This document discusses the Linux file system structure. It begins with the root directory designated by a forward slash. Under the root are key directories like /bin, /boot, /dev, /etc, /home, /lib, /mnt, /media, /opt, /proc, /root, /sbin, /tmp, /usr, and /var that store important system files, configuration files, user files, libraries, and more. The document explains the purpose and contents of each directory to illustrate how the overall file system structure supports the functioning of the operating system.
The document discusses the file system structure in Linux. It describes the standard directories in a Linux file system including /bin for user binaries, /boot for boot loader files, /dev for device files, /etc for configuration files, /home for user home directories, /lib for system libraries, /lost+found for file recovery, /media for removable devices, /mnt for mounting filesystems, /opt for optional applications, /root for the root user's home, /sbin for system binaries, /usr for user programs, /var for variable files, /srv for service data, and /tmp for temporary files. It also describes what files, directories, and data each standard directory contains.
The Linux file system structure contains a root directory (/) that contains subdirectories for essential system files and programs. Some key subdirectories are /bin and /sbin for essential binaries, /etc for configuration files, /dev for device files, /proc for process information, /var for variable and log files, /tmp for temporary files, /usr for user-installed programs, /home for user home directories, /boot for boot loader files, and /lib for library files supporting binaries. Additional subdirectories include /opt for optional software, /mnt and /media for temporarily mounting file systems, and /srv for server-specific files.
The document discusses the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) used in Red Hat Enterprise Linux. It describes the structure of the root directory and the purpose of each subdirectory, including: /bin for essential user binaries, /sbin for system administration binaries, /etc for configuration files, /dev for device files, /proc for process information, /var for variable and log files, /tmp for temporary files, /usr for secondary user programs, /home for user home directories, /boot for boot loader files, /lib for essential system libraries, /opt for optional third-party software, /mnt for mounting filesystems, and /media for mounting removable media.
The document describes the Linux file system hierarchy. It explains that the root of the hierarchy is / and then describes the purpose and contents of important directories like /bin, /boot, /dev, /etc, /home, /media, /mnt, /opt, /proc, /root, /sbin, /tmp, /usr, and /var. For example, it states that /bin contains common commands, /dev contains device files, and /home contains user directories.
Lesson 2 Understanding Linux File SystemSadia Bashir
The document provides an overview of Linux file systems and file types. It discusses:
1) The main types of files in Linux including directories, special files, links, sockets and pipes.
2) The standard Linux directory structure and the purpose of directories like /bin, /sbin, /etc, and /usr.
3) Common Linux file extensions and hidden files that begin with a dot.
4) Environment variables and how they can be used to customize a system.
5) Symbolic links and how they create references to files without copying the actual file.
The document outlines the standard directory structure in Linux. It describes the purpose and contents of the main directories including / for the root directory, /bin and /sbin for essential user and system binaries, /etc for configuration files, /dev for device files, /proc for process information, /var for log files and temporary files, /tmp for temporary files, /usr for secondary user programs, /home for user home directories, /boot for boot loader files, /lib for system libraries, /opt for optional add-on applications, /mnt and /media for mounting removable drives, and /srv for server service data.
This document provides an overview of the Linux filesystem, including its structure, key directories, and concepts like mounting. It describes the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard which defines the main directories and their contents. Key points covered include that everything in Linux is treated as a file, the top-level root directory is "/", essential directories like /bin, /dev, /etc, /home, /lib, /proc, /sbin, /usr, /var are explained, and mounting additional filesystems is described.
Linux is a free, open-source operating system based on UNIX with a modular kernel. It uses processes, threads, virtual memory, and files systems. Device drivers allow access to hardware via the block I/O system. Interprocess communication includes signals, pipes, shared memory, and semaphores. Security features authentication via PAM and access controls permissions via user and group IDs.
The document discusses the file system structure in Linux. It describes the standard directories in a Linux file system including /bin for user binaries, /boot for boot loader files, /dev for device files, /etc for configuration files, /home for user home directories, /lib for system libraries, /lost+found for file recovery, /media for removable devices, /mnt for mounting filesystems, /opt for optional applications, /root for the root user's home, /sbin for system binaries, /usr for user programs, /var for variable files, /srv for service data, and /tmp for temporary files. It also describes what files, directories, and data each standard directory contains.
The Linux file system structure contains a root directory (/) that contains subdirectories for essential system files and programs. Some key subdirectories are /bin and /sbin for essential binaries, /etc for configuration files, /dev for device files, /proc for process information, /var for variable and log files, /tmp for temporary files, /usr for user-installed programs, /home for user home directories, /boot for boot loader files, and /lib for library files supporting binaries. Additional subdirectories include /opt for optional software, /mnt and /media for temporarily mounting file systems, and /srv for server-specific files.
