw;g td;tl;ilNah nefpo;tl;ilNa kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;
tbtikj;jYf;F cl;gLj;;jpg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. ,jd;NghJ
tl;bYs;s midj;Jj; jfty;fSk; mope;JtpLk; vd;gij
Qhgfj;jy; itj;jpUg;gJ mtrpajhFk;. MfNt> tl;bYs;s
Kf;fpakd Nfhg;Gfis tbtikf;f Kd;dh; mtw;wpd; kPSl;lw;
gpujpfis (Backup) vLj;J itj;Jf; nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;.
gphptply;> tbtikj;jy; Mfpad %ykhf nrYj;jpfs; juTfis
,Ltjw;F Vw;wthW khw;wg;Lk;.
vdpDk;> fzpdpapy; Kjw;jlitahf gzpnray; Kiwikia
epWTk;NghJ gphptply;> tbtikj;jy; Mfpad Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
mjd; gpd;dh; ,it kpf mhpjhfNt Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

40. Jz;lhf;fy; (Defragmentation)
,J tpd;Nlh]; (Windows) #otpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Nfhg;G td;tl;by; ,lg;gLk;NghJ rpy
re;jh;g;gq;fspy; (Nfhg;Gfs; nfhs;sstpy; mjpfkhf cs;sNghJ) mtw;iw Xnu jlitapy; Nrkpf;f
Kbahj epiy Vw;glyhk;. ,;t;thW Nfhg;gpd; xt;nthU gFjpAk; ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;y;
Jz;lq;fshjy; vdg;gLk;.
tpNrlkhff; Nfhg;Gfs; mbf;fb njhFg;gLtjhy; Nfhg;gpd; msT mjpfhpg;gjdhy; Nfhg;Gfisg;
ghfq;fshfg; gphpj;J tl;bd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; gzpnray; Kiw %yk; Nrkpf;fyhk;. Nfhg;Gfis
ePf;fp tl;by; Gjpa Nfhg;Gfspw;fhd ,lj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Kay;tjdhYk; Jz;lhf;fy; epfOk;.
Jz;lhf;fy; %ykhf Nfhg;gpid thrpf;f KaYk;NghJ ,jd; ghfq;fs; xNu thpirapy; (xd;Wf;nfhd;W
mz;ikapy;) mike;jpuhik fhuzkhf mtw;iw thrpf;f ePz;l Neuk; nry;tjdhy; fzpdpapd;
nraw;wpwd; FiwAk;.

41. Jz;lhf;fy; (Defragmentation)
fzpdpapd; nra;wwpwd; FiwAnkdpd; ,J Jz;lhf;fy; fhuzkhf epfo;e;jpUf;fyhk; vd Cfpf;fyhk;.
(fzpdpapd; nraw;wpwd; Fiwtila NtW gy fhuzq;fSk; cs;sd). ,jw;nfd tpiuthf kPs;
Jz;lhf;fiy Nkw;nfhs;tNj rpw;e;jjhFk;.
vt;thnwdpDk;> Linux I mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
gzpnray; Kiwikfspy; Nfhg;gfs; NtW KiwapNyNa
Nrkpf;fg;gLk;. ,q;F Nfhg;Gfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W mz;ikapy;
Nrkpf;fg;glhJ. xt;nthU Nfhg;Gf;nfdTk; mjpf ,lk;
xJf;fg;gl;L xd;Wf;nfhd;W Nra;ikahfr; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;.
,jdhy; Muk;g Nfhg;gpd; msT nghpjhff; fhzg;gbDk;
mJ xNu jlitapy; Nrkpf;ff; $ba ,lk;
xJf;fgl;bUf;Fk;.
,jdhy; Linux gzpnray; Kiwikfspy; Jz;lhf;fy;
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gf; FiwthFk;. mt;thNw
Nfhg;gpd; nfhs;ssT kpfg; nghpjhapd; me;jf; Nfhg;G
NtNwhh; ,lj;jpy; ngah;f;fg;gl;L Nrkpf;fg;gl Linux
gzpnray Kiwik eltbf;ifnaLf;Fk; . ,jd;;
fhuzkhf Linux gzpnray; Kiwikfspy; kPs;
Jz;lhf;fYf;nfd Nkyjpf gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fs;
Njitg;glhJ.

42. Nfhg;G Kiwikia ,dq;fhzy;
fzpdpapy; ngUksthd juTfis ,Ljy; kw;Wk; ,;lg;gl;Ls;s juTfis kpff; Fwfpa fhyj;jpDs;
kPz;Lk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; Mfpa trjpfis toq;ff; $ba nghwpKiwNa ,JthFk;. ,t;thW ,lg;gLk;
juTfspd; milahsj;ij ,dq;fhzf;$bajhf ehk; mjw;nfdf; Nfhg;Gg; nganuhd;iw toq;f
Ntz;Lk;. mt;thNw fzpdpapy; gzpnray; Kiwik kw;Wk; gpuNahf nkd;nghUSf;Fhpa ghhpa
Nfhg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;. ,t;thW fzpdpapDs; fhzg;gLk; rfy Nfhg;GfSk; ,uz;L $Wfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sd. Nfhg;Gg; ngah; (File Name) ePl;rp (Extension) Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sNghJk;
gzpnray;Kiwik %yk; Nfhg;gpd; ePl;rp gaeUf;Fj; njhpahjthW Ngzg;gLk;.

