This document provides information about management and organization. It discusses definitions of management by Drucker and Terry. It lists the functions of management as planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting. It also describes the characteristics and styles of Type A, Type J and Type Z organizations. Finally, it discusses leadership styles and qualities of effective leaders. The summary provides the key details and concepts discussed in the document in 3 sentences: The document discusses definitions and functions of management, characteristics of different types of organizations, and leadership styles. It outlines management functions as planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting. It also describes different leadership styles used in organizations.

1. Kfhikj;Jtk;
N.Umakanth
Lecturer
Faculty of Management Studies & Commerce
University of Jaffna

2. Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd tiutpyf;fzk;
Peter. F.Drucker vd;gth; Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gij
gpd;tUkhW tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpAs;shh;.
“Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ epWtdk; xd;wpd; Xh; cWg;G MFk;.
,t; cWg;Ng me; epWtdj;jpd; midj;J njhopw;ghLfisAk;
tpsf;FtJk; tiuaWg;gJkhFk;.”
R.Terry vd;gthpd; fUj;Jg;gb
“Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ jdpj;J kdpjh;fSld; njhlh;GilaJ
my;y. ,J xU nraw;ghL mjhtJ gbj;jy;> ePe;Jjy; my;yJ
XLjy; Nghd;wjhFk;. Kfhikj;Jtk; kf;fis nraw;gl
itj;J mjd; %ykhf mth;fis Kfhikahsh;fshf
jiyth;fshf khw;Wfpd;wJ.”

3. Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; ,d;iwa mtrpak;
 tsq;fis tpidj;jpwdhfg; ngw;W
gad;gLj;Jtjw;f;F
 khw;wkilAk; R+oy;fis epWtdk;
cs;thq;fpf; nfhs;s
 Nehf;fq;fis ntw;wpfukhf mile;J
nfhs;s
 gpur;rpidfis jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;stjw;f;F
 nray; jpwd;fis mjpfupf;f
 r%fg; nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;w

4. Kfhikj;Jt rthy;fs;
 cyf kakhf;fy; nraw;ghLfs;
 njhopy; El;g khw;wq;fs;
 ju epu;zak; njhlu;ghd nraw;ghLfs;
 kdpjtsk; njhlu;ghd nraw;ghLfs;
 r%f nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;wy;
 khw;wy; Kfhikj;Jt nraw;ghLfs;

5. A,J kw;Wk;; z epWtdq;fs;
TYPE A, J, and Z
ORGANIZATIONS
TYPE A ORGANIZATION (American)
• FWq;fhy Ntiytha;g;G
• mjpfsthd kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; Cf;fg;gLj;jy;fs;
• Gjtp cau;Tf;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs;
• jdp egu; jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;fs;
• jdp egu; nghWg;Gf;fs;
• ntspg;gilahd kw;Wk; Kiwahd fl;Lg;ghLfs;

6. TYPE J ORGANIZATION (Japanese)
• MAl;fhy Ntiytha;g;G
• nkJthd kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; gjtp cau;T
• $l;Lg; nghWg;G
• Kiwrhuj fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk;
• KOikahd epWtd mf;fiwfs;
• FO mbg;gilapyhd nraw;ghLfs;
• Neu;fzpa mbg;gilapyhd eltbf;iffs;

7. TYPE Z ORGANIZATION (Modified American)
• ePz;lfhy Ntiytha;g;G
• nkJthd kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; gjtp cau;T
• eLj;ju msthd Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd
tha;g;Gf;fs;
• gu];gukhd KbntLj;jy; eilKiwfs;
• jdpg; nghWg;Gf;fs;
• njspthd epWtdf; nfhs;iffs;
• Kiwrhuhf; fl;Lg;ghLfs;
• Neu;fzpa KbntLj;jy;fs;

8. Kfhikj;Jt njhopw;ghLfs; / Kfhikj;Jt nra;Kiwfs;
Management Functions/ Process of Management
Newman and Summer vd;gth; Kfhikj;Jtk;
gpd;tUk; 4 njhopw;ghL my;yJ nra;Kiwfs; vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. Mit gpd;tUkhW
1. jpl;lkply;
2. xOq;fikj;jy;
3. newpg;gLj;jy;
4. fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

9. Luther Gulick Kfhikj;Jt njhopw;ghLfis 7
tiffshf tifg;gLj;jpAs;shh;. ,jid “POSDCRB”
vd miog;gh;. ,jd; tpsf;fk; gpd;tUkhW
P – Planning
O – Organizing
S – Staffing
D – Directing
C – Coordinating
R – Reporting
B – Budgeting

10. Kfhikj;Jt nra;Kiwfs;
Kfhikj;Jt cs;sPLfs; (5M)
Materials - %yg; nghUs;
Machine - ,ae;jpuq;fs;
Money – gzk;
Methods – Kiwfs;
Men – kdpju;fs;
Gjpa tsq;fshf ,izf;fg;gl;lit
Knowledge – mwpT
Information – jfty;
Time – Neuk;

11. Kfhikj;Jt ntspaPLfs;
,yf;Ffis miljy;
J}u Nehf;F
,yl;rpa Nehf;F
Nehf;fk;
Fwpf;Nfhs;
,tw;wpd; %ykhf kf;fSf;fhd nghUl;fSk;
NritfSk; ngwg;gLk;

12. Inputs (tsq;fs;)
Management Process (Kfhikj;Jt
nra;Kiwfs;)
Outputs(ntspaPLfs;)

13. jpl;lkply; (Planning)
jpl;lkply; Kfhikj;Jt njhopw;ghLfspd; mbg;gilj;
njhopw;ghlhFk;. ,J epWtdq;fspy; Copah;fs; Fiwthf
gzpGhptjw;Fj; Njitahd tpidj;jpwd; jd;ikfis
toq;Ftjhf cs;sJ. jpl;lkply; vjid? ahH? vt;thW?
vg;NghJ? nraw;gLj;JtJ vd;gjw;fhd tpilapid
toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,J epWtdnkhd;wpd; J}uNehf;Fld;
njhlh;GilajhfTk; epWtd nray;jpwDld; kpf neUf;fkhd
njhlh;GilajhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
• Nehf;fj;jpid cUthf;Fjy;
• Kd;Ddu;jy;
• R+oy; fhuzpfisf; fz;lwpjy;
• jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;

