This document discusses measuring a country's economic performance using gross domestic product (GDP). It begins by introducing GDP and how it is used to make international comparisons of economic size. It then outlines how GDP is calculated using both the expenditure and income approaches. Key points include defining GDP as the total market value of final goods and services produced domestically in a year, and explaining how GDP is adjusted for inflation to derive real GDP. The document also notes limitations of GDP as a measure of overall welfare.
The document discusses unemployment, inflation, and deflation. It defines unemployment and outlines how it is calculated, describing the different types of unemployment like frictional, structural, cyclical, and seasonal. It also discusses how extending unemployment benefits may increase unemployment levels. The document then defines inflation and deflation, and explains how price indexes are used to measure changes in prices. It outlines the chapter's learning objectives which include explaining how unemployment and inflation are calculated and defined.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 5 which discusses public spending and public choice. It introduces key concepts such as market failures, externalities, public goods, the incentive problems with government-provided healthcare and education, and the theory of public choice. The chapter examines why governments intervene in markets and the economic and political functions of government spending and provision of goods and services.
The document discusses Chapter 10 of an economics textbook. It covers long-run equilibrium in the economy, how economic growth affects the long-run aggregate supply curve and the price level. It also examines factors that can cause the aggregate demand curve to shift, leading to inflation or deflation. The chapter outlines how new resources in the Arctic region could boost economic growth in northern countries by shifting their long-run aggregate supply curves outward.
The document discusses key topics in public finance including:
- The four main questions of public finance: when and how governments intervene in markets, the effects of interventions, and why governments choose certain policies.
- Facts about government spending, taxes, deficits, and debt in the US and globally, including that government spending has grown to around 35% of GDP in most developed nations.
- The roles and functions of government including providing public goods, social insurance, regulation of markets, and redistribution.
The document provides an overview of basic economic concepts. It discusses:
- Economics is the study of how individuals and societies deal with scarcity. Scarcity means that resources are limited and our wants are unlimited, so we must make choices about how to use resources.
- Microeconomics studies small economic units like individuals and firms, while macroeconomics looks at the overall economy. Positive economics makes factual statements, while normative economics includes value judgments.
- The production possibilities curve (PPC) model shows the tradeoffs between producing different goods given limited resources. Points on the PPC are productively efficient, while the optimal point depends on societal wants.
- Comparative advantage explains why countries
Public finance deals with the revenue and spending of government entities and its impact on the economy. It has four key areas: public income from taxes and other sources; public expenditure on infrastructure, services, etc.; public debt to fund gaps between income and expenditure; and financial administration of budgets, policies, and their social and economic effects.
The main functions of public finance are allocation of resources to both private and public goods, redistribution of wealth to reduce inequality, and stabilization of the economy during booms and recessions. Private finance encompasses personal finance of individuals and families as well as business finance.
The public and private sectors differ in objectives, sources of income, ability to borrow, currency ownership, time horizons
1. Market failure occurs when the conditions for perfect competition are not met, resulting in inefficient resource allocation. Some causes of market failure include monopoly, externalities, public goods, imperfect information, and non-existent markets.
2. Externalities occur when the actions of one economic unit unintentionally impact another in an uncompensated way, such as pollution from factories. This leads to a divergence between private and social costs/benefits.
3. For goods with public goods characteristics of non-rivalry and non-excludability, like national defense, there is no market mechanism to efficiently allocate resources, as they cannot be priced. This results in underprovision of public goods.
The document discusses market failure, its causes and consequences. It identifies several causes of market failure including incomplete markets, indivisibilities, common property resources, imperfect markets, asymmetric information, externalities, public goods, and public bads. The consequences of market failure are an inefficient allocation of resources and a failure to achieve social goals like equitable income distribution and price stability. Market failure occurs when the free market produces outcomes that are less than optimal from an economic perspective.
The document discusses unemployment, inflation, and deflation. It defines unemployment and outlines how it is calculated, describing the different types of unemployment like frictional, structural, cyclical, and seasonal. It also discusses how extending unemployment benefits may increase unemployment levels. The document then defines inflation and deflation, and explains how price indexes are used to measure changes in prices. It outlines the chapter's learning objectives which include explaining how unemployment and inflation are calculated and defined.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 5 which discusses public spending and public choice. It introduces key concepts such as market failures, externalities, public goods, the incentive problems with government-provided healthcare and education, and the theory of public choice. The chapter examines why governments intervene in markets and the economic and political functions of government spending and provision of goods and services.
The document discusses Chapter 10 of an economics textbook. It covers long-run equilibrium in the economy, how economic growth affects the long-run aggregate supply curve and the price level. It also examines factors that can cause the aggregate demand curve to shift, leading to inflation or deflation. The chapter outlines how new resources in the Arctic region could boost economic growth in northern countries by shifting their long-run aggregate supply curves outward.
The document discusses key topics in public finance including:
- The four main questions of public finance: when and how governments intervene in markets, the effects of interventions, and why governments choose certain policies.
- Facts about government spending, taxes, deficits, and debt in the US and globally, including that government spending has grown to around 35% of GDP in most developed nations.
- The roles and functions of government including providing public goods, social insurance, regulation of markets, and redistribution.
The document provides an overview of basic economic concepts. It discusses:
- Economics is the study of how individuals and societies deal with scarcity. Scarcity means that resources are limited and our wants are unlimited, so we must make choices about how to use resources.
- Microeconomics studies small economic units like individuals and firms, while macroeconomics looks at the overall economy. Positive economics makes factual statements, while normative economics includes value judgments.
- The production possibilities curve (PPC) model shows the tradeoffs between producing different goods given limited resources. Points on the PPC are productively efficient, while the optimal point depends on societal wants.
