This document provides an overview of English phonology and phonetics. It begins with introductions to phonemes, accent, dialect, and transcription. It then covers the articulation of speech sounds, including vowels, consonants, diphthongs, and syllables. It describes the larynx, vocal folds, and glottis and how they relate to voicing and phonation. It also discusses phonetic transcription and the differences between phonemic and phonetic transcription. Overall, the document presents the key concepts and terminology used in the study of English phonology and phonetics.

1. ESCUELA: CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN
NOMBRES:
ENGLISH PHONOLOGY
FIRST BIMESTER
FECHA:
Dra: Carmen Benítez C.
ABRIL / AGOSTO 2009
1

2. INTRODUCTION
 Purpose
 Definition
 Importance
 Phoneme (example)
 Conventions (examples)
 Accent
 Dialect
2

3.  Received Pronunciation
 BBC Pronunciation
 Estuary English
3

4. THE PRODUCTION OF SPEECH
SOUNDS
Articulators above the Larynx
 Pharynx
 Velum
 Hard palate
 Alveolar ridge
 Tongue
 Teeth
 Lips
4

5. Vowels:
Distinguished according to
phonetical and phonological
points of view.
 Cardinal vowels
Classified according to
 Tongue position:
Shape and position of the tongue
The part of the tongue raised
 Lip position:
5

6. THE PRODUCTION OF SPEECH
SOUNDS
Classification according to length
 Short: relativeley short in length
 Long: relatively long in length
 Length: physical duration of the sound
6

7. LONG VOWELS, DIPHTHONGS
AND TRIPHTHONGS
LONG VOWELS:
Tend to be longer than short in similar
contexts
Different in:
 Length
 Quality
Different according to:
 Context
 Presence or absence of stress
7

8. DIPHTHONGS
DEFINITION
CHARACTERISTICS
NUMBER
TYPES
Pure vowels
8

9. VOCING AND CONSONANTS
THE LARYNX
Functions:
 Permits the pass of air from
the lungs
 Contain the vocal folds
Anatomy:
Thyroid cartilage cricoide
cartilage tracheal rings
9

10. VOCAL FOLDS:
What:
Two elastic bands
Where:
Inside the thyroid
cartilages
Attached to arytenoid
cartilague cricoid
cartilage
10

11. GLOTTIS:
What: opening betwen the vocal folds
Where: inside the vocal folds
Functions: produce certain types of sounds
according to its state:
11
Wide apart .- Vocal
folds are wide apart
for normal breathing
and usually during
voiceless consonants
like p, f, s.

12. Narrow glottis.-
Air passes
through the
glottis and the result
is a fricative sound
12
Position for vocal fold
vibration.- the edges
are near touching each
other, air passing
through the glottis will
usually cause vibration.

13. 13
Vocal folds tightly
closed.- the vocal
folds firmly pressed
together so that air
can not pass
between them the
resulting sound is
one called a glottal
stop or glottal
plosive.

14. RESPIRATION AND VOICING
Air in the lungs is forced out, as a result:
eggresisve pulmoic airstream
important to produce sounds
Process for producing airstream :
 ribcage is lifted upwaurd and outwards
so lungs are expanded
 lungs take air as ribcage returns to its
position, the air expeled is used to
produce sounds.
14

15. Air is retained as it scapes from the
lungs formimg strictures
A stricture: obstruction of air,
happens in the larynx if:
vocal folds are in a correct position
air is under enough pressure to be
forced out the glottis.
15

16. Changes in the vocal folds
Singing
Shouting
speaking quietly
read immitating characteres
16

17. VOICING AND PHONATION
Variations of the subglottal pressure
In Intensity:
 high: shouting
 low: speaking quitely
Frequency:
 high: rapid vibration of vocal cords
 low: slow vibration of vocal cords
Quality
 harsh, breathing, murmured creaky
17

18. CONSONANT ARTICULATION: PHASES:
1 articultator against another
2 articulators against each other
Release of air
Presure of air (plosion)
CLOSING
COMPRESION
RELEASE
POST RELEASE
18

19. ENGLISH PLOSIVES:
p t k b d g occur initially, medially and
finally
? occurs frequently, alternative
pronunciation of p t k in
certain contexts
19

20. p b bilabial lips pressed
t d alveolar tongue against the
alveolar
k g velar back of the tongue
against the velum
20

21. p t k:
 voiceless
b d g:
 fully voiced
 partly voiced
 Voiceless
21

22. Environments:
 Initial CV
 Medial CVC
 Final VC
22

23. INITIAL POSITION (CV)
Closing phase p t k occur silently
b d g
p t k not voicing
Compresion phase very little voicing /
just before r
b d g voicing if
pronounced slowly
no voicing rapid speech
23

