This document provides an overview of the neuropsychological and linguistic components involved in second language acquisition. It begins with an introduction to the phonological-phonetic component of language, including the sounds of English consonants and vowels, as well as diphthongs. Examples and videos are provided. The morphological-syntactical component is then discussed, focusing on word structure and sentence structure. English morphology and syntax are explained. Finally, the document touches on the lexicon-semantic component of language and the pragmatic component, relating to vocabulary, meaning, and contextual usage. References are included at the end.
The document discusses the English language, including its history and status as a global lingua franca. Some key points include:
- English originated in England and has developed over 1400+ years, originating from Old English and evolving into Middle English and Early Modern English.
- It spread around the world through the British Empire from the 17th to 20th century and is now the most commonly spoken language internationally.
- English is the third most spoken native language and the most widely learned second language. It holds official language status in international organizations like the UN.
- The document also defines linguistic terminology like pidgins, creoles, dialects, and discusses various domains of language such as phonology,
This document provides an overview of phonetics and pronunciation. It discusses key topics like:
- What phonetics is and how it describes speech sounds
- The concept of positive and negative language transfer between a first and second language
- Articulatory phonetics and the organs involved in speech production
- Consonants and their places and manners of articulation (e.g. bilabial, dental)
- Vowels and diphthongs, and how the shape of the vocal tract changes to produce them
Readers are prompted to consider sounds in their native language and English, and to complete exercises identifying sounds. The goal is to analyze the phonetic systems of readers' languages and
This document summarizes a workshop on English phonetics and phonology presented by Samira Lakhani. The workshop covered basic concepts in English phonetics including speech sounds, pronunciation variations between accents, and an overview of phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. It discussed challenges in learning English phonetics such as inability to hear certain sounds and interference from one's first language. The workshop also covered classification of consonant and vowel sounds, differences between spelling and pronunciation in English, and tips for pronunciation practice.
This document discusses the 5 main components of language according to linguists: morphology, phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. It provides details on each component, including definitions, examples, and key concepts. Morphology is the study of word structures and formation. Phonology is the study of sounds in a language. Syntax establishes rules for sentence structure. Semantics deals with meaning. Pragmatics examines how context contributes to meaning beyond what is literally said. The document serves as an overview of the main elements of human language.
This document provides an introduction to phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). It discusses the objectives of studying phonetics, which include understanding the relationship between sound and spelling and learning how speech sounds are produced in the vocal tract. The key topics covered are the branches of phonetics, articulatory phonetics and describing language sounds. It also outlines the characteristics of a good phonetic alphabet, describes the categories of consonants and vowels, and provides examples of phonetic transcription and the English consonant and vowel systems using IPA symbols.
This document provides an overview of syntax, which studies sentence structure. It discusses that speakers can produce an infinite number of sentences through combining words and phrases. It also covers parts of speech, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, and more. Additionally, it explains that English follows a subject-verb-object word order and introduces the concept of phrases, including how they can be identified and moved around in sentences.
Received Pronunciation (RP) is considered the standard British English accent. It is an accent, not a dialect, as RP speakers use Standard English. There are 20 vowels in English that can be divided into 12 monophthongs and 8 diphthongs. Vowels are classified based on tongue position and lip rounding. Word stress helps distinguish grammatical functions and morphological structures in English. Suprasegmental features like stress, tone, and rhythm are important for meaningful speech. Intonation involves pitch changes and conveys meanings through tones like falling, rising, and fall-rise.
This document discusses phonology and phonetics. It defines phonology as the study of sound patterns in languages, including phonemes and prosody. Phonetics is defined as the scientific study of speech sounds, including their articulation, acoustic properties, and perception. The difference between phonetics and phonology is explained, with phonology dealing with sound systems and phonetics dealing with physical realization of sounds. Key concepts like phonemes and phones are introduced. English spelling irregularities and their historical causes are also summarized. The importance of studying phonetics and phonology for learners of English as a second language is highlighted.
The document discusses the English language, including its history and status as a global lingua franca. Some key points include:
- English originated in England and has developed over 1400+ years, originating from Old English and evolving into Middle English and Early Modern English.
- It spread around the world through the British Empire from the 17th to 20th century and is now the most commonly spoken language internationally.
- English is the third most spoken native language and the most widely learned second language. It holds official language status in international organizations like the UN.
