XFS is a file system designed for large storage needs and high performance. It supports large files and directories through its use of extents to track file data locations. XFS provides features like dynamic inode allocation, extended attributes, disk quotas, and crash recovery through write-ahead logging to enable quick recovery of metadata after an unclean shutdown.
Basic knowledge of Storage technology and complete understanding on DAS, NAS & SAN with advantages and disadvantages. A quick understanding on storage will help you make the best decision in terms of cost and need.
SAS vs SATA_ The Key Differences That You Should Know.pptxcalltutors
In this Presentation, we have discussed SAS vs SATA. If you are interested in knowing the differences between SAS vs SATA, then it is very helpful to you.
Memory Mapping Implementation (mmap) in Linux KernelAdrian Huang
Note: When you view the the slide deck via web browser, the screenshots may be blurred. You can download and view them offline (Screenshots are clear).
This presentation features a walk through the Linux kernel networking stack covering the essentials and recent developments a developer needs to know. Our starting point is the network card driver as it feeds a packet into the stack. We will follow the packet as it traverses through various subsystems such as packet filtering, routing, protocol stacks, and the socket layer. We will pause here and there to look into concepts such as segmentation offloading, TCP small queues, and low latency polling. We will cover APIs exposed by the kernel that go beyond use of write()/read() on sockets and will look into how they are implemented on the kernel side.
Page cache mechanism in Linux kernel.
Note: When you view the the slide deck via web browser, the screenshots may be blurred. You can download and view them offline (Screenshots are clear).
Basic knowledge of Storage technology and complete understanding on DAS, NAS & SAN with advantages and disadvantages. A quick understanding on storage will help you make the best decision in terms of cost and need.
SAS vs SATA_ The Key Differences That You Should Know.pptxcalltutors
In this Presentation, we have discussed SAS vs SATA. If you are interested in knowing the differences between SAS vs SATA, then it is very helpful to you.
Memory Mapping Implementation (mmap) in Linux KernelAdrian Huang
Note: When you view the the slide deck via web browser, the screenshots may be blurred. You can download and view them offline (Screenshots are clear).
This presentation features a walk through the Linux kernel networking stack covering the essentials and recent developments a developer needs to know. Our starting point is the network card driver as it feeds a packet into the stack. We will follow the packet as it traverses through various subsystems such as packet filtering, routing, protocol stacks, and the socket layer. We will pause here and there to look into concepts such as segmentation offloading, TCP small queues, and low latency polling. We will cover APIs exposed by the kernel that go beyond use of write()/read() on sockets and will look into how they are implemented on the kernel side.
Page cache mechanism in Linux kernel.
Note: When you view the the slide deck via web browser, the screenshots may be blurred. You can download and view them offline (Screenshots are clear).
Types of File Systems
How does the file system handle security?
Attacks on the file system
How does the file system ensure data integrity?
A file system is an abstraction to store, retrieve and update a set of files. The term also identifies the data structures specified by some of those abstractions, which are designed to organize multiple files as a single stream of bytes. responsible for organizing files and directories, and keeping track of which areas of the media belong to which file and which are not being used.
عمار عبد الكريم صاحب مبارك
AmmAr Abdualkareem sahib mobark
Can be built on top of base methods
General involve creation of an index for the file
Keep index in memory for fast determination of location of data to be operated on (consider UPC code plus record of data about that item)
If too large, index (in memory) of the index (on disk)
IBM indexed sequential-access method (ISAM)
Small master index, points to disk blocks of secondary index
File kept sorted on a defined key
All done by the OS
VMS operating system provides index and relative files as another example .
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
2. File SystemsFile Systems
File organizationFile organization
Access methodsAccess methods
Directory Organization: single, two-level,Directory Organization: single, two-level,
hierarchyhierarchy
File system and directory implementationFile system and directory implementation
Allocation schemes : contiguous, linked,Allocation schemes : contiguous, linked,
indexedindexed
3. File systemFile system
In a computer, a file system (sometimes writtenIn a computer, a file system (sometimes written
filesystem) is the way in which files are named andfilesystem) is the way in which files are named and
where they are placed logically for storage and retrieval.where they are placed logically for storage and retrieval.
