The document discusses unemployment, inflation, and deflation. It defines unemployment and outlines how it is calculated, describing the different types of unemployment like frictional, structural, cyclical, and seasonal. It also discusses how extending unemployment benefits may increase unemployment levels. The document then defines inflation and deflation, and explains how price indexes are used to measure changes in prices. It outlines the chapter's learning objectives which include explaining how unemployment and inflation are calculated and defined.
This document discusses measuring a country's economic performance using gross domestic product (GDP). It begins by introducing GDP and how it is used to make international comparisons of economic size. It then outlines how GDP is calculated using both the expenditure and income approaches. Key points include defining GDP as the total market value of final goods and services produced domestically in a year, and explaining how GDP is adjusted for inflation to derive real GDP. The document also notes limitations of GDP as a measure of overall welfare.
The document discusses key concepts about taxation and government funding. It begins by explaining that the government budget constraint means spending and revenues must be equal. It then outlines the learning objectives which include distinguishing average and marginal tax rates, explaining the U.S. income tax system, and how tax rates impact tax revenues. The chapter also discusses the major taxes collected by federal, state and local governments and how taxes affect markets.
The document discusses Chapter 10 of an economics textbook. It covers long-run equilibrium in the economy, how economic growth affects the long-run aggregate supply curve and the price level. It also examines factors that can cause the aggregate demand curve to shift, leading to inflation or deflation. The chapter outlines how new resources in the Arctic region could boost economic growth in northern countries by shifting their long-run aggregate supply curves outward.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 5 which discusses public spending and public choice. It introduces key concepts such as market failures, externalities, public goods, the incentive problems with government-provided healthcare and education, and the theory of public choice. The chapter examines why governments intervene in markets and the economic and political functions of government spending and provision of goods and services.
This chapter examines the tools used by central banks like the Federal Reserve and European Central Bank to implement monetary policy. It discusses conventional tools like open market operations, the discount rate, and reserve requirements. It also analyzes how these tools work through their effects on the supply and demand of bank reserves. The chapter notes that unconventional tools were needed during the financial crisis when conventional policies reached their limits.
This chapter discusses how interest rates are determined in financial markets. It introduces the factors that influence the demand and supply of assets like bonds. The demand for bonds depends on wealth, expected returns, risk, and liquidity. The supply of bonds depends on expected profits and government budget deficits. Equilibrium interest rates are set by the intersection of the demand and supply curves in bond and money markets. The chapter analyzes how interest rates respond to changes in inflation expectations, the business cycle, money supply, income, and prices. Over time, the liquidity effect of money supply increases may be offset by rising inflation expectations and economic growth.
The document discusses key topics in public finance including:
- The four main questions of public finance: when and how governments intervene in markets, the effects of interventions, and why governments choose certain policies.
- Facts about government spending, taxes, deficits, and debt in the US and globally, including that government spending has grown to around 35% of GDP in most developed nations.
- The roles and functions of government including providing public goods, social insurance, regulation of markets, and redistribution.
This chapter discusses how banks manage their assets and liabilities to maximize profits. It covers key aspects of bank balance sheets including reserves, deposits, loans and securities. The document outlines various strategies banks use for liquidity management, asset management, liability management, and capital adequacy management. It also discusses how banks deal with credit risk, interest rate risk, and off-balance sheet activities like loan sales and derivatives.
This document discusses measuring a country's economic performance using gross domestic product (GDP). It begins by introducing GDP and how it is used to make international comparisons of economic size. It then outlines how GDP is calculated using both the expenditure and income approaches. Key points include defining GDP as the total market value of final goods and services produced domestically in a year, and explaining how GDP is adjusted for inflation to derive real GDP. The document also notes limitations of GDP as a measure of overall welfare.
The document discusses key concepts about taxation and government funding. It begins by explaining that the government budget constraint means spending and revenues must be equal. It then outlines the learning objectives which include distinguishing average and marginal tax rates, explaining the U.S. income tax system, and how tax rates impact tax revenues. The chapter also discusses the major taxes collected by federal, state and local governments and how taxes affect markets.
The document discusses Chapter 10 of an economics textbook. It covers long-run equilibrium in the economy, how economic growth affects the long-run aggregate supply curve and the price level. It also examines factors that can cause the aggregate demand curve to shift, leading to inflation or deflation. The chapter outlines how new resources in the Arctic region could boost economic growth in northern countries by shifting their long-run aggregate supply curves outward.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 5 which discusses public spending and public choice. It introduces key concepts such as market failures, externalities, public goods, the incentive problems with government-provided healthcare and education, and the theory of public choice. The chapter examines why governments intervene in markets and the economic and political functions of government spending and provision of goods and services.
This chapter examines the tools used by central banks like the Federal Reserve and European Central Bank to implement monetary policy. It discusses conventional tools like open market operations, the discount rate, and reserve requirements. It also analyzes how these tools work through their effects on the supply and demand of bank reserves. The chapter notes that unconventional tools were needed during the financial crisis when conventional policies reached their limits.
This chapter discusses how interest rates are determined in financial markets. It introduces the factors that influence the demand and supply of assets like bonds. The demand for bonds depends on wealth, expected returns, risk, and liquidity. The supply of bonds depends on expected profits and government budget deficits. Equilibrium interest rates are set by the intersection of the demand and supply curves in bond and money markets. The chapter analyzes how interest rates respond to changes in inflation expectations, the business cycle, money supply, income, and prices. Over time, the liquidity effect of money supply increases may be offset by rising inflation expectations and economic growth.
The document discusses key topics in public finance including:
- The four main questions of public finance: when and how governments intervene in markets, the effects of interventions, and why governments choose certain policies.
- Facts about government spending, taxes, deficits, and debt in the US and globally, including that government spending has grown to around 35% of GDP in most developed nations.
- The roles and functions of government including providing public goods, social insurance, regulation of markets, and redistribution.