- Comparative advantage explains why countries
Public finance deals with the revenue and spending of government entities and its impact on the economy. It has four key areas: public income from taxes and other sources; public expenditure on infrastructure, services, etc.; public debt to fund gaps between income and expenditure; and financial administration of budgets, policies, and their social and economic effects.
The main functions of public finance are allocation of resources to both private and public goods, redistribution of wealth to reduce inequality, and stabilization of the economy during booms and recessions. Private finance encompasses personal finance of individuals and families as well as business finance.
The public and private sectors differ in objectives, sources of income, ability to borrow, currency ownership, time horizons
1. Market failure occurs when the conditions for perfect competition are not met, resulting in inefficient resource allocation. Some causes of market failure include monopoly, externalities, public goods, imperfect information, and non-existent markets.
2. Externalities occur when the actions of one economic unit unintentionally impact another in an uncompensated way, such as pollution from factories. This leads to a divergence between private and social costs/benefits.
3. For goods with public goods characteristics of non-rivalry and non-excludability, like national defense, there is no market mechanism to efficiently allocate resources, as they cannot be priced. This results in underprovision of public goods.
The document discusses market failure, its causes and consequences. It identifies several causes of market failure including incomplete markets, indivisibilities, common property resources, imperfect markets, asymmetric information, externalities, public goods, and public bads. The consequences of market failure are an inefficient allocation of resources and a failure to achieve social goals like equitable income distribution and price stability. Market failure occurs when the free market produces outcomes that are less than optimal from an economic perspective.
The document discusses the monetary system in India. It defines money and its functions. It explains the different measures of money supply in India and the role of the Reserve Bank of India in managing the monetary system. It discusses how banks create money through fractional-reserve banking and the money multiplier effect. It also outlines the instruments used by RBI to control money supply such as bank rate, CRR, SLR etc.
This document discusses market structures and competition. It describes perfect competition as a free market with many small buyers and sellers unable to influence prices. Monopolies have one dominant seller controlling the market and able to extract monopoly profits. Oligopolies have a small number of large firms that can influence prices. The document examines how these market structures align with concepts of justice, utility, and rights. It also discusses unethical practices that can occur in oligopolistic markets like price-fixing.
Since pollution is an externality firms will not undertake to control their pollution. The answer is in government regulations. Coase argues that in perfect competition with laissez faire, govt regulation is not needed. Instead bargaining between the polluters and their victims can lead to an optimal situation. But this pre supposes equality in bargaining, and does not take note of ecological consequences of pollution.
The First Five Year Plan from 1951-1955 had total budget of 206.8 billion INR. Its objectives were to raise living standards and develop agriculture, energy, irrigation, industry, and social services. The plan achieved GDP growth of 3.6% per year, exceeding its target of 2.1%. The Second Five Year Plan from 1956-1961 aimed to increase national income by 25% and make India more industrialized. It achieved the establishment of 5 steel plants, increased coal and railway production, and land reforms. The Third Five Year Plan from 1961-1966 focused on agriculture, employment, equality, and decentralization through organizations like village councils.
The document discusses the demand for labor from the perspective of individual firms and the overall labor market. It explains that in the short-run, a firm's demand for labor (its marginal revenue product curve) depends on the marginal product of labor. In the long-run, when both capital and labor are variable, firms will substitute between the two inputs in response to wage changes. The market demand for labor is less elastic than the sum of individual firm demands, due to product price effects. The elasticity of labor demand depends on factors like the elasticity of product demand and the share of labor costs in total costs.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Solow growth model. It explains that the Solow model replaced the fixed production function of the Harrod-Domar model with a neoclassical production function allowing for factor substitution. It presents the basic equations of the Solow model showing that changes in capital per worker are determined by savings, population growth, and depreciation. It illustrates the Solow diagram and how steady state equilibrium is reached. It analyzes how changes in the saving rate and population growth rate impact the model.
Externalities are spill-over effects from production and consumption that are not compensated for through market transactions. They can be positive or negative and cause market failure if social costs and benefits are not accounted for. Private costs and benefits differ from social costs and benefits due to externalities. For example, with negative externalities, social costs exceed private costs, leading to overproduction. Economists value externalities using methods like shadow pricing and willingness to pay. Governments consider net social benefits when deciding between projects to maximize returns to society.
It discusses growth accounting and Total Factor Productivity (TFP).
This approach is very useful for LDC country in order to have sustained high rate of growth.
This document discusses externalities and how they can lead to market inefficiencies. It defines externalities as uncompensated impacts of one person's actions on another. Negative externalities like pollution lead to overproduction, while positive externalities like education benefits lead to underproduction. Government policies like Pigouvian taxes or tradable permits can help internalize these externalities and achieve socially optimal production levels. Private solutions via bargaining are also possible using the Coase theorem, but transaction costs may prevent private solutions in some cases.
The document discusses market failures and government interventions to address them. It provides examples of market failures such as pollution, traffic congestion, and underprovision of public goods. It also lists government policy tools like taxes, subsidies, and regulations that can be used to correct market failures and achieve more efficient resource allocation.
This chapter examines the tools used by central banks like the Federal Reserve and European Central Bank to implement monetary policy. It discusses conventional tools like open market operations, the discount rate, and reserve requirements. It also analyzes how these tools work through their effects on the supply and demand of bank reserves. The chapter notes that unconventional tools were needed during the financial crisis when conventional policies reached their limits.
The document is an introductory chapter about economic development that discusses key concepts. It begins by providing quotes from poor individuals around the world that illustrate the multidimensional nature of poverty. It then discusses how development economics differs from traditional economics by considering non-economic factors. The chapter also examines definitions of development, including measures like GNI but also Amartya Sen's capability approach. It outlines the Millennium Development Goals and provides tables listing the goals and targets. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of development economics and achieving the Millennium Development Goals.