The logical unit within a file system is the fileThe logical unit within a file system is the file
logical files are mapped into physical entities by the OSlogical files are mapped into physical entities by the OS
in user's view, file is the smallest unit that can be savedin user's view, file is the smallest unit that can be saved
to diskto disk
4. FILE SYSTEMFILE SYSTEM
A file system defines the structure and the rules used toA file system defines the structure and the rules used to
read, write, and maintain information stored on a disk.read, write, and maintain information stored on a disk.
Which system used is determined by;Which system used is determined by;
HardwareHardware
SoftwareSoftware
Security needsSecurity needs
Need for a dual-booting systemNeed for a dual-booting system
5. XFS: the big storage file systemXFS: the big storage file system
for Linuxfor Linux
6. XFSXFS
XFS is a fifile system that wasXFS is a fifile system that was
dedesigned from day one for computersigned from day one for computer
systems with large numbers of CPUs andsystems with large numbers of CPUs and
large disk arrays. It focuses on supportinglarge disk arrays. It focuses on supporting
large files and good streaming I/Olarge files and good streaming I/O
performance. It also has some interestingperformance. It also has some interesting
administrative features not supported byadministrative features not supported by
other Linux file systems.other Linux file systems.
7. HISTORYHISTORY
XFS has been less well known to many averageXFS has been less well known to many average
Linux users but has always been the state of theLinux users but has always been the state of the
art at the very high end. XFS itself did notart at the very high end. XFS itself did not
originate on Linux but was first released on IRIX, aoriginate on Linux but was first released on IRIX, a
UNIX variantUNIX variant
for SGI workstations and servers, in Decemberfor SGI workstations and servers, in December
1994, almost 15 years ago. Starting in 1999, XFS1994, almost 15 years ago. Starting in 1999, XFS
was ported to Linux as part of SGI’s push to usewas ported to Linux as part of SGI’s push to use
Linux and Intel’s Itanium processors as the wayLinux and Intel’s Itanium processors as the way
forward for its high-end supercomputing systems.forward for its high-end supercomputing systems.
8. HISTORY continuedHISTORY continued
Today even low-end workstations with a small number ofToday even low-end workstations with a small number of
CPU cores and disks come close to the limits of ext3CPU cores and disks come close to the limits of ext3
(see Table 1). While there is another adaption of the FFS(see Table 1). While there is another adaption of the FFS
concept called ext4 under development to mitigate theseconcept called ext4 under development to mitigate these
limits to a certainlimits to a certain
extent, it seems as though basic FFS design is close toextent, it seems as though basic FFS design is close to
maxed out.maxed out.
To address these limits, ext3 is evolving into ext4 byTo address these limits, ext3 is evolving into ext4 by
incorporating features pioneered by XFS such asincorporating features pioneered by XFS such as
delayed allocations and extents.delayed allocations and extents.
9. COMPARISONCOMPARISON
limit ext3 ext4 xfs
Max file system
size
16tib 16tib 16eib
Max file size 2tib 8tib 8eib
Max extent size 4kib 128mib 8gib
Max extended
attribute size
4kib 4kib 64kib
10. Space Allocation and ManageSpace Allocation and Manage
mentment
Each XFS file system is partitioned into regions calledEach XFS file system is partitioned into regions called
allocation groups (AGs). Allocation groups are somewhatallocation groups (AGs). Allocation groups are somewhat
similar to the block groups in ext3For most files, a simplesimilar to the block groups in ext3For most files, a simple
linear array of extent descriptors is embedded into thelinear array of extent descriptors is embedded into the
inode, avoiding additional metadata blocks andinode, avoiding additional metadata blocks and
management overhead. For very large files or filesmanagement overhead. For very large files or files
containing many holes, the number of extents can be toocontaining many holes, the number of extents can be too
large to fit directly into the inode.large to fit directly into the inode.
