This document provides an introduction and overview of lighting engineering concepts. It begins with a course contents listing topics like introduction to lighting engineering, batteries, magnetic circuits, and power plants. The main section describes lighting metrics such as luminous flux, illuminance, luminance and the inverse square law. It also covers light sources and their spectral distributions as well as color characteristics like correlated color temperature and color rendering index. The document concludes with an overview of lighting control applications including one-way circuits, infrared and RF systems, timers, time switches and dimmers.
For more relevant materials visit
electro-voyage.blogspot.com
In this slide, we will see how to approach the basic lighting system both manually and using software
We will have to solve a few examples and design the lighting system manually by applying the various formula of the Lumen Method.
For more relevant materials visit
electro-voyage.blogspot.com
In this slide, we will see how to approach the basic lighting system both manually and using software
We will have to solve a few examples and design the lighting system manually by applying the various formula of the Lumen Method.
HVAC is typically responsible for around 40% of the energy consumption in a building. Frequently, this is the largest energy consuming type of equipment on a site and can therefore provide significant scope for saving energy and money. This fact sheet covers common types of HVAC and will guide you in the right direction to identify energy efficient HVAC initiatives.
the act of illuminating or the state of being illuminated. a source of light, oftenly a light or lights, esp coloured lights, used as decoration in streets, parks, etc.
Last February 17, 2012, the 2nd IIEE-CRCSA Technical Seminar kicked off with a good response from the members and non-members with the participation of more than 100 who showed-up at the White Palace Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Seminar title was “Basics of Indoor Lighting using DIALux”. The seminar was conducted by Engr. Michael T. Santiago, a Lighting Application & Design Engineer from Saudi Lighting Company. The participants were awed by his DIALux 4.10 software demonstration specially when he imported a room layout from AutoCad drawing and applied the lighting calculation on it which later provided a very nice colored 3-D drawing of the room. A continuation of this seminar which is “Basics of Outdoor Lighting” will be presented on the incoming 14th Midyear Convention.
SOURCE: http://iiee-crcsa.org/index.php/9-news-articles/90-iiee-crcsa-second-technical-seminar-kicked-off
This presentation explains how to improve energy efficiency in lighting systems. It was prepared for energy auditor training in Nepal in the context of GIZ/NEEP programme. For further information go to EEC webpage: http://www.eec-fncci.org
Lighting Design - Theory and CalculationsIsham Rashik
Types of lamps, how lamps/luminaires can be mounted and its varieties, basic terminologies associated with illumination engineering, essentials and how lightings are designed for rooms and its classroom example for getting a clear picture of lighting design concept.
What is direct indirect lighting and what is its types?carlwilson45
LED direct indirect lighting is an attractive alternative to incandescent or fluorescent lighting in both residential and commercial lighting applications because they are very energy-efficient, have very long lives, are very small in size.
Numerous LED products are currently ready for prime and are better than incumbent technologies for interior applications. But there are also many LED products that are not yet nearly as cost effective as high performance fluorescent, halogen infrared, MH, etc.
This seminar will discuss reach-in frig/freezers, decorative lights, accent lighting, recessed cans, linear replacement lamps, troffers and other applications. A 0.4 - 0.6 watts per square foot with good lighting quality is attainable with highperformance task ambient lighting, without the need for expensive, more complex
systems. Long-term life cycle costs will be included. (High bay lighting is not included, because there is another workshop dedicated to the subject.)
HVAC is typically responsible for around 40% of the energy consumption in a building. Frequently, this is the largest energy consuming type of equipment on a site and can therefore provide significant scope for saving energy and money. This fact sheet covers common types of HVAC and will guide you in the right direction to identify energy efficient HVAC initiatives.
the act of illuminating or the state of being illuminated. a source of light, oftenly a light or lights, esp coloured lights, used as decoration in streets, parks, etc.
Last February 17, 2012, the 2nd IIEE-CRCSA Technical Seminar kicked off with a good response from the members and non-members with the participation of more than 100 who showed-up at the White Palace Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Seminar title was “Basics of Indoor Lighting using DIALux”. The seminar was conducted by Engr. Michael T. Santiago, a Lighting Application & Design Engineer from Saudi Lighting Company. The participants were awed by his DIALux 4.10 software demonstration specially when he imported a room layout from AutoCad drawing and applied the lighting calculation on it which later provided a very nice colored 3-D drawing of the room. A continuation of this seminar which is “Basics of Outdoor Lighting” will be presented on the incoming 14th Midyear Convention.