The document provides an overview of Chapter 12 which discusses consumption, real GDP, and the multiplier in a Keynesian economic model. It outlines the learning objectives which include distinguishing between saving and savings, explaining the key determinants of consumption and saving, and understanding how equilibrium real GDP is established. The chapter will evaluate how autonomous changes in expenditures have a multiplier effect on real GDP. It also outlines the chapter sections which will cover consumption and investment functions, determining equilibrium GDP, and how the multiplier works.
Public economics unit 3 public expenditure and public debtNishali Balasingh
This document provides an overview of public economics, specifically public expenditure and public debt. It defines key terms like public expenditure, importance and objectives of public expenditure, classification of public expenditure, reasons for its growth, canons of public expenditure, and hypotheses about its growth like Wagner's law. It also defines public debt, causes and classification of debt, debt burden and its measurement. It concludes with discussing redemption of public debt.
This document provides an overview of tradable pollution permits (also known as cap and trade systems). It defines tradable pollution permits as legal allowances for firms to pollute up to a certain annual level. The government sets the total pollution limit to correspond with socially optimal production levels. Firms can trade permits, allowing flexibility in choosing to cut pollution themselves or buy permits from less costly firms. This market-based approach reduces total pollution at lowest cost while creating incentives for polluters to invest in cleaner technologies. Examples of cap and trade systems discussed include the EU Emissions Trading Scheme covering over 11,000 industrial installations.
EXPLAIN HOW ALLEN (1981) ADAPTED THE STANDARD NEOCLASSICAL MODEL OF LABOUR SUPPLY TO PROVIDE A THEORETICAL MODEL OF ABSENTEEISM. EXPLAIN THE KEY PREDICTIONS MADE BY THIS MODEL AND DISCUSS THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE SUPPORTS AN ECONOMIC MODEL OF ABSENTEEISM.
Negative externalities occur when production or consumption impose costs on third parties not involved in the market transaction. This leads to market failure as prices do not reflect the full social costs. Examples include pollution from factories imposing health costs, and noise pollution from airlines imposing nuisance costs. Taxes or regulations can be used to internalize these external costs and improve economic efficiency by aligning private and social costs. However, determining the appropriate tax level can be difficult and taxes may impact consumer welfare.
1. The chapter discusses world trade patterns and the factors that influence trade between countries. It analyzes the United States' largest trading partners and how the gravity model explains differences in trade volumes based on country size and distance.
2. The composition of world trade has changed over time, shifting from agricultural and mineral products historically to a current focus on manufactured and service goods. Developing countries have also transitioned their exports away from agriculture toward manufacturing.
3. In addition to economic size and distance, cultural, geographic, political and infrastructure factors impact the flow of trade between countries.
This document discusses labor unions and monopsony. It begins by outlining the history of labor unions in the United States from craft unions to industrial unions. It describes the goals of unions as seeking to increase wages and benefits for members through collective bargaining and strikes. The document then discusses the economic effects of unions, including evidence that union members earn higher wages but may be less productive. It also introduces the concept of monopsony, where a single buyer exploits workers by paying less than their marginal revenue product. The document uses graphs to illustrate how a monopsonistic firm determines employment and wages.
The document discusses key concepts about taxation and government funding. It begins by explaining that the government budget constraint means spending and revenues must be equal. It then outlines the learning objectives which include distinguishing average and marginal tax rates, explaining the U.S. income tax system, and how tax rates impact tax revenues. The chapter also discusses the major taxes collected by federal, state and local governments and how taxes affect markets.
The document discusses the monetary system in India. It defines money and its functions. It explains the different measures of money supply in India and the role of the Reserve Bank of India in managing the monetary system. It discusses how banks create money through fractional-reserve banking and the money multiplier effect. It also outlines the instruments used by RBI to control money supply such as bank rate, CRR, SLR etc.
This document discusses market structures and competition. It describes perfect competition as a free market with many small buyers and sellers unable to influence prices. Monopolies have one dominant seller controlling the market and able to extract monopoly profits. Oligopolies have a small number of large firms that can influence prices. The document examines how these market structures align with concepts of justice, utility, and rights. It also discusses unethical practices that can occur in oligopolistic markets like price-fixing.
Since pollution is an externality firms will not undertake to control their pollution. The answer is in government regulations. Coase argues that in perfect competition with laissez faire, govt regulation is not needed. Instead bargaining between the polluters and their victims can lead to an optimal situation. But this pre supposes equality in bargaining, and does not take note of ecological consequences of pollution.
The First Five Year Plan from 1951-1955 had total budget of 206.8 billion INR. Its objectives were to raise living standards and develop agriculture, energy, irrigation, industry, and social services. The plan achieved GDP growth of 3.6% per year, exceeding its target of 2.1%. The Second Five Year Plan from 1956-1961 aimed to increase national income by 25% and make India more industrialized. It achieved the establishment of 5 steel plants, increased coal and railway production, and land reforms. The Third Five Year Plan from 1961-1966 focused on agriculture, employment, equality, and decentralization through organizations like village councils.
The document discusses the demand for labor from the perspective of individual firms and the overall labor market. It explains that in the short-run, a firm's demand for labor (its marginal revenue product curve) depends on the marginal product of labor. In the long-run, when both capital and labor are variable, firms will substitute between the two inputs in response to wage changes. The market demand for labor is less elastic than the sum of individual firm demands, due to product price effects. The elasticity of labor demand depends on factors like the elasticity of product demand and the share of labor costs in total costs.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Solow growth model. It explains that the Solow model replaced the fixed production function of the Harrod-Domar model with a neoclassical production function allowing for factor substitution. It presents the basic equations of the Solow model showing that changes in capital per worker are determined by savings, population growth, and depreciation. It illustrates the Solow diagram and how steady state equilibrium is reached. It analyzes how changes in the saving rate and population growth rate impact the model.