In this case, extents are tracked by another B+ tree withIn this case, extents are tracked by another B+ tree with
its root in the inode. This tree is indexed by the offsetits root in the inode. This tree is indexed by the offset
into the file, which allows an extent descriptor for a giveninto the file, which allows an extent descriptor for a given
file offset to be found quicklyfile offset to be found quickly
11. INODE and attributesINODE and attributes
The XFS inode consists of three parts: the inode core, the data fork, and the optionalThe XFS inode consists of three parts: the inode core, the data fork, and the optional
attribute fork. The inode core contains traditional UNIX inode metadata such asattribute fork. The inode core contains traditional UNIX inode metadata such as
owner and group, number of blocks, timestamps, and a few XFS-specific additionsowner and group, number of blocks, timestamps, and a few XFS-specific additions
such as project ID. The data fork contains the previously mentioned extentsuch as project ID. The data fork contains the previously mentioned extent
descriptors or the root of the extent map. The optional attribute fork contains the so-descriptors or the root of the extent map. The optional attribute fork contains the so-
called extended attributes. The conceptcalled extended attributes. The concept
of extended attributes is not part of the Posix file system interface but is supported byof extended attributes is not part of the Posix file system interface but is supported by
all modern operating systems and file systems with slightly differing semantics. Inall modern operating systems and file systems with slightly differing semantics. In
Linux, extended attributes are simple name/value pairs assigned to a file that can beLinux, extended attributes are simple name/value pairs assigned to a file that can be
listed and reaInodes in XFS are dynamically allocated, which means that, unlikelisted and reaInodes in XFS are dynamically allocated, which means that, unlike
many other Linux file systems, their location and number are not determined at mkfsmany other Linux file systems, their location and number are not determined at mkfs
time. This means that there is no need to predict the expected number of inodestime. This means that there is no need to predict the expected number of inodes
when creating the file system, with the possibility of under- or overprovision.d orwhen creating the file system, with the possibility of under- or overprovision.d or
written one attribute at a time.written one attribute at a time.
12.
13. DISK QUOTASDISK QUOTAS
XFS provides an enhanced implementation of the BSD disk quotas. ItXFS provides an enhanced implementation of the BSD disk quotas. It
supportssupports
the normal soft and hard limits for disk space usage and number of inodesthe normal soft and hard limits for disk space usage and number of inodes
as an integral part of the file system. Both the per-user and per-groupas an integral part of the file system. Both the per-user and per-group
quotas supported in BSD and other Linux file systems are supported. Inquotas supported in BSD and other Linux file systems are supported. In
additionaddition
to group quotas, XFS alternatively can support project quotas, where ato group quotas, XFS alternatively can support project quotas, where a
project is an arbitrary integer identifier assigned by the systemproject is an arbitrary integer identifier assigned by the system
administrator.administrator.
The project quota mechanism in XFS is used to implement directory treeThe project quota mechanism in XFS is used to implement directory tree
quota, where a specified directory and all of the files and subdirectoriesquota, where a specified directory and all of the files and subdirectories
below it are restricted to using a subset of the available space in the filebelow it are restricted to using a subset of the available space in the file
system.system.
15. Crash RecoveryCrash Recovery
For today’s large file systems, a full file system check on an uncleanFor today’s large file systems, a full file system check on an unclean
shutdownshutdown
is not acceptable because it would take too long. To avoid the requirementis not acceptable because it would take too long. To avoid the requirement
for regular file system checks, XFS uses a write-ahead logging scheme thatfor regular file system checks, XFS uses a write-ahead logging scheme that
enables atomic updates of the file system. XFS only logs structural updatesenables atomic updates of the file system. XFS only logs structural updates
to the file system metadata, but not the actual user data, for which the Posixto the file system metadata, but not the actual user data, for which the Posix
file system interface does not provide useful atomicity guarantees.file system interface does not provide useful atomicity guarantees.