- The document also defines linguistic terminology like pidgins, creoles, dialects, and discusses various domains of language such as phonology,
This document provides an overview of phonetics and pronunciation. It discusses key topics like:
- What phonetics is and how it describes speech sounds
- The concept of positive and negative language transfer between a first and second language
- Articulatory phonetics and the organs involved in speech production
- Consonants and their places and manners of articulation (e.g. bilabial, dental)
- Vowels and diphthongs, and how the shape of the vocal tract changes to produce them
Readers are prompted to consider sounds in their native language and English, and to complete exercises identifying sounds. The goal is to analyze the phonetic systems of readers' languages and
This document summarizes a workshop on English phonetics and phonology presented by Samira Lakhani. The workshop covered basic concepts in English phonetics including speech sounds, pronunciation variations between accents, and an overview of phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. It discussed challenges in learning English phonetics such as inability to hear certain sounds and interference from one's first language. The workshop also covered classification of consonant and vowel sounds, differences between spelling and pronunciation in English, and tips for pronunciation practice.
This document discusses the 5 main components of language according to linguists: morphology, phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. It provides details on each component, including definitions, examples, and key concepts. Morphology is the study of word structures and formation. Phonology is the study of sounds in a language. Syntax establishes rules for sentence structure. Semantics deals with meaning. Pragmatics examines how context contributes to meaning beyond what is literally said. The document serves as an overview of the main elements of human language.
This document provides an introduction to phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). It discusses the objectives of studying phonetics, which include understanding the relationship between sound and spelling and learning how speech sounds are produced in the vocal tract. The key topics covered are the branches of phonetics, articulatory phonetics and describing language sounds. It also outlines the characteristics of a good phonetic alphabet, describes the categories of consonants and vowels, and provides examples of phonetic transcription and the English consonant and vowel systems using IPA symbols.
This document provides an overview of syntax, which studies sentence structure. It discusses that speakers can produce an infinite number of sentences through combining words and phrases. It also covers parts of speech, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, and more. Additionally, it explains that English follows a subject-verb-object word order and introduces the concept of phrases, including how they can be identified and moved around in sentences.
Received Pronunciation (RP) is considered the standard British English accent. It is an accent, not a dialect, as RP speakers use Standard English. There are 20 vowels in English that can be divided into 12 monophthongs and 8 diphthongs. Vowels are classified based on tongue position and lip rounding. Word stress helps distinguish grammatical functions and morphological structures in English. Suprasegmental features like stress, tone, and rhythm are important for meaningful speech. Intonation involves pitch changes and conveys meanings through tones like falling, rising, and fall-rise.
This document discusses phonology and phonetics. It defines phonology as the study of sound patterns in languages, including phonemes and prosody. Phonetics is defined as the scientific study of speech sounds, including their articulation, acoustic properties, and perception. The difference between phonetics and phonology is explained, with phonology dealing with sound systems and phonetics dealing with physical realization of sounds. Key concepts like phonemes and phones are introduced. English spelling irregularities and their historical causes are also summarized. The importance of studying phonetics and phonology for learners of English as a second language is highlighted.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The document provides an overview of phonetics and pronunciation teaching. It discusses the objectives of improving pronunciation, defines phonetics and phonology, and explains the difference between them. It also describes features of good pronunciation, the articulation process, segmental and suprasegmental features, and rules for teaching pronunciation including using minimal pairs and sets. The goal is for participants to understand pronunciation at an articulatory level and effectively teach English sounds and prosody.
This document discusses the key differences between phonetics and phonology. Phonetics deals with the physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology examines how sounds are organized into systems within languages. It defines phonology as the description of sound patterns in a language, focusing on abstract mental representations rather than physical sounds. The document introduces important phonological concepts like phonemes, allophones, minimal pairs, phonotactics, syllables, and co-articulation effects like assimilation and elision.
This document provides an overview of the acquisition of language structure, including phonetics, phonology, semantics, and lexicon. It discusses:
- Phonetics, the study of speech sounds, including articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics. Key concepts covered include places and manners of articulation.
- Phonology, the study of sound patterns in language and how sounds function to encode meaning. It examines phonemes and allophones.
- Semantics, the study of meaning in language, including the relationship between signs/symbols and their meanings. Semantics intersects with fields like lexicology and syntax.