14. R+oy; fhuzpfs;
1. mfr;R+oy; fhuzpfs;
gyk;
gytPdk;
2.Gwr; R+oy; fhuzpfs;
tha;g;G
mr;RWj;jy;fs;

15. jPu;khdk; vLj;jy; nra;Kiwfs;
gpur;ridfis milahsk; fhzy;
khw;Wtopfis fz;lwpjy;
khw;W topfis kjpg;gply;
nghUj;jkhdij Nju;e;njLj;jy;
Nju;e;njLj;jij eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

16. jPu;khdk; vLj;jy; tiffs;
jdpj; jPu;khdk;
gzpj;jy;
jpzpj;jy;
FOj; jPu;khdnkLj;jy;
fye;jhNyhrpf;Fk; ,ay;G
gq;Fgw;Wk; ,ay;G

17. xOq;fikj;jy; (Organizing)
xOq;fikj;jy; vd;gJ epWtdk; xd;wpd;
nraw;ghLfis milahsk; fhz;gJld; njhlh;GilaJ. ,J
Fwpg;ghf epWtdk; xd;wpd; gy;NtW tpjkhd tsq;fis
epWtdj;Njitf;Nfw;w tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;JtJld;
njhlh;GilaJ. Fwpg;ghf xt;nthU KfhikahsUk; xt;nthU
gFjpfSk; vt;thwhd njhopw;ghLfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ
vd;gij milahsk; fhzTk; mtw;Wf;fhd tsq;fis
xJf;fPL nra;aTk; cjTfpd;wJ.

18. xOq;fikj;jy; jj;Jtq;fs;
Ntiyg; gfpu;T
jpizf;fsg;gLj;jy;
mjpfhuKk; nghWg;Gk;;
gbr;rq;fpyp
Fl;lisaplypy; xw;Wik
Fl;Lg;ghl;bd; tprhyk;
XUq;fpizj;jy;

19. mikg;G tiuglk;
NkypUe;J fPohdJ
fpilahdJ
tl;lkhdJ
caukhd mikg;G
jl;ilahd mikg;G

20. newpg;gLj;jy;
newpg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ epWtdk; xd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fis
miltjw;fhd gy;NtW tpjkhd topfis toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,j;
njhopw;ghL gpd;tUk; cgnjhopw;ghLfis nfhz;ljhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
epWtdq;fs; itj;jpUf;Fk; ,yf;fpid miltjw;fhf
Copau;fis topg;gLj;Jfpd;w fUkk; newpg;gLj;jy; MFk;. ,f;
fUkj;jpNyNa epWtdj;jpd; ntw;wp jq;fpapUg;gjhff; nfhs;tu; mjd;
fhuzkhfNt ngsjpf tsq;fspy; fhl;Lfpd;w mf;fiwapid tpl kdpj
tsj;jpy; fhl;Lfpd;w mf;fiw cau;tile;Js;sJ. ,t; kdpj tsj;jpid
• jiyikj;Jtk;
• njhlh;ghly;
• Cf;fg;gLj;jy;

21. Mfpa 3 fUkq;fSk; Kf;fpak; ngWtJld; mtw;wpd;
%yNk Copau;fsJ njhopy; jpUg;jpapidAk; ,yf;F
miltpidAk; jq;fpAs;sd.
njhopy; jpUg;jp vd;gNj Copau;fs; jkJ njhopypy;
nfhz;Ls;s rhjfkhd kddpiyahFk;. jpUg;jp vd;gJ
Copau; jdJ njhopypy; vjid vjpu; ghu;f;fpd;whu;
vd;gjidAk; vjid ngWfpd;whu; vd;gjpYk; jq;fpAs;sJ.
Copau; vjpu;ghu;j;jJ milag;gLk; NghJ mtu; Ntiyapy;
jpUg;jp milfpd;whu;. jpUg;jp FiwtilAk; NghJ
Copau;fSf;Fk; Kfhikf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Kuz;ghLfs;
mjpfupf;fpd;wJ> ,jd; fhuzkhf cw;gj;jpjpwd; tPo;r;rp
milfpd;wJ.

22. jiyikj;Jtk;
jiyikj;Jtk; vd;gJ gpwiu topelj;jp
mth;fsplkpUe;J jd;dpr;irahd xj;Jiog;gpidg; ngw;W
mjd; %ykhf epWtd ,yf;fpid milar; nra;fpd;w Xh;
,aq;Fk; nraw;ghlhFk;.
jiyth; epWtdj;jpd; kf;fis topfhl;b
nraw;glr; nra;fpd;whh;. ,th; jdf;F fPo;g;gl;lth;fspd;
Kaw;rpfis epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;Nfw;g ,af;Ffpd;whh;.
vdNt jiyik Vw;wy; vd;gJ xU kdpjdpd; elj;ijapd;
jukhFk;. mjd; %yk; mth; jdf;F fPo;g;gl;lth;fis
epWtdj;jpf; ,yf;if Nehf;fp Mh;tj;Jld; nraw;gl
itf;fpd;whh;.

23. jiyikj;Jtk;
epWtdnkhd;wpd; ,yf;fpid miltjw;fhf jdp
egupid my;yJ Fotpd; kPJ nry;thf;F
nrYj;Jjy; jiyikj;Jtk; MFk;.
mj; jiyth;fs; jk;kplkpUf;Fk; tYtpidg;
gad;gLj;jp VidNahu; kPJ nry;thf;fpid
gpuNahfpj;J mtu;fspd; elj;ijapy;
khw;wj;jpid vw;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.

