Straight-line drawing algorithms are based on incremental methods.
In incremental method line starts with a straight point, then some fix incrementable is added to current point to get next point on the line and the same has continued all the end of the line.
This slide contain description about the line, circle and ellipse drawing algorithm in computer graphics. It also deals with the filled area primitive.
This slide contain description about the line, circle and ellipse drawing algorithm in computer graphics. It also deals with the filled area primitive.
with today's advanced technology like photoshop, paint etc. we need to understand some basic concepts like how they are cropping the image , tilt the image etc.
In our presentation you will find basic introduction of 2D transformation.
Commonly a fixed area of the system memory is reserved for the frame buffer,
Video controller can direct access to the frame-buffer
Frame-buffer locations, and the corresponding screen positions, are referenced in Cartesian coordinates.
Some system employ lower-left corner as origin
But most common system employ upper-left corner as origin.
Scan lines are labeled from ymax, at the top of the screen to 0 at the bottom.
Along each scan line, screen pixel positions are labeled from 0 to xmax
it is a Visible surface detection method is also known as depth buffer method. In this method detect the visible surface by using the distance of the object from the projections plane.
with today's advanced technology like photoshop, paint etc. we need to understand some basic concepts like how they are cropping the image , tilt the image etc.
In our presentation you will find basic introduction of 2D transformation.
Commonly a fixed area of the system memory is reserved for the frame buffer,
Video controller can direct access to the frame-buffer
Frame-buffer locations, and the corresponding screen positions, are referenced in Cartesian coordinates.
Some system employ lower-left corner as origin
But most common system employ upper-left corner as origin.
Scan lines are labeled from ymax, at the top of the screen to 0 at the bottom.
Along each scan line, screen pixel positions are labeled from 0 to xmax
it is a Visible surface detection method is also known as depth buffer method. In this method detect the visible surface by using the distance of the object from the projections plane.
It gives detailed description about Points, Lines, Attributes of Output Primitives, Line Functions, Line Drawing Algorithms, DDA Line drawing algorithms, Bresenham’s Line Algorithm, Circle Generating Algorthims
In computer graphics, we often need to draw different types of objects onto the screen. Objects are not flat all the time and we need to draw curves many times to draw an object.
In computer science, a stack is an abstract data type that serves as a collection of elements, with two main principal operations: push, which adds an element to the collection, and pop, which removes the most recently added element that was not yet removed.
Sorting and Searching is one of the most vital topics in DSA. Storing and retrieving information is one of the most common applications of computers nowadays. According to time the amount of data and information stored and accessed via computer has turned to huge databases. So many techniques and algorithms have been developed to efficiently maintain and process information in databases. The process of looking up a particular data record in the database is called searching. The process of ordering the records in a database is called Sorting. Sorting and searching together constitute a major area of study in computational methods. Both of them are very important fields of study in data structure and algorithms. Let us discuss both the topics in detail here.
An ordered collection of items from which items may be deleted from one end called the front and into which items may be inserted from other end called rear is known as Queue.
It is a linear data structure.
It is called the First In First Out (FIFO) list. Since in queue, the first element will be the first element out.
Polygon is a figure having many slides. It may be represented as a number of line segments end to end to form a closed figure.
The line segments which form the boundary of the polygon are called edges or slides of the polygon.
The end of the side is called the polygon vertices.
Triangle is the most simple form of polygon having three side and three vertices.
The polygon may be of any shape.
Basic of computer graphic - Computer Graphic - NotesOmprakash Chauhan
Computer Graphics is a sub-field of computer science and is concerned with digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content.
OR
Computer Graphics is the study of techniques to improve communication between human and machine.
The word computer graphics means picture , graph or sense is dream with the help of computer.
A Burglar alarm is a system designed to detect intrusion – unauthorized entry – into a building or other area. Security alarms are used in residential, commercial, industrial, and military properties for protection against burglary (theft) or property damage, as well as personal protection against intruders. Security alarms in residential areas show a correlation with decreased theft. Car alarms likewise help protect vehicles and their contents. Prisons also use security systems for the control of inmates.
Some alarm systems serve a single purpose of burglary protection; combination systems provide both fire and intrusion protection. Intrusion alarm systems may also be combined with closed-circuit television surveillance (CCTV) systems to automatically record the activities of intruders and may interface to access control systems for electrically locked doors. Systems range from small, self-contained noisemakers, to complicated, multiarea systems with computer monitoring and control. It may even include a two-way voice which allows communication between the panel and Monitoring station.
A calculator is a device that performs arithmetic operations on numbers.
