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LING 100 - Phonology Review and Morphological Analysis
- 1. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Phonological and Morphological Analysis LING 100 2013W: Tutorial T02/T04 Meagan Louie 2013-10-18 Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 2. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Core Subdomains: Phonology and Morphology Linguistics: The study of Language Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 3. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Review: Allophones or Phonemes? We’ll often ask the question: ”Are [x] and [X] distinct phonemes, or allophones of the same phoneme?” Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 4. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Review: Allophones or Phonemes? We’ll often ask the question: ”Are [x] and [X] distinct phonemes, or allophones of the same phoneme?” This is a shorthand, and somewhat misleading - it should really be: ”Are [x] and [X] allophones of distinct phonemes, or allophones of the same phoneme.” Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 5. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Review: Allophones or Phonemes? We’ll often ask the question: ”Are [x] and [X] distinct phonemes, or allophones of the same phoneme?” This is a shorthand, and somewhat misleading - it should really be: ”Are [x] and [X] allophones of distinct phonemes, or allophones of the same phoneme.” Why? Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 6. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Review: Allophones or Phonemes? Q: When do you use [x] and when do you use /x/ ? 1Where we allow for a trivial sequence with a single term/member , eg., [x] and /x/ Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 7. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Review: Allophones or Phonemes? Q: When do you use [x] and when do you use /x/ ? The angled slashes are for (sequences of) phonemes, the square brackets are for (sequences) allophones.1 1Where we allow for a trivial sequence with a single term/member , eg., [x] and /x/ Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 8. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Review: Allophones or Phonemes? Q: When do you use [x] and when do you use /x/ ? The angled slashes are for (sequences of) phonemes, the square brackets are for (sequences) allophones.1 The angled slashes are for the underlying form, the square brackets are for the surface form. 1Where we allow for a trivial sequence with a single term/member , eg., [x] and /x/ Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 9. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Review: Allophones or Phonemes? Q: When do you use [x] and when do you use /x/ ? The angled slashes are for (sequences of) phonemes, the square brackets are for (sequences) allophones.1 The angled slashes are for the underlying form, the square brackets are for the surface form. What does that mean? 1Where we allow for a trivial sequence with a single term/member , eg., [x] and /x/ Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 10. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Review: Distinct Phonemes or Allophones of the same Phoneme? Let’s say you found two sounds that are in complementary distribution: Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 11. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Review: Distinct Phonemes or Allophones of the same Phoneme? Let’s say you found two sounds that are in complementary distribution: You can create a rule (or rules) that accounts for the complementary distribution Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 12. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Review: Distinct Phonemes or Allophones of the same Phoneme? Let’s say you found two sounds that are in complementary distribution: You can create a rule (or rules) that accounts for the complementary distribution EXAMPLE RULES: for Canadian Raising Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 13. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Review: Distinct Phonemes or Allophones of the same Phoneme? Let’s say you found two sounds that are in complementary distribution: You can create a rule (or rules) that accounts for the complementary distribution EXAMPLE RULES: for Canadian Raising A1: X → Y / C[-voice] Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 14. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Review: Distinct Phonemes or Allophones of the same Phoneme? Let’s say you found two sounds that are in complementary distribution: You can create a rule (or rules) that accounts for the complementary distribution EXAMPLE RULES: for Canadian Raising A1: X → Y / C[-voice] A2: Y → X / C[+voice] Y → X / V Y → X / # Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 15. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Review: Distinct Phonemes or Allophones of the same Phoneme? Let’s say you found two sounds that are in complementary distribution: You can create a rule (or rules) that accounts for the complementary distribution EXAMPLE RULES: for Canadian Raising A1: X → Y / C[-voice] A2: Y → X / C[+voice] Y → X / V Y → X / # A1 and A2 differ in what the underlying phoneme is (X or Y) Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 16. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Review: Distinct Phonemes or Allophones of the same Phoneme? Let’s say you found two sounds that are in complementary distribution: You can create a rule (or rules) that accounts for the complementary distribution EXAMPLE RULES: for Canadian Raising A1: X → Y / C[-voice] A2: Y → X / C[+voice] Y → X / V Y → X / # A1 and A2 differ in what the underlying phoneme is (X or Y) Fewer rules is better! (easier for a child to learn. And the TA to mark.) Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 17. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Underlying Forms: Beyond segments Phonological rules take you from the underlying form to a surface form eg., Rule 1: C[+voice] → C[-voice] / ]word 2 Rule 2: aw→2w/ C[-voice, -nasal] Rule 3: ∅ → t / σ[ 2Word boundaries can also be indicated with a # Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 18. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Underlying Forms: Beyond segments Phonological rules take you from the underlying form to a surface form eg., Rule 1: C[+voice] → C[-voice] / ]word 2 Rule 2: aw→2w/ C[-voice, -nasal] Rule 3: ∅ → t / σ[ /tawn/ → [tawn ˚ ] 2Word boundaries can also be indicated with a # Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 19. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Underlying Forms: Beyond segments Phonological rules take you from the underlying form to a surface form eg., Rule 1: C[+voice] → C[-voice] / ]word 2 Rule 2: aw→2w/ C[-voice, -nasal] Rule 3: ∅ → t / σ[ /tawn/ → [tawn ˚ ] /bawd/ → [b2wt] 2Word boundaries can also be indicated with a # Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 20. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Underlying Forms: Beyond segments Phonological rules take you from the underlying form to a surface form eg., Rule 1: C[+voice] → C[-voice] / ]word 2 Rule 2: aw→2w/ C[-voice, -nasal] Rule 3: ∅ → t / σ[ /tawn/ → [tawn ˚ ] /bawd/ → [b2wt] /awb/ → [t2wp] 2Word boundaries can also be indicated with a # Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 21. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Underlying Forms: Beyond segments Phonological rules take you from the underlying form to a surface form eg., Rule 1: C[+voice] → C[-voice] / ]word 2 Rule 2: aw→2w/ C[-voice, -nasal] Rule 3: ∅ → t / σ[ /tawn/ → [tawn ˚ ] /bawd/ → [b2wt] /awb/ → [t2wp] A single underlying morpheme can have several surface allomorphs (depending on the morpheme’s environment) 2Word boundaries can also be indicated with a # Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 22. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Turkish Allomorphy Problem Set (Archibald & O’Grady 2004) 1. What are the allomorphs for the morpheme meaning ’in/at’? 2. What conditions their distribution? (1) a. lokanta ’a restaurant’ b. kap1 ’a door’ c. reandevu ’an appointment’ d. baS ’a head’ e. kitap ’a book’ f. koltuk ’an armchair’ g. taraf ’a side’ (2) a. lokantada ’in/at a restaurant’ b. kap1da ’in/at a door’ c. reandevuda ’’in/at an appointment’ d. baSta ’in/at a head’ e. kitapta ’in/at a book’ f. koltukta ’in/at an armchair’ g. tarafta ’in/at a side’ Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 23. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Underlying Forms: English Accents Two derivations: ”writer” /ôaj.t@ô/ Canadian Raising: a → 2 / C[-voice] /ô2j.t@ô/ Intervocalic Flapping: t → R / V V[-stress] /ô2j.R@ô/ [ô2j.R@ô] ”writer” /ôaj.t@ô/ Aspiration: t → th /ôaj.th @ô/ R-loss: ô → ∅ / ]word /ôaj.th @/ [ôaj.th @] Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 24. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Underlying Forms: Beyond segments Notice that rules don’t just make reference to single segments... R1: C[+voice] → C[-voice] / ]word R2: aw→2w/ C[-voice, -nasal] R3: ∅ → t /σ[ Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 25. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Underlying Forms: Beyond segments Notice that rules don’t just make reference to single segments... R1: C[+voice] → C[-voice] / ]word R2: aw→2w/ C[-voice, -nasal] R3: ∅ → t /σ[ ...they can also talk about word, and foot, and syllable boundaries. Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 26. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Underlying and Surface Forms Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words Phonological Constituents Phonological (and morphological) rules are sensitive to phonological domains Eg., some rules only apply if the segments involved are within the same word, or within the same foot, or within the same syllable, etc. This means that the theory needs to posit things like syllables, feet, words, etc., for the phonological rules to refer to. Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 27. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Syllable Structure σ Onset Rhyme Nucleus Coda 1. Identify the nucleus (usually a vowel). 2. Every consonant after the nucleus forms part of the coda 3. Every consonant before the nucleus forms part of the onset Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 28. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Syllable Structure General Syllabification Processes: 1. Minimize codas (i.e., CV syllables preferred over CVC syllables) 2. Maximize onsets (i.e., CV syllables preferred over V syllables) 3. Abide by the Sonorance Hierarchy! Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 29. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I The Role of the Sonority Hierarchy The Sonority Hierarchy (Guideline for Syllabification) In terms of sonority, syllables should peak at the nucleus Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 30. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Samoan Problem Set (Archibald & O’Grady 2004) (3) a. mate ’he dies’ b. nofo ’he stays’ c. galue ’he works’ d. tanu ’he buries’ e. alofa ’he loves’ f. taoto ’he lies’ g. atamaPi ’he is intelligent’ (4) a. mamate ’they die’ b. nonofo ’they stay’ c. galulue ’they work’ d. tatanu ’they bury’ e. alolofa ’they love’ f. taooto ’they lie’ g. atamamaPi ’they are intelligent’ 1. What morphological process expresses singular/plural? 2. Describe how it works. 3. If [malosi] means ’he is strong,’ what is ’they are strong’? Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 31. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Definitions Urban Dictionary More Exercises Word Formation Processes Coinage: Invention of a totally new term, eg., aspirin, zipper, vaseline Compounding: Joining two separate words into a single form, eg., fingerprint, picture book, wallpaper Blending: Joining two separate words into a single form, but only taking parts of the component words, eg., brunch, smog, chunnel Conversion: Changing the category of an existing word (without derivational morphology) to form a new word eg., bottling, buttering, vacationing, verbing Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 32. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Definitions Urban Dictionary More Exercises Word Formation Processes Borrowing: Taking words from other languages, eg., croissant, pretzel, tycoon Calque: Taking words from other languages, via direct translation eg., gratte-ciel, perros calientes Clipping: Taking a multisyllabic word, and reducing it to a form with fewer syllables eg., fax, pub, phone, plane Backformation: When an single-morphemic form is reinterpreted as consisting of several morphemes, and a new form is produced by ”removing” one of these morphemes. eg.emote, enthuse, liase, babysit Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 33. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Definitions Urban Dictionary More Exercises Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 34. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Definitions Urban Dictionary More Exercises Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 35. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Definitions Urban Dictionary More Exercises Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 36. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Definitions Urban Dictionary More Exercises Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 37. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Definitions Urban Dictionary More Exercises Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 38. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Definitions Urban Dictionary More Exercises Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 39. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Definitions Urban Dictionary More Exercises Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 40. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Definitions Urban Dictionary More Exercises Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 41. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Definitions Urban Dictionary More Exercises Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 42. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Definitions Urban Dictionary More Exercises Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 43. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Definitions Urban Dictionary More Exercises Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 44. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Definitions Urban Dictionary More Exercises Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary thriftster An off-shoot (or sub-culture) of the general hipster trend, but while most contemporary hipsters attempt to buy indie flavor by frequenting Urban Outfitters or American Apparel, a ”thriftster” alternatively obtains said style by frequenting thrift stores or through general use of hand-me-downs. While shopping at the Salvation Army may have been included in the original definition of a ”hipster,” now that mainstream commercialism has caught onto the hipster fashion trends, the term ”thriftster” must be adopted to differentiate those who appreciate used clothing and the ideals that come along with it from the ever-increasing group of trendy 20 and 30-somethings who are content to buy the massed-produced version of this clothing without asking how it got to be there in the first place. Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 45. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Definitions Urban Dictionary More Exercises Identify the Word-Formation Process (Archibald & O’Grady 2004) 1. automation → automate 2. humid → humidifier 3. information, entertainment → infotainment 4. PROgress → proGRESS 5. typographical error → typo 6. act → deactivate Meagan Louie Morphophonology
- 46. Introduction Review: Phonemes and Allophones Syllable Structure Word Formation I Definitions Urban Dictionary More Exercises Identify the Word-Formation Process (Archibald & O’Grady 2004) 1. perambulator → pram 2. beef, buffalo → beefalo 3. random access memory → RAM 4. influenza → flu 5. combN → combV Meagan Louie Morphophonology