24. jiyikj;Jtf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;;

25. jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;F
Leadership Style
jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;Ffs; epWtdj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; FOf;fspy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jp mjd; %ykhf epWtd ,yf;fpid
mile;J nfhs;s cjTfpd;wJ. epWtdq;fspy;
fhzg;glf;$ba gy;NtWtpjkhd jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;Ffs;
gpd;tUkhW

26. 1) rh;tjpfhu jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;F
,j; jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;fpy; jiyth; epWtdj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; midj;J nraw;ghLfSf;Fk; nghWg;ghff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k; Kiwapd; %yk; midj;Jj; jpl;lk;>
jPh;khdnkLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F jiythpd; jPh;khdNk
fhuzkhf mikAk;. ,g; ghq;fpy; jdp xUthpd; nry;thf;F
mjpfsT fhzg;gLk;.
,J fPo;g;gl;lth;fSf;F fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk;
jz;lidfis toq;fp mth;fSld; vjph;kiwahd
njhlh;Gfisg; NgZtjd; %ykhf topelj;Jfpd;w xU
jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;fhFk;. ,j; jiyikj;Jtk;
fPo;g;gl;lth;fSld; neUf;fkhd cwTfisg; Ngzhj
fhuzj;jpdhy; FWq;fhy tho;Tj;juj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

27. 2) Idehafj; jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;F
,j; jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;fhdJ fPo;kl;lj;jtUld;
fye;Jiuahb mth;fsJ MNyhridiag; ngw;W mjd;
%ykhf epWtd nraw;ghLfis nraw;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,k;
Kiwapy; $l;Lj;jPh;khdq;fs; Nkw;f;nfhs;tjdhy;
midtuJ xj;Jiog;igAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJld;
Copah;fis Kfhik nra;tJk; RygkhFk;. ,k; Kiw
ntFkjpfs;> rd;khdq;fis fPo;kl;lj;jth;fSf;F toq;fp
mjd; %ykhf mth;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jp
Nkw;f;nfhs;sg;gLtjdhy; ePba fhy tho;Tj;jd;ik
cilajhff; fhzg;gLk;.

28. 3) vNjr;rjpfhu jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;F
,j; jiyikj;Jt Kiwapy; jiyth;
fPo;g;gl;lth;fspd; elj;ijapy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjw;F
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mstpyhd rh;tjpfhuj; jd;ikiag;
gpuNahfpf;fpd;wdh;. ,J Fwpg;ghf Kfhikahsh;
CopaUld; xU mzpahf ,ize;J nraw;gLtjidf;
fhzyhk;. ,k; Kiwapy; Copah;fs; kPJ Ra
Cf;fg;gLj;jypidf; nfhz;bUg;ghh;fs.;
jiytdpd; nry;thf;F jpzpf;fg;gLk; jiytd; jPu;khdq;fis vLj;J mjid
eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; mOj;jj;jpid gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

29. fl;Lg;ghlw;w jiyikj;Jt ghq;F
Laissez faire Style
,J jiytd; cjtpahsu;fs; kPjhd
fl;Lg;ghl;bid kpff; Fiwe;j mstpy;
itj;jpUg;gjhFk;. FO mbg;gilapy;
Copau;fis ,aq;f itg;gNj ,j;
jiyikj;Jt gz;ghFk;. jiytd;
FOtpdUld; ,ize;J fUj;Jf;fis gupkhwp
jPu;khdq;fis vLg;ghu;. mzp Ntiyf;F tif
nra;tNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

30. jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; gz;Gfs;
• jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; gz;G vd;gJ gpwuJ elj;ijapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
xU eltbf;if
,J xU FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F jiytuhf ghapw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
xU ntw;wpfukhd jiyth; jd;Dila elj;ij> kdg;ghq;F %ykhf
fPo;kl;lj;jthpd; elj;ijapy; khw;wq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
• jiyikj;Jtk; vd;gJ Cf;fg;gLj;Jk; gzpahFk;.
,J mikg;GUthf;fj;jpd; Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjw;F gzpahsh;fis
KOkdJld; Cf;Ftpf;Fk; eltbf;ifahf nraw;gLfpd;wJ. xU ntw;wpfukhd
jiyth; vd;gth; xU jdpeghpd; Mh;tj;ij xU FOtpd; Mh;tkhf
khw;wf;$bath;.
• nghJthd Nehf;fq;fSf;F gq;fspf;Fk; Xh; czh;Nt jiyik
xU ntw;wpngWk; jiyth; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; ey;y gzpr; #oiy
Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;F cjTfpd;whh;.
• jiyikNaw;wy; vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l #o;epiyAld; cs;s njhlh;G
xU Fwpg;gpl;l #o;epiyf;Fk; Neuj;jpw;Fk; njhlh;Gila xU gzp.
jiyikNaw;wy; ghzp xU #o;epiyf;Fk; kw;nwhd;wpw;Fk; khWgl;lJ.

31. • jiyikNaw;wy; vd;gJ gq;fpl;Lf;nfhs;Sk; czh;T
xU ey;y jiyth; jdJ vz;zq;fisAk; mDgtq;fisAk;
nry;thf;ifAk; jdf;F fPo;g;gl;lth;fSld; gfph;e;J nfhs;fpd;whh;. Mth;
jd;Dila elj;ijahy; Jizg; gzpahsh;fspilNa khw;wj;ij
Vw;g;gLj;Jtjdhy; ,e;j tifahd jiyikapy; xU jpUg;jp Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
• jiyikNaw;wy; vd;gJ ehl;lhikNah mjpfhuNkh my;y
ehl;lhik vd;gJ Kiwahd mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;ilf;
Fwpf;Fk;. jiyikNaw;wy; vd;gJ gpd; njhlh;e;J tUk; fPo;g;gl;lth;fis
elj;ijahy; ftUk; xU cs;shh;e;j <LghL
• jiyikNaw;wy; vd;gJ fPo;kl;lk; tiu epiyj;jpUf;fr; nra;Ak;
eltbf;if
xU jiyth; jd;Dila nry;thf;if gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ Jizg;
gzpahsh;fs; jiythpd; mjpfhuj;ij xOq;FgLj;jp jiyikNaw;wypd;
nray;Kiwfis rhj;jpakhf;Ffpd;wdh;.
• ntw;wp ngwf;$ba jiyikahdJ Nehf;fj;ij milaNtz;Lk;.
jiyth;fspd; Kaw;rp xU Fwpg;gpl;l nray; epiwNtw;wj;ij Nehf;fp
nray;gLtjhFk;.