This chapter discusses how banks manage their assets and liabilities to maximize profits. It covers key aspects of bank balance sheets including reserves, deposits, loans and securities. The document outlines various strategies banks use for liquidity management, asset management, liability management, and capital adequacy management. It also discusses how banks deal with credit risk, interest rate risk, and off-balance sheet activities like loan sales and derivatives.
The document provides an overview of the money supply process involving three key players: the central bank (Federal Reserve), commercial banks, and depositors. It discusses how the Federal Reserve uses open market operations and changes in reserve requirements to influence the monetary base and money supply. It also introduces the money multiplier concept to illustrate how the money supply is multiplied from the original monetary base through the deposit creation process in the banking system.
The document discusses the foreign exchange market and factors that influence exchange rates. It outlines how the market works, defines key terms like appreciation and depreciation, and examines exchange rate determinants in both the long run and short run. In the long run, factors like relative price levels and productivity affect rates, while short-run supply and demand analysis shows how interest rates and expected future rates impact equilibrium. Charts and tables illustrate these concepts.
This chapter discusses the goals and strategies of monetary policy. It examines inflation targeting, which involves publicly announcing a medium-term inflation target and committing to price stability as the primary goal. The document discusses the Federal Reserve's evolution towards increased transparency, including its move away from targeting monetary aggregates. It also analyzes lessons from the financial crisis, such as the need to consider financial stability. The chapter evaluates tactics for implementing monetary policy, including choosing policy instruments and evaluating the Taylor rule for setting interest rates.
This chapter discusses output and exchange rates in the short run for an open economy. It introduces models of aggregate demand and asset market equilibrium. The DD schedule shows combinations of output and exchange rates where the output market is in equilibrium. The AA schedule shows combinations where the money and foreign exchange markets are in equilibrium. Short-run macroeconomic equilibrium occurs at the intersection of the DD and AA schedules. The effects of temporary and permanent monetary and fiscal policy shifts are analyzed using the model. Policy tools can be used to maintain full employment in response to short-run disturbances.
This chapter discusses the relationship between money, inflation, and prices according to the quantity theory of money. It introduces key concepts such as the money supply, monetary policy, the quantity equation, velocity of money, and how the money supply and inflation are connected. The quantity theory predicts a direct relationship between the growth of the money supply and the inflation rate in the long run.
1. The chapter discusses world trade patterns and the factors that influence trade between countries. It analyzes the United States' largest trading partners and how the gravity model explains differences in trade volumes based on country size and distance.
2. The composition of world trade has changed over time, shifting from agricultural and mineral products historically to a current focus on manufactured and service goods. Developing countries have also transitioned their exports away from agriculture toward manufacturing.
3. In addition to economic size and distance, cultural, geographic, political and infrastructure factors impact the flow of trade between countries.
The document summarizes three models of aggregate supply and the relationship between inflation and unemployment known as the Phillips curve. The models are the sticky-wage, imperfect-information, and sticky-price models. It also discusses how expectations are formed, the short-run tradeoff in the Phillips curve, and the costs of reducing inflation through contractionary policy.
Public economics unit 3 public expenditure and public debtNishali Balasingh
This document provides an overview of public economics, specifically public expenditure and public debt. It defines key terms like public expenditure, importance and objectives of public expenditure, classification of public expenditure, reasons for its growth, canons of public expenditure, and hypotheses about its growth like Wagner's law. It also defines public debt, causes and classification of debt, debt burden and its measurement. It concludes with discussing redemption of public debt.
The document provides an overview of Chapter 12 which discusses consumption, real GDP, and the multiplier in a Keynesian economic model. It outlines the learning objectives which include distinguishing between saving and savings, explaining the key determinants of consumption and saving, and understanding how equilibrium real GDP is established. The chapter will evaluate how autonomous changes in expenditures have a multiplier effect on real GDP. It also outlines the chapter sections which will cover consumption and investment functions, determining equilibrium GDP, and how the multiplier works.
This document summarizes key concepts about exchange rates and the foreign exchange market from an asset approach perspective. It discusses how exchange rates are determined by supply and demand in the foreign exchange market, and how interest rates, expectations of future exchange rates, and relative prices affect equilibrium in the market. Equilibrium requires interest rate parity, where expected returns are equal across currency deposits when measured in the same currency. A rise in a currency's interest rate causes its appreciation, while a rise in expected future exchange rates causes the current rate to rise as well.
The document discusses interest rates and bond yields. It covers two main theories of how interest rates are determined: the loanable funds theory and liquidity preference theory. The loanable funds theory states that interest rates are determined by the supply and demand of loanable funds in the market. The liquidity preference theory argues that interest rates are determined by the supply of money and demand to hold money. The document also discusses how various economic factors can influence interest rate movements. It defines bond yields and the yield to maturity calculation.
This chapter discusses why studying money, banking, and financial markets is important: to understand how financial markets work; how banks and other financial institutions operate; and the role of monetary policy. It provides an overview of key concepts like financial markets, the bond market, stock market, financial institutions, and past financial crises.
This document discusses macroeconomic and industry analysis for investment purposes. It covers several topics:
- The global economy and how international factors can impact firms' export prospects, competition, and profits.
- Analyzing the domestic macroeconomy, including key indicators like GDP, unemployment, inflation, and interest rates.
- Understanding business cycles, including cyclical and defensive industries.
- Using economic indicators to help predict the business cycle.
- Defining industries and analyzing industry performance and sensitivity to economic conditions.
- How sector rotation is an investment strategy that shifts between industry sectors based on the business cycle.
Public finance deals with the revenue and spending of government entities and its impact on the economy. It has four key areas: public income from taxes and other sources; public expenditure on infrastructure, services, etc.; public debt to fund gaps between income and expenditure; and financial administration of budgets, policies, and their social and economic effects.
The main functions of public finance are allocation of resources to both private and public goods, redistribution of wealth to reduce inequality, and stabilization of the economy during booms and recessions. Private finance encompasses personal finance of individuals and families as well as business finance.
