Data may be organized in many different ways; the logical or mathematical model of a particular organization of data is called "Data Structure". The choice of a particular data model depends on two considerations:
It must be rich enough in structure to reflect the actual relationships of the data in the real world.
The structure should be simple enough that one can effectively process the data when necessary.
Data Structure Operations
The particular data structure that one chooses for a given situation depends largely on the nature of specific operations to be performed.
The following are the four major operations associated with any data structure:
i. Traversing : Accessing each record exactly once so that certain items in the record may be processed.
ii. Searching : Finding the location of the record with a given key value, or finding the locations of all records which satisfy one or more conditions.
iii. Inserting : Adding a new record to the structure.
iv. Deleting : Removing a record from the structure.
Primitive and Composite Data Types
Primitive Data Types are Basic data types of any language. In most computers these are native to the machine's hardware.
Some Primitive data types are:
Integer
Data may be organized in many different ways; the logical or mathematical model of a particular organization of data is called "Data Structure". The choice of a particular data model depends on two considerations:
It must be rich enough in structure to reflect the actual relationships of the data in the real world.
The structure should be simple enough that one can effectively process the data when necessary.
Data Structure Operations
The particular data structure that one chooses for a given situation depends largely on the nature of specific operations to be performed.
The following are the four major operations associated with any data structure:
i. Traversing : Accessing each record exactly once so that certain items in the record may be processed.
ii. Searching : Finding the location of the record with a given key value, or finding the locations of all records which satisfy one or more conditions.
iii. Inserting : Adding a new record to the structure.
iv. Deleting : Removing a record from the structure.
Primitive and Composite Data Types
Primitive Data Types are Basic data types of any language. In most computers these are native to the machine's hardware.
Some Primitive data types are:
Integer
In computer graphics, we often need to draw different types of objects onto the screen. Objects are not flat all the time and we need to draw curves many times to draw an object.
In computer science, a stack is an abstract data type that serves as a collection of elements, with two main principal operations: push, which adds an element to the collection, and pop, which removes the most recently added element that was not yet removed.
Sorting and Searching is one of the most vital topics in DSA. Storing and retrieving information is one of the most common applications of computers nowadays. According to time the amount of data and information stored and accessed via computer has turned to huge databases. So many techniques and algorithms have been developed to efficiently maintain and process information in databases. The process of looking up a particular data record in the database is called searching. The process of ordering the records in a database is called Sorting. Sorting and searching together constitute a major area of study in computational methods. Both of them are very important fields of study in data structure and algorithms. Let us discuss both the topics in detail here.
An ordered collection of items from which items may be deleted from one end called the front and into which items may be inserted from other end called rear is known as Queue.
It is a linear data structure.
It is called the First In First Out (FIFO) list. Since in queue, the first element will be the first element out.
Polygon is a figure having many slides. It may be represented as a number of line segments end to end to form a closed figure.
The line segments which form the boundary of the polygon are called edges or slides of the polygon.
The end of the side is called the polygon vertices.
Triangle is the most simple form of polygon having three side and three vertices.
The polygon may be of any shape.
Line Drawing Algorithms - Computer Graphics - NotesOmprakash Chauhan
Straight-line drawing algorithms are based on incremental methods.
In incremental method line starts with a straight point, then some fix incrementable is added to current point to get next point on the line and the same has continued all the end of the line.
Basic of computer graphic - Computer Graphic - NotesOmprakash Chauhan
Computer Graphics is a sub-field of computer science and is concerned with digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content.
OR
Computer Graphics is the study of techniques to improve communication between human and machine.
The word computer graphics means picture , graph or sense is dream with the help of computer.
A Burglar alarm is a system designed to detect intrusion – unauthorized entry – into a building or other area. Security alarms are used in residential, commercial, industrial, and military properties for protection against burglary (theft) or property damage, as well as personal protection against intruders. Security alarms in residential areas show a correlation with decreased theft. Car alarms likewise help protect vehicles and their contents. Prisons also use security systems for the control of inmates.
Some alarm systems serve a single purpose of burglary protection; combination systems provide both fire and intrusion protection. Intrusion alarm systems may also be combined with closed-circuit television surveillance (CCTV) systems to automatically record the activities of intruders and may interface to access control systems for electrically locked doors. Systems range from small, self-contained noisemakers, to complicated, multiarea systems with computer monitoring and control. It may even include a two-way voice which allows communication between the panel and Monitoring station.
A calculator is a device that performs arithmetic operations on numbers.