32. jiyikj;Jt gz;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;
njhhopy; El;g gz;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;;
njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;
khdplj; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;
jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;
gapw;Wjy; jd;ikfis Nkk;gLj;jy;
Cf;fg;gLj;jy; jpwid mjpfupj;jy;
ifaspf;Fk; Mw;wiy nfhz;LtUjy;; Neu
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpid mwpKfg;gLj;jy;
Kuz;ghLfis Kfhik nra;jy;
FO nra;Kiwfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;

33. kpf;rpf;fd; gy;fiyf;fof Ma;T
m) cw;gj;jpia ikag;gLj;jpa Ma;T
(Production Oriented)
M) Copau; ikag;gLj;jpa Ma;T
(Employee Oriented)

34. elj;ijf; Nfhl;ghL
1)Nfl; nyndpd; Ma;T
m) ru;tjpfhuj; jiyikj;Jtk;
M) Vfhjpgj;jpaj; jiyikj;Jtk;
,) [dehafj; jiyikj;Jtk;
<) jiyaPlw;w jiyikj;Jtk;

35. vfpNah khepy gy;fiyf;fof Ma;T
m) ,yf;F Nehf;fpaJ
M) Copau; Nehf;fpaJ

36. Resis Linkert Ma;tpd; %yk; gpd;tUk;
jiyikj;Jt khjpupfs;
m) Mjuthd jiyikj;Jtk;
M) gq;F gw;Wk; jiyikj;Jtk;
,) newpg;gLj;Jk; jiyikj;Jtk;
<) mjpfhukw;w jiyikj;Jtk;

37. R+o;epiyf;Nfw;w jiyikj;Jtk;
ntt;NtW re;jh;gq;fspy; gad;gLj;jNtz;ba
jiyikj;Jt ghq;fpid ikakhff;
nfhz;ljhFk;. epiyikf;Nfw;w jiyikj;Jtk;
gy;NtW fhuzq;fspdhy; Kf;fpak;
ngWfpd;wJ.
Blenchard vd;gtuhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Copau;fspd; mDgtk; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ
jiyikj;Jt ,ay;Gk; NtWgLk;.

39. jiyikj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
 Mc gregor vd;gthpd; x,y Nfhl;ghL
 Kfhikj;Jt tiyg;gpd;dy; Nfhl;ghL (Management grid)

40. Douglas Mc gregor ,d; x,y Nfhl;ghL
Mc gregor vd;gth; epWtdq;fspy; Copah;fis topelj;j
,uz;L tpjkhd mZFKiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdh; vd
jdJ Ma;tpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,t; ,uz;L
mZFKiwfSk; xd;Wf;F kw;nwhd;W Kuz;ghlhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd mZFKiwfs; gpd;tUkhW
x Nfhl;ghL (jb /rTf;F Nfhl;ghL)
y Nfhl;ghL (ful; Nfhl;ghL)

41. x Nfhl;ghL
,f; Nfhl;ghL epWtdq;fspy; Copah;fis
vjph;kiwahf J}z;Ltjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; gpufhuk;
epWtdq;fspy; Copah;fSf;F jz;lidfis toq;fp
gaKWj;jy;fis Vw;gLj;jp Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,jd; gpufhuk;
epWtdq;fspy; Kfhikahsh;fs; Fwpj;j xU vLNfhis
vLj;Jf;nfhs;fps;wdh;. mjhtJ Fjpiuaplk; Ntiyapid
thq;Ftjw;F Fjpiug;ghfd; vt;thW jbiag; gad;gLj;Jfpd;whNdh
mt;thNw epWtdq;fspYk; ,f; Nfhl;ghL gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f; Nfhl;ghl;bd; gpufhuk; gpd;tUk;
gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l Copah;fSf;F ,jidg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
a. epWtd ,yf;fpy; mf;fiw mw;wth;fs;
b. epWtd nrhj;Jf;fis J];gpuNahfq;fis nra;gth;fs;
c.mjpfsT tutPdk; nfhz;lth;fs;
d. mjpf Gus;T tPjj;ij nfhz;lth;fs;
e. epWtdj;jpd; Kfhikf;F xj;Jiog;ig toq;fhjth;fs;
f. njhopyw;rq;f Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <LgLgth;fs;
g. mjpf Nkw;ghu;it Njitg;gLgtu;fs;

42. y Nfhl;ghL
,f; Nfhl;ghL epWtdq;fspy; Neuhd Kiwapy;
Copah;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,jd; gpufhuk; epWtdq;fspy;
Copah;fs; cstpay; hPjpahd jpUg;jpiag; ngw;W mjd; %ykhf
Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,J Copah; jpUg;jp> kfpo;tpg;G kw;Wk;
nfsutg;gLj;jy; %ykhf Copah;fis Cf;fg;gLj;j KbAk;. ,f;
Nfhl;ghl;bd; gpufhuk; Copah;fs; gpd;tUk; gz;Gfisf;
nfhz;lth;fshff; fhzg;gLth;.
a. Ntiyapy; Mh;tKilath;fs;
b. epWtd nrhj;jpid chpa Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jgth;fs;
c.mjpfsT tuTtPjj;jpidf; nfhz;lth;fs;
d. epWtd Kfhikf;F xj;Jiog;G toq;Fgth;fs;
e. epWtdj;jpy; epiyahfg; gzpGhpgth;fs;
f. epWtdj;jpd; rl;ljpl;lq;fs;> nfhs;iffSf;F fl;Lg;gl;lth;fs;
g. jd;dpr;irahd Cf;fg;gLj;jy;fis nfhz;bUg;gtu;fs;

43. Kfhikj;Jt tiyg;gpd;dy; Nfhl;ghL
Management grid
Robert blake and jane mouton vd;gth;fshy; tpUj;jp
nra;ag;gl;l Nfhl;ghlhFk;. ,f; Nfhl;ghl;bd; gpufhuk;
epWtdq;fspy; Kfhikahsh;fs; fPo;g;gl;lth;fis
topelj;Jtjw;F gpd;tUk; 5 Kiwfis gad;gLj;j KbAk;
vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jd; gpufhuk; 81 gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l jiyikj;Jt
Kiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