This document provides an overview of lexicology and word formation. It discusses the key concepts in lexicology including definitions of lexicology, words, and word groups. It then describes the main ways that new words are formed in English: affixation, composition, conversion, and abbreviation. Affixation, specifically prefixation and suffixation, are described as highly productive ways of word formation by adding affixes to roots to derive new words. The semantics and functions of affixes are also discussed.
1. What is the difference between equality and equity and to what .docxdurantheseldine
1. What is the difference between equality and equity and to what extent do we need to be inclusive of others? Be sure to reference at least one philosopher or ethical framework as support for your reasoning (200-250 words)
https://inclusion.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Ethics-of-Inclusion.pdf
2. Choose one of your representatives (U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate) and write a letter to him or her advocating for a particular policy position. You may include personal information and arguments ("As a lifelong hunter..." "As a mother of small children...") but you should also use some facts and figures drawn from your own research. Your letter should make at least two specific arguments, backed up with some sort of data, and be at least 300 words in length.
, Phonological systems are rule-governed; that is, they operate according to certain rules and are
: manifested as patterns.The word used for individual speech sounds is phones, and the study of the
; characteristics, or features, of phones of all languages is called phonetics (Yule, 2010). Although the
I focus is on the English sound system, it is important to note that each language is systematic in its
patterning, and that although similarities exist across all languages, differences abound.
Phonology
The study of the sound system of languages, called phonology, helps teachers understand many
challenges English learners (ELs) face, both in hearing and producing the sounds of a new language.
This knowledge also assists teachers in diagnosing errors second language (L2) readers typically
make when reading aloud and in predicting how this affects comprehension, accuracy, and fluency.
This section is fundamental to an understanding of linguistics because it introduces a number of
important concepts that are revisited at other levels of language. The first section is on the basic con
cepts of phonology; the second is about the consonants of English; the third provides an overview of
the English vowels; and the fourth is about suprasegmentals, the phonological phenomena affecting
pronunciation at word and phrasal levels. An examination of the learning processes involved when
a learner encounters a new language is presented along with activities to support educators and
students in discovering the characteristics of how the sound systems function, as well as ways to
apply knowledge of phonology to help students overcome difficulties. See Figure 5.1.
g
"i,':
.§
~
_;;
Sounds
l--- --L-..-.
~
~'------........-'
=
j
_;;
..... = = "' @
Intonation
Word stress
Rhythm
Features of
connected speech
Figure S.1. Phonology.
-[ill-
A uniYersal concept across languages is the phone, or sound, as represe:-.?.:: ::-- .:. ..=~ o:::- 0::.~er 5;-::-.::... "
between brackets, such as [p ]. Note that [pl between brackets represents ti-.E s.:::. ~ 2..:'".i ~~ 'p ' in si.-.~
quotation marks represents the letter. The concept of phone is a uni\·er.
Phonology is the study of sound patterns in language. It examines how speech sounds are organized and interact within and across words. Phonology analyzes phonological processes such as assimilation, deletion, and stress assignment. It also considers phonological units like phonemes, allophones, and phonotactic constraints. Phonological knowledge allows speakers to produce and understand the sounds of their language.
This document provides an introduction to phonetics and phonology. It discusses the branches of phonetics including acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, and articulatory phonetics. It describes the classification of sounds into consonants and vowels and the classification of consonants based on manner and place of articulation. It also discusses diphthongs, allophones, syllables, prosody, stress, rhythm, and intonation as aspects of phonology.
This document provides an introduction to phonetics and phonology. It discusses the branches of phonetics including acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, and articulatory phonetics. It describes the classification of sounds into consonants and vowels and the classification of consonants based on manner and place of articulation. It also discusses diphthongs, allophones, syllables, prosody, stress, rhythm, and intonation as aspects of phonology.
All words belong to categories called word classes (or parts of speech) according to the part they play in a sentence. The main word classes in English are:
- Noun
- Verb
- Adjective
- Adverb
- Pronoun
- Conjunction
- Determiner
- Exclamation
- Preposition
English Language Communication Skills Lab Manual (R13) by Raja Rao PagidipalliRaja Ramesh
The document provides information about the ELCS (English Language and Communication Skills) Manual for first year B.Tech students. It outlines the course content for two labs - Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) Lab and Interactive Communication Skills (ICS) Lab. The CALL Lab units cover phonetics, syllables, word accent, intonation and neutralizing mother tongue accent. The ICS Lab units include ice-breaking activities, role play, descriptions, active/passive voice and oral presentation skills. The first unit of the manual focuses on phonetics, providing details on vowels, consonants, and phonetic transcription.