The simplest calculators can do only additions, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
More sophisticated calculators can handle exponential operations roots, logarithms, trigonometric function, and hyperbolic function.
internally some calculators actually perform all of these functions by repeated processes of addition.
A Full Wave Rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage into a pulsating dc voltage using both half cycles of the applied ac voltage. It uses two diodes of which one conducts during one half cycle while the other conducts during the other half cycle of the applied ac voltage.
During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, diode D1 becomes forward biased and D2 becomes reverse biased. Hence D1 conducts and D2 remains OFF. The load current flows through D1 and the voltage drop across RL will be equal to the input voltage.
A detailed study of guidelines required for presentation skillsOmprakash Chauhan
Preparation is the key to giving an effective presentation and to controlling your nervousness. Know your topic well. You will be the expert on the topic in the classroom. Good preparation and the realization that you are the expert will boost your self-confidence. After your research, you will find that you know much more about your topic than you will have time to present. That is a good thing. It will allow you to compose a good introduction, to distill out the main, most important points that need to be made, and to finish with a strong conclusion.
A fractional-horsepower motor (FHP) is an electric motor with a rated output power of 746 Watts or less. There is no defined minimum output, however, it is generally accepted that a motor with a frame size of less than 35mm square can be referred to as a 'micro-motor'.
The term 'fractional' indicates that the motor often has a power rating smaller than one horsepower.
Fractional-horsepower electric motors are exempt from the US Energy Policy Act of 2005 and the new EN 60034-30:2009 ruling of European directive 2005/32/EC concerning the efficiency classes of low-voltage three-phase asynchronous motors.
motherboard electronic components and their functionsOmprakash Chauhan
THE MOTHERBOARD
The main printed circuit board in a computer is known as the Motherboard. It is also known as System Board, Main Board or Printed Wired Board (PWB). Attached to it, we have numerous motherboard components that are crucial in the functioning of the computer.
The motherboard acts as the connection point where major computer components are attached to. It holds many of the crucial components of the system like the processor, memory, expansion slots and connects directly or indirectly to every part of the PC.
The type of motherboard installed in a PC has a great effect on system speed and expansion capabilities.
MOTHERBOARD COMPONENTS
The motherboard holds all the major logic components of the computer. Here we are going to see with no particular order, some of those major motherboard componets and their function in a computer or to be more precise in your computer.
CPU- Central Processing Unit
It is also known as the microprocessor or the processor. It is the brain of the computer, and it is responsible for fetching, decoding and executing program instructions as well as performing mathematical and logical calculations.
The processor chip is identified by the processor type and the manufacturer; and this information is usually inscribed on the processor chip e.g. Intel 386, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) 386, Cyrix 486, Pentium MMX, (old processor types) Intel Core 2Duo e.t.c.
If the processor chip is not on the motherboard, you can identify the processor socket as socket 1 to Socket 8, LGA 775 e.t.c. This can help you identify the processor that fits in the socket. For example a 486DX processor fits into Socket 3.
How To Area of irregular shape Using Integration Method.Omprakash Chauhan
Application integration is often a difficult process, especially when integrating existing legacy applications with new applications or Web services. Given the huge area of this subject, you could literally write a book on doing a successful implementation. However some of the basic business requirements include:
Adequate connectivity between platforms
Business rules and data transformation logic
The longevity of business processes
Flexibility of business processes
Flexibility of hardware, software, and business goals
To meet these needs, the application environment should have a common interface for free communication, including the system’s ability to request Web services and be compatible when interfacing with other platforms and applications.
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes. Ionization can result from the loss of an electron after collisions with subatomic particles, collisions with other atoms, molecules and ions, or through the interaction with light. Heterolytic bond cleavage and heterolytic substitution reactions can result in the formation of ion pairs. Ionization can occur through radioactive decay by the internal conversion process, in which an excited nucleus transfers its energy to one of the inner-shell electrons causing it to be ejected.
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.[1] Ionization can result from the loss of an electron after collisions with subatomic particles, collisions with other atoms, molecules and ions, or through the interaction with light. Heterolytic bond cleavage and heterolytic substitution reactions can result in the formation of ion pairs. Ionization can occur through radioactive decay by the internal conversion process, in which an excited nucleus transfers its energy to one of the inner-shell electrons causing it to be ejected.
In computing, a printer is a peripheral device which makes a persistent human-readable representation of graphics or text on paper or similar physical media.[1] The first computer printer design was a mechanically driven apparatus by Charles Babbage for his difference engine in the 19th century; his mechanical printer design was not built until 2000.[2] The first electronic printer was the EP-101, invented by Japanese company Epson and released in 1968.[3][4] The first commercial printers generally used mechanisms from electric typewriters and Teletype machines. The demand for higher speed led to the development of new systems specifically for computer use. In the 1980s were daisy wheel systems similar to typewriters, line printers that produced similar output but at much higher speed, and dot matrix systems that could mix text and graphics but produced relatively low-quality output. The plotter was used for those requiring high quality line art like blueprints.
