LINEAR ACCELERATOR
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Produces radiation that is referred to as a high-energy x-ray for patients with cancer In 1928, RWideroe demonstrated that electrons could be accelerated through a tube by applying a radio frequency voltage to sections of the tubeThe linear accelerator is an extension of Wideroe’s ideaThe name ‘linear accelerator’ comes from the fact that electrons are produced in the machine and accelerated in a straight line.
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Linear accelator
Linear accelerators (LINACs) are commonly used for external beam radiation therapy. [LINACs] use microwave technology to accelerate electrons which are then directed at a metal target to produce high-energy x-rays. Key LINAC components include an electron gun, accelerator structure in the gantry, and a treatment head housing components like collimators and flattening filters to shape the beam. LINACs have advanced over generations from early isocentric units to today's computer-driven systems that provide wide ranges of energy and precision treatment capabilities like IMRT.
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A linear accelerator (LINAC) is a device that uses high-frequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate electrons to high energies in a linear path inside an accelerator waveguide. LINACs are commonly used for external beam radiation therapy to treat cancer. LINACs work by using microwave technology to accelerate electrons, which are then directed at a target to produce high-energy x-ray or electron beams. The beams exit the machine shaped to the tumor and can be delivered from any angle by rotating the gantry and moving the treatment couch. LINACs are used to plan and deliver targeted radiation treatments to destroy cancer cells while sparing surrounding healthy tissue.
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The document summarizes the structure and function of a medical linear accelerator (LINAC). It describes how a LINAC works by using high-frequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate electrons and produce x-rays or electron beams for radiation therapy. Key components of a LINAC include the electron gun, accelerating waveguide, bending magnet, and treatment head for beam shaping and targeting. Modern LINACs can produce multiple photon and electron beam energies for flexible radiation treatment options.
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The document summarizes a medical linear accelerator (LINAC). Key points:
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Linear accelerators (linacs) are used to generate high energy x-ray and electron beams for radiation therapy. A linac consists of an electron gun, radiofrequency power source, accelerating waveguide, beam transport system, and treatment head. Electrons are generated and accelerated to megavoltage energies using microwave fields in the waveguide. The accelerated electron beam is transported and bent using magnets to strike a target and produce x-rays, or exit directly as an electron beam. The treatment head houses the target, flattening filter, collimators, and monitors to shape the beam for patient treatment. Modern linacs provide flexible photon and electron beams with variable energies for radiation therapy.
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The document summarizes a medical linear accelerator (LINAC). Key points:
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- Early LINACs from the 1950s-1980s were large, bulky, and had limited motion. Modern LINACs have improved acceleration, more treatment options, and greater reliability.
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Need of increase in dose rate from traditional 300-600 to 1400-2400MU/min to overcome time-inefficiency and to improve patients comfort specially in SRS/SBRT
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3. Procedures for linear accelerator QA and other treatment machine QA on an annual basis.
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This document provides an overview of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It discusses the history and development of CT from the early 1970s to present day, including the evolution from first to fifth generation CT scanners. Key aspects of CT technology covered include the basic principles, components like the x-ray tube and detectors, and types of scans like conventional tomography and cone beam CT. The document also briefly introduces magnetic resonance imaging.
Computed tomography / dental implant courses
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
CLINICAL RADIATION GENERATORS
The document discusses the history and technology of radiation therapy equipment. It begins by outlining the aims of radiotherapy to deliver maximum dose to the tumor while minimizing dose to surrounding healthy tissue. The success of treatment depends on the capabilities of the radiation generating equipment. The document then provides a detailed overview of the development of radiotherapy technologies over time, from early X-ray machines to modern linear accelerators. It describes the components and operating mechanisms of various radiotherapy devices.