The document discusses the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) used in Red Hat Enterprise Linux. It describes the structure of the root directory and the purpose of each subdirectory, including: /bin for essential user binaries, /sbin for system administration binaries, /etc for configuration files, /dev for device files, /proc for process information, /var for variable and log files, /tmp for temporary files, /usr for secondary user programs, /home for user home directories, /boot for boot loader files, /lib for essential system libraries, /opt for optional third-party software, /mnt for mounting filesystems, and /media for mounting removable media.
The document describes the Linux file system hierarchy. It explains that the root of the hierarchy is / and then describes the purpose and contents of important directories like /bin, /boot, /dev, /etc, /home, /media, /mnt, /opt, /proc, /root, /sbin, /tmp, /usr, and /var. For example, it states that /bin contains common commands, /dev contains device files, and /home contains user directories.
Lesson 2 Understanding Linux File SystemSadia Bashir
The document provides an overview of Linux file systems and file types. It discusses:
1) The main types of files in Linux including directories, special files, links, sockets and pipes.
2) The standard Linux directory structure and the purpose of directories like /bin, /sbin, /etc, and /usr.
3) Common Linux file extensions and hidden files that begin with a dot.
4) Environment variables and how they can be used to customize a system.
5) Symbolic links and how they create references to files without copying the actual file.
The document outlines the standard directory structure in Linux. It describes the purpose and contents of the main directories including / for the root directory, /bin and /sbin for essential user and system binaries, /etc for configuration files, /dev for device files, /proc for process information, /var for log files and temporary files, /tmp for temporary files, /usr for secondary user programs, /home for user home directories, /boot for boot loader files, /lib for system libraries, /opt for optional add-on applications, /mnt and /media for mounting removable drives, and /srv for server service data.
This document provides an overview of the Linux filesystem, including its structure, key directories, and concepts like mounting. It describes the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard which defines the main directories and their contents. Key points covered include that everything in Linux is treated as a file, the top-level root directory is "/", essential directories like /bin, /dev, /etc, /home, /lib, /proc, /sbin, /usr, /var are explained, and mounting additional filesystems is described.
Linux is a free, open-source operating system based on UNIX with a modular kernel. It uses processes, threads, virtual memory, and files systems. Device drivers allow access to hardware via the block I/O system. Interprocess communication includes signals, pipes, shared memory, and semaphores. Security features authentication via PAM and access controls permissions via user and group IDs.
The document summarizes the standard directory structure and purposes of the main directories in a Linux file system. The root directory (/) contains all other directories and files on the system. Key directories include /bin for essential executable binaries, /dev for device files, /etc for system configuration files, /home for user files, /lib for shared libraries, /sbin for system administration binaries, /tmp for temporary files, /usr for user programs and documentation, and /var for files that change frequently like logs.
The document discusses the Linux operating system. It describes Linux as an open-source, free operating system that provides office software, games, video editors, and desktop environments. It explains that Linux uses a tree-like directory structure to organize files, similar to folders in Windows. Key directories include /bin for executable programs, /home for user files, /tmp for temporary files, and /var for variable or changing data. The document also distinguishes between absolute and relative file paths.
The Linux directory structure is organized with / as the root directory. Key directories include /bin and /sbin for essential system binaries, /boot for boot files, /dev for device files, /etc for configuration files, /home for user home directories, /lib for shared libraries, /media and /mnt for mounting removable media, /opt for optional application software, /proc for process information, /root for the root user's home, /tmp for temporary files, /usr for secondary hierarchy data and binaries, and /var for variable data.
The document discusses Linux file systems. It describes that Linux uses a hierarchical tree structure with everything treated as a file. It explains the basic components of a file system including the boot block, super block, inode list, and block list. It then covers different types of file systems for Linux like ext2, ext3, ext4, FAT32, NTFS, and network file systems like NFS and SMB. It also discusses absolute vs relative paths and mounting and unmounting filesystems using the mount and umount commands.
The document discusses Linux file systems. It provides an overview of Linux file system types including network file systems like NFS and SMB, and disk file systems like ext2, ext3, FAT32, and NTFS. It describes the physical structure of file systems on disk including the boot block, super block, inode list, and block list. It also summarizes the features and maximum sizes of different file system standards like ext2, ext3, ext4, ReiserFS, XFS, and JFS.
Linux uses a logical file system hierarchy standard to organize files across multiple directories and file systems. The root directory is at the top level and is represented by a forward slash. Key directories include /bin for executable commands, /lib for shared libraries, /etc for configuration files, and /var for dynamic data. Common file systems in Linux include ext2, ext3, ReiserFS, tmpfs, and proc.
This document provides an overview of the Linux file system including:
1. It defines the main directories and contents according to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) with the root directory being "/" and possible multiple partitions and filesystems.
2. It describes the different types of files like ordinary files, directories, and special files as well as file permissions for reading, writing, and executing files and directories.
