Lighting systems 2014

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY
SYSTEMS
1

COURSE CONTENTS
 Introduction to lighting engineering
 Batteries
 Magnetic Circuits
 Single Phase Transformer
 Conventional Power Plants
 Renewable Power Plants
2

CHAPTER OUTLINE
4
What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Comparison between different Types of Lamps
Ballasts/ Luminaires
Lighting Design

Electromagnetic Waves
5
Light at
wavelengths
which we see
as colors are
part of a
wider family
of electro-magnetic
waves

A GLASS PRISM SEPARATING
WHITE LIGHT
6

COLOR MIXING
• Color mixing is the process of
combining various wavelengths of
light to produce white or other
colors
• The primary colors of LIGHT are:
8
Red, Green, and Blue
• Color mixing of light is an additive
process.
• Example: light sources

COLOR MIXING
• Color mixing with pigment is a
subtractive process each color of
pigment subtracts wavelengths until
you get to black.
• Examples: object surfaces and
9
filters.

CHAPTER OUTLINE
13
What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Lighting Design

SPECTRAL COLOR DISTRIBUTION
(SPD)
15

SPECTRAL COLOR DISTRIBUTION
(SPD)
16
Continuous Spectrum light
Sources
Non-Continuous Spectrum light
Sources

CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM LIGHT
SOURCES
17
The Sun
Incandescent Lamps/ Halogen
LED

THE SUN
18
 This SPD means that most objects appear with
their true colors

INCANDESCENT LAMPS/ HALOGEN
19
 It emits large power from yellow to red but less
power in blue and green.
 This SPD means that it is difficult to distinguish
between blue from black under this light

LED
20
 It emits large power in blue, green and yellow
but less power in red.
 This SPD means that red objects will not appear
with their true color under led lighting

NON-CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM LIGHT
SOURCES
21
Fluorescent
Mercury vapor
Metal Halide
High pressure sodium
Low pressure sodium

FLUORESCENT
 It emits SPIKES through several wavelengths.
 It is suitable for most applications where not true
22
colors are required.

MERCURY VAPOR
 It emits spikes of power in some blue and green
23
wavelengths and little else.
 This light source is unsuitable for interior use.

METAL HALIDE
24
 These sources emit numerous spikes of power
in wavelengths across the spectrum.
 It is suitable for most applications including
some retail.
 Ceramic metal halide has even more spikes.

HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM
25
 It emits spikes of power in some yellow and
green wavelengths and little else.
 This light source is unsuitable for interior use it is
used for street lighting.

LOW PRESSURE SODIUM
 It emits spikes of power in only yellow
 This light source is unsuitable for interior use it is
26
used for street lighting.

SOURCE COLOR CHARACTERISTICS
 Color is defined with a variety of metrics but the 2 most
common are:
Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
27

SOURCE COLOR CHARACTERISTICS
28

CORRELATED COLOR TEMPERATURE
(CCT)
29

(CCT)
30

(CCT)
 Represents the relative
whiteness of a light
source,
 whether the source
appears warm, cool or
neutral.
 Acceptable range of
CCTs for indoor
environments is
between 2500°K and
5000°K, with the higher
value representing a
cooler source 31

COLOR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
32

COLOR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
33

CRI of Selected Light Sources
Source CRI
Low Pressure Sodium <5
High Pressure Sodium 20
RGB LED (typical) 31
Mercury Vapor 43
Cool White Fluorescent 63
Metal halide 64
Cool White LED 70
Daylight Fluorescent 76
Warm White LED (YAG) 81
Tri-phosphor Fluorescent 82
F32T8 Tri-phosphor 85
BSY + R LED 93
Halogen MR16 99
Incandescent 100
34

CHAPTER OUTLINE
35
What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Lighting Design

LIGHTING METRICS
 Luminous Flux
 Efficacy
 Luminous Intensity
 Luminance
 Illuminance
36

LUMINOUS FLUX
 Luminous Flux is the light
output of a source
measured in all directions
 Defined as the flow of light,
Φ
 Measured in lumens
 A lamp receives watts and
emits lumens. The measure
of success of doing this is
called efficacy and is
measured in lumens per
watt (lm/W)
37

LUMINOUS INTENSITY
 Generally speaking, a light source emits its luminous
flux (Φ) in different directions and at different
intensities.
 The visible radiant intensity in a particular direction is
called luminous intensity (I).
 The unit of measurement is the candela (cd).
39