The document provides information about the ELCS (English Language and Communication Skills) Manual for the 1st year B.Tech students. It outlines the course content for the CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning) Lab and ICS (Interactive Communication Skills) Lab. The CALL Lab units cover phonetics, syllables, word accent, intonation and neutralizing mother tongue accent. The ICS Lab units include ice-breaking activities, role play, descriptions, active/passive voice and oral presentation skills. The first unit of the manual focuses on phonetics - it describes vowels, consonants, and provides the phonetic chart and transcription of example words.
This document provides an overview of linguistic concepts and theories of language that are relevant to language teaching. It discusses the key areas of linguistics including phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. It also outlines several theories of language such as structuralism, transformationalism, functionalism, and interactionism that have influenced approaches to language teaching. Theories of second language acquisition discussed include behaviorist learning theory. The document aims to inform language teachers about the underlying linguistic knowledge and theoretical frameworks that can inform how they teach different elements of the target language.
This document discusses the hierarchical organization of language and distinctive features in phonology. It begins by explaining that segments are composed of features, which play important roles in phonological analysis and modeling sound changes. It then discusses the hierarchical levels of language from phonology to pragmatics. Regarding phonology specifically, it explains that phonemes are distinguished by features related to manner, place of articulation, and other properties. The document provides examples of many distinctive features that define English phonemes, such as anterior, continuant, coronal, nasal, and others. It closes by noting that language has a rough but not perfect hierarchical structure with higher levels constraining and building upon lower levels.
1. The document discusses various linguistic concepts related to pronunciation in language learning, including phonemes, allophones, phonetic transcription, and distinctive features.
2. It examines challenges for second language learners, such as different phonemic inventories and phonological rules across languages, and stages of phoneme learning.
3. The document also covers syllabic structures, suprasegmentals like intonation and tone, and implications for teaching pronunciation through awareness raising, imitation, and linking intonation to communication.
The document outlines the objectives, content, assessment, and rules of a proofreading course. The general objectives are to develop confidence and reliability in proofreading texts in English and Spanish. Specific objectives are to review technical proofreading procedures and identify grammatical, syntactic, and semantic errors. Key content topics covered include morphosyntax, crutch words, redundancy, syntactic construction, word sequences/adjectives/adverbs, semantics, and false friends. Students will be assessed based on participation, workshops, tests, and a final exam. Class rules emphasize being respectful and kind.
The document discusses the increasing importance and use of English in the Dominican Republic for business, education, and employment opportunities. It highlights key sectors where English skills are in high demand, such as tourism, call centers, and international trade. Specific teaching methodologies are outlined for developing English proficiency, including a focus on pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and communication skills. Case studies examine language training approaches for call centers to ensure workers can meet customer service standards. Overall, the document emphasizes the need to learn English to remain competitive in the Dominican economy and global market.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The document provides an overview of phonetics and pronunciation teaching. It discusses the objectives of improving pronunciation, defines phonetics and phonology, and explains the difference between them. It also describes features of good pronunciation, the articulation process, segmental and suprasegmental features, and rules for teaching pronunciation including using minimal pairs and sets. The goal is for participants to understand pronunciation at an articulatory level and effectively teach English sounds and prosody.
This document discusses the key differences between phonetics and phonology. Phonetics deals with the physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology examines how sounds are organized into systems within languages. It defines phonology as the description of sound patterns in a language, focusing on abstract mental representations rather than physical sounds. The document introduces important phonological concepts like phonemes, allophones, minimal pairs, phonotactics, syllables, and co-articulation effects like assimilation and elision.
This document provides an overview of the acquisition of language structure, including phonetics, phonology, semantics, and lexicon. It discusses:
- Phonetics, the study of speech sounds, including articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics. Key concepts covered include places and manners of articulation.
- Phonology, the study of sound patterns in language and how sounds function to encode meaning. It examines phonemes and allophones.
- Semantics, the study of meaning in language, including the relationship between signs/symbols and their meanings. Semantics intersects with fields like lexicology and syntax.
This document provides an overview of lexicology and word formation. It discusses the key concepts in lexicology including definitions of lexicology, words, and word groups. It then describes the main ways that new words are formed in English: affixation, composition, conversion, and abbreviation. Affixation, specifically prefixation and suffixation, are described as highly productive ways of word formation by adding affixes to roots to derive new words. The semantics and functions of affixes are also discussed.