Externalities are spill-over effects from production and consumption that are not compensated for through market transactions. They can be positive or negative and cause market failure if social costs and benefits are not accounted for. Private costs and benefits differ from social costs and benefits due to externalities. For example, with negative externalities, social costs exceed private costs, leading to overproduction. Economists value externalities using methods like shadow pricing and willingness to pay. Governments consider net social benefits when deciding between projects to maximize returns to society.
It discusses growth accounting and Total Factor Productivity (TFP).
This approach is very useful for LDC country in order to have sustained high rate of growth.
This document discusses externalities and how they can lead to market inefficiencies. It defines externalities as uncompensated impacts of one person's actions on another. Negative externalities like pollution lead to overproduction, while positive externalities like education benefits lead to underproduction. Government policies like Pigouvian taxes or tradable permits can help internalize these externalities and achieve socially optimal production levels. Private solutions via bargaining are also possible using the Coase theorem, but transaction costs may prevent private solutions in some cases.
The document discusses market failures and government interventions to address them. It provides examples of market failures such as pollution, traffic congestion, and underprovision of public goods. It also lists government policy tools like taxes, subsidies, and regulations that can be used to correct market failures and achieve more efficient resource allocation.
This chapter examines the tools used by central banks like the Federal Reserve and European Central Bank to implement monetary policy. It discusses conventional tools like open market operations, the discount rate, and reserve requirements. It also analyzes how these tools work through their effects on the supply and demand of bank reserves. The chapter notes that unconventional tools were needed during the financial crisis when conventional policies reached their limits.
The document is an introductory chapter about economic development that discusses key concepts. It begins by providing quotes from poor individuals around the world that illustrate the multidimensional nature of poverty. It then discusses how development economics differs from traditional economics by considering non-economic factors. The chapter also examines definitions of development, including measures like GNI but also Amartya Sen's capability approach. It outlines the Millennium Development Goals and provides tables listing the goals and targets. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of development economics and achieving the Millennium Development Goals.
The document provides an overview of Chapter 12 which discusses consumption, real GDP, and the multiplier in a Keynesian economic model. It outlines the learning objectives which include distinguishing between saving and savings, explaining the key determinants of consumption and saving, and understanding how equilibrium real GDP is established. The chapter will evaluate how autonomous changes in expenditures have a multiplier effect on real GDP. It also outlines the chapter sections which will cover consumption and investment functions, determining equilibrium GDP, and how the multiplier works.
Public economics unit 3 public expenditure and public debtNishali Balasingh
This document provides an overview of public economics, specifically public expenditure and public debt. It defines key terms like public expenditure, importance and objectives of public expenditure, classification of public expenditure, reasons for its growth, canons of public expenditure, and hypotheses about its growth like Wagner's law. It also defines public debt, causes and classification of debt, debt burden and its measurement. It concludes with discussing redemption of public debt.
This document provides an overview of tradable pollution permits (also known as cap and trade systems). It defines tradable pollution permits as legal allowances for firms to pollute up to a certain annual level. The government sets the total pollution limit to correspond with socially optimal production levels. Firms can trade permits, allowing flexibility in choosing to cut pollution themselves or buy permits from less costly firms. This market-based approach reduces total pollution at lowest cost while creating incentives for polluters to invest in cleaner technologies. Examples of cap and trade systems discussed include the EU Emissions Trading Scheme covering over 11,000 industrial installations.
EXPLAIN HOW ALLEN (1981) ADAPTED THE STANDARD NEOCLASSICAL MODEL OF LABOUR SUPPLY TO PROVIDE A THEORETICAL MODEL OF ABSENTEEISM. EXPLAIN THE KEY PREDICTIONS MADE BY THIS MODEL AND DISCUSS THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE SUPPORTS AN ECONOMIC MODEL OF ABSENTEEISM.
Negative externalities occur when production or consumption impose costs on third parties not involved in the market transaction. This leads to market failure as prices do not reflect the full social costs. Examples include pollution from factories imposing health costs, and noise pollution from airlines imposing nuisance costs. Taxes or regulations can be used to internalize these external costs and improve economic efficiency by aligning private and social costs. However, determining the appropriate tax level can be difficult and taxes may impact consumer welfare.
1. The chapter discusses world trade patterns and the factors that influence trade between countries. It analyzes the United States' largest trading partners and how the gravity model explains differences in trade volumes based on country size and distance.
2. The composition of world trade has changed over time, shifting from agricultural and mineral products historically to a current focus on manufactured and service goods. Developing countries have also transitioned their exports away from agriculture toward manufacturing.
3. In addition to economic size and distance, cultural, geographic, political and infrastructure factors impact the flow of trade between countries.
This document discusses labor unions and monopsony. It begins by outlining the history of labor unions in the United States from craft unions to industrial unions. It describes the goals of unions as seeking to increase wages and benefits for members through collective bargaining and strikes. The document then discusses the economic effects of unions, including evidence that union members earn higher wages but may be less productive. It also introduces the concept of monopsony, where a single buyer exploits workers by paying less than their marginal revenue product. The document uses graphs to illustrate how a monopsonistic firm determines employment and wages.
The document discusses key concepts about taxation and government funding. It begins by explaining that the government budget constraint means spending and revenues must be equal. It then outlines the learning objectives which include distinguishing average and marginal tax rates, explaining the U.S. income tax system, and how tax rates impact tax revenues. The chapter also discusses the major taxes collected by federal, state and local governments and how taxes affect markets.