3. It explains how to change file permissions using the chmod command and navigate the file system using commands like pwd, cd, and ls including examples of using options, wildcards and navigation.
Linux directory structure by jitu mistryJITU MISTRY
in this ppt there are talkin about the Linux directory structure. special focus on the why we have such type of directory and that is explain slide by slide
The document discusses different aspects of file systems and file structures. It describes files as collections of data that have long-term existence, can be shared between processes, and organized hierarchically. File systems provide storage for files and functions to manipulate them, maintaining attributes. Common file structures include sequential, indexed sequential, and direct/hashed files. The document also outlines the components of a file system software architecture and operations performed on directories.
XFS is a file system designed for large storage needs and high performance. It supports large files and directories through its use of extents to track file data locations. XFS provides features like dynamic inode allocation, extended attributes, disk quotas, and crash recovery through write-ahead logging to enable quick recovery of metadata after an unclean shutdown.
Linux was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and is an open-source operating system freely available in source and binary forms. It has features like virtual memory, networking, multiple users, protected memory, and a graphical user interface. Reasons to use Linux include that it is free, runs on various hardware, is stable even if programs crash, and has available source code. Basic Linux commands are used to view system information, manage files and directories, and more.
Unix file systems 2 in unix internal systems senthilamul
The document discusses how UNIX organizes and accesses files on disk. It describes the file system structure, including inodes which contain metadata about each file, directories which map filenames to inodes, and block allocation which determines how file data is physically stored across disk blocks. It also covers subdirectories, hard and soft links, and comparisons of different file allocation strategies like contiguous, block, and extent-based allocation.
The document discusses the UNIX file system. It describes how the file system is organized in a tree structure that can be arbitrarily deep. Files include regular files, directories, device files, UNIX domain sockets, and named pipes. File permissions are managed through permission bits and special flags like setuid and setgid. Inodes store metadata about files like timestamps, ownership, and size. The file system is mounted to map directories to storage resources and unmounted to detach them.
The Unix file system uses a hierarchical structure with directories and files to organize data. It consists of three main file types: ordinary files containing data, directory files that act as containers for other files, and device files that represent physical devices. Files have attributes like permissions, ownership, and timestamps that provide metadata. Users can navigate this structure using commands like ls to list files, cd to change directories, and chmod to modify permissions on a file.
101 4.7 find system files and place files in the correct locationAcácio Oliveira
This document provides information about key directories and files defined by the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) and utilities for locating files on a Linux system. The FHS defines standard locations for different types of files including /bin for essential commands, /etc for host configuration, /lib for libraries, /usr for secondary files, and /var for variable files. Commands like find, locate, whereis, and which can be used to search for files and determine their locations. Find searches file paths and contents, locate uses a database for quick searches, whereis shows possible locations, and which shows the path of executables.
The document summarizes the evolution of Linux file systems from local to cluster to distributed systems. It discusses Ext2, Ext3, and Ext4 local file systems and improvements made to support larger file systems and reduce filesystem check times. It introduces cluster file systems used with shared storage for high availability and scaling compute and storage. Distributed file systems are described as scaling to unified storage across commodity hardware, with examples like HDFS based on the Google File System model with separate metadata and data servers. Current trends include further scaling out, flash technology use, and unified object/block/file storage.
Part 03 File System Implementation in LinuxTushar B Kute
Presentation on "Virtual File System Implementation in Linux".
Presented at Army Institute of Technology, Pune for FDP on "Basics of Linux Kernel Programming". by Tushar B Kute (http://tusharkute.com).
LInux: Basics & File System:The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969 at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. First released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in assembly language, as was common practice at the time. Later, in a key pioneering approach in 1973, it was rewritten in the C programming language by Dennis Ritchie (with exceptions to the kernel and I/O). The availability of a high-level language implementation of Unix made its porting to different computer platforms easier.
Lab 5 Linux File Structure and Hierarchy.pptxCiceer Ghimirey
The Linux file system hierarchy defines the directory structure and contents of files and directories in Unix-like operating systems. It establishes that all files and directories appear under the root directory /. Some of the key directories in the hierarchy include /bin, which contains essential command binaries, /boot for boot loader files, /dev for device files, and /etc for system-wide configuration files. User home directories are located in /home, while temporary files are stored in /tmp. The hierarchy also includes directories like /lib for essential libraries, /opt for optional application software, /sbin for essential system binaries, and /usr for secondary hierarchy of read-only user data and utilities.