ILLUMINANCE (LUMINOUS LEVEL)
40
 As luminous flux travels
outward from a source, it
ultimately impinges on
surfaces, where it is
reflected, transmitted,
and/or absorbed
 Illuminance on a surface, E
is the density of luminous
flux incident on that surface
Measured in lumens per
square meter
 Lumen/m2 is called a lux while
 lumen/ft2 is called footcandle

 It is the quantity of incidental light falling on a unit of surface,
taking into consideration that it is uniformly illuminated.
 Unit of measurement is candelas per square meter
(cd/m2).
LUMINANCE
43

 It is the quantity of incidental light falling on a unit of surface,
taking into consideration that it is uniformly illuminated.
 Unit of measurement is candelas per square meter
(cd/m2).
LUMINANCE
44

COSINE LAW OF INCIDENCE
 If the surface is turned so that the rays hit it at an
angle, the illuminated area will increase in size and
the illuminance will drop accordingly.
 The ratio of the original illuminated area to the new
area is equal to the cosine of the angle through which
the surface has been moved. Therefore the
illuminance will fall by the factor of the cosine of
angle. This is where Lamberts Second Law comes in,
the COSINE LAW of illuminance.
47

 If a surface is illuminated to 100 lux and is twisted
through an angle of 60 degrees then the illuminance
will
fall to half or 50 lux, because the cosine of 60 degrees
is
½.
COSINE LAW OF INCIDENCE
48

CHAPTER OUTLINE
50
What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Lighting Design

Basics of Lighting Control Applications
> Essential Applications
One-way circuit
● 1 switch for one light
● Can be produced with
● a "one-way – 2 poles" switch ● a two-way switch
L
N
Breaker
Switch
Light
Schneider Electric - Division - Name – Date 51

> Advanced Applications
Alternatives for light control:
Infra red solution
●Good for controlling a light from at least 2 different
locations in the same room.
● Can be produced with
● An emitter (remote) + a receiver (wall-mounted),
including a switch mechanism.
● With Infra-red technology, the receiver must see the
emitter in order to capture the I-R beam correctly
● Application: Residential & small office
●Main advantage:
● control the light(s) without moving
(from the sofa, seniors, disabled people….)
L
N
R
E

Alternatives for light control:
RF system
●Principle:
● One RF emitter and one (or more) RF receivers
are associated
● ON/OFF, Dim Up/Down
● Application:
● Residential & small offices
●Main advantage:
● Control of light through walls
● Control of several light circuits
● Control of scenes or scenarios.
● Wide range of receivers (mobile
socket outlet, receiver for ceiling,
in walls)
E
L
N
R

Timer
What is it? What for?
●Keep the light ON for a predefined
time after switch-on
●Applications: staircases, halls,
corridors
●Main advantage:
● Save energy
L
N
Breaker
PB1
MIN

Time switch
●Switch ON every day at the same time
●Switch OFF every day at the same time
●Weekly/yearly program
●Several time slots/day
●Applications: Car park lighting, shop front windows
lighting,
●Main advantages:
● Save energy by setting the required time
to switch on.
● Improve comfort and security of people (no searching for
push-buttons in the dark, avoid aggression)
L
N
Breaker
IHP

Twilight switch
●Switch ON when the outdoor light is not
sufficient
●Switch OFF when the outdoor light increases
●Applications: External lightings / Professional
buildings, parking
●Main advantage:
● Save energy by adjusting the necessary
time to switch on.
● Improve comfort and security of people (not to
search push button in the darkness)
Breaker
L
N
I
C
Switch
(Optional)

> Dimmers
What is a dimmer?
● It's an adjustable transformer used
to vary the level of lighting from 0 to
100% of lighting power
●Fields of application
100% 0

> Dimmers
Customer benefits
●Provide comfort & energy savings in day-to-day life
● Step-less adjustment of lighting level
● Consumption proportional to lighting level
(Dim your light by 25% and save 20% of your energy)
●Extended lifetime of filament lamps
● Soft start eliminates inrush current
● Decreasing line voltage by 10% doubles lifetime
●Optimise working comfort & efficiency

> What is it?
Movement and presence detection
●Movement detector
●Presence detector
● Field of application