The public and private sectors differ in objectives, sources of income, ability to borrow, currency ownership, time horizons
This chapter discusses interest rates and how they are measured. It introduces the concept of yield to maturity, which is the most accurate measure of interest rate. It then explains how to calculate the present value of future cash flows and the yield to maturity for four types of credit market instruments: simple loans, fixed payment loans, coupon bonds, and discount bonds. The chapter also distinguishes between interest rates, rates of return, and real versus nominal interest rates.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in business economics. It discusses what business economics is, different types of businesses and economic systems, and the role of government in regulating competition and contributing to economic stability. It also outlines major economic indicators that are monitored, and how monetary and fiscal policy can be used to influence the business cycle. Emerging topics like the internet's impact on supply chains and the challenges of globalization are also addressed.
Public debt is a major source of non-tax revenue for governments. It can be internal debt, which is borrowing from within the country, or external debt, which is borrowing from other countries. Governments take on public debt for several reasons, including to bridge budget deficits, fight economic depression, finance development projects, and meet emergency needs. Public debt can be classified as voluntary or compulsory, funded or unfunded, internal or external, productive or unproductive, and redeemable or irredeemable. Governments also take on short, medium, and long term loans depending on the timeframe of the borrowing.
The document outlines the circular flow of income and spending in an economy between households, firms, and the government. It shows how households purchase goods and services from firms using their incomes, while firms pay incomes to households for supplying factors of production. It also illustrates how the government collects taxes from households and firms, and makes expenditures. It introduces key concepts like injections, leakages, and how equilibrium occurs when total injections equal total leakages in the circular flow.
This document discusses labor unions and monopsony. It begins by outlining the history of labor unions in the United States from craft unions to industrial unions. It describes the goals of unions as seeking to increase wages and benefits for members through collective bargaining and strikes. The document then discusses the economic effects of unions, including evidence that union members earn higher wages but may be less productive. It also introduces the concept of monopsony, where a single buyer exploits workers by paying less than their marginal revenue product. The document uses graphs to illustrate how a monopsonistic firm determines employment and wages.
This chapter discusses environmental economics and concepts such as private vs social costs, market externalities, determining optimal pollution levels, property rights approaches to pollution, and policies to reduce pollution like cap and trade systems. It provides learning objectives on these topics and outlines how governments are using tools like emissions caps and carbon allowance trading to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The chapter also examines issues regarding endangered species as common property resources.
The document provides an overview of the money supply process involving three key players: the central bank (Federal Reserve), commercial banks, and depositors. It discusses how the Federal Reserve uses open market operations and changes in reserve requirements to influence the monetary base and money supply. It also introduces the money multiplier concept to illustrate how the money supply is multiplied from the original monetary base through the deposit creation process in the banking system.
The document discusses the foreign exchange market and factors that influence exchange rates. It outlines how the market works, defines key terms like appreciation and depreciation, and examines exchange rate determinants in both the long run and short run. In the long run, factors like relative price levels and productivity affect rates, while short-run supply and demand analysis shows how interest rates and expected future rates impact equilibrium. Charts and tables illustrate these concepts.
This chapter discusses the goals and strategies of monetary policy. It examines inflation targeting, which involves publicly announcing a medium-term inflation target and committing to price stability as the primary goal. The document discusses the Federal Reserve's evolution towards increased transparency, including its move away from targeting monetary aggregates. It also analyzes lessons from the financial crisis, such as the need to consider financial stability. The chapter evaluates tactics for implementing monetary policy, including choosing policy instruments and evaluating the Taylor rule for setting interest rates.
This chapter discusses output and exchange rates in the short run for an open economy. It introduces models of aggregate demand and asset market equilibrium. The DD schedule shows combinations of output and exchange rates where the output market is in equilibrium. The AA schedule shows combinations where the money and foreign exchange markets are in equilibrium. Short-run macroeconomic equilibrium occurs at the intersection of the DD and AA schedules. The effects of temporary and permanent monetary and fiscal policy shifts are analyzed using the model. Policy tools can be used to maintain full employment in response to short-run disturbances.
This chapter discusses the relationship between money, inflation, and prices according to the quantity theory of money. It introduces key concepts such as the money supply, monetary policy, the quantity equation, velocity of money, and how the money supply and inflation are connected. The quantity theory predicts a direct relationship between the growth of the money supply and the inflation rate in the long run.
1. The chapter discusses world trade patterns and the factors that influence trade between countries. It analyzes the United States' largest trading partners and how the gravity model explains differences in trade volumes based on country size and distance.
2. The composition of world trade has changed over time, shifting from agricultural and mineral products historically to a current focus on manufactured and service goods. Developing countries have also transitioned their exports away from agriculture toward manufacturing.
3. In addition to economic size and distance, cultural, geographic, political and infrastructure factors impact the flow of trade between countries.
The document summarizes three models of aggregate supply and the relationship between inflation and unemployment known as the Phillips curve. The models are the sticky-wage, imperfect-information, and sticky-price models. It also discusses how expectations are formed, the short-run tradeoff in the Phillips curve, and the costs of reducing inflation through contractionary policy.
Public economics unit 3 public expenditure and public debtNishali Balasingh
This document provides an overview of public economics, specifically public expenditure and public debt. It defines key terms like public expenditure, importance and objectives of public expenditure, classification of public expenditure, reasons for its growth, canons of public expenditure, and hypotheses about its growth like Wagner's law. It also defines public debt, causes and classification of debt, debt burden and its measurement. It concludes with discussing redemption of public debt.
The document provides an overview of Chapter 12 which discusses consumption, real GDP, and the multiplier in a Keynesian economic model. It outlines the learning objectives which include distinguishing between saving and savings, explaining the key determinants of consumption and saving, and understanding how equilibrium real GDP is established. The chapter will evaluate how autonomous changes in expenditures have a multiplier effect on real GDP. It also outlines the chapter sections which will cover consumption and investment functions, determining equilibrium GDP, and how the multiplier works.