Here are the steps to complete the assignment:
1. Login as guest user (password is guest)
2. To find the present working directory: pwd
3. The root directory structure includes: /bin, /dev, /etc, /home, /lib, /root, /sbin, /tmp, /usr etc.
4. A few commands in /bin are: ls, cp, mv, rm, chmod. Commands in /sbin are: ifconfig, route, iptables etc.
5. The guest home directory is /home/guest
6. The permissions of the guest home directory are: drwxr-xr-x
7. To create a new
Here are the steps to complete the assignment:
1. Logged in as guest user
2. Present working directory is /home/guest
3. Wrote the structure of root directory /
4. A few commands in /bin are ls, cp, mv. A few in /sbin are ifconfig, route
5. Guest directory is /home/guest
6. Permissions of /home/guest are drwxr-xr-x
7. Created directory test in /home/guest
8. Copied /etc/resolv.conf to /home/guest/test
9. Renamed /home/guest/test to /home/guest/testing
10. Deleted
The document summarizes the standard directory structure and purposes of the main directories in a Linux file system. The root directory (/) contains all other directories and files on the system. Key directories include /bin for essential executable binaries, /dev for device files, /etc for system configuration files, /home for user files, /lib for shared libraries, /sbin for system administration binaries, /tmp for temporary files, /usr for user programs and documentation, and /var for files that change frequently like logs.
The document discusses the Linux operating system. It describes Linux as an open-source, free operating system that provides office software, games, video editors, and desktop environments. It explains that Linux uses a tree-like directory structure to organize files, similar to folders in Windows. Key directories include /bin for executable programs, /home for user files, /tmp for temporary files, and /var for variable or changing data. The document also distinguishes between absolute and relative file paths.
The Linux directory structure is organized with / as the root directory. Key directories include /bin and /sbin for essential system binaries, /boot for boot files, /dev for device files, /etc for configuration files, /home for user home directories, /lib for shared libraries, /media and /mnt for mounting removable media, /opt for optional application software, /proc for process information, /root for the root user's home, /tmp for temporary files, /usr for secondary hierarchy data and binaries, and /var for variable data.
The document discusses Linux file systems. It describes that Linux uses a hierarchical tree structure with everything treated as a file. It explains the basic components of a file system including the boot block, super block, inode list, and block list. It then covers different types of file systems for Linux like ext2, ext3, ext4, FAT32, NTFS, and network file systems like NFS and SMB. It also discusses absolute vs relative paths and mounting and unmounting filesystems using the mount and umount commands.
The document discusses Linux file systems. It provides an overview of Linux file system types including network file systems like NFS and SMB, and disk file systems like ext2, ext3, FAT32, and NTFS. It describes the physical structure of file systems on disk including the boot block, super block, inode list, and block list. It also summarizes the features and maximum sizes of different file system standards like ext2, ext3, ext4, ReiserFS, XFS, and JFS.
Linux uses a logical file system hierarchy standard to organize files across multiple directories and file systems. The root directory is at the top level and is represented by a forward slash. Key directories include /bin for executable commands, /lib for shared libraries, /etc for configuration files, and /var for dynamic data. Common file systems in Linux include ext2, ext3, ReiserFS, tmpfs, and proc.
This document provides an overview of the Linux file system including:
1. It defines the main directories and contents according to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) with the root directory being "/" and possible multiple partitions and filesystems.
2. It describes the different types of files like ordinary files, directories, and special files as well as file permissions for reading, writing, and executing files and directories.
3. It explains how to change file permissions using the chmod command and navigate the file system using commands like pwd, cd, and ls including examples of using options, wildcards and navigation.
Linux directory structure by jitu mistryJITU MISTRY
in this ppt there are talkin about the Linux directory structure. special focus on the why we have such type of directory and that is explain slide by slide
The document discusses different aspects of file systems and file structures. It describes files as collections of data that have long-term existence, can be shared between processes, and organized hierarchically. File systems provide storage for files and functions to manipulate them, maintaining attributes. Common file structures include sequential, indexed sequential, and direct/hashed files. The document also outlines the components of a file system software architecture and operations performed on directories.
XFS is a file system designed for large storage needs and high performance. It supports large files and directories through its use of extents to track file data locations. XFS provides features like dynamic inode allocation, extended attributes, disk quotas, and crash recovery through write-ahead logging to enable quick recovery of metadata after an unclean shutdown.
Linux was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and is an open-source operating system freely available in source and binary forms. It has features like virtual memory, networking, multiple users, protected memory, and a graphical user interface. Reasons to use Linux include that it is free, runs on various hardware, is stable even if programs crash, and has available source code. Basic Linux commands are used to view system information, manage files and directories, and more.
Unix file systems 2 in unix internal systems senthilamul
The document discusses how UNIX organizes and accesses files on disk. It describes the file system structure, including inodes which contain metadata about each file, directories which map filenames to inodes, and block allocation which determines how file data is physically stored across disk blocks. It also covers subdirectories, hard and soft links, and comparisons of different file allocation strategies like contiguous, block, and extent-based allocation.