The simplest calculators can do only additions, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
More sophisticated calculators can handle exponential operations roots, logarithms, trigonometric function, and hyperbolic function.
internally some calculators actually perform all of these functions by repeated processes of addition.
A Full Wave Rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage into a pulsating dc voltage using both half cycles of the applied ac voltage. It uses two diodes of which one conducts during one half cycle while the other conducts during the other half cycle of the applied ac voltage.
During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, diode D1 becomes forward biased and D2 becomes reverse biased. Hence D1 conducts and D2 remains OFF. The load current flows through D1 and the voltage drop across RL will be equal to the input voltage.
A detailed study of guidelines required for presentation skillsOmprakash Chauhan
Preparation is the key to giving an effective presentation and to controlling your nervousness. Know your topic well. You will be the expert on the topic in the classroom. Good preparation and the realization that you are the expert will boost your self-confidence. After your research, you will find that you know much more about your topic than you will have time to present. That is a good thing. It will allow you to compose a good introduction, to distill out the main, most important points that need to be made, and to finish with a strong conclusion.
A fractional-horsepower motor (FHP) is an electric motor with a rated output power of 746 Watts or less. There is no defined minimum output, however, it is generally accepted that a motor with a frame size of less than 35mm square can be referred to as a 'micro-motor'.
The term 'fractional' indicates that the motor often has a power rating smaller than one horsepower.
Fractional-horsepower electric motors are exempt from the US Energy Policy Act of 2005 and the new EN 60034-30:2009 ruling of European directive 2005/32/EC concerning the efficiency classes of low-voltage three-phase asynchronous motors.
motherboard electronic components and their functionsOmprakash Chauhan
THE MOTHERBOARD
The main printed circuit board in a computer is known as the Motherboard. It is also known as System Board, Main Board or Printed Wired Board (PWB). Attached to it, we have numerous motherboard components that are crucial in the functioning of the computer.
The motherboard acts as the connection point where major computer components are attached to. It holds many of the crucial components of the system like the processor, memory, expansion slots and connects directly or indirectly to every part of the PC.
The type of motherboard installed in a PC has a great effect on system speed and expansion capabilities.
MOTHERBOARD COMPONENTS
The motherboard holds all the major logic components of the computer. Here we are going to see with no particular order, some of those major motherboard componets and their function in a computer or to be more precise in your computer.
CPU- Central Processing Unit
It is also known as the microprocessor or the processor. It is the brain of the computer, and it is responsible for fetching, decoding and executing program instructions as well as performing mathematical and logical calculations.
The processor chip is identified by the processor type and the manufacturer; and this information is usually inscribed on the processor chip e.g. Intel 386, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) 386, Cyrix 486, Pentium MMX, (old processor types) Intel Core 2Duo e.t.c.
If the processor chip is not on the motherboard, you can identify the processor socket as socket 1 to Socket 8, LGA 775 e.t.c. This can help you identify the processor that fits in the socket. For example a 486DX processor fits into Socket 3.
How To Area of irregular shape Using Integration Method.Omprakash Chauhan
Application integration is often a difficult process, especially when integrating existing legacy applications with new applications or Web services. Given the huge area of this subject, you could literally write a book on doing a successful implementation. However some of the basic business requirements include:
Adequate connectivity between platforms
Business rules and data transformation logic
The longevity of business processes
Flexibility of business processes
Flexibility of hardware, software, and business goals
To meet these needs, the application environment should have a common interface for free communication, including the system’s ability to request Web services and be compatible when interfacing with other platforms and applications.
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes. Ionization can result from the loss of an electron after collisions with subatomic particles, collisions with other atoms, molecules and ions, or through the interaction with light. Heterolytic bond cleavage and heterolytic substitution reactions can result in the formation of ion pairs. Ionization can occur through radioactive decay by the internal conversion process, in which an excited nucleus transfers its energy to one of the inner-shell electrons causing it to be ejected.
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.[1] Ionization can result from the loss of an electron after collisions with subatomic particles, collisions with other atoms, molecules and ions, or through the interaction with light. Heterolytic bond cleavage and heterolytic substitution reactions can result in the formation of ion pairs. Ionization can occur through radioactive decay by the internal conversion process, in which an excited nucleus transfers its energy to one of the inner-shell electrons causing it to be ejected.
In computing, a printer is a peripheral device which makes a persistent human-readable representation of graphics or text on paper or similar physical media.[1] The first computer printer design was a mechanically driven apparatus by Charles Babbage for his difference engine in the 19th century; his mechanical printer design was not built until 2000.[2] The first electronic printer was the EP-101, invented by Japanese company Epson and released in 1968.[3][4] The first commercial printers generally used mechanisms from electric typewriters and Teletype machines. The demand for higher speed led to the development of new systems specifically for computer use. In the 1980s were daisy wheel systems similar to typewriters, line printers that produced similar output but at much higher speed, and dot matrix systems that could mix text and graphics but produced relatively low-quality output. The plotter was used for those requiring high quality line art like blueprints.