This document summarizes key concepts about exchange rates and the foreign exchange market from an asset approach perspective. It discusses how exchange rates are determined by supply and demand in the foreign exchange market, and how interest rates, expectations of future exchange rates, and relative prices affect equilibrium in the market. Equilibrium requires interest rate parity, where expected returns are equal across currency deposits when measured in the same currency. A rise in a currency's interest rate causes its appreciation, while a rise in expected future exchange rates causes the current rate to rise as well.
The document discusses interest rates and bond yields. It covers two main theories of how interest rates are determined: the loanable funds theory and liquidity preference theory. The loanable funds theory states that interest rates are determined by the supply and demand of loanable funds in the market. The liquidity preference theory argues that interest rates are determined by the supply of money and demand to hold money. The document also discusses how various economic factors can influence interest rate movements. It defines bond yields and the yield to maturity calculation.
This chapter discusses why studying money, banking, and financial markets is important: to understand how financial markets work; how banks and other financial institutions operate; and the role of monetary policy. It provides an overview of key concepts like financial markets, the bond market, stock market, financial institutions, and past financial crises.
This document discusses macroeconomic and industry analysis for investment purposes. It covers several topics:
- The global economy and how international factors can impact firms' export prospects, competition, and profits.
- Analyzing the domestic macroeconomy, including key indicators like GDP, unemployment, inflation, and interest rates.
- Understanding business cycles, including cyclical and defensive industries.
- Using economic indicators to help predict the business cycle.
- Defining industries and analyzing industry performance and sensitivity to economic conditions.
- How sector rotation is an investment strategy that shifts between industry sectors based on the business cycle.
Public finance deals with the revenue and spending of government entities and its impact on the economy. It has four key areas: public income from taxes and other sources; public expenditure on infrastructure, services, etc.; public debt to fund gaps between income and expenditure; and financial administration of budgets, policies, and their social and economic effects.
The main functions of public finance are allocation of resources to both private and public goods, redistribution of wealth to reduce inequality, and stabilization of the economy during booms and recessions. Private finance encompasses personal finance of individuals and families as well as business finance.
The public and private sectors differ in objectives, sources of income, ability to borrow, currency ownership, time horizons
This chapter discusses interest rates and how they are measured. It introduces the concept of yield to maturity, which is the most accurate measure of interest rate. It then explains how to calculate the present value of future cash flows and the yield to maturity for four types of credit market instruments: simple loans, fixed payment loans, coupon bonds, and discount bonds. The chapter also distinguishes between interest rates, rates of return, and real versus nominal interest rates.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in business economics. It discusses what business economics is, different types of businesses and economic systems, and the role of government in regulating competition and contributing to economic stability. It also outlines major economic indicators that are monitored, and how monetary and fiscal policy can be used to influence the business cycle. Emerging topics like the internet's impact on supply chains and the challenges of globalization are also addressed.
Public debt is a major source of non-tax revenue for governments. It can be internal debt, which is borrowing from within the country, or external debt, which is borrowing from other countries. Governments take on public debt for several reasons, including to bridge budget deficits, fight economic depression, finance development projects, and meet emergency needs. Public debt can be classified as voluntary or compulsory, funded or unfunded, internal or external, productive or unproductive, and redeemable or irredeemable. Governments also take on short, medium, and long term loans depending on the timeframe of the borrowing.
The document outlines the circular flow of income and spending in an economy between households, firms, and the government. It shows how households purchase goods and services from firms using their incomes, while firms pay incomes to households for supplying factors of production. It also illustrates how the government collects taxes from households and firms, and makes expenditures. It introduces key concepts like injections, leakages, and how equilibrium occurs when total injections equal total leakages in the circular flow.
This document discusses labor unions and monopsony. It begins by outlining the history of labor unions in the United States from craft unions to industrial unions. It describes the goals of unions as seeking to increase wages and benefits for members through collective bargaining and strikes. The document then discusses the economic effects of unions, including evidence that union members earn higher wages but may be less productive. It also introduces the concept of monopsony, where a single buyer exploits workers by paying less than their marginal revenue product. The document uses graphs to illustrate how a monopsonistic firm determines employment and wages.
This chapter discusses environmental economics and concepts such as private vs social costs, market externalities, determining optimal pollution levels, property rights approaches to pollution, and policies to reduce pollution like cap and trade systems. It provides learning objectives on these topics and outlines how governments are using tools like emissions caps and carbon allowance trading to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The chapter also examines issues regarding endangered species as common property resources.
The document discusses inflation in the United States since 1954. It provides examples of price increases for various goods from 1954 to 2005, with tomatoes and fuel oil seeing the largest increases over 50%. It then discusses measures of inflation including the Consumer Price Index and definitions of demand-pull and cost-push inflation. The document concludes by examining how different groups are helped or hurt by unanticipated inflation, with those on fixed incomes or savings hurt while borrowers may benefit.
Monetary policy aims to control inflation and maintain price stability. It uses interest rates and money supply to influence aggregate demand in the economy. Interest rates affect borrowing costs for businesses and consumers. Lower rates boost spending while higher rates have the opposite effect. The document discusses various charts related to inflation projections, GDP growth, government borrowing, household savings, and other economic indicators relevant for monetary policy decisions.
This document provides an overview of microeconomic concepts related to household and firm behavior. It discusses three key topics:
1) Household choice, including the determinants of household demand and the budget constraint that limits household choices based on income, wealth, and prices.
2) Firm behavior and the assumptions of perfect competition and perfect knowledge that are used to study firm decisions.
3) Equilibrium in competitive markets and how prices are determined when supply equals demand under perfect competition.
This document discusses strategies for successful Facebook commerce ("F-Commerce"). It outlines the key drivers of F-Commerce success as audience, offer, placement, and virality. It then describes the Facebook conversion funnel and emphasizes the importance of developing an engaged community through authenticity and compelling limited-time offers to drive purchases.
