This document contains information about 3D display methods in computer graphics presented by a group of 5 students. It discusses parallel projection, perspective projection, depth cueing, visible line identification, and surface rendering techniques. The goal is to generate realistic 3D images and correctly display depth relationships between objects.
3D Display Methods :
In this section, we focus on a subgoals of realistic picture. This co-ordinate reference defines the position and orientation for the planeof the camera, as shown in next slide.This plane must be used to display a view of the object; its description has to transferred to thecamera reference co-ordinates and projected onto the selected display plane. Then we can displayobject in wire frame form or we can apply lighting and surface rendering techniques to shade thevisible surfaces
3D Display Methods :
In this section, we focus on a subgoals of realistic picture. This co-ordinate reference defines the position and orientation for the planeof the camera, as shown in next slide.This plane must be used to display a view of the object; its description has to transferred to thecamera reference co-ordinates and projected onto the selected display plane. Then we can displayobject in wire frame form or we can apply lighting and surface rendering techniques to shade thevisible surfaces
This Ppt is based on the Raster animation . It explains u ablout a brief idea bout the Raster Graphics its Working with Real time Animation Examples that are used in our day to day life.
The following points are covered in this ppt
1. Introduction
2. Working of Raster Animation
3. Types of Raster Animations Modern and Traditional
4. Examples
5.Applications
6. Advantages
7. Disadvantages
This Ppt is based on the Raster animation . It explains u ablout a brief idea bout the Raster Graphics its Working with Real time Animation Examples that are used in our day to day life.
The following points are covered in this ppt
1. Introduction
2. Working of Raster Animation
3. Types of Raster Animations Modern and Traditional
4. Examples
5.Applications
6. Advantages
7. Disadvantages
It gives the detailed information about Three Dimensional Display Methods, Three dimensional Graphics Package, Interactive Input Methods and Graphical User Interface, Input of Graphical Data, Graphical Data: Input Functions, Interactive Picture-Construction
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
3. Group Members
Khaled Akram sany
161-15-7203
Faria Akter Eti
161-15-7337
Shami Al Rahad
161-15-7349
Md. Rayhanul Islam
161-15-7335
Selim Hossain
161-15-7351
4. What is 3d display
methods in computer
graphics?
3D computer graphics (in contrast to 2D
computer graphics) are graphics that
utilize a three dimensional
representation of geometric data that is
stored in the computer for the purposes
of performing calculations and rendering
2D images.Such images may be for later
display or for real-time viewing.
5. Parallel Projection
A parallel projection is a projection of
an object in three-dimensional space
onto a fixed plane, known as the
projection plane or image plane,
where the rays, known as lines of
sight or projection lines, are parallel to
each other.
6. Parallel Projection
In parallel projection, z co-ordinate is discarded
and parallel, lines from each vertex on the object
are extended until they intersect the view plane.
We connect the projected vertices by line segments which
correspond to connections on the original object.As shown
in next slide a parallel projection preserves relative
proportions of objects but does not produce the realistic
views
7. Parallel Projection
Project points on the object surface along parallel
lines onto the display plane.
Parallel lines are still parallel after projection.
Used in engineering and architectural drawings.
Views maintain relative proportions of the object.
8. Parallel Projection(Oblique Projection)
In oblique projection, the direction of projection is not normal to
the projection of plane. In oblique projection, we can view the
object better than orthographic projection.
Fig: Cavalier projection(45°) Fig: Cabinet projection (63.4°)
9. Perspective Projection
The perspective projection, on the other
hand, produces realistic views but does not
preserve relative proportions. In perspective
projection, the lines of projection are not
parallel. Instead , they all converge at a
single point called the `center of projection'
or `projection reference point'.
The perspective projection is perhaps the
most common projection technique familiar
to us as image formed by eye or lenses of
photographic flim on perspective projection.
10. Perspective Projection
The distance and angles are not preserved and parallel lines do not remain
parallel. Instead, they all converge at a single point called center of
projection or projection reference point. There are 3 types of perspective
projections:-
• One point perspective projection is simple to draw.
• Two point perspective projection gives better impression of depth.
• Three point perspective projection is most difficult to draw.
11. Perspective Projection
The perspective projection conveys depth information by
making distance object smalls than near one.
This is the way that our eyes and a camera lens form
images and so the displays are more realistic.
The disadvantage is that if object have only limited variation ,
the image may not provide adequate depth information and
ambiquity apears.
12. Depth Cueing
Depth cueing is implemented by having objects blend into the background color
with increasing distance from the viewer. The range of distances over which this
blending occurs is controlled by the sliders.
To create realistic image, the depth information is important so that we can easily
identify, for a particular viewing direction, which is the front and which is the back
of displayed objects. The depth of an object can be represented by the intensity of
the image. The parts of the objects closest to the viewing position are displayed
with the highest intensities and objects farther away are displayed with
decreasing intensities. This effect is known as `depth cueing'.
13. Depth Cueing
To easily identify the front and back of display objects.
Depth information can be included using various
methods.
A simple method to vary the intensity of objects
according to their distance from the viewing position.
Eg: lines closest to the viewing position are displayed
with the higher intensities and lines farther away are
displayed with lower intensities.
14. Visible line and surface identification
It is possible to clarify the depth relationships in a wire frame display by identifying visible lines.The
visible line can be displayed by dashed lines or not display at all. This is illustrated in Figure.
15. Visible line and surface identification
The visible surface identification can be done with
visible surface algorithms.
They establish visibility pixel by pixel across the viewing
plane or determine surfaces for object as a whole.
Once the visible, surfaces are identified we can apply
surface rendering techniques on them to obscure the
hidden surfaces.
16. Visible line and surface identification
1.Hidden-surface problem
There are two approaches for removing hidden surface problems
1.1 Object-Space method (physical coordinate system) and
1.2 Image-space method. (physical coordinate system)
• Depth Buffer (Z-Buffer) Method
• Scan-Line Method
• Area-Subdivision Method
• Back-Face Detection
• A-Buffer Method
• Depth Sorting Method
• Binary Space Partition (BSP) Trees
When we want to display a 3D object on a 2D screen, we need to identify those
parts of a screen that are visible from a chosen viewing position.
17. Visible line and surface identification
Highlight the visible lines or display
them in different color
Display nonvisible lines as dashed lines
Remove the nonvisible lines
18. Surface Rendering
Surface rendering involves setting the surface intensity of objects
according to the lighting conditions in the scene and according to
assigned surface characteristics. The lighting conditions specify the
intensity and positions of light sources and the general background
illumination required for a scene .
On the other hand the surface characteristics of objects specify the
degree of transparency and smoothness or roughness of the
surface; usually the surface rendering methods are combined with
perspective and visible surface identification to generate a high
degree of realism in a displayed scene.
19. Surface Rendering
Set the surface intensity of objects according to
Lighting conditions in the scene
Assigned surface characteristics
Lighting specifications include the intensity and positions
of light sources and the general background illumination
required for a scene.
Surface properties include degree of transparency and
how rough or smooth of the surfaces