The International System of Units (abbreviated as SI, from the French Système international (d'unités)) is the modern form of the metric system, and is the most widely used system of measurement. It comprises a coherent system of units of measurement built on seven base units and a set of twenty prefixes to the unit names and unit symbols that may be used when specifying multiples and fractions of the units. The system also specifies lowercase names for 22 derived units.
The system was published in 1960 as a result of an initiative that began in 1948. It is based on the metre–kilogram–second system of units (MKS) rather than any variant of the centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS). SI is intended to be an evolving system, so prefixes and units are created and unit definitions are modified through international agreement as the technology of measurement progresses and the precision of measurements improves. The 24th and 25th General Conferences on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 2011 and 2014, for example, discussed a proposal to change the definition of the kilogram, linking it to an invariant of nature rather than to the mass of a material artefact, thereby ensuring long-term stability.[1]
The motivation for the development of the SI was the diversity of units that had sprung up within the CGS systems and the lack of coordination between the various disciplines that used them. The CGPM, which was established by the Metre Convention of 1875, brought together many international organisations to not only agree on the definitions and standards of the new system but also agree on the rules for writing and presenting measurements in a standardised manner around the world.
The International System of Units has been adopted by all developed countries except the United States.[citation needed]
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Line Drawing Algorithms - Computer Graphics - Notes
1. 1. Line Drawing Algorithms
Straight line drawing algorithms are based on incremental methods.
In incremental method line starts with a straight point, then some fix
incrementable is added to current point to get next point on line and same is
continued all the end of line.
1
2. Simple DDAAlgorithm
Step 1: Read the end points of line.
Step 2: x =abs (x2-x1) and
y=abs (y2-y1)
Step 3: if x ≥ v then
length = x
else
length = y
end if
Step 4: x line = (x2-x1) / length
Step 5: y line = (y2-y1) / length
Step 6: x=x1+0.5*sign (x line)
y=y1+0.5*sign (y line)
Step 7: i=1
while (i ≤length)
{ plot (integer (x), integer (y))
x= x + x line
y= y + y line
i=i+1
}
Step 8: End
2
3. Simple DDAAlgorithm (Example)
Q: (First Quadrant Example)
Consider a line from (0,0) to (5,6). Use simple DDA
algorithm to rasterize this line.
Solutions: it is a line in first quadrant.
Now follow algorithm step-by-step.
Step 1: Read end points of line
(x1,y1) = (0,0) and
(x2,y2) = (5,6)
Step 2: x=abs (x2-x1)
x=abs(5-0)
x=5
y=abs(y2-ya)
y=abs(6-0)
y=6
Step 3: As (6>5)
length=6
Step 4: x line = 5/6
x=0.833
y=6/6
y=1
Step 5: x=x1+0.5*sign(x line)
x=0+0.5*sign(0.8333)
x=0+0.5*1
x=0.5
Step 6: y=y1+0.5*sign(y line)
y=0+0.5*sign(1)
y=0+0.5*1
y=0.5
Step 7: End
3
4. 1. Line Drawing Algorithms
Value of 1 Plot
Pixel
x y
0.5 0.5
1 (0,0)
1.333 1.5
2 (1,1)
2.166 2.5
3 (2,2)
2.999 3.5
4 (2,3)
3.832 4.5
5 (3,4)
4.665 5.5
6 (4,5)
5.498 6.5
0 1 2 3 4 5
012345
(0,0)
4
5. Demerits of DDAAlgorithm
1. Floating points arithmetic in DDA algorithm is time consuming.
2. Accumulation of round-off error in successive additions of floating
point increment can cause the calculated pixel positions to drift away
from the true line path for long line segments.
Merits of DDAAlgorithm
1. It is simple algorithm.
2. It is faster method.
Let’s see example problems to illustrate simple DDAAlgorithm.
5
6. Bresnahan's line drawing
The process of "turning on" the pixels for a line is called the generation.
A line that means we have to change the intensity of the pixels present on
that line.