1. What is the difference between equality and equity and to what .docxdurantheseldine
1. What is the difference between equality and equity and to what extent do we need to be inclusive of others? Be sure to reference at least one philosopher or ethical framework as support for your reasoning (200-250 words)
https://inclusion.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Ethics-of-Inclusion.pdf
2. Choose one of your representatives (U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate) and write a letter to him or her advocating for a particular policy position. You may include personal information and arguments ("As a lifelong hunter..." "As a mother of small children...") but you should also use some facts and figures drawn from your own research. Your letter should make at least two specific arguments, backed up with some sort of data, and be at least 300 words in length.
, Phonological systems are rule-governed; that is, they operate according to certain rules and are
: manifested as patterns.The word used for individual speech sounds is phones, and the study of the
; characteristics, or features, of phones of all languages is called phonetics (Yule, 2010). Although the
I focus is on the English sound system, it is important to note that each language is systematic in its
patterning, and that although similarities exist across all languages, differences abound.
Phonology
The study of the sound system of languages, called phonology, helps teachers understand many
challenges English learners (ELs) face, both in hearing and producing the sounds of a new language.
This knowledge also assists teachers in diagnosing errors second language (L2) readers typically
make when reading aloud and in predicting how this affects comprehension, accuracy, and fluency.
This section is fundamental to an understanding of linguistics because it introduces a number of
important concepts that are revisited at other levels of language. The first section is on the basic con
cepts of phonology; the second is about the consonants of English; the third provides an overview of
the English vowels; and the fourth is about suprasegmentals, the phonological phenomena affecting
pronunciation at word and phrasal levels. An examination of the learning processes involved when
a learner encounters a new language is presented along with activities to support educators and
students in discovering the characteristics of how the sound systems function, as well as ways to
apply knowledge of phonology to help students overcome difficulties. See Figure 5.1.
g
"i,':
.§
~
_;;
Sounds
l--- --L-..-.
~
~'------........-'
=
j
_;;
..... = = "' @
Intonation
Word stress
Rhythm
Features of
connected speech
Figure S.1. Phonology.
-[ill-
A uniYersal concept across languages is the phone, or sound, as represe:-.?.:: ::-- .:. ..=~ o:::- 0::.~er 5;-::-.::... "
between brackets, such as [p ]. Note that [pl between brackets represents ti-.E s.:::. ~ 2..:'".i ~~ 'p ' in si.-.~
quotation marks represents the letter. The concept of phone is a uni\·er.
Phonology is the study of sound patterns in language. It examines how speech sounds are organized and interact within and across words. Phonology analyzes phonological processes such as assimilation, deletion, and stress assignment. It also considers phonological units like phonemes, allophones, and phonotactic constraints. Phonological knowledge allows speakers to produce and understand the sounds of their language.
This document provides an introduction to phonetics and phonology. It discusses the branches of phonetics including acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, and articulatory phonetics. It describes the classification of sounds into consonants and vowels and the classification of consonants based on manner and place of articulation. It also discusses diphthongs, allophones, syllables, prosody, stress, rhythm, and intonation as aspects of phonology.
This document provides an introduction to phonetics and phonology. It discusses the branches of phonetics including acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, and articulatory phonetics. It describes the classification of sounds into consonants and vowels and the classification of consonants based on manner and place of articulation. It also discusses diphthongs, allophones, syllables, prosody, stress, rhythm, and intonation as aspects of phonology.
All words belong to categories called word classes (or parts of speech) according to the part they play in a sentence. The main word classes in English are:
- Noun
- Verb
- Adjective
- Adverb
- Pronoun
- Conjunction
- Determiner
- Exclamation
- Preposition
English Language Communication Skills Lab Manual (R13) by Raja Rao PagidipalliRaja Ramesh
The document provides information about the ELCS (English Language and Communication Skills) Manual for first year B.Tech students. It outlines the course content for two labs - Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) Lab and Interactive Communication Skills (ICS) Lab. The CALL Lab units cover phonetics, syllables, word accent, intonation and neutralizing mother tongue accent. The ICS Lab units include ice-breaking activities, role play, descriptions, active/passive voice and oral presentation skills. The first unit of the manual focuses on phonetics, providing details on vowels, consonants, and phonetic transcription.