XFS logs every update to the file system data structures and does not batchXFS logs every update to the file system data structures and does not batch
changes from multiple transactions into a single log write, as is done bychanges from multiple transactions into a single log write, as is done by
ext3. This means that XFS must write significantly more data to the log inext3. This means that XFS must write significantly more data to the log in
case a single metadata structure gets modified again and again in shortcase a single metadata structure gets modified again and again in short
sequencesequence
(e.g., removing a large number of small files).(e.g., removing a large number of small files).
16. DirectoriesDirectories
XFS supports two major forms of directories. If a directory contains only aXFS supports two major forms of directories. If a directory contains only a
few entries and is small enough to fit into the inode, a simple unsorted linearfew entries and is small enough to fit into the inode, a simple unsorted linear
format can store all data inside the inode’s data fork. The advantage of thisformat can store all data inside the inode’s data fork. The advantage of this
format is that no external block is used and access to the directory isformat is that no external block is used and access to the directory is
extremely fast, since it will already be completely cached in memory once itextremely fast, since it will already be completely cached in memory once it
is accessed. Linear algorithms, however, do not scale to large directoriesis accessed. Linear algorithms, however, do not scale to large directories
with millions of entries. XFS thus again uses B+ trees to manage largewith millions of entries. XFS thus again uses B+ trees to manage large
directories.directories.
Compared to simple hashing schemes such as the htree option in ext3 andCompared to simple hashing schemes such as the htree option in ext3 and
ext4, a full B+ tree provides better ordering of readdir results and allows forext4, a full B+ tree provides better ordering of readdir results and allows for
returning unused blocks to the space allocator when a directory shrinks. Thereturning unused blocks to the space allocator when a directory shrinks. The
much improved ordering of readdir results can be seen in Figuremuch improved ordering of readdir results can be seen in Figure
2, which compares the read rates of files in readdir order in a directory with2, which compares the read rates of files in readdir order in a directory with
100,000 entries100,000 entries..
17. Day to day useDay to day use
A file system in use should be boring andA file system in use should be boring and
mostly invisible to the systemmostly invisible to the system
administratoradministrator
and user. But to get to that state the fileand user. But to get to that state the file
system must first be created.system must first be created.
An XFS file system is created with theAn XFS file system is created with the
mkfs.xfsmkfs.xfs command, which is trivial to use:command, which is trivial to use:
18. ConclusionConclusion
This presentation gave a quick overviewThis presentation gave a quick overview
of the features of XFS, the Linux fileof the features of XFS, the Linux file
systemsystem
for large storage systems. I hope it clearlyfor large storage systems. I hope it clearly
explains why Linux needs a file systemexplains why Linux needs a file system
that differs from the default and alsothat differs from the default and also
shows the benefits of a file systemshows the benefits of a file system
designed for large storage from day one.designed for large storage from day one.
19. DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
• An XFS file system cannot be shrunk, which would be useful, forAn XFS file system cannot be shrunk, which would be useful, for
example, in some virtualized environments.example, in some virtualized environments.
• Metadata operations in XFS have historically been slower than withMetadata operations in XFS have historically been slower than with
other file systems, resulting in, for example, poor performance withother file systems, resulting in, for example, poor performance with
operations such as deletions of large numbers of files. However, aoperations such as deletions of large numbers of files. However, a
new XFS feature implemented by Dave Chinner and callednew XFS feature implemented by Dave Chinner and called delayeddelayed
logginglogging, available since version 2.6.39 of the Linux kernel mainline,, available since version 2.6.39 of the Linux kernel mainline,
is claimed to resolve this;is claimed to resolve this;[22][22]
performance benchmarks done by theperformance benchmarks done by the
developer in 2010 revealed performance levels to be similar to ext4developer in 2010 revealed performance levels to be similar to ext4
at low thread counts, and superior at high thread counts.at low thread counts, and superior at high thread counts.[23][23]
• No support for transparent data compressionNo support for transparent data compression