This chapter discusses environmental economics and concepts such as private vs social costs, market externalities, determining optimal pollution levels, property rights approaches to pollution, and policies to reduce pollution like cap and trade systems. It provides learning objectives on these topics and outlines how governments are using tools like emissions caps and carbon allowance trading to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The chapter also examines issues regarding endangered species as common property resources.
The company saw an increase in net sales each year from 2011 to 2013, rising from 20.62 million rupees to 34.85 million rupees. Expenditures also increased annually, mainly driven by higher raw material consumption and packaging costs. This resulted in operating losses each year, ranging from 35.45 million rupees to 30.89 million rupees. The company took on a 50 million rupee personal loan at 12% interest in 2011. After accounting for interest costs, the company reported net losses each year between 25.14 million rupees and 35.45 million rupees. No other financial details such as share capital or earnings per share are provided.
The document discusses the research process for NURS 640 and provides guidance on developing a research topic. It suggests asking questions to identify a topic that is curious or annoying in one's work. A good research topic studies a specific problem, person, or circumstance, and aims to answer how often something occurs, what causes something, or how effective something is. Examples of research topics include shortening wait times, the impact on siblings of hospitalized children, and reducing stress for emergency room patients. An ideal topic is interesting, feasible to study, answers an important unknown, and is specific but not too broad in scope without ethical issues.
The document provides an analysis of the 1950 Japanese film Rashomon and discusses two perspectives on truth and reality put forth by film critic Roger Ebert and filmmaker Errol Morris. Ebert believes truth is subjective and reality depends on individual perspectives, while Morris argues there is one objective truth and single reality. The document analyzes each character's testimony in Rashomon based on their potential motives and ultimately finds Morris's view better fits the film as there can only be one version of events, despite varying perceptions of truth.
This document outlines the WASC accreditation process for CDS school for the 2014-2015 school year. It discusses that CDS is currently in year 2 of the 6 year accreditation cycle. The school is assessing progress on recommendations from the 2012 visit. The goals for this year are to involve all staff and stakeholders, create an effortless continuous process, and improve the school. The self-study process involves leadership, home, and focus groups analyzing data in the areas of organization, curriculum, support, and resources. The focus groups will gather evidence from home groups to determine if the school meets the 5 outcomes required to receive full 6-year accreditation.
This document provides an overview of supply, demand, and consumer choice concepts including:
- Definitions of demand, the law of demand, and factors that cause shifts in demand. Graphs are used to illustrate demand schedules and curves.
- Definitions of supply, the law of supply, and factors that cause shifts in supply. Graphs are used to illustrate supply schedules and curves.
- How supply and demand interact in a market to determine equilibrium price and quantity. Examples are provided to show the effects of price changes on surpluses and shortages.
- Concepts of consumer surplus, producer surplus, and total surplus are introduced using graphs.
- Government policies that can impact markets are
This chapter discusses classical and Keynesian macroeconomic analyses. It begins with an introduction to the VIX index and how financial market volatility during recessions can impact GDP and prices. The chapter then outlines the classical model, which assumes flexible prices and full employment. It also describes Keynesian economics and how sticky prices can result in demand-determined equilibrium GDP. The chapter explores how the aggregate supply curve can be horizontal or upward-sloping in both models. It analyzes the effects of aggregate demand and supply shocks on output and prices.
This document provides an agenda and details for a new student orientation at CDS High School. The agenda includes welcome remarks, faculty introductions, award announcements, a review of schedules, policies, and extracurricular activities. It also lists the house teachers and students assigned to each house. The orientation reviews topics like attendance, grades, graduation requirements, conduct policies, dress code, technology use, and sports tryouts.
Nine Singhara is an 18-year-old Thai student who will be attending Georgia Tech in the fall to study mechanical engineering. She has served as president of her high school's Student Ambassadors Organization for 3 years and helped plan new student orientations. The document discusses four ways of knowing - language, perception, reason, and emotions - and how language and reason specifically can impact performance and learning, both positively and negatively. It concludes that reflecting on different ways of knowing will help Nine's personal growth and prepare her for her engineering studies.
The CEAG graduate management specialization course offered by FGV-EAESP is accredited by three international organizations for its teaching quality. The course aims to prepare professionals to make important business decisions through a curriculum that includes core disciplines, electives, and areas of concentration. It is offered in both São Paulo and Campinas with flexible scheduling options, and has a focus on developing students' abilities through both theoretical and practical learning experiences.
The document discusses a PDA group text messaging utility that allows users to compose and send an unlimited number of text messages to individuals or groups with a single click. It does not require an internet connection and can send personalized SMS messages, notifications, and promotional content internationally.
This document provides an overview of classroom procedures, rules, routines and activities for a new school year. It outlines expectations for student behavior and consequences. It also describes various classroom jobs, how to set up journals and folders, and initial lessons and activities for students.
Sportiek Reizen is een wintersportspecialist en helpt iedereen naar het vinden van hun ideale wintersportvakantie.
Sportiek onderscheidt zich door:
• het aanbieden van Nederlandse skileraren tijdens de schoolvakantieweken voor kinderen van ca. 5 tot 10 jaar. En de gehele winter Nederlandstalige reisleiding die diverse activiteiten organiseert zoals een rodelavond met glühwein, een sneew-BBQ en nog veel meer activiteiten.
• het unieke persoonlijke contact wat zij heeft meer haar gasten. Het Sportiek-personeel is ervaren en adviseert / offreert geheel vrijblijvend.
• Zeer scherpe prijzen door lage overheadkosten en het uitsluiten van tussenschakels zoals de reisbureaus
• al ruim 25 jaar haar expertise heeft kunnen uitdiepen en zich nu een “Les Sybelles-specialist” mag noemen.
• Sportiek lid is van Respect the Mountains en informeert haar bergsporters over het behoud van de natuur en leefomgeving in de bergen.