45. Nkw;f;fhl;lg;gl;l tiuglj;jpd; gpufhuk; mr;rhdJ cw;gj;jp
Nehf;fpa jiyikj;Jtj;ijAk; mr;rhdJ Copah; Nehf;fpa
jiyikj;Jtj;ijAk; nfhz;ljhf Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;
gpufhuk; epWtdq;fspy; gpd;tUk; 5 tpjkhd jiyikj;Jtk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

46. jiyaPlw;w Kfhikj;Jtk; (Style 1.1)
jiyaPlw;w Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; epWtdq;fs;
Copa eyd; kw;Wk; epWtd eyd; Mfpa ,uz;bYk; kpff;
Fiwe;jsthd mf;fiwiar; nrYj;JtjhFk;. ,J
Fwpg;ghf fPo;g;gl;lth;fs; ve;jtpjkhd cjtpfisAk;
toq;Ftjpy;iy. khwhf Kfhikahsh;fSk; Copah;fSk;
ve;jtpjkhd jiyaPLfSkpd;wp jkJ Ntiyfis kpff;
Fiwe;j mf;fiwiar; nrYj;jpf; fhz;gjhFk;.

47. Copah; Nehf;fpa Kfhikj;Jtk; (Style 1.9)
,k; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; Kfhikahsh;fs; cw;gj;jp
Nehf;fpy; Fiwe;j mf;fiwapidr; nrYj;jp Copah;
Nehf;fpy; mjpf mf;fiw nrYj;Jfpd;wdh;. ,jdhy;
Copah; NjitfSf;Fk; eyd;fSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;jtk;
tow;Ffpd;wikapdhy; Copah; jkJ Ntiyfis
nrsfhpakhf Mw;Wfpd;wdh;. Fwpg;ghf nefpo;thd
jiyikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; eph;thf eilKiwfspy;
Fiwe;jsthd fl;Lg;ghL Nghd;w tplaq;fs; Copah;fis
jpUg;jpahfTk;> rpNdfg+h;tkhfTk;> kfpo;thfTk; gzpGhpa
itf;fpd;wdh;.

48. mzp Kfhikj;Jtk; (Style 9.9)
,k; Kfhikj;Jt mZFKiwapy; epWtdq;fs; Copa
eyd;> epWtd eyd; Mfpa ,uz;bYk; cah;e;jstpyhd
mf;fiwapidr; nrYj;Jfpd;wdh;. ,J Fwpg;ghf
epWtdq;fs; Copah;fis kpfr;rhpahd xOq;fpy; elj;jp
mjd; %ykhf cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Copa elj;ijfspy;
jpUg;jpahd ngWNgWfis mile;J nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,k;
Kfhikj;Jt eilKiwia kpf mjpfsT jdpahh; Jiw
epWtdq;fspYk;> INuhg;gp ehLfspYk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

49. eLepiyahd Kfhikj;Jtk; (Style 5.5)
,k; Kfhikj;Jtk; nghJthf Copa eyd;> epWtd
eyd; Mfpa ,uz;bYk; ruhrhpahd mf;fiwia toq;fp
mjd; %ykhf jiyikj;Jt eilKiwapid
Nkw;f;nfhs;tjhFk;. ,j; jiyikj;Jtk; epWtdq;fisg;
nghWj;j tiuapy; gf;fr;rhh;Gfspd;wp epWtd Nehf;fpid
mila cjTfpd;wJ. ,jd; gpufhuk; epWtdq;fisg;
nghWj;j tiuapy; ve;j tpjkhd eph;thfr; rpf;fYkpd;wp
Ntiyfis Kfhik nra;a cjTfpd;wJ.

50. rh;tjpfhu Kfhikj;Jtk; (Style 9.1)
,k; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; epWtdq;fs; nghJthf
cw;gj;jp my;yJ epWtd eydpy; mf;fiw nrYj;jp
Copa eydpy; Fiwe;jsT mf;fiwiar; nrYj;JtjhFk;.
jiyikj;Jtk; nghJthf mjpfsthd mjpfhuq;fs;>
tYf;fis gpuNahfpj;J jiyikj;Jt eyd;fis
Nkw;f;nfhs;fpd;wd. vdNt ,j; jiyikj;Jtk; nghJthf
epWtdq;fspy; cah;kl;lk;> fPo;kl;lj;jpw;F vt;tpjkhd
mjpfhuq;fs;> nghWg;Gf;fis toq;fhJ KOikahd
fl;Lg;ghl;il jd;trk; itj;jpUe;J mjd;%yk;
epWtdq;fis Kfhik nra;fpd;w eilKiw MFk;.

52. Tannenbaum and Schmidt - Continuum of Leader
Behaviour
Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l Nfhl;ghlhdJ gpd;tUk; 5 jiyikj;Jt ,ay;Gfis
vtspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
1) gzpf;Fk; ,ay;G
2) jpzpf;Fk; ,ay;G
3) fye;JiuahLk; ,ay;G
4) gq;F nfhs;Sk; ,ay;G
5) ifaspf;Fk; ,ay;G
Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l ,ay;Gfis gpd;tUk; tiuglk; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

53. eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; jiytu; (Transactional Leader)
,j; jiytu; jdJ cjtpahsu; rpwg;ghf gzpahw;Wk;
nghUl;L mtu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jp ,yf;fpid miltjw;fhf
ek;gpf;ifAld; nraw;gl itg;ghu;. Copau;fSf;F
nghWg;Gf;fis toq;fp mit njhlu;ghd jPu;khdq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;s cupikfisAk; toq;Fthu;.

54. khw;wk; Vw;gLj;Jk; jiytu; (Transformational Leader)
,j;jiytu; Copau;fis toikahd vjpu;ghu;g;igtpl
cau;thd ,yf;fpid milAk; nghUl;L mfj;J}z;Ljy;fis
Nkw;nfhs;tu;. ,tu;fs; jkf;F nfhilahf fpilj;j
jpwd;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Copau;fSf;F Njitg;gLk;
MNyhridfs; gapw;rpfis toq;fp fbdkhfg; gzpahw;Wk;gb
J}z;Ltu;.