The document discusses the UNIX file system. It describes how the file system is organized in a tree structure that can be arbitrarily deep. Files include regular files, directories, device files, UNIX domain sockets, and named pipes. File permissions are managed through permission bits and special flags like setuid and setgid. Inodes store metadata about files like timestamps, ownership, and size. The file system is mounted to map directories to storage resources and unmounted to detach them.
The Unix file system uses a hierarchical structure with directories and files to organize data. It consists of three main file types: ordinary files containing data, directory files that act as containers for other files, and device files that represent physical devices. Files have attributes like permissions, ownership, and timestamps that provide metadata. Users can navigate this structure using commands like ls to list files, cd to change directories, and chmod to modify permissions on a file.
101 4.7 find system files and place files in the correct locationAcácio Oliveira
This document provides information about key directories and files defined by the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) and utilities for locating files on a Linux system. The FHS defines standard locations for different types of files including /bin for essential commands, /etc for host configuration, /lib for libraries, /usr for secondary files, and /var for variable files. Commands like find, locate, whereis, and which can be used to search for files and determine their locations. Find searches file paths and contents, locate uses a database for quick searches, whereis shows possible locations, and which shows the path of executables.
The document summarizes the evolution of Linux file systems from local to cluster to distributed systems. It discusses Ext2, Ext3, and Ext4 local file systems and improvements made to support larger file systems and reduce filesystem check times. It introduces cluster file systems used with shared storage for high availability and scaling compute and storage. Distributed file systems are described as scaling to unified storage across commodity hardware, with examples like HDFS based on the Google File System model with separate metadata and data servers. Current trends include further scaling out, flash technology use, and unified object/block/file storage.
Part 03 File System Implementation in LinuxTushar B Kute
Presentation on "Virtual File System Implementation in Linux".
Presented at Army Institute of Technology, Pune for FDP on "Basics of Linux Kernel Programming". by Tushar B Kute (http://tusharkute.com).
LInux: Basics & File System:The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969 at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. First released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in assembly language, as was common practice at the time. Later, in a key pioneering approach in 1973, it was rewritten in the C programming language by Dennis Ritchie (with exceptions to the kernel and I/O). The availability of a high-level language implementation of Unix made its porting to different computer platforms easier.
Lab 5 Linux File Structure and Hierarchy.pptxCiceer Ghimirey
The Linux file system hierarchy defines the directory structure and contents of files and directories in Unix-like operating systems. It establishes that all files and directories appear under the root directory /. Some of the key directories in the hierarchy include /bin, which contains essential command binaries, /boot for boot loader files, /dev for device files, and /etc for system-wide configuration files. User home directories are located in /home, while temporary files are stored in /tmp. The hierarchy also includes directories like /lib for essential libraries, /opt for optional application software, /sbin for essential system binaries, and /usr for secondary hierarchy of read-only user data and utilities.
Here are the steps to complete the assignment:
1. Login as guest user (password is guest)
2. To find the present working directory: pwd
3. The root directory structure includes: /bin, /dev, /etc, /home, /lib, /root, /sbin, /tmp, /usr etc.
4. A few commands in /bin are: ls, cp, mv, rm, chmod. Commands in /sbin are: ifconfig, route, iptables etc.
5. The guest home directory is /home/guest
6. The permissions of the guest home directory are: drwxr-xr-x
7. To create a new
Here are the steps to complete the assignment:
1. Logged in as guest user
2. Present working directory is /home/guest
3. Wrote the structure of root directory /
4. A few commands in /bin are ls, cp, mv. A few in /sbin are ifconfig, route
5. Guest directory is /home/guest
6. Permissions of /home/guest are drwxr-xr-x
7. Created directory test in /home/guest
8. Copied /etc/resolv.conf to /home/guest/test
9. Renamed /home/guest/test to /home/guest/testing
10. Deleted
The document discusses the Linux file system hierarchy. It begins by explaining that all files on a Linux system are organized into a single tree of directories with the root directory "/" at the top. It then provides descriptions of the standard directories that make up the hierarchy, including /bin, /boot, /dev, /etc, /home, /lib, /media, /mnt, /opt, /root, /sbin, /srv, /tmp, /usr, and /var. It notes that these directories contain essential files and programs used for booting, configuration, user home directories, libraries, removable media, mounting other file systems, software packages, system administration tools, server data, temporary files, and data written by
The document discusses the Linux file system hierarchy. At the top is the root path represented by '/'. Below that are directories like /bin, /boot, /dev, /etc, /home, /lib, /media, /mnt, /opt, /proc, /root, /sbin, /sys, /tmp, /usr, and /var. Each directory stores specific types of files, like /bin containing common commands, /home containing user files, /etc containing configuration files, and /var containing log and temporary files. The hierarchy organizes all the files and data stored on a Linux system.