The common ion effect occurs when a salt with a common ion is added to a saturated solution of another salt containing that ion. This causes the solubility equilibrium of the original salt to shift left, decreasing the solubility.
When a common ion is added, the concentration of that ion increases on the product side of the solubility equilibrium expression. According to Le Chatelier's principle, this shift in concentration causes the equilibrium to shift left to counteract the change and re-establish equilibrium. Shifting left means more solid salt precipitates out of solution, decreasing the solubility.
So in summary, adding a common ion decreases the solubility of the original salt by shifting its solubility equilibrium left through the common ion effect.
This chapter discusses biodiversity issues including the loss of biodiversity and extinction of species. It describes biodiversity in terms of genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. The value of biodiversity is explained from biological, economic, and intrinsic perspectives. Major threats to biodiversity are habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, and persecution of pest species. About 40% of the world's land has been converted for agriculture and pasture, contributing to deforestation and threatening many species.
CORE COMMUNICATION COMPETENCIES IN PATIENT CENTERED CARE AND SAFETY PATIENT U...Cicie Poenya
Tiga kalimat ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pentingnya komunikasi efektif dalam memberikan pelayanan keperawatan berfokus pasien guna meningkatkan keselamatan pasien dengan menggunakan teknologi informasi dan melakukan kolaborasi antar profesi kesehatan.
This chapter discusses perfect competition in markets. It begins by introducing lithium as an important input for batteries that has seen rising demand but falling prices. This is explained by the entry of new firms into the lithium industry. The chapter then outlines learning objectives and a chapter outline covering characteristics of perfect competition, how individual firms determine output levels, short-run profits, supply curves, and long-run equilibrium with entry and exit of firms. It also discusses how price is determined through the interaction of market supply and demand.
Project Kindle Fire seeks $500 from the Texas Retired Teachers Foundation grant to purchase a Kindle Fire HD and digital books for student use. As a 4th grade teacher in a rural, low-income, and predominantly Hispanic public school in Texas, the grant would allow the teacher to increase student access to technology and reading materials in the classroom. Applicants must be Texas public school teachers and submit the required documents by March 7, 2013 for consideration.
The document provides an overview of the curriculum, course selections, senior projects, internships, grade remediation, and early graduation options available at a Korean college counseling high school. It includes sample course schedules and requirements for 9th through 12th grades as well as guidelines for selecting classes each year. Senior project guidelines outline physical, written, performance, teaching, career-related, and service project ideas. Information is also provided on the benefits of internships and requirements for hosting a student. Finally, the grade remediation process for failed courses is summarized.
MAP (Measures of Academic Progress) tests are computerized adaptive tests that adjust to each student's ability. They are used to identify what students have learned and what they are ready to learn next by precisely measuring achievement and growth. During the tests, students see questions on their computer screens and use their mouse or keyboard to select answers. The test then adapts to accurately measure each student's skills and knowledge in the areas of reading and math to help teachers better meet individual learning needs.
Sportiek Reizen is een wintersportspecialist en helpt iedereen naar het vinden van hun ideale wintersportvakantie.
Sportiek onderscheidt zich door:
• het aanbieden van Nederlandse skileraren tijdens de schoolvakantieweken voor kinderen van ca. 5 tot 10 jaar. En de gehele winter Nederlandstalige reisleiding die diverse activiteiten organiseert zoals een rodelavond met glühwein, een sneew-BBQ en nog veel meer activiteiten.
• het unieke persoonlijke contact wat zij heeft meer haar gasten. Het Sportiek-personeel is ervaren en adviseert / offreert geheel vrijblijvend.
• Zeer scherpe prijzen door lage overheadkosten en het uitsluiten van tussenschakels zoals de reisbureaus
• al ruim 25 jaar haar expertise heeft kunnen uitdiepen en zich nu een “Les Sybelles-specialist” mag noemen.
• Sportiek lid is van Respect the Mountains en informeert haar bergsporters over het behoud van de natuur en leefomgeving in de bergen.
Voor meer info: www.sportiek.com of bel gerust +31(0)20-470 26 26.
The document provides an analysis of the 1950 Japanese film Rashomon and discusses two perspectives on truth and reality put forth by film critic Roger Ebert and filmmaker Errol Morris. Ebert believes truth is subjective and reality depends on individual perspectives, while Morris argues there is one objective truth and single reality. The document analyzes each character's testimony in Rashomon based on their potential motives and ultimately finds Morris's view better fits the film as there can only be one version of events, despite varying perceptions of truth.
This document provides information about copyright laws and fair use guidelines for teachers. It explains that copyright protects the rights of publishers and outlines what materials are copyrighted, including textbooks, music, and articles. Teachers must understand copyright law to avoid penalties for violations, which can include fines up to $150,000. The document reviews the fair use test and fair use exceptions under the TEACH Act that allow limited use of copyrighted materials for educational purposes. It encourages following copyright guidelines and obtaining permission when using other works and provides additional online resources on copyright issues for educators.
This document provides information about Measures of Academic Progress (MAP) assessments created by Northwest Evaluation Association (NWEA). It includes frequently asked questions about MAP tests, how teachers use the test scores, and tips for parents. It also describes The Lexile Framework, which uses reading metrics to match students with books at an appropriate difficulty level. The document aims to help parents understand NWEA assessments and support their child's learning.
Monopolistic competition is characterized by:
1) A large number of firms producing differentiated products.
2) No barriers to entry or exit in the industry.
3) Each firm has some degree of market power over its differentiated product but not enough influence price in the market alone.
(1) The document discusses labor market concepts like the labor force, employment, unemployment, and wages.
(2) It explains that the labor force is made up of those working or looking for work, while unemployment refers to those looking for work but unable to find it.
(3) Wages are determined by factors like expected inflation, unemployment rates, bargaining power between employers and employees, and efficiency wage theories where higher pay can increase productivity.