55. Cf;fg;gLj;jy;

56. Cf;fg;gLj;jypd; tiutpyf;fzk;
W.G ];fhl; vd;gthpd; fUj;jpd; gpufhuk;
“xU epWtdj;jpd; eph;zapj;j ,yf;fpid milag;
gzpahsh;fis J}z;Lk; nrayhFk;.”
vl;tpd; gp.gp. fpspg;Ngh vd;gthpd; fUj;jpd; gpufhuk;
“Cf;fg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ fPo;kl;lj;jtiu Kaw;rp nra;aj;
J}z;Lk; xU nraw;ghlhFk;. ,jd; %ykhf Kfhikahsh;fs;
jhk; epidj;jtw;iw nra;J Kbj;J mjw;f;fhd
rd;khdq;fis fPo;kl;lj;jtUf;F toq;fy;”
uhgl; ba+g;gpd; vd;gthpd; fUj;jpd; gpufhuk; “ xU kdpjid
nray;gLj;jTk; Vw;fdNt Muk;gpj;J itj;j nraw;ghLfisj;
J}z;lTk; Nkw;f;nfhs;sTk; nraw;gLj;Jk; eilKiw
Cf;Ftpj;jyhFk;.”

57. uhgl; ba+g;gpd; vd;gthpd; fUj;jpd; gpufhuk;
“ xU kdpjid nray;gLj;jTk; Vw;fdNt Muk;gpj;J itj;j
nraw;ghLfisj; J}z;lTk; Nkw;f;nfhs;sTk; nraw;gLj;Jk;
eilKiw Cf;Ftpj;jyhFk;.”

58. Cf;fg;gLj;jypd; %yq;fs;
mDgtkhd epWtd Kfhikahsh;fs;
kw;Wk; epGzh;fs; Cf;fg;gLj;jy;fSf;fhd mgpg;gpuhaj;ij
Nkw;f;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; rpy ntspafr; #oy; fhuzpfs;>
cs;sf #oy; fhuzpfis Copah;fis Cf;fg;gLj;j rpwe;j
fhuzpfshf Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. ,t;thwhd %yfq;fshf
gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
 Neh;Kiwahd Cf;fg;gLj;jy; (Positive motivation)
 Vjph;kiwahd Cf;fg;gLj;jy; (Negative motivation)
 ntspaf Cf;fg;gLj;jy; (Extrinsic motivation)
 cs;sf Cf;fg;gLj;jy; (Intrinsic motivation)

59. Neh;kiwahd Cf;fg;gLj;jy; (Positive motivation)
Neuhd Cf;fg;gLj;jy; Copah;fspd; Ntiyfis
mq;fPfhpj;J mth;fisg; ghuhl;b mjd;%ykhf Copah;fspd;
gq;fspg;gpid epWtd ,yf;fpid mile;Jnfhs;tjw;F
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjhFk;. ,jd; %ykhf Copah;fs; kfpo;r;rpahfTk;
rpwe;j mzpahfTk; gzpGhpa itf;f J}z;Lfpd;wJ.
,t;thwhd Cf;fg;gLj;jy; topfs; gpd;tUkhW
1. Copah;fSf;fhd ghuhl;Ljy;fis mth;fspd; xt;nthU
epiwNtw;Wjypd; NghJk; toq;Fjy;
2. mjpfhuf; ifaspg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fs; ifaspg;gjd;
%yk;
3. epWtd jPh;khdnkLj;jypy; Copah;fis gq;fspg;G nra;tjd;
%yk;
fPo;g;gl;lth;fSf;F eyd;Ghpr;Nritfis toq;Ftjd; %yk;

60. Cf;fg;gLj;jy; Nfhl;ghLfs;
Theories of motivation
nghJthf epWtdq;fspy; vt;thW
Copah;fSf;fhd Cf;fg;gLj;jiy Cf;Ftpf;fyhk; vd;gjid
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,U Nfhl;ghLfs; fhzg;gLk;. ,f;
Nfhl;ghLfs; epWtdq;fspy; rpwg;ghd Cf;fg;gLj;jy; cUthf
cjTfpd;wJ.
a)cs;sf;f Nfhl;ghLfs; (The content theories of work
motivation)
b) nra;Kiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; (The process theories of work
motivation)

61. vjph;kiwahd Cf;fg;gLj;jy; (Negative motivation)
,t; Cf;fg;gLj;jy;; Copah;fis tw;GWj;jp
tYf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp gak; mr;RWj;jy;fs; %ykhf
Copah;fis mth;fsJ gzpfis Nkw;f;nfhs;s
Kaw;rpg;gjhFk;. ,t; Cf;fg;gLj;jyhdJ jz;lidfis
toq;fp mth;fspd; elj;ijfspy; khw;wj;ij
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. ,t; Cf;fg;gLj;jyhdJ Copah;fisg;
gaKWj;jp jz;lidfis toq;fp Copah;fspd; midj;J
nraw;ghLfisAk; epWtdj;Jf;F Vw;w tifapy; khw;wpf;
nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,jd;gb vjpu;ghu;j;j tpisT Vw;gl Kbak;
vd;whYk; $ba tpisit ngw;Wj;ju khl;lhJ.
kWGwj;jpy; Copau; cw;gj;jp jpwd; mjpfupf;Fk; tha;g;G
fhzg;gl khl;lhJ.

62. njhlh;ghly;

63. njhlh;ghly; jd;ikfs; - rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
• ,Utopj; njhlh;ghly; Kiwahff; fhzg;gLjy;
Fiwe;jsT ,U egh;fs; ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk jfty;
ghpkhw;wk; eilngWk;. xU egh; nra;jpiaj;
njhptpf;fpd;whh;. kw;iwath; mijg; ngWfpd;whh;.
• ,yFthd nkhopeil
xU njhlh;ghlypd; ntw;wp mijg; ngWgth; mr;
nra;jpapidg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;Sjypy; jq;fpAs;sJ. vdNt
nra;jpia mDg;Ggth; ngWgth; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sf; $ba
tifapy; nkhopeilapy; mDg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• vz;zq;fspy; Xhpdj;jd;ik
nra;jpia mDg;Ggth; vt;thW nra;jpia
mDg;gpdhNuh mijg; ngWgth; mt;thNw
Ghpe;Jnfhs;tjw;F ,f; fUj;J xUikg;ghL Ntz;Lk;.