Technology will save our minds and bodies rochelle
This document discusses various technologies used for cancer treatment, including linear accelerators, cobalt-60 therapy, image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT), and laser treatments. Linear accelerators and cobalt-60 therapy use high-energy radiation to destroy tumors. IGRT uses imaging to precisely track and target tumors. Laser therapies like carbon dioxide, argon, and Nd:YAG lasers can precisely remove or destroy cancerous tissue with less damage to healthy cells. While these technologies improve precision and outcomes, they also require significant resources and maintenance.
CT scanner
The document summarizes the history and technology of computed tomography (CT) scanners. It describes how CT was developed in the 1970s by Godfrey Hounsfield and Alan Cormack, who were later awarded the Nobel Prize. It outlines the key innovations in each generation of CT scanners, from the first generation's pencil beam geometry to later generations' use of detector arrays and helical scanning, which reduced scan times. The document also discusses the components of a CT scanner, including the x-ray tube, detectors, and techniques for image reconstruction and calibration.
Principles of Radiotherapy in Head & Neck Surgery and Recent Advances A by Dr...
This document provides an overview of radiotherapy principles for head and neck cancer. It discusses that head and neck cancer represents 6% of new cancer cases worldwide and radiotherapy plays an important role in its treatment. It then summarizes the brief history of radiotherapy and different radiation types used including photon beams, electron beams, and particle radiation. The document also covers radiotherapy techniques such as external beam radiotherapy using linear accelerators, brachytherapy, and fractionation schemes.
Physical principle of Computed Tomography (Scanning principle & Data acquisit...
Computed tomography (CT) uses x-rays and computer processing to produce cross-sectional images of the body. CT scanners are composed of an x-ray tube, detectors, and a rotating gantry. During a scan, the gantry rotates around the patient as they pass through, emitting a narrow x-ray beam and detecting the transmitted x-rays. The detected data is used to construct tomographic images, or slices, of the body. CT images provide more detailed information than conventional x-rays by measuring the attenuation of x-rays through tissues.
Lec.12 Seminar2023 LINEAR ACCELERATOR.pptx
The document discusses the installation and preparation of a linear accelerator (LINAC) device. It describes how LINAC works by accelerating electrons using radiofrequency waves to produce high-energy x-rays. It outlines the main units of LINAC including the control room, treatment room, and maze. The document also explains the parts of LINAC in the treatment room, which are the patient couch and gantry. It provides details on LINAC room requirements and preparation before installing the device.
Medical uses of ionising radiation
Medical uses of ionizing radiation include radiotherapy, medical imaging like CT scans and X-rays, and nuclear medicine. Radiotherapy uses radiation to treat cancer and can involve external beam techniques like 3D conformal radiation therapy (3D CRT), intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), stereotactic radiosurgery, and brachytherapy. Emerging techniques like proton beam therapy further improve radiation targeting and dose distribution. Precise imaging guidance and computer planning help deliver high radiation doses safely and effectively to tumors while avoiding nearby healthy tissues.
X ray machines - conventional and digital
X-ray machines use high-energy electromagnetic radiation to generate digital or film images of the internal structures of objects. Conventional x-ray machines use film that must be developed, while digital x-ray machines directly convert x-rays to electrical signals and display images digitally. Both use an x-ray tube to generate x-rays, which are controlled via technique factors selected on the machine's control panel. Digital x-ray offers advantages like adjustable images and compatibility with digital record systems.
Sandhya Dhyani (48437) CT SCAN AND MRI.pptx
CT scan and MRI are the techniques for body imaging. Computed Tomography or Computerized Axial Tomography is commonly referred to as a CT scan.
C- computed (Use of computer) and T- tomography (Greek word “Tomos” means “slice” and “Grapho” means “ To write”
The first commercial CT scanner was invented by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield in United Kingdom.
It is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce images of the inside of the body. It shows detailed images of any part of the body including the bones, muscles, fat, organs and blood vessels.
CT scans may be performed to help diagnose tumors, investigate internal bleeding, or check for other internal injuries or damage.
Computed Tomography or Computerized Axial Tomography is commonly referred to as a CT scan.