The document provides information about the ELCS (English Language and Communication Skills) Manual for the 1st year B.Tech students. It outlines the course content for the CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning) Lab and ICS (Interactive Communication Skills) Lab. The CALL Lab units cover phonetics, syllables, word accent, intonation and neutralizing mother tongue accent. The ICS Lab units include ice-breaking activities, role play, descriptions, active/passive voice and oral presentation skills. The first unit of the manual focuses on phonetics - it describes vowels, consonants, and provides the phonetic chart and transcription of example words.
This document provides an overview of linguistic concepts and theories of language that are relevant to language teaching. It discusses the key areas of linguistics including phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. It also outlines several theories of language such as structuralism, transformationalism, functionalism, and interactionism that have influenced approaches to language teaching. Theories of second language acquisition discussed include behaviorist learning theory. The document aims to inform language teachers about the underlying linguistic knowledge and theoretical frameworks that can inform how they teach different elements of the target language.
This document discusses the hierarchical organization of language and distinctive features in phonology. It begins by explaining that segments are composed of features, which play important roles in phonological analysis and modeling sound changes. It then discusses the hierarchical levels of language from phonology to pragmatics. Regarding phonology specifically, it explains that phonemes are distinguished by features related to manner, place of articulation, and other properties. The document provides examples of many distinctive features that define English phonemes, such as anterior, continuant, coronal, nasal, and others. It closes by noting that language has a rough but not perfect hierarchical structure with higher levels constraining and building upon lower levels.
1. The document discusses various linguistic concepts related to pronunciation in language learning, including phonemes, allophones, phonetic transcription, and distinctive features.
2. It examines challenges for second language learners, such as different phonemic inventories and phonological rules across languages, and stages of phoneme learning.
3. The document also covers syllabic structures, suprasegmentals like intonation and tone, and implications for teaching pronunciation through awareness raising, imitation, and linking intonation to communication.
The document outlines the objectives, content, assessment, and rules of a proofreading course. The general objectives are to develop confidence and reliability in proofreading texts in English and Spanish. Specific objectives are to review technical proofreading procedures and identify grammatical, syntactic, and semantic errors. Key content topics covered include morphosyntax, crutch words, redundancy, syntactic construction, word sequences/adjectives/adverbs, semantics, and false friends. Students will be assessed based on participation, workshops, tests, and a final exam. Class rules emphasize being respectful and kind.
The document discusses the increasing importance and use of English in the Dominican Republic for business, education, and employment opportunities. It highlights key sectors where English skills are in high demand, such as tourism, call centers, and international trade. Specific teaching methodologies are outlined for developing English proficiency, including a focus on pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and communication skills. Case studies examine language training approaches for call centers to ensure workers can meet customer service standards. Overall, the document emphasizes the need to learn English to remain competitive in the Dominican economy and global market.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
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Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
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Ideas that are good for business and good for the world that we live in, are what I’m passionate about.
Some ideas take a year to make, some take 8 years. I want to share two projects that best illustrate this and why it is never good to stop at “no”.
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Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
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In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
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Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
4. Warm up:
What do you know about the
different components of
language? What is language
phonology and syntax?
5. English Language structures
At the sound level, phonology refers to the rules of the sound system
and the rules ofsound combination.
At the word level, morphology refers to the structure and construction
of words. Morphology skills require an understanding and use of the
appropriatestructureofa word, such asword roots, prefixes,andaffixes
(called morphemes).
Syntax refers to the rules of word order and word combinations in order
to form phrases and sentences.
Words meaning are associated with the semantic components of
language
Pragmatics deals with cultural and contextual aspects of language
including figurative language,idiomatic expressions, and prosody
Language is comprised of sounds, words, phrases and sentences. At
alllevels, language is rule-based.
6. SUBTOPIC 1: Phonological-phonetic component
Phonetics is associated with the production of speech sounds by
humans including articulation, acoustic properties, perception, while
phonology is the branch of linguistic that examines how language
sounds are structures and organized including patterns, syllables, and
intonation.