In this comprehensive chapter on unemployment, we embark on an explorative journey into the intricate dynamics of joblessness, aiming to dissect its multifaceted nature and illuminate pathways towards meaningful solutions.
We commence our inquiry by delineating the diverse manifestations of unemployment, discerning between frictional, structural, cyclical, and seasonal unemployment. Each form bears its distinct characteristics and implications, necessitating nuanced approaches for effective intervention.
Delving deeper, we unravel the underlying drivers of unemployment, which encompass a constellation of factors spanning technological innovation, globalization, mismatched skills, and economic fluctuations. Understanding these root causes is pivotal for devising targeted strategies that address the systemic barriers to employment.
Furthermore, we scrutinize the reverberating ripple effects of unemployment across individuals, families, and communities. From financial insecurity and diminished well-being to social disintegration and diminished human capital, the repercussions of joblessness permeate every facet of society, underscoring the urgency of concerted action.
Turning our gaze towards potential remedies, we embark on a quest to unearth pathways towards inclusive prosperity. We advocate for investments in education and skills development, fostering a dynamic workforce equipped to thrive in an ever-evolving labor market. Additionally, we champion the imperative of proactive labor market policies, including job creation initiatives, wage subsidies, and retraining programs tailored to the needs of vulnerable populations.
Moreover, we spotlight the catalytic role of entrepreneurship and innovation in engendering job growth and economic resilience. By cultivating an ecosystem conducive to enterprise, we nurture the seeds of innovation and empower individuals to chart their own pathways to prosperity.
Yet, our quest for solutions extends beyond policy prescriptions to encompass a broader ethos of social solidarity and collective responsibility. We underscore the imperative of forging partnerships across sectors, harnessing the collective ingenuity of government, business, civil society, and academia to forge a more equitable and inclusive future.
In sum, this chapter serves as a testament to the complexities of unemployment and the imperative of collective action. By embracing a holistic approach that addresses the structural roots of joblessness while fostering individual empowerment, we can aspire towards a future where every individual has the opportunity to realize their full potential and contribute meaningfully to society.
This document provides an outline and overview of key labor market concepts for a university presentation on unemployment and the labor market. It defines important terms like employment, unemployment, labor force participation and different types of unemployment. It also discusses broader measures of unemployment, trends in long-term unemployment in Ireland, and concepts of structural and cyclical unemployment as well as the economic definition of "full employment".
The document discusses key topics in human resources management, including:
- Contemporary staffing challenges such as aligning the workforce, fostering loyalty, and managing work-life balance.
- The importance of diversity and managing a diverse workforce in terms of factors like gender, race, and age.
- The three phases of the employment life cycle: recruiting, managing employment, and terminating employment.
- Methods for developing employees like training and performance evaluations, and compensating employees through salaries, incentives, and benefits.
This document discusses unemployment in Europe. It notes that unemployment rates have risen substantially in countries like France and Germany from around 2% in 1960 to over 10% recently. This rise can be traced to the interaction between long-standing generous unemployment benefits and a recent technological decline in demand for unskilled labor. Remedies discussed include reducing unemployment benefits, accepting lower-wage jobs, and incentivizing people to find work rather than remain unemployed. The document also compares unemployment variations between different European markets and notes differences in culture, policies, institutions and the role of unions.
Permanent Secretary Martti Hetemäki's (Ministry of Finance) presentation at the Economic Policy Council seminar on Labour Market Reforms, 24 January 2017.
See also:
https://www.talouspolitiikanarviointineuvosto.fi/en/improved-jobs-numbers-will-not-be-enough-to-fix-the-problems-in-public-finances/
https://www.talouspolitiikanarviointineuvosto.fi/en/home/
The document discusses unemployment and inflation as two major macroeconomic problems. It defines unemployment as people who are able and willing to work but unable to find jobs. There are different types of unemployment including frictional, cyclical, structural, and seasonal unemployment. Inflation is defined as a continuous rise in the general price level in an economy. The document discusses two main causes of inflation: demand-pull inflation which occurs when spending outpaces the economy's productive capacity, and cost-push inflation which results from increased costs of production being passed onto consumers. Effects of unemployment and inflation include impacts on individuals, society, and the overall economy.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on unemployment and the labor market. It begins with definitions of key terms like employment, unemployment, and labor force participation. It then discusses how to interpret various labor market statistics and indicators, including broader measures of unemployment. Several types of unemployment are defined, like cyclical, frictional, and structural unemployment. An overview is given of unemployment and employment trends in Ireland compared to other countries. Gender differences in employment rates are also examined. The document contains charts and statistics to illustrate the concepts.
Does Ending Endo Contribute to Inclusive Economic GrowthSonnie Santos
by Vicente Paqueo and Aniceto Orbeta Jr.
Fellows, PIDS and FEF
(a copy of this presentation was given to participants of the FEF Paderanga-Varela Memorial Lecture, to share, study and discuss with the objective of generating discussion about the effects of "ending endo" or temporary employment contract, and arrive at a win-win solution to the problem)
copyright belongs to the authors of the study
This document provides an overview of business cycles, unemployment, and inflation. It discusses the phases of the business cycle including expansion, recession, peaks and troughs. It also examines causes of business cycles and different types of unemployment including frictional, structural, cyclical, and seasonal unemployment. Key labor market indicators like the unemployment rate, labor force participation rate, and natural rate of unemployment are defined. The relationship between actual and potential GDP over the business cycle is also explored.
Theories of Unemployment, Philip Curve and its ControversiesMohit Sehal
This document discusses various theories related to unemployment, including:
1) Definitions of unemployment from various sources such as ILO and types of unemployment such as frictional, structural, seasonal, and cyclical.
2) Theories like efficiency wages, where increasing wages can increase productivity, and Okun's law relating GDP growth and unemployment changes.
3) The Phillips curve showing the relationship between inflation and unemployment and criticisms of the Phillips curve like it only applying in the short run.