The International System of Units (abbreviated as SI, from the French Système international (d'unités)) is the modern form of the metric system, and is the most widely used system of measurement. It comprises a coherent system of units of measurement built on seven base units and a set of twenty prefixes to the unit names and unit symbols that may be used when specifying multiples and fractions of the units. The system also specifies lowercase names for 22 derived units.
The system was published in 1960 as a result of an initiative that began in 1948. It is based on the metre–kilogram–second system of units (MKS) rather than any variant of the centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS). SI is intended to be an evolving system, so prefixes and units are created and unit definitions are modified through international agreement as the technology of measurement progresses and the precision of measurements improves. The 24th and 25th General Conferences on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 2011 and 2014, for example, discussed a proposal to change the definition of the kilogram, linking it to an invariant of nature rather than to the mass of a material artefact, thereby ensuring long-term stability.[1]
The motivation for the development of the SI was the diversity of units that had sprung up within the CGS systems and the lack of coordination between the various disciplines that used them. The CGPM, which was established by the Metre Convention of 1875, brought together many international organisations to not only agree on the definitions and standards of the new system but also agree on the rules for writing and presenting measurements in a standardised manner around the world.
The International System of Units has been adopted by all developed countries except the United States.[citation needed]
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
block diagram and signal flow graph representation
Basic of Data Structure - Data Structure - Notes
1. Definition
• A Data structure consists of data objects, their properties are the set of legal
operations which may be applied to elements of the data object.
• A data structure is a set of domain D, a designated domain d € D, a set of functions F and a set of
axioms A . the triple (D, F, A) denotes the data structure.
D - denotes the data objects.
F - denotes the set of operations that can be carried out on the data objects.
A - describes the properties and rules of the operations.
OR
2. Need of Data Structure
• The data elements that are concerned with the problem.
• The operations that will be performed on these data elements.
• Methods of storing the data elements in memory to retain the logical relationship
between them.
• The programming language which suits the current requirements.
3. Abstract Data Types
• The abstract datatype is special kind of datatype, whose behavior is defined by a set of values
and set of operations.
• The keyword “Abstract” is used as we can use these datatypes, we can perform different
operations.
• Programmer's own data types is termed as Abstract Data Type.
OR
4. Advantage
• Code is easier to understand (e.g., it is easier to see "high-level" steps being
performed, not obscured by low-level code).
• Implementations of ADTs can be changed (e.g., for efficiency) without requiring
changes to the program that uses the ADTs.
• ADTs can be reused in future programs.
6. Operation Perform of Data Structure
• Insertion: Insertion means addition of a new data element in a data structure.
• Deletion: Deletion means removal of a data element from a data structure if it is found.
• Searching: Searching involves searching for the specified data element in a data structure.
• Traversal: Traversal of a data structure means processing all the data elements present in it.
• Sorting: Arranging data elements of a data structure in a specified order is called sorting.
• Merging: Combining elements of two similar data structures to form a new data structure of the
same type, is called merging.
7. Algorithm
• The word Algorithm means “a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other
problem-solving operations”.
• Therefore Algorithm refers to a set of rules/instructions that step-by-step define how a work is to
be executed upon in order to get the expected results.
• An algorithm is a finite set of instructions that must be followed to solve a problem.
OR
8. Advantage
• It is a step-wise representation of a solution to a given problem, which makes it easy to understand.
• An algorithm uses a definite procedure.
• It is not dependent on any programming language, so it is easy to understand for anyone even without
programming knowledge.
• Every step in an algorithm has its own logical sequence so it is easy to debug.
• By using algorithm, the problem is broken down into smaller pieces or steps hence, it is easier for
programmer to convert it into an actual program.
9. Analysis of Algorithm
Time Complexity
Space Complexity
Space complexity is the amount of memory it require for completion of an algorithm.
Time complexity is the amount of frequency count.
Algorithm analysis is an important part of computational complexity theory, which provides
theoretical estimation for the required resources of an algorithm to solve a specific computational
problem.
Most algorithms are designed to work with inputs of arbitrary length. Analysis of algorithms is the
determination of the amount of time and space resources required to execute it.
10. Best Case
Average Case
Worst Case
Minimum time required for algorithm.
Average time required for algorithm.
Maximum time required for algorithm.