The document discusses Linux file systems. It describes that Linux uses a hierarchical tree structure with everything treated as a file. It explains the basic components of a file system including the boot block, super block, inode list, and block list. It then covers different types of file systems like ext2, ext3, ext4, FAT32, NTFS, and network file systems like NFS and SMB. It also discusses the physical structure of files on disk and basic Linux file system commands like mount, unmount, ls, and file paths.
The file system hierarchy in Linux is organized with the root directory "/" at the top. Key directories include /bin and /sbin for essential binaries, /boot for boot files, /dev for device files, /etc for configuration files, /home for user directories, /lib for shared library files, /opt for optional application software, /tmp for temporary files, /usr for secondary hierarchy, and /var for files that frequently change like logs. Unlike Windows, Linux has a unified hierarchy without drive letters and uses forward slashes rather than backslashes.
This document provides an overview of Linux and its filesystem hierarchy. It discusses how Linux originated from Linus Torvalds' interest in the Minix operating system. It describes the initial 1991 release of Linux and how it has grown with contributions from thousands of programmers worldwide. It also explains the relationship between the Linux kernel and the GNU operating system. The document outlines the main components of Linux, including the kernel, libraries, utilities, and user interfaces. It provides details on the Linux filesystem hierarchy and describes the purpose and common contents of the main directories like /bin, /boot, /dev, /etc, /home, /lib, /opt, /proc, /root, /srv, /sys, /tmp, /
This document outlines the content of a Linux system and network administration course taught over 15 lectures and labs. The course covers topics such as Linux installation, desktop environments, file systems, user administration, networking configuration including DHCP, NIS, NFS, DNS, mail servers and firewalls. It also covers troubleshooting, system monitoring and installing additional software packages. The course is graded based on two exams and a lab component, and requires a minimum of 80% attendance and 60% marks to pass.
In February, 2016 I had the privilege of working with employees of STARR Computers on a course to orient them to Linux. The course was delivered over a series of 90-120 minute sessions. It was designed so that
This is a compilation of the slides which were used. There were some other resources which were shared. There were practice exercises which were designed to reinforce some concepts.
Check http://churchroadman.blogspot.com/2016/04/basic-orientation-to-linux-course.html for some other details.
The Unix file system organizes all data into files, which are then organized into directories that form a tree-like structure with the root directory at the top. Key directories include /bin for essential command binaries, /dev for device files, /etc for configuration files, /home for user home directories, /lib for system libraries, /tmp for temporary files, and /usr for additional user files and programs.
- Linux originated as a clone of the UNIX operating system. Key developers included Linus Torvalds and developers from the GNU project.
- Linux is open source, multi-user, and can run on a variety of hardware. It includes components like the Linux kernel, shell, terminal emulator, and desktop environments.
- The document provides information on common Linux commands, files, users/groups, permissions, and startup scripts. It describes the Linux file system and compression/archiving utilities.
File systems provide an organized way to store and access data on storage devices like hard drives. The Linux file system hierarchy standard defines a common structure across Linux distributions with directories like /bin, /etc, /home, /usr, and /var. Common Linux file system types include ext2, ext3, ext4 for disks, initramfs for RAM, and JFFS2 for flash storage. File systems can also be distributed across a network using NFS or optimized for specific purposes like squashfs for read-only files. Partitions divide available storage space to better manage files, users, and data security.
This document provides guidance on standard operating and maintenance procedures for file systems. It discusses file system maintenance techniques, such as creating an organized directory structure, finding and deleting unused files on a regular basis, and performing disk maintenance like defragmenting to optimize performance. Backup plans and software installation procedures are also covered. The document provides examples of directory structures and maintenance tasks for different operating systems including Windows, Linux/UNIX, and Mac OS X.
This document discusses managing the Linux file system. It describes the Linux file system structure, including the main directories like /bin, /home, /etc. It also covers common file system tasks like navigating directories, managing files and directories by creating, deleting, copying and moving files. Additional topics covered include managing disk partitions by creating partitions with fdisk and formatting partitions with file systems using mkfs, mounting partitions, and checking file systems with fsck.
This document provides an overview of Linux fundamentals, including:
- The kernel acts as an interface between hardware and software, handling processes and resource allocation.
- The userland includes standard libraries that allow programs to communicate with the kernel.
- Files are organized in a hierarchy with directories like /home for user files, /etc for configurations, and /var for variable files.
- Commands like ls, grep, and find allow viewing and searching files, while pipes, redirection, and compression utilities manage file input/output.
This document provides a beginner's guide to learning Linux. It covers topics such as what Linux is, understanding files and folders, users and permissions, the root user, opening a terminal, basic commands like ls, cd, pwd, and tar for archiving files. The guide explains important Linux concepts and provides examples of common commands to get started using the Linux command line.