64. njhlh;ghly;
njhlh;ghliy Communication vd
Mq;fpyj;jpy; miog;gh;. ,J Communis vd;w
,yj;jPd; nrhy;ypypUe;J te;jjhFk;. ,jw;Fg;
nghJthdJ vd;W nghUs;. vdNt jfty;
njhlh;ghdJ xUth; jd;dplKs;s nghJthd
cz;ikfs;> vz;zq;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fis
ghpkhwpf;nfhs;Sk; eilKiwahFk;. xU egh;
nra;jpfis kw;nwhU eghplk; njhptpj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; NghJ jfty; njhlh;G
eilngWfpd;wJ.

65. • nra;jp xU nghUisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
Fwpj;j xU nra;jp xU nghUis
nfhz;bUe;jhy;jhd; mijg; ngWgth; $wg;gLk;
nra;jpapy; Mh;tk; fhl;Lthh;. mjhtJ nra;jp
ngWeUf;F gaDilajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• jfty; njhlh;G vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; CLUTk;
jd;ik
jfty; njhlh;G vy;yh ,lq;fspYk;
epiwe;Js;sJ. ,J Kfhikapd; vy;yh
,lq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk;. ,J cah;> eLj;juk;>
fPo; vd;w kl;lq;fSf;fpilapy;
ghpkhw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.

66. njhlu;ghly; nra;Kiwfs;
,J njhlu;ghly; %yk; nra;jpfs;
gupkhw;wg;gLtjid ntspf;fhl;Lk;. ,jpy; 6
nra;Kiwfs; fhzg;gLk;.

67. epWtdq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; njhlh;ghly;
tiffs;
1)cs;thhpahd njhlh;ghly;
2)ntspthhpahd njhlh;ghly;

68. cs;thhpahd njhlh;ghly;
cs;thhpahd njhlh;ghly; vd;gJ
epWtdq;fspy; epWtd Kfhikapd;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fl;gl;l epWtd vy;iyfSf;Fs;
,lk;ngWk; njhlh;ghly; MFk;. ,j; njhlh;ghly;
nghJthf epWtdj;jpd; nfhs;iffs;> tpjpfs;>
Nehf;fq;fs;> Kiwikfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg;
ghpkhwpf;nfhs;s mtw;iw cUthf;fpf;nfhs;s
cjTtjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J
epWtdq;fspd; tpidj;jpwdhdJk;
gaDWjpj;jd;ikAilaJkhd Kfhikj;Jt
nraw;ghLfis Nkw;f;nfhs;tJld;

69. ntspthhpahd njhlh;ghly;
,J epWtdj;jpd; Kfhikapd;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F mg;ghw;gl;l Gwr;#oYld;
njhlh;GilajhFk;. ,J epWtdr; #oy;>
thbf;ifahsh; Njit> vjph;ghh;g;G> re;ijapd;
Nfs;tp> epuk;gy; Nghd;w tplaq;fis
ghpkhwpf;nfhs;s mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

70. njhlh;ghlypd; gpujhd Kiwfs;
njhlh;ghlyhdJ vt;thW
ifahsg;gLfpd;wJ vd;w mbg;gilapy;
mijg; gpd;tUk; 3 tifahf
tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
• vOj;J %ykhd njhlh;ghly;
• tha;nkhop %ykhd njhlh;ghly;
• iriffs; %ykhd njhlh;ghly;

71. vOj;J %ykhd njhlh;ghly;
vOj;J %ykhd njhlh;ghly; vd;gJ
epWtdq;fspy; nra;jpfshdJ vOj;J %ykhd
fbjq;fs;> Rw;wwpf;iffs;> nra;jpf; Fwpg;Gf;fs;>
mwpf;iffs;> ifNaLfs; Nghd;wd %ykhf
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ed;ikfs;
 njspthdjhf fhzg;gLjy;
 gaDilajhff; fhzg;gLjy;
 kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; cgNahfpf;f $bajhff; fhzg;gLjy;
 nryTr; rpf;fdkhff; fhzg;gLjy;
 mjpfsthd nra;jpfis mDg;gf; $bajhff;
fhzg;gLjy;

72. njhlh;ghlypd; jilfs;
njhlh;ghlypd; jilfs; vd;gJ nra;jp
mDg;GNthhpdhy; mDg;gg;gLk; nra;jpapidg;
ngWgth; chpa mh;j;jj;jpy;
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tij ghjpf;fpd;w fhuzpfs;
MFk;. ,j; jilfs; epWtdq;fSf;F
epWtdk; nra;jpfis ghpkhwpf; nfhs;tjpy;
ntt;NtW tpjkhd jilfis cUthf;fpf;
nfhs;fpd;wd. mj; jilfs; gpd;tUkhW

73. • rj;jk;
njhlh;ghlypy; rj;jk; vd;gJ njhlh;ghlypd;
chpa mh;j;jk; nrtpkLg;Nghiu nrd;wilahJ
jLf;Fk; fhuzpahFk;. ,J #oy;fhuzpfshYk;
kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; rhjdq;fspdhYk;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
• nkhophPjpahd jilfs;
epWtdq;fspy; jw;NghJ gy;Kfhikj;Jtk;
fhzg;gLtjdhy; gynkhop NgRNthh;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. vdNt njhlh;ghlypd; gpujhd
jilfahf nkhop fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k;
nkjopfspy; fhzg;glf; $ba gy;NtW tpjkhd
rpf;fy;fs; cs;sf> ntspafj; njhlh;ghlypy;
ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

74. • fyhr;rhuj; jilfs;
,d;W epWtdq;fspy; tpahghur; #oypy;
cyfkakhf;fy; fhuzkhf gy;NtW tpjkhd
kj> nkhop> fyhr;rhuq;fisf; nfhz;l kf;fs;
fhzg;gLtjdhy; ,d;W njhlh;ghlypy; fyhr;rhu
hPjpahd jilfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
• epWtd tpjpfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfs;
epWtdq;fs; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; tpjpfs;
njhlh;ghlYf;fhd nghUj;jkhd topfis
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. mdhy; rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy;
njsptpy;yhj nfhs;iffs;> tpjpfs; kw;Wk;
eilKiwfs; njhlh;ghlypy; jilfis
cUthf;Fk;.