43. Nfhg;gpd; ePl;rpia mtjhdpj;jy;
Start Control Panel Folder Options View Hide Extensions for known File Types (cUit
mtjhdpf;f) rhp milahsj;ij ePf;Fk;. Ok fl;lisg; nghj;jhid mKj;Jf.
ve;jnthU Nfhg;gpd; kPJk; ,ul;ilr; nrhlf;Fjiy (Double Click)
Nkw;nfhz;L ePl;rpapd; ngaiu mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

44. Nfhg;gpd; ePl;rpia mtjhdpj;jy;
gy;NtW tifg;gl;l Nfhg;G ePl;rpfs; (File Extension) cs;sd. mtw;Wl; rpy tUkhW>
gzpnray; Kiwik %yk; njlh;ghfg; Ngzg;gLk; Nkyjpf tplaq;fs;
Nfhg;gpid ,Lk; re;jh;g;gj;jpy; vk;khy; Nfhg;gpd; ngah; kw;Wk;
Ngzg;gLk; ,lk; Mfpad cs;splg;gLk;. ,it jtpu Nfhg;gj;
njhlh;ghd juTfs; gyTk; Ngzg;gLk;.
 Nfhg;G tif (Type of file)
 Nfhg;gpd; gUkd; (Size of the File)
 Nfhg;G Nrkpf;fg;gl;l jpfjpAk; NeuKk; (Saved Date and Time)

45. Nfhg;gpd; ePl;rpia mtjhdpj;jy;
Nfhg;igg; NgZtjw;fhd ,lj;ijj; njhpTnra;jy;
Nfhg;igg; NgZk;NghJ ehk; tpUk;gpa epidtff; nfhs;ssitj; njhpTnra;J nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. mJ
nrYj;jp vdg;gLk;. td;tl;L gphptply; nra;ag;gl;l gpd;dh; nrYj;jpfs; gy fhzg;gLk;.
nrYj;jpfs; (Drives)
fzpdpapy; juTfisr; Nrkpg;gjw;Fg; gpujhdkhd td;tl;L gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. mJ ghfq;fshfg; gphptply;
nra;ag;gltpy;iynadpd; mJ [C:] nrYj;jpnadTk; gphptply; nra;ag;gl;bUg;gpd; ghfq;fspd;
vz;zpf;iff;F mika [C:] , [D:] , [E:] vd;wthWk; Njhd;Wk;.
fzpdpapy; CD, DVD, Blu Ray Disc Mfpatw;wpy; epidtff; nfhs;ssT fhzg;gLnkdpd; td;tl;bd;
ghfq;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fr; rhh;ghf ,t;thwhd nrYj;jpfSf;F vOj;JUf;fs; toq;fg;gLk;.
cjhuzkhf td;tl;L ehd;F gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;bUg;gpd; [C:] , [D:] , [E:] , [F:] vd fhl;lg;gLk;.
mg;NghJ CD, DVD,Blu Ray Disc Mfpatw;Wf;Fhpa nrYj;jp [G:] vDk; vOj;jpdhy; Fwpj;Jf;
fhl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
mt;thNw NgdhnrYj;jp (Pen Drive) I fzpdpapy; ,izf;Fk; NghJk; mjidf; Fwpg;gp; vOj;njhd;W
toq;fg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf mJ [K:] vd fhl;lg;;gLk;.
fzpdpapYs;s nrYj;jpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia mtjhdpg;gjw;F Computer vDk; glTUitj; jpwe;J
nfhs;f ,q;F Gwj;Nj nghUj;jg;gLk; CD, DVD, Blu Ray Disc, Pendrive Nghd;w mfw;wg;glf;$ba
Njf;ffq;fs; (Removable Storage) nrYj;jpfshf fhl;lg;gLk;

46. Nfhg;gpd; ePl;rpia mtjhdpj;jy;
Nfhg;Gfis itg;gjw;nfd nrYj;jpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lNghJk; nghJthfg; Nfhg;Gfs; ,q;F Neubahf
,lg;gLtjpy;iy. nrYj;jpapds; Nfhg;G ciwia (Folder) epUkhzpj;J mjDs; Nfhg;Gfs; itf;fg;gLk;. Nfhg;G
ciwfSf;Fk; chap ngaiu cs;spl Ntz;Lk;.