Voor meer info: www.sportiek.com of bel gerust +31(0)20-470 26 26.
The document appears to be a report on a student's academic progress, strengths, and areas for improvement based on various assessments. It includes the student's RIT score ranges from spring 2011 testing in reading goals, word analysis, comprehension levels, and literature response. The report allows teachers to view dynamic data on the student's performance and select specific subjects for more detailed information.
This document discusses the benefits of social media for businesses. It outlines how social media allows unparalleled access to information, enhances brand awareness and perception, and enables better engagement with customers, employees, and business partners through collaboration. Specific benefits mentioned include increased control over messaging, participation in conversations, and richer user experiences. Examples are given of how Dell and Verizon successfully utilize social media.
The leaf is composed of an upper and lower epidermis, cuticle, mesophyll tissue, and vascular bundles. The upper epidermis provides protection while the cuticle creates a waxy layer for waterproofing. Between the epidermal layers lies the mesophyll, including tightly packed palisade cells in the upper region for photosynthesis and loosely arranged spongy cells below with air spaces. Vascular bundles contain xylem and phloem tissues for transport of water, minerals, and organic compounds throughout the plant. Stomata with guard cells are present in the epidermis to control gas exchange.
National income is defined as the value of all final goods and services produced by residents of a country in a year. It is measured to analyze the size and growth of the economy, trace economic trends over time, understand the structure of different sectors, and help formulate government development plans and policies. National income is estimated using the production, income, and expenditure methods and is presented in current and constant prices to allow for inflation adjustments. While it provides a overall measure of economic activity, national income does not fully reflect human development or welfare as it does not consider income distribution, unpaid work, and environmental costs.
The document discusses different approaches to measuring a nation's economic activity, specifically gross domestic product (GDP). It describes how GDP can be measured using the product approach by summing the value of final goods and services produced, the expenditure approach by summing consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports, and the income approach by summing various types of income generated from production. National income accounting ensures these three approaches are equivalent by the fundamental identity that total production equals total income equals total expenditure in an economy.
National income is defined as the value of all final goods and services produced by the normal residents of a country in a year. It is measured to understand the size and performance of a country's economy, trace economic growth trends, know the structure of the national income, and help formulate development plans and policies. National income is calculated using the production, income, and expenditure methods and aggregates at current and constant prices. It is important but does not fully reflect human development or income distribution.
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics. It defines macroeconomics as the study of economic aggregates and their behavior at a national level. It discusses key macroeconomic issues like economic growth, inflation, and unemployment. It also explains how macroeconomic indicators like GDP are measured, including GDP based on expenditures and income. Real GDP is distinguished from nominal GDP. The circular flow of income and spending in an economy is depicted. International GDP comparisons are also addressed.
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics. It defines macroeconomics as the study of economic aggregates and average prices for the entire economy. It discusses major macroeconomic issues like economic growth, inflation, and unemployment. It also defines GDP and explains how GDP is measured through the expenditure and income approaches. Real GDP is distinguished from nominal GDP. International GDP comparisons and what GDP does not measure are also covered. The summary focuses on defining macroeconomics and key macroeconomic concepts like GDP.
National income is important to measure a country's economic performance, growth, composition and structure. It helps governments formulate development plans and policies and helps producers forecast demand. National income represents the total value of all final goods and services produced domestically during a year, including net income from abroad. It is calculated using product, income and expenditure methods. India's national income estimation evolved from individual studies to an official Central Statistical Organization that regularly revises estimation methods and base years. Key difficulties include non-monetized sectors and lack of reliable statistical data.
This document provides information on key macroeconomic concepts and metrics including:
1. It defines national income as the net value of all goods and services produced by a country's residents during a financial year.
2. It explains the importance of studying national income for economic policy, planning, understanding economic structure, and more.
3. It distinguishes between national income measured at current prices versus constant prices, and how this impacts understanding economic growth.
4. It provides definitions and explanations of related concepts like GDP, GVA, business cycles, aggregate demand, aggregate supply, and more.
This half day virtual event was opened by ONS senior leaders, offering their perspective on ONS ambitions for business statistics.
Attendees will hear updates from the producers of key UK business surveys, data, statistics and projects, including:
Annual Business Survey (ABS)
Annual Purchases Survey (APS)
Business Enterprise Research and Development (BERD) survey
Government Research and Development (GovERD) survey
Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS)
Regional Gross Domestic Product
Inter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR) and transformation to the Statistics Business Register (SBR)
Longitudinal Business Database (LBD) and other linked business microdata
Secure Research Service (SRS) and transformation to the Integrated Data Service (IDS)
National income measures the total value of goods and services produced in an economy over a period of time. It is important for economists to measure national income to assess economic growth, changes in living standards, and income inequality. National income can be measured using the expenditure approach, income approach, and value-added approach. The expenditure approach defines GDP as the total final expenditures by consumers, investors, the government, and net exports. The income approach defines GDP as the sum of all incomes received by producing factors. The value-added approach defines GDP as the sum of the value added from all sectors of the economy.
CHAPTER 2 NATIONAL INCOME AND OUTPUT.pptx2022808696
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to measuring national income, including:
1) It defines national income as the total market value of final goods and services produced in an economy in a period of time, as measured by GDP.
2) It discusses the circular flow of income and how income is generated and spent among households, firms, and other sectors in an economy.
3) It outlines three main approaches to measuring national income - expenditure, income, and output approaches - and provides examples of calculating GDP using each.
The document discusses key economic indicators used to measure economic performance, including GDP, GNP, and their components. It explains that GDP is the total value of goods and services produced domestically in a year, while GNP includes output produced by a country's citizens abroad. The main components of GDP are consumer spending, investment, government spending, and net exports. GDP can be calculated via the expenditure approach or income approach.