In this we have two different algorithm.
yk + 1
y
yk
xk + 1
d2
d1
6
7. Bresnahan's line drawing algorithm
Step 1: Read line end points as (x1-x1) and (x2-y2)
Step 2: x=|x2=x1| and y=|y2-y1|
Step 3: Initialize starting point of line
i.e. x=x1
y=y1
Step 4: Plot (x,y) i.e. plot first point
Step 5: obtain initial value of decision parameter Pk
as
Pk=2 y- x
Step 6: if Pk,0
{
x=x+1
y=y+1
Pk=Pk+2 y
}
if Pk ≥ 0
{
x=x+1
y=y+1
Pk=Pk+2y=2x
}
plot (x,y)
Step 7: Repeat step (6) x times.
Step 8: Stop
7
8. Bresnahan's line drawing Example
Q: Consider the line from (6,6) to (12,9)
Use Brissenden's algorithm to rasterize this line.
Solutions: Following algorithm 3 step-by-step
Step 1: x1=6
y1=6
x2=12
y2=9
Step 2: x=|12-6|=6
t=|12-9|=3
Step 3: x=6
y=6
Step 4: Plot (x,y) i..e Plot (6,6), initial point
Step 5: value of decision parameter,
Pk=2 y- x
Pk=2(3)-6
Pk=0
Step 6 and 7: Now i=1 . See Table
Step 8: Stop
i Plot
Pixel
X Y Pk
6 6 0
1 (6,6) 7 7 -6
2 (7,7) 8 7 0
3 (8,7) 9 8 -6
4 (9,8) 10 8 0
5 (10,8) 11 9 -6
6 (11,9) 12 9 0
Output:
Step 6 and 7
10
11
9
8
6
7
4
5
10 11986 74 5
8
9. DDA VS Bresnahan's (Different)
SR DDA Bresnahan's
1 Based on increment method. Based on increment
method.
2 Use floating point arithmetic. Use only integers.
3 Slower then Bresnahan's Faster than DDA.
4 Use of multiplication and
division operations.
Use of only Addition
and Subtraction
operations.
5 To display pixel we need to use
either floor or ceil function.
No need of floor or
ceil function for
display.
6 Because of floor and ceil
function error component is
introduced.
No error component
is introduced.
7 The co-ordinate location is same
as that of Bresnahan's.
The co-ordinate
location same as that
DDA 9
11. Bresnahan’s circle Generating Algorithm
Step 1: Read radius (r) of circle.
Step 2: Calculate initial decision variable Pi
Step 3: x=0 and y=r
Step 4: if (Pi,0)
{
x=x+1
Pi=Pi+4x+6
}
else if (Pi≥ 0)
{
x=x+1
y=y-1
Pi=Pi+4(x-y)+10
}
Step 5: Plot pixels in all octants as
Plot (x,y)
Plot(y,x)
Plot(-y,x)
Plot(-x,y)
Plot(-x,-y)
Plot(y,-x)
Plot(x,-y)
Step 6: Stop
11
12. Mid-point Circle Generating Algorithms
Step 1: Read radius (r) of circle.
Step 2: obtain first point on circle boundary as
(x0,y0)=(0,r)
Step 3: Calculate initial decision parameter as
P0=1-r
Step 4: if (Pi,0)
{
xi=xi+1
yi=yi
Pi+1=Pi+2(xi+1)+1
}
else if(Pi.0)
{
xi=xi+1
yi=yi-1
Pi+1=Pi+2(xi+1)+1-2yi+1
}
Step 5: Plot pixels in all octants as
Plot (y,x)
Plot(-y,x)
Plot(-x,y)
Plot(-x,-y)
Plot(-y,-x)
Plot(y,-x)
Plot(x,-y)
Step 6: Repeat step 4 and 5 until xi≥ yi
Step 7: Stop
12
13. Mid-point Circle Generating Example
Q : Given radius of circle r=8 with center at origin.
Solution : Here origin is center of circle and we
will demonstrate algorithm execution for
determining points along circle boundary only in
first quadrant from x=0 and x=y
Now, following are the seps of algorithm.
Step 1: r=8
Step 2: (x0,y0)=(0,8)
Step 3: P0=1-r
P0=1-8=-7
Step 4: Following table shows iterative execution
of this step to calculate each next x0i,yi(i.e. xi+1,
yi+1) till xi ≥yi
Step 5: for each value of I in step 4 plot
(xi+1,yi+1) and also plot all symmetric points in all
rest octants.
Step 6: Note, Actually step 4 and 5 are executed in
iteration for each value of I step 4 followed by step
5 is executed.
Step 7: Stop
i Pi (xi+1,yi+1) Pi+1 if
(Pi<0)
Pi+1 if
(Pi>0)
0 -7 (1,7) -3 -
1 -3 (2,7) +2 -
2 2 (3,6) - -3
3 -3 (4,6) 6 -
4 6 (5,5) - 7
13