47. Nfhg;gpd; ePl;rpia mtjhdpj;jy;
Nfhg;G ciwnahd;iwj; jahhpj;jy;
1) Nfhg;G ciwiaj; jahhpf;f Ntz;ba nrYj;jpiaj; njhpTnra;f.
2) gl;baw; gl;ilapy; (Menu Bar) File gl;bapy; New ,d; fPOs;s Nfhg;G ciwiaj; (Folder) njhpTnra;f.
,y;iyNay; fUtpg; gl;ilapy; New Folder ,idj; njhpTnra;f.
3) nghUj;jkhd ngaiu cs;spLf.
Nfhg;Gfs;> Nfhg;G ciwfisf; ifahsy;
nrYj;jpfspYs;s Nfhg;Gfs;> Nfhg;G ciwfs; Mfatwwpy; gy;NtW njhopw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;b Vw;glyhk;
Nfhg;G> Nfhg;Giwfs; Mfpatw;iw efy;nra;J xl;Ljy; (Copy & Paste)
1) efy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba Nfhg;G / Nfhg;G ciwiaj; njhpT nra;jy;
2) efy; nra;tjw;fhd Copy fl;lisiar; nraw;gLj;Jjy; (Edit Copy my;yJ Ctrl + C)
3) xl;Ljy; nra;aNtz;ba nrYj;jpia my;yJ Nfhg;G ciwiaj; njhpT nra;jy;.
4) Paste fl;lisiar; nraw;gLj;jy; .(Edit Paste my;yJ Ctrl + V)

48. Nfhg;gpd; ePl;rpia mtjhdpj;jy;
Nfhg;G> Nfhg;G ciw Mfpatw;Wf;Fhpa ngah;fis khw;Wjy; (Rename)
1) ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba Nfhg;G / Nfhg;G ciwiaj; njhpT nra;jy;
2) File gl;bapy; Rename fl;liwiaf; nraw;gLj;Jjy;.
3) ,lg;gl Ntz;ba ngaiu jl;lr;Rr; nra;J Enter rhtpia mOj;Jjy;.
Nfhg;Gfs;> Nfhg;Giwfis ePf;Fjy; (Delete)
ePf;fg;gl;l Nfhg;G / Nfhg;Giwia kPs;epiyg;gLj;jy; (Restore)
1) Recycle Bin ,izj; jpwe;Jnfhs;sy;.
2) ,jpy; kps;epiyg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba Nfhg;G / Nfhg;Giwiaj; njhpT nra;jy;
3) File gl;baypy; Restore fl;lisiar; nraw;gLj;Jjy;
1) mfw;wg;gl Ntz;ba Nfhg;G / Nfhg;Giwiaj; njhpTnra;jy;
2) File gl;bapy; Delete vDk; fl;lisiar; nraw;gLj;jy; /
rhtpg;gyifapy; Delete rhtpia mOj;Jjy;
3) mg;NghJ Njhd;Wk; nrhy;yhlw; rhsuj;jpy; Yes vDk; fl;lisiar;
nraw;gLj;Jjy;

49. fzpdpapd; nraw;ghl;bw;F gzpnray; Kiwik kpf ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
fzpdpapy; epWtg;gl;l midj;Jg; gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fSk; gzpnray;Kiwik %yNk
nraw;gLj;ggLk;.
gaeh; fzpdp nkd;nghUs;fSld; njhlh;Gwj; Njitahd trjpfs; gzpnray; Kiwik ,ilKfj;jpd;
%yk; toq;fg;gLk;
fl;lisf;Nfhl;L ,ilKfj;ij tpl tiutpaw; gaeh; ,ilKfk; gadeUld; kpf neUf;fkhfr;
nraw;gLk;.
jdpg; gad;ghL> gy; gad;ghL> gy; nfhs;gzp> epfo;Neuk; vd gzpnray; Kiwikfs; gy tifg;gLk;
xU jlitapy; xU gaeh; kl;LNk nraw;gl trjp toq;Fk; gzp nray; Kiwik jdpg; gad;ghlLg;
gzpnray; Kiwik MFk;.
xU jlitapy; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sj;jf;f Mw;wy; nfhz;lJ gy; nfhs;gzp gzpnray;
Kiwik vdg;gLk;.
xU jlitapy; gy nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sj;jf;f Mw;wy; nfhz;lJ gy; nfhw;gzp gzpnray;
Kiwiik vdg;gLk;.
gzpnray; Kiwikapd; %ykhf fzpdpapYs;s midj;Jg; ghfq;fSk; Kfhik nra;ag;gLk;.
gzpnray; Kiwikia fzpdpapy; epWt Kd;dh; td;tl;ilg; ghfq;fshfg; gphpj;J tpLjy;> gphptply;
vdg;gLk;
Nfhg;G> Nfhg;Gg; nghah; kw;Wk; ePl;rp nfhz;bUf;Fk;
Nfhg;Gfisg; NgZjw;F Nfhg;G ciw gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Nfhg;Gf;fis ,Ltjw;fhd Nfhg;Giwfs; gaehpdhy; nrYj;jpapy; epUkhzpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.