> What is it?
Movement detector
● 2 technologies in one product
●Movement detection part: based on Passive Infra-Red (PIR) technology, the
sensor detects movement in a sensing zone.
● Brightness detection part: comparison of the ambient light to a predefined
minimum level
● Combination of Movement detection + Insufficient Brightness = Light
automatically switched on for a set time period
+ =

> What is it?
Presence detector
● 2 technologies in one product + more accuracy + more intelligence
●Movement detection (PIR) + precision lens  detection of very small
movements (a few cm)
Or + =
Lens defines a greater number of sensing segments = Very small movements detected

> Shutters / Blind
Applications
For Residential●
Roof windows
And also sun breakers
and awnings
Roller blinds Slat shutters
Garage doors
Gates
Pool covers Home video
screens

CHAPTER OUTLINE
63
What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Lighting Design

PURPOSE OF THIS PART
 To understand the theory of operation of the
different light sources.
 To recognize the advantages and disadvantages
of each light source.
64

LIGHT SOURCES
65
 Incandescent Lamps
 Fluorescent Lamps
 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
 Light Emitting Diodes

CHARACTERISTICS
 Efficacy efficiency in lumens per watt
 Color color temperature and color rendering
 Lamp Life average hours of life
 Temperature Sensitivity applicability issues
 Starting and Warm Up ranges from instant to several
seconds
 Restarting ranges from immediate to ten minutes
 Dimming some do, some don’t, some have issues
 Cost ranges from 10¢ to $5.00 per million lumen hours
66

COMPONENTS (INCANDESCENT
LAMPS)
67

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
(INCANDESCENT LAMPS)
68

69

70

ADVANTAGES/ DISADVANTAGES
71
 Efficacy:
 Low 70 to 90% of energy converted into heat
 Quality of light rendition: High
 Similar to sunlight (CRI=97%)
 Warm color appearance
 Average rated life: Short
 Incandescent lamp loses filament material by evaporation
 Typical 1000 hours
 Purchase cost: Low inexpensive lamp
 Operating cost: High
 Lowest efficacy (10 to 35 lm/W)
 Light control
 dimmable

TUNGESTEN
 Efficacy poor, most less than 30 lumens per watt
 Color excellent color rendering at 2700‐3100K
 Lamp Life short (500 hours) to medium (6000 hours)
 Temperature Sensitivity none
 Starting and Warm Up instant
 Restarting instant
 Dimming dims well with color temperature shift
 Cost 50¢ to $1.00 per million lumen hours
72

(TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMPS)
74
 The tungsten halogen lamp is another type of
incandescent lamp.
 The halogen gas combines with the evaporated
tungsten, re-depositing it on the filament. This process
extends the life of the filament and keeps the bulb wall
from blackening and reducing light output

ADVANTAGES/ DISADVANTAGES
(TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMPS)
75
 Efficacy:
 Low 70 to 90% of energy converted into heat
 Quality of light rendition: High
 Similar to sunlight (CRI=97%)
 Warm color appearance
 Average rated life: Short
 Incandescent lamp loses filament material by evaporation
 Typical 3000 hours
 Purchase cost: Low inexpensive lamp
 Operating cost: High
 Lowest efficacy (10 to 35 lm/W)
 Light control
 dimmable

(LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
77

78

HOW IT WORKS
79
 When a suitable lighting voltage is applied
across the electrodes, an electric arc discharge
is initiated and the resulting current ionizes the
vaporized mercury in the tube
 The ionized mercury emits ultra-violet (UV)
radiation that strikes and excites the phosphor
coating on the inside surface of the tube,
causing it to glow or fluoresce and produce
visible light

HOW IT WORKS
 The exact makeup of the phosphors coating the
80
tube determines the color temperature of the
light produced by the lamp
 A ballast is required to regulate the electric
current through the lamp

START UP CIRCUIT
 http://home.howstuffworks.com/
81

HOW IT WORKS
82
 Preheat (“Switch Start)
A switch or starter establishes a complete circuit
through the ballast to preheat the filaments
When the filaments heat up, the starter opens and the
ballast provides a suitable voltage to light the lamp
and limits the current flow to the proper value
Several seconds may be required to complete the
starting operation

HOW IT WORKS
84
 Rapid Start
transformers are introduced to pre-heat the cathodes
they are connected across the lamp pins so the
cathode voltage and resultant watts loss remain part
of the circuit while the lamp is operating