This document provides an overview of the course Economics for Admin (Eco 1642) at a university. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The course covers basic macroeconomics topics like money, financial markets, central banking, and economic development theories. It aims to explain the difference between micro and macroeconomics, and cover macroeconomic objectives like growth, employment, and inflation. The document also outlines the learning outcomes and content for two modules, which will measure national income, prices, employment, and discuss business cycles and the informal sector.
This document discusses the importance and measurement of national income in India. It begins by outlining the key reasons for measuring national income, including to assess economic performance, growth, sectoral composition, and inform policymaking. It then provides an overview of the circular flow of income and different sector models. The document outlines India's pre-independence and post-independence estimates of national income, conducted by various committees and now by the Central Statistical Organization. It notes some difficulties in measuring India's national income given its large unorganized sector and lack of statistical data.
Economic growth and development and IncomeAbinash Pandia
Economic growth measures the value of goods and services produced, while economic development measures human welfare. Economic growth is affected by factors like natural resources, capital formation, technology, education and political stability. Countries can be measured based on GDP, GNP, HDI and other indicators. GDP can be calculated using production, expenditure and income approaches by summing value added, expenditures and incomes. International comparisons use market exchange rates or purchasing power parity rates.
The document discusses national income and GDP. It defines national income as the total value of all final goods and services produced in an economy in a year. National income can be measured using the production, income, and expenditure methods. GDP is a measure of the total value of final goods and services produced domestically in a year. It includes consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. While GDP indicates economic activity and growth, it does not account for non-market activities or capture social welfare.
1. The document discusses key concepts in macroeconomics including aggregate output, GDP, the circular flow of income, and aggregate demand and supply.
2. It explains how GDP is measured from the expenditure and income approaches and highlights the differences between nominal and real GDP.
3. The relationship between desired and actual aggregate expenditure is examined, distinguishing between autonomous and induced components of expenditure.
This document provides an introduction to international economics. It discusses key topics in international trade such as the gains from trade, patterns of trade, and the effects of government policies on trade. It also covers international finance topics including the balance of payments, exchange rate determination, international policy coordination, and capital markets. Finally, it distinguishes between the trade and monetary aspects of international economics.
This document provides an introduction to business economics, including key concepts and differences from general economics. It discusses how business economics deals with applying economic principles to problems faced by firms. It also outlines several important economic indicators and factors relevant for business, such as infrastructure, GDP, inflation, money supply, foreign trade, and exchange rates. The role of government in areas like economic development, price and exchange rate control is also highlighted.
This document discusses key concepts related to national income accounting and measuring gross domestic product (GDP). It defines GDP as the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. GDP is measured by summing the value added at each stage of production or considering the final value of sales. GDP has four components: consumption spending, investment spending, government spending, and net exports. There are challenges to accurately measuring GDP, such as double counting, difficulties valuing non-market goods and services, and accounting for changes in quality of life and the environment.
The document provides an overview of market failures and the role of government in addressing them. It discusses four main types of market failures: public goods, externalities, monopolies, and unfair distribution of income. For each market failure, it explains how unregulated free markets can lead to inefficient outcomes and why government intervention may be needed. For example, it describes how public goods pose a free-rider problem that prevents private markets from efficiently providing them, and how externalities cause the market to over- or under-produce goods due to costs and benefits not being fully reflected in market prices. The document aims to explain the economic rationale for government policies that address these various market failures.
Here are the answers to identify the resource and shifter:
1. Increase in the demand for microprocessors leads to an increase in the demand for processor assemblers.
2. Increase in the price for plastic piping causes the demand for copper piping to increase.
3. Increase in demand for small homes (compared to big homes) leads to an increase in the demand for lumber.
4. For shipping companies, decrease in price of trains leads to decrease in demand for trucks.
5. Decrease in price of sugar leads to an increase in the demand for aluminum for soda producers.
6. Substantial increase in education and training leads to an increase in demand for skilled labor.
The document discusses monopolies and imperfect competition. It defines monopolies as markets with a single seller and high barriers to entry. Monopolies are inefficient as they produce less output and charge higher prices than would occur under perfect competition. This results in deadweight loss to society. The government may regulate monopolies through price ceilings to increase output and efficiency. Price discrimination is also discussed, which is when a firm charges different prices to different groups of consumers to maximize profits.
The document discusses costs of production in the short run under perfect competition. It defines short run as a period where at least one resource is fixed, such as plant capacity. It explains the differences between explicit costs that accountants consider and both explicit and implicit opportunity costs that economists consider. The document also defines different types of costs like total, variable, fixed, average, and marginal costs. It provides an example to calculate these different costs and explains why the marginal cost curve is U-shaped due to the law of diminishing marginal returns.
This document summarizes the WASC/CDS accreditation process for 2014-2015 and the school's previous action plan from 2012-2015. It outlines 7 goals that were achieved, including developing standardized student handbooks, language policies, technology plans, a K-12 curriculum, and college counseling program. It also notes the universities that students were admitted to for 2014-2015. The document concludes by introducing the school's new action plan for 2015-2021, which contains 8 goals focused on developing the school as a learning community, integrating technology, using data analysis, forming international partnerships, clarifying roles and policies, improving communication, evaluating support services, and supporting English language learners.
The document provides an overview of basic economic concepts. It defines economics as the study of how individuals and societies deal with scarcity. Scarcity means that resources are limited and not enough to satisfy all wants, so choices must be made. Microeconomics studies small economic units like individuals and firms, while macroeconomics looks at the overall economy. Positive statements are factual, while normative statements include value judgments. Economists use theories and models to understand and address economic problems. The concepts of opportunity cost, marginal analysis, and supply and demand are introduced.
