This document provides information about key directories and files defined by the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) and utilities for locating files on a Linux system. The FHS defines standard locations for different types of files including /bin for essential commands, /etc for host configuration, /lib for libraries, /usr for secondary files, and /var for variable files. Commands like find, locate, whereis, and which can be used to search for files and determine their locations. Find searches file paths and contents, locate uses a database for quick searches, whereis shows possible locations, and which shows the path of executables.

1. Junior Level Linux Certification

2. Exam Objectives
Key Knowledge Areas
Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
Find files and commands on a Linux system.
Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.
Objective 4: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
Find system files and place files in the correct location Weight: 2
Terms and Utilities
find
locate
updatedb
whereis
which
type
/etc/updatedb.conf
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3. File system Hierarchy Standard
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Directories required in / by the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
Set of requirements and guidelines for file and directory placement under UNIX-like operating systems.
Directory Description
bin Essential command binaries
boot Static files of the boot loader
dev Device files
etc Host-specific system configuration
lib Essential shared libraries and kernel modules
media Mount point for removable media
mnt Mount point for mounting a filesystem temporarily
opt Add-on application software packages
sbin Essential system binaries
srv Data for services provided by this system
tmp Temporary files
usr Secondary hierarchy
var Variable data
http://www.pathname.com/fhs/
Create partitions and filesystems

4. Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
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Ex:
Create partitions and filesystems

5. Locating Files
# find /home/angie –name stuff
/home/angie/stuff
# find /home/angie –user root
/home/angie/morestuff
find utility is used to search for files.
5
Find system files and place files in the correct location
Syntax: find /path expression
Ex:
Options:
-atime Searches based on the number of days since last accessed.
-ctime Searches based on the number of days since directory entry last changed.
-group Searches for files belonging to the specified group.
-newer Searches for files more recent than the specified file.
-name Searches for files with names matching the specified string.
-user Searches for files belonging to the specified user.

6. Locating Files
locate provides a secure way to index and quickly search for files on your system.
Uses slocate database, by default, to find file locations. Db is updated with cmd updatedb
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Find system files and place files in the correct location
Syntax: locate –options arguments
Options:
-u Start at / when creating the slocate database.
-U /PATH Start at the specified path when creating the slocate database.
-e DIR Exclude the specified directories when creating the slocate database.
-c Parses the /etc/updatedb.conf file when creating the database.
-i Searches without regard to case.
-o FILE Specifies the output file to create.
-d PATH Specifies the path of databases to search.
The database is located in: /etc/updatedb.conf

7. Locating Files
# which locate
/usr/bin/locate
which takes one or more arguments. For each argument it prints to stdout
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Find system files and place files in the correct location
Syntax: which –options program-name
Ex:

8. Locating Files
whereis locates source/binary and manuals sections for specified files.
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Find system files and place files in the correct location
Options:
-b Searches for binaries.
-m Searches for manual entries.
-s Searches for sources.
-u Searches for unusual entries that don’t have one entry for each type.
-B Changes where whereis searches for binaries.
-M Changes where whereis searches for manual sections.
-S Changes where whereis searches for source code.
# whereis ls
ls: /bin/ls /usr/man/man1/ls.1.gz
Ex:

9. Fim de sessão
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10. Fim de sessão
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