4) Different views on the Phillips curve such as Friedman's vertical long run view, Tobin's kinked curve view, and Solow's vertical at positive inflation view.
The document discusses different types of unemployment and factors that influence unemployment rates. It defines the natural rate of unemployment as the rate toward which the economy gravitates in the long run. The natural rate depends on the rates of job separation and job finding. Policies aimed at lowering the natural rate should reduce separation rates or increase finding rates. Different types of unemployment discussed include frictional unemployment from search time or sectoral shifts, structural unemployment from wage rigidity, and unemployment influenced by factors like unions, minimum wages, and efficiency wages.
This document provides an overview of employee benefits and compensation. It begins with learning objectives about defining benefits, distinguishing between mandated and voluntary benefits, discussing shifts in retirement plans, managing health care costs, and considering benefits administration. It then defines benefits and discusses strategic perspectives. It outlines how typical benefit dollars are spent and strategic considerations. It addresses benefit design decisions and measurements of effectiveness. It categorizes types of benefits such as security, retirement, health care, and time-off benefits. It provides details on specific benefits and considerations for managing costs. Overall, the document serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding and managing employee benefits.
This chapter discusses classical macroeconomic models and the concept of full employment. It covers:
1) How classical models assume wages and prices adjust to clear markets and achieve full employment.
2) The production function relationship between inputs like labor and capital and economic output.
3) How diminishing returns can occur when adding more of one input while holding others fixed.
4) How labor market equilibrium between supply and demand determines wages and employment.
Staffing Industry CoVenture Industry DeckAli Hamed
The document discusses trends in the staffing industry, including the increasing prevalence of part-time and contract work. Some key points discussed are:
1) Rising costs of benefits for full-time employees have led companies to hire more part-time workers.
2) An aging population and mass retirement of baby boomers will further increase the supply of part-time workers seeking supplemental income.
3) Technologies have enabled new platforms for matching workers with services, as seen in companies like Uber, Work Pop, and Task Rabbit that facilitate part-time, contract and on-demand work.
This document provides information about an event on pensions auto-enrollment. It includes an agenda for the event that covers the need for automatic enrollment, employers' duties, who qualifies as a worker, compliance and enforcement, getting advice, and a Q&A session. It also discusses why automatic enrollment is being introduced due to an aging population, low pension contribution levels, and high retirement expectations. Employers will need to automatically enroll eligible workers, provide information to workers, and comply with ongoing responsibilities.
The document provides an overview of Chapter 13 which discusses fiscal policy. It begins by introducing the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) passed in 2008 to stimulate the economy during the recession. It then lists the learning objectives which include evaluating the effects of discretionary fiscal policy, discussing potential offsets that could reduce its effectiveness, and describing automatic stabilizers. The remainder of the document outlines the chapter and provides examples and figures to explain key aspects of discretionary fiscal policy, possible offsets, coping with time lags, and automatic stabilizers.
This document discusses unemployment, including how it is measured, its various costs, types of unemployment, and policies related to achieving full employment. Unemployment is measured as the number of people actively seeking work but unable to find a job. There are personal, economic, and social costs of unemployment. The main types of unemployment are frictional, structural, seasonal, and cyclical. Full employment is defined as the lowest unemployment rate compatible with price stability, around 4-6%. Policies aim to reduce unemployment through monetary policy, fiscal policy, education/training, and labor market flexibility.
The document provides an overview of market failures and the role of government in addressing them. It discusses four main types of market failures: public goods, externalities, monopolies, and unfair distribution of income. For each market failure, it explains how unregulated free markets can lead to inefficient outcomes and why government intervention may be needed. For example, it describes how public goods pose a free-rider problem that prevents private markets from efficiently providing them, and how externalities cause the market to over- or under-produce goods due to costs and benefits not being fully reflected in market prices. The document aims to explain the economic rationale for government policies that address these various market failures.
Here are the answers to identify the resource and shifter:
1. Increase in the demand for microprocessors leads to an increase in the demand for processor assemblers.
2. Increase in the price for plastic piping causes the demand for copper piping to increase.
3. Increase in demand for small homes (compared to big homes) leads to an increase in the demand for lumber.
4. For shipping companies, decrease in price of trains leads to decrease in demand for trucks.
5. Decrease in price of sugar leads to an increase in the demand for aluminum for soda producers.
6. Substantial increase in education and training leads to an increase in demand for skilled labor.
The document discusses monopolies and imperfect competition. It defines monopolies as markets with a single seller and high barriers to entry. Monopolies are inefficient as they produce less output and charge higher prices than would occur under perfect competition. This results in deadweight loss to society. The government may regulate monopolies through price ceilings to increase output and efficiency. Price discrimination is also discussed, which is when a firm charges different prices to different groups of consumers to maximize profits.
The document discusses costs of production in the short run under perfect competition. It defines short run as a period where at least one resource is fixed, such as plant capacity. It explains the differences between explicit costs that accountants consider and both explicit and implicit opportunity costs that economists consider. The document also defines different types of costs like total, variable, fixed, average, and marginal costs. It provides an example to calculate these different costs and explains why the marginal cost curve is U-shaped due to the law of diminishing marginal returns.
This document summarizes the WASC/CDS accreditation process for 2014-2015 and the school's previous action plan from 2012-2015. It outlines 7 goals that were achieved, including developing standardized student handbooks, language policies, technology plans, a K-12 curriculum, and college counseling program. It also notes the universities that students were admitted to for 2014-2015. The document concludes by introducing the school's new action plan for 2015-2021, which contains 8 goals focused on developing the school as a learning community, integrating technology, using data analysis, forming international partnerships, clarifying roles and policies, improving communication, evaluating support services, and supporting English language learners.
This document provides an overview of supply, demand, and consumer choice concepts including:
- Definitions of demand, the law of demand, and factors that cause shifts in demand. Graphs are used to illustrate demand schedules and curves.
- Definitions of supply, the law of supply, and factors that cause shifts in supply. Graphs are used to illustrate supply schedules and curves.