24. Difference: aspiration not voicing
p t k may not be preceded by s
(unaspirated)
b d g can not be preceded by any
other consonant
24

25. MEDIAL POSITION (CVC
Depends on whether the preceding or following
syllables are stressed or not
Can have the sound of initial or final plosives
FINAL POSITION (CVC)
b d g little voicing beg. of compression
phase
p t k voiceless
p t k release phase of both weak not
b dg audible
Difference: vowels preceding p t k are shorter
than the ones preceding b d g
25

26. FORTIS AND LENIS
 It is not accurate to call these sounds
voiced.
 Initially – medially scarcely voiced.
p t k produced with more force
FORTIS strong
b d g produced with with less force
LENIS weak
26

27. THE PHONEME
Phoneme: basic unit of sound, changes meaning of
words
Realization : 2 different ways of making a sound
without changing its meaning, they
 Occur in the same context
 Different realizations never occur in different
positions
Complementary Distribution: The separation of
places where particular realizations can occur
Allophones: different realizations of the same
phoneme.
27

28. SYMBOLS AND TRANSCRIPTIONS
 PHONEMIC SYMBOLS
Do not indicate precise phonetic value
There are many phonetic symbols according to
different authors
 PHONETIC SYMBOLS
Indicate precise phonetic value
TRANSCRIPTION:
PHONEMIC
PHONETIC 28

29. TRANSCRIPTION
PHONEMIC: using phonemes / written with
the appropriate symbol.
From dictation: Ss listen to a person or
recording and write down what they hear
From a written text: Ss are given a passage
and use phonemic symbols to represent how
they think it should be pronounced by any
speaker
29

30. PHONEMIC: Much more accurate in phonetic
detail
Narrow: shows exact quality of sounds
Broad: a little more information than a
phonemic one
30

31.  Symbols differ according to writers
 We are not looking at all of them
 We are using the BBC pronunciation and
symbols (cambridge dictionary)
 Reasons :
 Some have established a minimum set of
nonstandard symbols.
 Others have thought on quantity
 Others in quality
 Others in both
31

32. PHONOLOGY
 PHONETICS:
The comparative straightforward businesss of
describing the sounds used in the language
 PHONOLOGY:
How phonemes function in the language, the
relationship among them (abstarct side of the
language)
 IMPORTANCE:
To acquire a full understanding of the use of
sounds in the English language 32

33. FRICATIVES AND AFFRICATES
 FRICATIVES:
Definition: sounds in which air escapes through a
small passage making a hissing sound, also
called continuants because you can make
them without any interruption (sssssss)
 AFFRICATES:
Definition: sounds that begin as plosives and end
as fricatives; ʧ begins in t and ends in ʃ.
The sequence kf is not considered a single sound
because they need to be homorganic.
33

34. English Fricatives:
f θ s ʃ fortis
V ð z ʒ lenis
English Affricates
ʧ fortis shorten preceding vowel (final in the
syllable
ʤ lenis
5

35. NASAL AND OTHER CONSONANTS
Definition: sounds in which the airflow leaves
through the nose
m n occur frequently in initial position
ŋ never in initial position, but in
middle position, quite frequent
ŋk sequence pronounced as ŋ
ng sequence pronounced sometimes as ŋ,
sometimes as ŋg
ŋ finger ŋg singer ŋ hang
complete morpheme part of a morpheme end of a word
35

36. The consonant l
l is a lateral consonat, the airflow leaves
through the sides of the tongue.
Occurs in initial, medial and final positions
Clear l before a vowel (back of the tongue
raised)
Dark l after a vowel (realized different, front of
the tongue raised)
Devoiced l after p or t
36

37. The consonant r
r is an approximant, in
which the tongue
approaches the alveolar
but never gets close
enough to produce a
complete consonant such
as nasal or fricative
Occurs only before vowels
37

38. The consonants j and w
Approximant sounds (semivowels)
Phonetically (way of pronouncing) are like
vowels.
Phonologicaly (distribution) are like
consonats.
After p, t, k they are devoiced
j palatal
w bilabial
38

39. THE SYLLABLE
Two points of view
Phonetically: way of producing them, way they sound:
consist of a center with little or no obstruction and
which sounds comparatively loud (vowel). Before
and after the center a great deal of obstruction
(consonant)
Minimum: single vowel I aɪ:
Onset: consonat before vowel pear pe:
Coda: vowel before consonant are a:
Onset and coda consonat vowel consonant put pʊt
39

40. Phonolgically: possible combinations of
English phonemes
Syllables start with:
 A vowel
 1, 2 or 3 consonants
 More than 3 is impossible
Syllables end with
 A vowel
 1,2,3 or 4 consonats
 More than 4 is impossible

41. THANKS

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