This document provides a beginner's guide to learning Linux. It covers topics such as what Linux is, understanding files and folders, users and permissions, the root user, opening a terminal, basic commands like ls, cd, pwd, and tar for archiving files. The guide explains important Linux concepts and provides examples of common commands to get started using the Linux command line.
This document provides a beginner's guide to learning Linux. It covers topics such as what Linux is, understanding files and folders, users and permissions, the root user, opening a terminal, basic commands like ls, cd, pwd, and tar for archiving files. The guide explains important Linux concepts and provides examples of common commands to get started using the Linux command line.
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In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
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Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
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Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
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The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
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The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
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These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
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- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
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The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
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Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/how-axelera-ai-uses-digital-compute-in-memory-to-deliver-fast-and-energy-efficient-computer-vision-a-presentation-from-axelera-ai/
Bram Verhoef, Head of Machine Learning at Axelera AI, presents the “How Axelera AI Uses Digital Compute-in-memory to Deliver Fast and Energy-efficient Computer Vision” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
As artificial intelligence inference transitions from cloud environments to edge locations, computer vision applications achieve heightened responsiveness, reliability and privacy. This migration, however, introduces the challenge of operating within the stringent confines of resource constraints typical at the edge, including small form factors, low energy budgets and diminished memory and computational capacities. Axelera AI addresses these challenges through an innovative approach of performing digital computations within memory itself. This technique facilitates the realization of high-performance, energy-efficient and cost-effective computer vision capabilities at the thin and thick edge, extending the frontier of what is achievable with current technologies.
In this presentation, Verhoef unveils his company’s pioneering chip technology and demonstrates its capacity to deliver exceptional frames-per-second performance across a range of standard computer vision networks typical of applications in security, surveillance and the industrial sector. This shows that advanced computer vision can be accessible and efficient, even at the very edge of our technological ecosystem.
2. Pre requisite
A prior knowledge on
Versions of Linux file systems and their features
Linux, user related commands to have hands on with
Linux file system structure
Will help you understand better about Linux file system
structure
3. WIFM
Up on completion of this session you will learn:-
The structure of Linux file system
The importance of each directory in the Linux file
system
The way how our OS make use of the file system
4. Objectives
The main objective of this session is to:-
Explain the Linux file system structure
Explain the importance of directories in Linux file
system
Explain the functionalities of an OS with the help of a
file system
6. >> Linux File system structure
/bin - Used to store user commands. The files here are all binary
executables accessible to all users on the system
/boot - Contains the kernel and other files used during system startup
/dev - Stores device files. They are either character or block device
files
/etc - Contains many configuration files and directories
Introduction to Linux 6
7. >> Linux File system structure
Introduction to Linux 7
/home – it is the default home directory for the normal user
/lib- conatins the library files which will be useful for the entire
operating system
/mnt- a temporary place where a user or a root can virtually view the
contents of other file systems
/media – A temporary place for removable or hot swapable devices
8. >> Linux File system structure
/opt – contains the applications which are developed by different
vendors
/proc – contains the information related to different process of the
system
/root – Is a directory which is a default place for the administrator
/sbin – contains the commands which are used by the root or the
administrator
/tmp – contains the temporary file which can be accessed by all users
Introduction to Linux 8
9. >>Linux File system structure
/usr – contains user related information
/var – contains the files which are expected to grow can be found in
this directory
Introduction to Linux 9
10. Summary
The structure of the various Linux file systems are same with few
differences based on the requirements of vendors
The Linux file system structure starts with root (which is designated
by a forward slash)
The entire file system is united under the root.
Users are classified as Normal, Admin and System
Screen No:1 Audio Script: Hi welcome to the session, Today we will focus on the topic “Linux file system Structure” Much like Windows uses NTFS and FAT, Linux has its own file system structure. For older versions of Linux, data is stored on an ext2 format partition. Newer versions use ext3 or ext4, which is functionally identical to ext2 with the addition of journaling. As a practical matter, an ext file system also exists, but it’s so old that it was deprecated about the time that Minix became Linux and is rare to find in use today. So now in the industry all the server which has Linux installed will have either ext3 or ext4 or Reiser Fs to store and manage the data that users create.
Screen No:- 2 Audio script:- Before we start to learn core concepts of Linux file structure. A prior knowledge on Versions of Linux file systems and their features will help you to understand the file system structure. And also knowledge on Linux user related commands will help you to explore the Linux file system. If you don’t have the knowledge on the said topics I recommend you to gain knowledge and then go through the Linux file system structure.
Screen No:- 3 Audio script:- This session will help you to view the structure of Linux file system, gives you the importance of every directory in the Linux file system and let you know how your operating system make use of file systems.
Screen No:- 4 Audio script:- The main objective of this session is to explain the Linux file system structure and the importance of each and every directory in the Linux file system structure. Which will help you to understand how your operating system is working with the help of Linux file system structure. So lets get in to the Linux file system structure.