Phonemes are small units of sound in a specified language that
distinguish the diverse words and meaning. English includes 44 sounds
Mastering the phonological-phonetic features of English language not
only consist of knowing the language sounds, but also language
variation associated with accent, pronunciation, stress placement, and
intonation considering regional dialects, social background, and cultural
factors
7. English consonants include 24 sounds.
English has unique sounds [θ ] – [ ð ] – [ ʃ ]
Categorized by voiced or voiceless or by the place or
manner of articulation
English Consonants
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBuA589kfMg
Practice with app
8. English Consonants
Voiced & Voiceless
Voiced: your vocal cords stretch
across the larynx at the back of the
throat. The vocal cords modulate the
flow of breath expelled from the
lungs. How to try? Feel a finger on
your throat
Voiceless: slack, allowing air to flow
freely from the lungs to the mouth.
The teeth, tongue, and lips engage to
modulate the sound
9. English Consonants: Place of Articulation
Category Description Consonants
Bilabial between the lips [p] [b] [m] [w]
Labiodental upper teeth and lower lip [f] [v]
Dental tongue between the teeth [θ] [ð]
Alveolar
tongue and alveolar ridge (between upper
teeth and hard palate)
[t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [l]
Palatal tongue and the hard palate [ʃ] [tʃ] [dʒ] [ʒ] [r] [j]
Velar back of the tongue and the soft palate (velum) [k][g] [ŋ]
Glottal
a restriction of the airflow at the glottis (the
part of the larynx that contains the vocal cords)
[h]
10. English Consonants: Maner of articulation
Category Description Consonants
Stop
Vocal track is closed completely. But not redirected
through the nose, builds up pressure behind the
articulators
[p] [b] [t] [d] [k][g]
Fricative
Partial blockage of air through the vocal tract. Air is
forced to flow through a narrow channel
[f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [ʃ]
[ʒ] [h]
Affricate
Stop consonants with fricative consonants. Start stops
sounds with air building up behind an articulator, and
then releases through a narrow channel
[tʃ] [dʒ]
Nasal
The air is block through your mouth and let the air
pass through your nose
[m] [n] [ŋ]
Approximant
Two articulators come close together but not quite
close enough to create air turbulence
[r] [j] [w]
Lateral
Tongue blocks the middle of your mouth so that air
has to pass around the sides
[l]
12. English consonants include 12 sounds.
Sounds are produced with a relatively open
vocal tract and include short and long
versions
Categorized by voiced or voiceless or by
the place or manner of articulation
English Vowels
https://icspeech.com/vowel-sounds.html
Let’s practice
13. English Diphthongs
More Info:
English Diphthongs are a combination of two vowel sounds.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdXCF8KHSMQ
Let'sPractice:
https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/flash/rpvkey.htm
16. Morphology
The term Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words,
and of the systematic form-meaning correspondences between words
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=93sK4jTGrss
SUBTOPIC 2: Morphological-syntactical component
https://www.youtube.com/@AzeLinguistics
17. Categories of
morphemes
Type of
morpheme
Description Examples
Free
morpheme
The basis of a language which can stand alone.
Free morphemes can be modified by affixes.
Free morpheme include content words such as
verbs and nouns and functional word including
articles and pronouns.
Walk, sleep, bed,
the, and must,
will
Bound
morphemes
A word that cannot stand alone including
prefixes and suffixes
Pre-, un-, anti,
ize, ment
Lexical
morpheme
Content words that carry meaning, including
nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. They are
semantically more autonomous, but they can
be inflected.
Boy, paper, run,
little, black,
cellphone, play
Inflectional
morphemes
Alters the syntactical function of a words
whether verb tenses or noun numbers. They
can modify noun, adjectives or verbs. They can
be suffixes
-s, er, est, ed,
ing, en
Derivational
morphemes
Change the semantic meaning of a word they
include prefixes and suffixes
Pre-, un-, anti,
ize, ment
https://iowareadingresearch.o
rg/sites/iowareadingresearch.