C- computed (Use of computer) and T- tomography (Greek word “Tomos” means “slice” and “Grapho” means “ To write”
The first commercial CT scanner was invented by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield in United Kingdom.
It is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce images of the inside of the body. It shows detailed images of any part of the body including the bones, muscles, fat, organs and blood vessels.
CT scans may be performed to help diagnose tumors, investigate internal bleeding, or check for other internal injuries or damage. Computed Tomography or Computerized Axial Tomography is commonly referred to as a CT scan.
C- computed (Use of computer) and T- tomography (Greek word “Tomos” means “slice” and “Grapho” means “ To write”
The first commercial CT scanner was invented by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield in United Kingdom.
It is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce images of the inside of the body. It shows detailed images of any part of the body including the bones, muscles, fat, organs and blood vessels.
CT scans may be performed to help diagnose tumors, investigate internal bleeding, or check for other internal injuries or damage. MRI stands for Magentic Resonance Imaging which is a non-invasive medical imaging test that produces detailed images of almost every internal structure in the human body, including the organs, bones, muscles and blood vessels.
MRI scanners create images of the body using a large magnet and radio waves.
No ionizing radiation is produced during an MRI exam, unlike X-rays. These images give your physician important information in diagnosing your medical condition and planning a course of treatment.
Raymond Damadian, the inventor of the first magnetic resonance scanning machine performed the first full-body scan of a human being in 1977.
The Nobel Prize was awarded to the American chemist, Paul Lauterbur, and the British physicist, Peter Mansfield, for developing a method to represent the information gathered by a scanner as an image. This is fundamental for the way the technology is used today.
CT generations and peculiarities
This document discusses the generations of computed tomography (CT) scanning technology and their key features. It begins with a brief history of CT scanning's development. The generations covered include first generation translate-rotate systems with a single detector, second generation systems adding multiple detectors, third generation pure rotational systems, fourth generation using a stationary detector ring, and fifth generation stationary-stationary systems used for cardiac imaging. Each generation is characterized by its scanning geometry and improvements such as faster scanning times, larger detector arrays, and elimination of mechanical motions. The document also discusses developments like spiral/helical CT, multi-slice CT, and advances in detectors and x-ray tubes.
LINAC final.pptx
The linear accelerator uses electromagnetic waves to accelerate charged particles like electrons to high energies through a linear tube. The electron beam can treat superficial tumors directly or produce x-rays by striking a target to treat deep tumors. X-ray therapy has evolved from low energy Grenz rays and contact therapy for superficial tumors to higher energy orthovoltage, supervoltage, and megavoltage therapy using linear accelerators and cobalt-60 units that can treat deeper tumors. The main advantage of linear accelerators is that particles can reach very high energies without extremely high voltages, though each accelerating segment is only used once requiring longer linacs for higher energies.
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TRANSPARENT CONCRE
This document discusses transparent concrete, which is produced by adding optical fibers to concrete mixes. There are two main materials used: concrete and optical fibers. The mixing process involves combining cement, water, and other components like epoxy resins, polycarbonate, fiberglass, and silica in specific proportions. Transparent concrete has similar strength properties to regular concrete but allows light to pass through up to 20 meters. It can be used to reduce lighting needs and has applications in partitions, floors, and decorative elements where improved visibility is desired. While advantageous for its aesthetics and energy savings, transparent concrete is more expensive than traditional concrete due to the optical fibers.
Stationary Waves
Stationary waves are produced by the superposition of two progressive waves of equal amplitude and frequency traveling in opposite directions. They have nodes where there is no displacement and antinodes where displacement is at maximum. A stationary wave's waveform does not move through the medium. Particles within a stationary wave vibrate in phase but with varying amplitudes, reaching maximum at antinodes and resting at nodes. The fundamental frequency and overtones of vibrating strings and air columns can be determined from measurements of stationary waves produced in them. The timbre of a sound depends on its harmonic content and amplitudes.