75. • epWtdf; fl;likg;G
epWtdq;fspy; cah;e;j fl;likg;G>
jlilahd fl;likg;G vdg; gy;NtW
fl;likg;Gf;fs; epWtdq;fspy; gt;NtW
tpjkhd jilfis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

76. fl;Lg;gLj;jy; CONTROLLING
Kfhikj; njhopw;ghLfspy; xd;whd fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
epue;jukhdJk; njhlu;r;rpahfTk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba
njhopw;ghlhFk;.
nudpw; Nghg; vd;gtu; fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ eilngWk;
nray;fs;. Vw;nfdNt tiuag;gl;l jpl;lj;jpd;gbAk;
gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l Mizfspd;gbAk; eilngWfpd;wjh
vd;gjid mwpe;J nfhs;SjYk; FiwghLfs; kPz;Lk;
tuhkYk; jLj;jYf;fhd xU gzpahFk; vd
tiuaWf;fpd;wdu;.
,jd; %yk; jpl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; nraw;ghLfs;
eilngWtjw;Fk; mjD}lhf epWtd ,yf;if ,yFthfTk;>
tpiuthfTk; miltjw;Fk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; cjTfpd;wJ.

77. fl;Lg;gLj;jy; nra;Kiw
epakq;fis cUthf;Fjy;
cz;ikfisf; fz;lwpjy;
epakq;fis cz;ikfSld; xg;gpLjy;
NtWghl;bid fz;lwpjy;
NtWgl;bUg;gpd; gupfhuq;fisj; NjLjy;

78. fl;Lg;ghl;L tiffs; Type of control
epWtdq;fs; jkJ tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;g fl;Lg;gLj;jy; Kiwfisj;
Nju;e;njLf;f KbAk;. toikapy; epWtdq;fshy; %d;W
tifahd fl;Lg;gLj;jyfs; filg;gpbf;fg;gly; KbAk;.
1. jLg;Gf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; (Preventive Control)
2. jpUj;jf; fl;Lg;ghL (Corrective Control)
3. gzpj;Jiwf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; (Bureaucratic Control)

79. jLg;Gf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; (Preventive Control)
epWtdq;fs; vj;jifa jtWfisAk; Kd;$l;b ePf;fptpl
vLf;Fk; eltbf;if jLg;Gf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhFk;. ,e;j
eltbf;ifapd;gb jtW cz;ikapy; Vw;glNtkhl;lhJ. jtW
vq;F Vw;gl KbAk; vd Kd; czug;gl;L jtWfis
Vw;gLtjw;F Kd;gjhf mit ePf;fg;gLk;.

80. jpUj;jf; fl;Lg;ghL (Corrective Control)
epWtdq;fspy; jtW Vw;gl;ljd; gpd;G mjidj;
jpUj;Jtjw;F vLf;Fk; eltbf;iffs; vy;yhk; jpUj;jf;
fl;Lg;ghL vdg;gLk;. ,jd;gb epaj;JKk; cz;ikf;Fk;
,ilNa tpyfy; fhzg;gLk;. ,jw;ff; fhuzk; vd;d vd;gij
Muha;e;J gupfhuq;fisj; NjLtNj ,f; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhFk;.

81. gzpj;Jiwf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; (Bureaucratic Control)
epWtdj;jpd; eltbf;iffs; tpjpfSf;Fk;
gpukhzq;fSf;Fk; Vw;g mike;jpUf;fpwjh vd;gijf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jpg; ghu;g;gJ ,JthFk;. ,f; fl;Lg;gLj;jypd;gb
gpukhzq;fisAk; kPwhjpUg;gJ cWjp nra;ag;gLk;.

82. fl;Lg;ghl;L El;gq;fs; (Control Techniques )
1. ,Ug;Gf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
2. juf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
3. ghjPl;Lf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
4. ,yhg el;l Ma;T
5. tpfpjg; gFg;gha;T
6. tiyg;gpd;dy; Ma;T
7. fzf;fha;Tf; fl;Lg;ghL

83. fl;Lg;ghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; (Importance of control)
1. jpl;lj;jpd; eilKiwapid kjpg;gpl cjTfpd;wJ.
2. FiwghLfis cupa fhyj;jpy; fz;lwpe;J jPu;T fhz
cjTfpd;wJ.
3. Vjpu;fhy jpl;lq;fs; vt;thW mika Ntz;Lk; vd
vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
4. Kfhikapd; Vida gzpfs; vt;thW eilKiwg;glj;jg;gLk;
vd mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpd;wJ.
5. epWtdr; nray;fspd; epakj;jpw;Fk; nraw;ghl;L mstpw;Fk;
,ilapyhd NtWghl;il fz;lwpa cjTfpd;wJ.
epWtd tsq;fs; cr;r Kiwapy; gad;glj;jg;gl cjTfpd;wJ.

84. rpwe;j fl;lg;ghl;L Kiwapd; jd;ikfs;
1. nghUj;jKilik (Suitability)
2. tpiuthd mwpf;if (Quick Reporting )
3. Ntwghl;bw;fhd mwptpj;jy; (Reporting Deviations)
4. Kd;Nehf;fp mwpjy; (Forward Looking )
5. Nehf;fq;fs; (Objectives )
6. nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik (Flexibility)
7. rpf;fdk; (Economy)
8. vspikaha; ,Uj;jy; (Simple)
9. Cf;fkspj;jy; (Motivating)
10.jpUj;j eltbf;if (Corrective Action)