HOW IT WORKS
85
 Trigger Start
a term used for ballasts, which operate pre-heat start
lamps in a rapid start manner
They supply higher filament voltages to heat the
electrodes to start pre-heat lamps and simulate the
rapid start system
 Modified Rapid Start
Ballasts start the lamps in a rapid start mode, but
then, turn off or reduce the filament heat after the
lamps have started

HOW IT WORKS
86
 Instant Start
Ballasts deliver an initial high voltage to light
specifically designed Instant Start Lamps
The arc current heats the filament by bombardment to
provide easy electron emission
No preheating of the filament is required to light the
lamp

FLUORESCENT
 Efficacy good to superior, up to over 100 lumens per watt
 Color good to excellent; choose color temp and CRI 80‐90
 Lamp Life very long with some versions now 42,000 hours
 Temperature Sensitivity significant, varies with product
 Starting and Warm Up instant or rapid, some warm up
 Restarting instant
 Dimming expensive, but dims well with color quality shift
 Cost 10¢ (non dimming) to $1.00 (dimming) per million
lumen hours
87

(COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
88

 Consists of a lamp (often with a starter
integrated into the base), a lamp holder, and a
ballast
 Based on the principle of the fluorescent tube in
which a phosphor coating transforms some of
the UV energy generated by the discharge into
light
89

 Lamp Types
T4 diameter twin-tube two-pin lamps that have a
starter built into the lamp plug base; operate on an
inexpensive reactor magnetic ballasts (~ 5-13 W) and
are available for both modular and dedicated systems
T4 and T5 diameter quad-tube two-pin lamps with
plug bases and built-in starters (up to 27 W)
Both T4 and T5 diameter twin-tube and quad lamps
now available in four-pin versions that do not contain
a starter in the base and designed for use with
electronic ballasts
90

(HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS)
91
 High intensity discharge (HID) lamps
 Metal halide (MH)
 High pressure sodium (HPS) lamps
 high-pressure mercury vapor lamps
 Like fluorescent lamps, HID lamps require ballasts to:
 provide proper starting and operating voltages, and they produce
light through the discharge of an electric arc through a mixture of
gases
 HID lamps utilize a compact “arc tube” in which very high
temperature and pressure exist; this small arc tube closely
resembles a point source of light, making HID lamps and their
luminaires both compact and powerful

HIGH PRESSURE MERCURY VAPOR
LAMP(HPL)
92

LAMP(HPL)
93

LAMP(HPL)
94
 A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas
discharge lamp that uses an
electric arc through vaporized
mercury to produce light.
 The arc discharge is generally
confined to a small fused quartz arc
tube mounted within a larger
borosilicate glass bulb.
 The outer bulb may be clear or
coated with a phosphor; in either
case, the outer bulb provides
thermal insulation, protection from
the ultraviolet radiation the light
produces, and a convenient
mounting for the fused quartz arc
tube.

LAMP(HPL)
95
 Mercury vapor lamps are coated on
the inside of the outer bulb with a
phosphor that converts some
portion of the ultraviolet emissions
into red light.
 This helps to fill in the otherwise
very-deficient red end of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
 These lamps are generally called
"color corrected" lamps.
 Most modern mercury vapor lamps
have this coating.

METAL HALIDE LAMPS
96

METAL HALIDE LAMPS
97

METAL HALIDE LAMPS
98

METAL HALIDE LAMPS
99

METAL HALIDE LAMPS
100

METAL HALIDE LAMPS
101
 Light-producing element is the same as high-pressure
mercury lamp.
 Halide salts are added as additional additives
inside arc tube to improve color rendition.
 The CRI is improved to 90%.

METAL HALIDE LAMPS
 Ceramic Discharge Metal Halide Lamps (CDM) :
Master Color
The use of a ceramic burner instead of quartz has
102
several advantages:
High efficacy (90 lm/W)
Very good color rendering (80 to 95%)
Stable color temperature over life
Available in low wattages: 20, 35 and 50W

CERAMIC METAL HALIDE
 Efficacy good to superior, up to over 80 lumens per watt
 Color good to excellent; choose color temp and CRI
80‐90+
 Lamp Life Long, 12,000‐25,000 hours
 Temperature Sensitivity None significant
 Starting and Warm Up Slow start and warm up
 Restarting must wait 3‐5 minutes to restrike
 Dimming not recommended, can be used for energy
management purposes
 Cost 50¢ to $1.00 per million lumen hours
103

SODIUM PRESSURE LAMPS
104
 Arc tube compared with MH
lamps has small diameter to
maintain high temperature.
 Light is produced by arc
discharge through sodium
vapor (yellow mono color
appearance).