Screen No:5 Audio Script: Any file system of Linux family will have the same structure which is shown in the slide with few differences with respect to vendor specifications. If you look at the file system structure, It starts from a single hierarchy which is called as root and designated by ‘/’ (Forward slash). Every thing and any thing in Linux is united under root. Now let’s explore the Linux file system in detail.
Screen No:6 Audio Script: /bin -- /bin stands for Binary. It is the directory which holds the commands and shells which can be used by the normal user as well as administrator. (In Linux we call administrator as ROOT user). The commands here are binary executables . Some eg of shell can be bash and csh. Some eg of commands can be “ ls , grep , tar , kill , echo , ps , cp , mv , rm , cat , gzip , ping , su and the vi text editor” etc. /boot -- /boot contains the boot loader related files to start the system. A boot loader is a program that loads the main operating system for the computer after completion of the self-tests. The highly used Linux boot loader is “GRUB” which stands for “Grand Unified Boot Loader” The grub will be present inside the /boot folder. /dev -- /dev which stands for devices. In Linux Operating systems every thing is identified as a file. So even the devices (which are hardware) will be recognized as a file. The hardware can be a keyboard, mouse, usb devices, external or internal hard disk. /etc -- This folder contains the configuration file required by all programs. This directory also contains startup and shutdown shell script used to start individual programs. It contains several configuration files where each configuration file represents a service or an application similar to windows application. Say for Eg:- If you want connect to a network a fixed identity can be given to your system by editing a configuration file by name “interfaces” which is there in etc folder or directory.
Screen No:7 Audio Script: /home – /home is the directory which is a default place for the normal user to do his/her activities. Much like windows OS every user is given an work envirinment to work with ie; every user will have documents, downloads, pictures, desktop etc. The same kind of interface is given for the normal user in Linux in a directory called /home. /lib – /lib stands for library. When ever a normal user or a root performs any task or action with the help of an OS, The OS will make use of the libraries to do the application in a smoother way. For eg if you want to surf through Internet and you will open Mozilla firefox or any web browser to do this task. When ever you make use of the web browser the OS will intern allocates the necessary libraries for the proper function of web browser. With out libraries the applications will not work properly in the Operating system. The /lib folder contains the libraires which are used by /bin and /sbin where we will be focusing about /sbin later. /mnt – /mnt stands for mount. It is a temporary place for the user or a root to virtually view the contents of other file systems. Like we already know the Linux supports foreign file systems. Say for instance if your hard disk has got 2 or more different file systems which belongs to window. You can boot through Linux and view the contents of windows file systems. When you do so logically the windows contents will be shown to you in a directory called ‘mnt’ /media – Meida is a directory in which you can view the contents of hot swappable devices like usb drives, floppy disks, cd or dvd contents etc.
Screen No:8 Audio Script: /opt – Opt stands for optional which contains third party software’s developed by different vendors. Third party software’s are the software’s which are not supported by the currently installed software(say Linux) but still want to use you can install those software’s under this directory in linux. For example we all are aware of a popular game NFS (Need for speed Most wanted). This game cannot be installed on Linux OS by default so if you want to play this game in Linux under opt directory. This is how opt directory is used. /proc – Proc stands for process. This directory contains information about all the process that are currently running in the systems. The CPU information, The RAM information etc. This directory contains the information about the resource information about the system. For eg system up time etc. /root – Root is a directory which is a default location for the administrator to perform his/her tasks. In Linux the users are divided in to three they are NORMAL USERS, ROOT or ADMINISTRATOR and SYSTEM users. However we cannot login with system users and these are dedicated only for the Operating system. When you login with root account we will be by default send to the root directory whereas when you login with normal user you will be sent to the home directory to do your tasks. /sbin – Sbin stands for super user bin. This directory contains the commands which can be executed only by the root user. A normal user cannot make use of the commands that are present in the sbin directory. Few commands that are there in sbin is “f disk, add user” etc. /tmp – Tmp stands for temporary. Is a directory which will have the temporary files and also this folder gives a room for a normal user to store his/her data. But the files that are there in this directory will be deleted when the system is rebooted.
Screen No:9 Audio Script: /usr – Usr stands for user. Which contains user related information. Like name, mobile no, email id etc if provided during the time of user creation. This directory even contains binaries, documents and source code for some of the applications. Few binaries that are there in this dorectory is at, awk, less etc. /var – Var stands for variable. (the name itself conveys that some thing which keeps changing). The files in this directory will change according to the usage of the system. For eg the Linux system is supposed to record all the activities done by the user and the system this is recorded in the form of a file called “log” which stands for system logs etc.
Screen No:-10 Audio script:- Read the slide
Screen No:11 Screen Name: Summary and recap Audio Script: Thank You