Electrical Activity of the Heart
The document discusses the electrical activity of the heart as measured by an electrocardiogram (ECG). It begins by introducing the concept of polarization and the resting membrane potential of heart cells. It then describes the phases of the cardiac action potential: depolarization, repolarization, and the refractory periods. It compares the action potentials of pacemaker and non-pacemaker cells. It also discusses the conduction of the cardiac impulse and how this is reflected in the different waves of the ECG. Finally, it covers topics like ECG paper format, lead systems, heart rate calculation, and interpreting the ECG.
Electrical Activity of the Heart
The document summarizes electrical activity in the heart. It discusses:
1) How electrical signals originate in the sinoatrial node and propagate through the heart, causing atrial and ventricular contraction.
2) The action potentials that occur in the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, Purkinje fibers, and ventricles.
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Software process life cycles
The document discusses various software process life cycle models, including:
- Waterfall model which progresses in linear stages from requirements to maintenance. It values predictability but is inflexible to changes.
- Prototyping model which adds prototyping stages to explore risks before full development.
- V model which mirrors each development phase with a testing phase. It emphasizes verification and validation.
- Iterative and incremental models like RUP which develop software iteratively in phases and increments, releasing early and often. This is more flexible and reduces risks compared to waterfall.
- Agile methods are also iterative and incremental but emphasize lightweight processes, adaptation, and flexibility over heavy documentation.
The
Digital Logic Circuits
This document discusses digital logic circuits and binary logic. It begins with an overview of binary logic, logic gates like NAND, NOR and XOR, and Boolean algebra. It then covers analog vs digital signals, quantization, and converting between analog and digital formats. Various representations of digital designs are presented, including truth tables, Boolean algebra, and schematics. Common logic gates and their representations are described. The document discusses design methodologies and analyses, as well as simulation of logic circuits. It also covers elementary binary logic functions, basic identities of Boolean algebra, and converting between Boolean expressions and logic circuits.
Real-Time Scheduling
This document discusses real-time scheduling algorithms. It begins by defining real-time systems and their key properties of timeliness and predictability. It then discusses two common real-time scheduling algorithms: fixed-priority Rate Monotonic scheduling and dynamic-priority Earliest Deadline First scheduling. It covers how each algorithm prioritizes and orders tasks, and analyzes their schedulability and utilization bounds. It concludes by comparing the two approaches.
Real-Time Signal Processing: Implementation and Application
This document discusses real-time signal processing, including what it means, why it is used, and platforms for implementation. Real-time signal processing allows signals to be collected, analyzed, and modified in real-time as they occur. It is used to avoid time and money lost when collecting and processing data separately. Common platforms include software/PC, hardware like FPGAs, and firmware/hardware like DSPs, each with their own benefits and drawbacks relating to flexibility, speed, cost, and practicality. The document focuses on DSPs as a popular "middle ground" option and discusses code generation applications and the Embedded Target for TI's C6711 DSP.
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR OVERVIEW
This document provides an overview of digital signal processors (DSPs). It discusses how DSPs are specialized processors that are optimized for real-time signal processing applications like filtering. DSPs offer advantages over general purpose processors and analog signal processing techniques, including programmability, reduced noise susceptibility, and lower power consumption. The document compares different DSP families from Texas Instruments and discusses their applications and key parameters.
FRACTAL ROBOTICS
Robots are programmable machines
They range from small, miniature machines, to large crane size constructions
Electro bike
Electro-bike will be one of the right alternatives for the pollution and fuel scarcity prevailing at present.
ROBOTIC SURGERY
Use of robots in performing surgery.
Mechanical helping hand to surgeons
Methods for Controlling robots are:
Remote Control and Voice Activation
POWER GENERATION OF THERMAL POWER PLANT
. The kinetic energy of the molecules in a solid, liquid or gas
2. The more kinetic energy, the more thermal energy the object possesses
3. Physicists also call this the internal energy of an object
mathematics application fiels of engineering
MATHS IS HARD
MATHS IS BORING
MATHS HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH REAL LIFE
ALL MATHEMATICIANS ARE MAD!