ADVANTAGES
LED
 LEDs don't have filaments that will burn out, so they last
119
much longer.
 Additionally, their small plastic bulb makes them a lot more
durable. They also fit more easily into modern electronic
circuits.
 But the main advantage is efficiency.
 In conventional incandescent bulbs, the light-production
process involves generating a lot of heat (the filament must
be warmed).
 This is completely wasted energy, unless you're using the
lamp as a heater, because a huge portion of the available
electricity isn't going toward producing visible light.

ADVANTAGES
LED
 LEDs produce more light per watt than incandescent
bulbs; this is useful in battery powered or energy-saving
devices.
 LEDs can emit light of an intended color without the use
of color filters that traditional lighting methods require.
This is more efficient and can lower initial costs.
 The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus
its light. Incandescent and fluorescent sources often
require an external reflector to collect light and direct it in
a usable manner.
120

ADVANTAGES
LED
 When used in applications where dimming is required,
LEDs do not change their color tint as the current
passing through them is lowered, unlike incandescent
lamps, which turn yellow.
 LEDs are ideal for use in applications that are subject to
frequent on-off operation, unlike fluorescent lamps that
burn out more quickly when cycled frequently, or HID
lamps that require a long time before restarting.
121

ADVANTAGES
LED
122
 LEDs, being solid state components, are difficult to
damage with external shock. Fluorescent and
incandescent bulbs are easily broken if dropped on the
ground.
 LEDs can have a relatively long useful life.
 LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED
will achieve full brightness in microseconds
 LEDs can be very small and are easily populated onto
printed circuit boards.
 LEDs do not contain mercury, unlike compact
fluorescent lamps.

DISADVANTAGES
LED
 LEDs are currently more expensive, price per lumen, on
an initial capital cost basis, than more conventional
lighting technologies. The additional expense partially
stems from the relatively low lumen output and the drive
circuitry and power supplies needed. However, when
considering the total cost of ownership (including energy
and maintenance costs), LEDs far surpass incandescent
or halogen sources and begin to threaten compact
fluorescent lamps.
123
 LED performance largely depends on the ambient
temperature of the operating environment. Over-driving
the LED in high ambient temperatures may result in
overheating of the LED package, eventually leading to
device failure.

DISADVANTAGES
LED
 LEDs must be supplied with the correct current. This can
124
involve series resistors or current-regulated power
supplies.
 The spectrum of some white LEDs differs significantly
from a black body radiator, such as the sun or an
incandescent light. The spike at 460 nm and dip at
500 nm can cause the color of objects to be perceived
differently under LED illumination than sunlight or
incandescent sources.

CHAPTER OUTLINE
125
What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Lighting Design

BALLASTS
126
 Lamp Ballasts:
A lamp ballast is part of the control gear in a
fluorescent fixture which is inserted between the
supply and one or more discharge lamps which, by
means of inductance, capacitance, or a combination
of both to:
 provide correct starting voltage
 match the line voltage to the operating voltage of the lamp
 limit the lamp current to prevent immediate destruction (because
once the arc is struck the lamp impedance decreases

BALLASTS
127
 Types of FL Lamp Ballasts
Electromagnetic Ballast
High Frequency Electronic Ballasts

HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRONIC BALLASTS
133
 High Frequency Electronic Ballasts
Also called “solid-state ballasts” which operate at 20
kHz using electronic switching power supply circuits
Increase lamp-ballast efficacy, leading to increased
energy efficiency of the fixture and lower operating
costs
They operate lamps using electronic switching power
supply circuits; take incoming 60 Hz power (230 V)
and convert it to high frequency AC (usually 20 to 40
kHz)

HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRONIC BALLASTS
134
 High Frequency Electronic Ballasts
End losses are reduced resulting to overall lamp-ballast
system efficacy increase of 15% to 20%
More expensive than other ballasts

ELECTRONIC BALLASTS VS MAGNETIC
BALLASTS
135
 Electronic Ballasts vs Magnetic Ballasts
Electronic ballasts are readily available that operate 3
or 4 lamps, allowing the use of a single ballast,
reducing both installation and field wiring labor costs
Reduced weight
Quieter operation
Reduced lamp flicker

Lighting systems 2014

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