High School Orientation for Middle school parents presentationMalcolm Harrison
This document contains information about the CDS High School for the 2015-2016 school year. It includes the names and roles of the administrative staff, the colleges that 2015 graduates were accepted to, an overview of the school calendar and curriculum requirements, course offerings by grade, sports records from 2013-2014, and facilities information. It also outlines policies regarding dress code, language, discipline, and technology as well as information about the grading scale and academic probation.
This senior project combines SparksNotes and news summaries to create video summaries of 4 novels: Romeo and Juliet, The Great Gatsby, Pride and Prejudice, and The Kite Runner. The objective is to indirectly teach younger high school students about different aspects of literature using movie clips while showcasing the student's learning over high school, particularly in English which was their most memorable subject. The project involved watching movies, writing scripts, recording with a green screen, editing with iMovie, and support from a mentor teacher and internet resources.
This senior project involves creating a combination SparksNotes and news-style video series summarizing and analyzing four novels: Romeo and Juliet, The Great Gatsby, Pride and Prejudice, and The Kite Runner. The objective is to indirectly teach younger high school students about English literature and show the creator's learning over high school, with a focus on different literary elements in each book. The project will entail watching movies, writing scripts, recording with a green screen, editing, and using resources like a mentor, internet research, iMovie, and the source books.
The document provides information about schedule changes and extracurricular clubs available at a high school. It notes that 9th grade Drama has changed to a free period and 10th grade Drama and World History classes have been rescheduled. Various clubs are described, including orchestra, sports from around the world, poetry and drawing, business and entrepreneurship, yearbook, robot programming, IT programming, band, cooking, audio production, high school musical, yoga, meditation, traditional Korean percussion music, vlogging, and swimming.
The document provides details about an upcoming cross country (XC) running event at CDS campus on October 10th. It outlines the schedule for the middle school and high school races, including start times, locations of check points along the course maps, and staff assignments at check points and other roles. Key responsibilities of check point staff are to ensure student safety, hold signs with distances, and report on the running situation. The document also specifies dress codes, prizes, water, lunch, and shuttle bus information for the event.
This document discusses the WASC accreditation process for CDS school for the 2014-2015 school year. It explains that CDS is currently in year 2 of the 6-year process. The school's goals are to involve all staff and stakeholders, create a continuous WASC process, and improve the school. To receive accreditation, the school must complete a self-study report and single plan for student achievement. The self-study will be completed by leadership, home, and focus groups to analyze student achievement and how the school supports it. The focus groups will examine criteria related to student learning, curriculum/instruction/assessment, student growth, and resource management.
This document provides an overview of a 12th grade "Back to School" evening at CDS High School. It includes the schedule for the evening, information about class websites and upcoming sports fixtures. It also provides details on course expectations and grading policies for several 12th grade courses, including English, Calculus, Statistics, Physics, Economics, Chemistry, Environmental Science and Visual Arts. Information is also included on Drama, Senior Projects, World Languages and P.E. classes.
The document provides an orientation schedule and information for a new school year, including:
- An introduction from the Head of School and administrators
- The orientation schedule for the first few days with activities like laptop distribution, classroom assignments, and a BBQ
- The school calendar for 2014-2015 and class timetables for the different divisions (programs)
This document provides information about the staff, curriculum, and policies at a school. It introduces the head of school and other administrators. It then lists the required subjects and credits needed for graduation. Finally, it provides course selection forms for grades 9-11, outlining prerequisites and requirements for choosing classes.
The document provides an overview of the curriculum, course selections, senior projects, internships, grade remediation, and early graduation options available at a Korean college counseling high school. It includes sample course schedules and requirements for 9th through 12th grades as well as guidelines for selecting classes each year. Senior project guidelines outline physical, written, performance, teaching, career-related, and service project ideas. Information is also provided on the benefits of internships and requirements for hosting a student. Finally, the grade remediation process for failed courses is summarized.
This chapter discusses fiscal policy and the government's use of spending and taxation to influence economic activity. It covers the US government's fiscal response to the 2008 recession through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. The chapter objectives are to evaluate the effects of discretionary fiscal policy, discuss potential offsets that can reduce its effectiveness, and explain fiscal policy tools like automatic stabilizers. It also discusses challenges like time lags in fiscal policy that complicate using it to precisely manage economic conditions.
This chapter discusses deficit spending and the public debt. It begins with an introduction to the topic and learning objectives. The US government has run deficits for most years since 1940, with spending exceeding tax revenue. This deficit is financed by issuing government bonds. The public debt refers to the total value of outstanding government securities and is a stock that accumulates over time from annual deficits. Rising debt levels could burden future generations if not paid down. The chapter outlines ways to reduce government deficits, including increasing taxes, reducing spending, and reforming large entitlement programs.
This document outlines the requirements and process for early graduation from CDS High School in 2015. Students must complete 22 credits, maintain above a 3.0 GPA, and gain approval from their counselor and teacher. They must apply before the end of 11th grade and create a study plan to complete all English requirements in 3 terms instead of 5. If accepted to a Korean university in December, students can drop unneeded subjects after submitting acceptance. Final approval depends on completing the study plan, maintaining attendance, and avoiding academic dishonesty. The maximum grade that can be earned is a B+ and transcripts will note incomplete courses.
This document discusses the WASC accreditation process for CDS school for the 2014-2015 school year. It provides background on why WASC accreditation is important, outlines the goals and timeline for the current process, and describes the key components including self-study groups. The school is currently in year 2 of the 6-year cycle and working to assess progress on previous recommendations to ensure full re-accreditation. Teachers and stakeholders will participate in home and focus groups to evaluate the school's programs and student achievement. The end goal is to produce a self-study report and action plan that demonstrates the school meets the 5 outcomes required to receive ongoing accreditation.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1