- How supply and demand interact in a market to determine equilibrium price and quantity. Examples are provided to show the effects of price changes on surpluses and shortages.
- Concepts of consumer surplus, producer surplus, and total surplus are introduced using graphs.
- Government policies that can impact markets are
The document provides an overview of basic economic concepts. It defines economics as the study of how individuals and societies deal with scarcity. Scarcity means that resources are limited and not enough to satisfy all wants, so choices must be made. Microeconomics studies small economic units like individuals and firms, while macroeconomics looks at the overall economy. Positive statements are factual, while normative statements include value judgments. Economists use theories and models to understand and address economic problems. The concepts of opportunity cost, marginal analysis, and supply and demand are introduced.
The document provides an overview of basic economic concepts. It discusses:
- Economics is the study of how individuals and societies deal with scarcity. Scarcity means that resources are limited and our wants are unlimited, so we must make choices about how to use resources.
- Microeconomics studies small economic units like individuals and firms, while macroeconomics looks at the overall economy. Positive economics makes factual statements, while normative economics includes value judgments.
- The production possibilities curve (PPC) model shows the tradeoffs between producing different goods given limited resources. Points on the PPC are productively efficient, while the optimal point depends on societal wants.
- Comparative advantage explains why countries
High School Orientation for Middle school parents presentationMalcolm Harrison
This document contains information about the CDS High School for the 2015-2016 school year. It includes the names and roles of the administrative staff, the colleges that 2015 graduates were accepted to, an overview of the school calendar and curriculum requirements, course offerings by grade, sports records from 2013-2014, and facilities information. It also outlines policies regarding dress code, language, discipline, and technology as well as information about the grading scale and academic probation.
This senior project combines SparksNotes and news summaries to create video summaries of 4 novels: Romeo and Juliet, The Great Gatsby, Pride and Prejudice, and The Kite Runner. The objective is to indirectly teach younger high school students about different aspects of literature using movie clips while showcasing the student's learning over high school, particularly in English which was their most memorable subject. The project involved watching movies, writing scripts, recording with a green screen, editing with iMovie, and support from a mentor teacher and internet resources.
This senior project involves creating a combination SparksNotes and news-style video series summarizing and analyzing four novels: Romeo and Juliet, The Great Gatsby, Pride and Prejudice, and The Kite Runner. The objective is to indirectly teach younger high school students about English literature and show the creator's learning over high school, with a focus on different literary elements in each book. The project will entail watching movies, writing scripts, recording with a green screen, editing, and using resources like a mentor, internet research, iMovie, and the source books.
The document provides information about schedule changes and extracurricular clubs available at a high school. It notes that 9th grade Drama has changed to a free period and 10th grade Drama and World History classes have been rescheduled. Various clubs are described, including orchestra, sports from around the world, poetry and drawing, business and entrepreneurship, yearbook, robot programming, IT programming, band, cooking, audio production, high school musical, yoga, meditation, traditional Korean percussion music, vlogging, and swimming.
The document provides details about an upcoming cross country (XC) running event at CDS campus on October 10th. It outlines the schedule for the middle school and high school races, including start times, locations of check points along the course maps, and staff assignments at check points and other roles. Key responsibilities of check point staff are to ensure student safety, hold signs with distances, and report on the running situation. The document also specifies dress codes, prizes, water, lunch, and shuttle bus information for the event.
This document discusses the WASC accreditation process for CDS school for the 2014-2015 school year. It explains that CDS is currently in year 2 of the 6-year process. The school's goals are to involve all staff and stakeholders, create a continuous WASC process, and improve the school. To receive accreditation, the school must complete a self-study report and single plan for student achievement. The self-study will be completed by leadership, home, and focus groups to analyze student achievement and how the school supports it. The focus groups will examine criteria related to student learning, curriculum/instruction/assessment, student growth, and resource management.
This document provides an overview of a 12th grade "Back to School" evening at CDS High School. It includes the schedule for the evening, information about class websites and upcoming sports fixtures. It also provides details on course expectations and grading policies for several 12th grade courses, including English, Calculus, Statistics, Physics, Economics, Chemistry, Environmental Science and Visual Arts. Information is also included on Drama, Senior Projects, World Languages and P.E. classes.
This document provides an agenda and details for a new student orientation at CDS High School. The agenda includes welcome remarks, faculty introductions, award announcements, a review of schedules, policies, and extracurricular activities. It also lists the house teachers and students assigned to each house. The orientation reviews topics like attendance, grades, graduation requirements, conduct policies, dress code, technology use, and sports tryouts.
The document provides an orientation schedule and information for a new school year, including:
- An introduction from the Head of School and administrators
- The orientation schedule for the first few days with activities like laptop distribution, classroom assignments, and a BBQ
- The school calendar for 2014-2015 and class timetables for the different divisions (programs)
This document provides information about the staff, curriculum, and policies at a school. It introduces the head of school and other administrators. It then lists the required subjects and credits needed for graduation. Finally, it provides course selection forms for grades 9-11, outlining prerequisites and requirements for choosing classes.
This chapter discusses fiscal policy and the government's use of spending and taxation to influence economic activity. It covers the US government's fiscal response to the 2008 recession through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. The chapter objectives are to evaluate the effects of discretionary fiscal policy, discuss potential offsets that can reduce its effectiveness, and explain fiscal policy tools like automatic stabilizers. It also discusses challenges like time lags in fiscal policy that complicate using it to precisely manage economic conditions.
This chapter discusses deficit spending and the public debt. It begins with an introduction to the topic and learning objectives. The US government has run deficits for most years since 1940, with spending exceeding tax revenue. This deficit is financed by issuing government bonds. The public debt refers to the total value of outstanding government securities and is a stock that accumulates over time from annual deficits. Rising debt levels could burden future generations if not paid down. The chapter outlines ways to reduce government deficits, including increasing taxes, reducing spending, and reforming large entitlement programs.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
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Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.