org/files/suffix_dictionary.pdf
18. English Syntax
Set of rules that support. language user to
make accurate sense of sentences. All
sentences in English contains a subject
and a verb. Sentences can be simple,
compound, complex, and compound-
complex, depending on the use of
independent and dependent clauses,
conjunctions, and subordinators. Basic
structure is SVO, but also OVS
19. Sentence Structure
Syntax Tree
S - Sentence
NP – Noun Phrase: determiner and noun / single
pronoun
VP – Verb Phrase: verb and direct or objects, adverbials
AdjP – Adjective phrase: adjective and modifiers,
serves as a modifier of noun phrases
AdvP – Adverb Phrase: adverb and modifiers, serves as
a modifier of verbs and clauses
PP – Prepositional Phrase: preposition and noun
phrase
DET – Determiner: article, possessive, demonstrative,
quantifies
DEG – Degree word: adv that modify the head of
adjective and adverbs like good
Aux – Auxiliary: functional verb
20. Structure Rules
S = NP – VP
NP = DET – N / DET – AdjP – N – PP
VP = V - NP / AUX - V (NP) – PP – ADV – ADJ
PP = P – NP
AdjP = ADJ - DEG – ADJ – PP
AdvP = ADJ - DEG – ADJ – PP
PERF = HAVE – Perfect participle
PROG = Be – Progressive participle
PASS – Be - Passive participle
More Information
https://elearning.cpp.edu/learning-objects/syntactic-tree-
structures/?page=options.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VynGtewAfc
25. English Vocabulary
Category Description Examples
Borrowing Word taken from one language and used in
another during particular circumstances.
French: Café, fiancée,
entrepreneur
Arabic: Safari, lemon, Algebra
Loan-
Translation
The adoption by one language of a phrase or
compound word whose components are literal
translations of the components of a
corresponding phrase or compound in a
foreign language
English "fifth column" is a loan
translation from Spanish
"quinta columna”
Superman from Übermensch
Compounding Also called composition, is when two or more
words are combined together to form a new
word.
Underground, football, aircraft,
sunglasses, bedroom, raincoat,
sister-in-law
Blending It refers to joining the beginning of one word
and the end of another to make a new word
with a new meaning.
Brunch = breakfast + lunch
Sitcom = Situation + comedy
Emoticon = emotion + icon
26. -Word of the Day:
-FluentU:
-Fortitude Vocabulary
Builder:
-Catena:
Web or Apps to improve lexical component
Catena is a very unique word game that’s especially suited for
those who make frequent spelling mistakes.
This app boasts your vocabulary with omplete with accurate real-
world examples and crystal-clear audio pronunciation.
This App uses authentic videos such as music, news, politics and more to
can grow your English vocabulary.
With Word of the Day, you’ll learn a new word each day, remember your
favorite words and even browse and find out what other people like.
27. Semantic Features: Lexical Relations
Synonyms
Words that have the same
meaning:
HAPPY - GLAD
ANGRY - MAD
Antonyms
Words that have different
meaning
HAPPY - SAD
SHORT - TALL
Homonyms
Words that sound the same
and are spelled the same but
have different meanings.
BAT = ANIMAL
BAT = OBJECT
Homophones
Words that sound the same but
are spelled differently and have
different meanings.
ATE = VERB TO EAT IN PAST TENSE
EIGHT = NUMBER
Go to the link:
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=pqZh-xEmJPQ
31. Closing and Conclusions :
Do a hieratical graphic that help
you to summarize all the aspects
of each language component
you should need to include in
Google site
32. Second Assignment
Digital test: The test consists of 5 objective
questions, and it will be available in your virtual
classroom for around 12 hours. Once the test starts,
you will have 20 minutes to complete it. Only one
attempt is allowed and returning to a question is not
possible once you have provided a response, so be
sure about each response. Check your virtual
classroom for more details.
33. References
Brennan, J., (2022). Language and the brain: A slim guide to neurolinguistics. Oxford University Press: Oxford
Cuetos, F., (2012). Neurociencia del lenguaje: Bases neurologicas e implicaciones clīnicas. Editorial Médica
Panamericana
Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic structures. Mouton de Gruyter
Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition.
Routledge
Friederici, A. D. (2011). The brain basis of language processing: From structure to function. Physiological Reviews,
91(4), 1357 -1392. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00006.201
Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., Hyams, N. (2017). An Introduction to Language. CEENGAGE: Boston
Ellis, R. (2008). The study of second language acquisition (2ⁿᵈ Ed). Oxford University Press
Gleason, J. & Ratner, Y. (2010). Dessarollo del lenguaje (7ᵗʰ Ed.) Pearson Education
Herrera, S. G. (2022). Biography-driven culturally responsive teaching: Honoring race, ethnicity, and personal history.
Teachers College Press.
Ladefoged, P., & Johnson, K. (2014). A course in phonetics (7ᵗʰ ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth.
Obleser, J., & Kotz, S. A. (2010). Expectancy constraints in degraded speech modulate the language comprehension
network. Cerebral Cortex
Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). Thought and language. MIT Press.
Yule, G. (2017). The study of langauge (6th Ed.). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press