BUT I CAN SHOW YOU THAT MATHS IS IMPORTANT IN
CRIME DETECTION MEDICINE FINDING LANDMINES
Plastics…
Plastic is a material consists of wide range of synthetic or organics that can be moulded into solid object with diverse shapes.
The word PLASTIC is derived from the Greek Word “PLASTIKOS” meaning capable of being shaped or moulded.
Plastics are organic polymers of higher molecular mass.
ENGINEERING
The document discusses various engineering fields including biomedical engineering, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical and electronics engineering, aeronautical engineering, and chemical engineering. It provides more details on biomedical engineering, stating that it applies engineering principles and problem-solving techniques to biology and medicine, and that biomedical engineers use an intimate knowledge of biological principles in their design process. The document also thanks the reader.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Pollution is a major problem affecting living organisms. There are different types of pollution including air, noise, and water pollution. Air pollution is caused by vehicles and industries releasing gases and carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. Noise pollution stems from human activities like vehicles and cell phone towers negatively impacting small birds. Water pollution occurs when industrial waste is dumped into bodies of water, harming organisms and potentially causing toxic algae blooms. Prevention efforts include using biofuels instead of petrol and diesel, stopping wastewater dumping, and planting trees to reduce noise pollution.
RFID TECHNOLOGY
Radio frequency identification(RFID) technology using at various application by using radio frequency ranges.
It is especially used at tollgates. For automation of gate control.
It can also used at library systems.
green chemistry
Green Chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products .
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Manufacturing technologies at nanometer length scale (10-9m)
Nanometer-one billionth of a meter, about the width of 6 bonded carbon atoms.
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LINEAR ACCELERATOR
- 2. Produces radiation that is referred to as a high- energy x-ray for patients with cancer In 1928, RWideroe demonstrated that electrons could be accelerated through a tube by applying a radio frequency voltage to sections of the tube The linear accelerator is an extension of Wideroe’s idea The name ‘linear accelerator’ comes from the fact that electrons are produced in the machine and accelerated in a straight line. What a Linear Accelerator does and how the idea was started
- 3. Early Accelerators (1953-1961): Extremely large and bulky Limited gantry motion Second Generations (1962-1982): 360 degree rotational Allow treatment to a patent from any gantry angle Improvement in accuracy and dose delivery Accelerator Generations
- 4. Third generation accelerators: Improved accelerator guide Magnet systems Beam-modifying systems to provide wide ranges of beam energy, dose rate, field size Operating modes with improved beam characteristics Highly reliable Compact design May include: dual photon energies, multileaf collimation, several electron energies & electronic portal verification systems
- 5. Linac
- 6. Used to treat all parts and organs of the body Uses microwave technology to accelerate electrons in the part of the accelerator called the wave guide, then allows these electrons to collide with a heavy metal target The high energy x-rays are shaped as they exit the machine to conform to the shape of the patient's tumor How it works
- 7. X-ray treatments are designed in a way that destroy the cancer cells while sparing the surrounding normal tissue High energy photons enter the patient's body and aim to break the DNA in all the cells within the treatment area The good cells are able to mend themselves The cancerous cells are unable to do this and therefore die How it works continued
- 8. Patient lies on a moveable treatment couch which can move in any direction The beam comes out of a part of the accelerator called a gantry, which can be rotated around the patient Radiation is delivered to the tumor from any angle by rotating the gantry and moving the treatment couch How it works continued
- 9. Advantages: particles are able to reach very high energies without the need for extremely high voltages Linear accelerators attack the affected area with higher doses of radiation than other machines Advantages
- 10. Disadvantages: A linear accelerator can cost anywhere between one million and three million dollars. Operating the machine costs about $900,000 annually. The particles travel in a straight line, each accelerating segment is used only once. The segments run in short pulses, limiting the average current output and forcing the experimental detectors to handle data coming in short bursts, thus increasing the maintenance expense
- 11. THANK YOU