SOURCE: http://iiee-crcsa.org/index.php/9-news-articles/90-iiee-crcsa-second-technical-seminar-kicked-off
This presentation explains how to improve energy efficiency in lighting systems. It was prepared for energy auditor training in Nepal in the context of GIZ/NEEP programme. For further information go to EEC webpage: http://www.eec-fncci.org
Lighting Design - Theory and CalculationsIsham Rashik
Types of lamps, how lamps/luminaires can be mounted and its varieties, basic terminologies associated with illumination engineering, essentials and how lightings are designed for rooms and its classroom example for getting a clear picture of lighting design concept.
What is direct indirect lighting and what is its types?carlwilson45
LED direct indirect lighting is an attractive alternative to incandescent or fluorescent lighting in both residential and commercial lighting applications because they are very energy-efficient, have very long lives, are very small in size.
Numerous LED products are currently ready for prime and are better than incumbent technologies for interior applications. But there are also many LED products that are not yet nearly as cost effective as high performance fluorescent, halogen infrared, MH, etc.
This seminar will discuss reach-in frig/freezers, decorative lights, accent lighting, recessed cans, linear replacement lamps, troffers and other applications. A 0.4 - 0.6 watts per square foot with good lighting quality is attainable with highperformance task ambient lighting, without the need for expensive, more complex
systems. Long-term life cycle costs will be included. (High bay lighting is not included, because there is another workshop dedicated to the subject.)
What's the Difference Between a Incandescent and LED Light Bulb (and others)?Servc
Before you purchase or install any light bulbs, find out what the makes them different. From LED, induction, Metal Halide, Compact Fluorescent and Fluorescent, learn about the applications, light output and compliances. If you're looking for a source for commercial, industrial, or high-tech lighting contact Servc Group at 800.379.3323 or support@servc.com.
Presentation covers the different issues in setting up a rooftop solar photovoltaic project in Ontario. Things that are addressed is what should be included in feasibility study, different levels of involvement in your project, and risks and concerns during the project set-up and construction stage.
Light source, Choice of lighting, Luminance requirements, and Energy
conservation avenues
Lighting is an essential service in all the industries. The power consumption by the industrial
lighting varies between 2 to 10% of the total power depending on the type of industry.
Innovation and continuous improvement in the field of lighting, has given rise to tremendous
energy saving opportunities in this area.
Lighting is an area, which provides a major
Basic terms of understanding LED lighting from BROS International Co., Limited | led@BROSled.com | WhatsApp: +86-13316160087 | Skype:BROSledLighting
BROS Vision: Future-oriented LED light | Light up your future.
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Simulation of a Two Stage High Power Factor Driver for White Power LedIJMER
In this paper, an integrated double buck–boost (IDBB) converter is proposed as a high-power-factor offline power supply for power-LED lamps. The IDBB converter features just one controlled switch and two inductors and is able to supply a solid-state lamp from the mains, providing high power factor and good efficiency. In this paper, the IDBB converter is analyzed, and a design methodology is proposed. It is demonstrated that, with a careful design of the converter, the filter capacitances can be made small enough so that film capacitors may be used. In this way, the converter mean time between failures can be made as high as that of the solid-state lamp. A design example for a 70-W converter supplied from a 230 V/50 Hz mains for street lighting applications is shown. MATLAB is applied to execute the whole circuit simulations. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that the power factor of the closed-loop IDBB converter is 0.993 and the output voltage of the designed controller can be stably maintained at 200V.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
4. CHAPTER OUTLINE
4
What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Comparison between different Types of Lamps
Ballasts/ Luminaires
Lighting Design
5. Electromagnetic Waves
5
Light at
wavelengths
which we see
as colors are
part of a
wider family
of electro-magnetic
waves
8. COLOR MIXING
• Color mixing is the process of
combining various wavelengths of
light to produce white or other
colors
• The primary colors of LIGHT are:
8
Red, Green, and Blue
• Color mixing of light is an additive
process.
• Example: light sources
9. COLOR MIXING
• Color mixing with pigment is a
subtractive process each color of
pigment subtracts wavelengths until
you get to black.
• Examples: object surfaces and
9
filters.
13. CHAPTER OUTLINE
13
What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Comparison between different Types of Lamps
Ballasts/ Luminaires
Lighting Design
18. THE SUN
18
This SPD means that most objects appear with
their true colors
19. INCANDESCENT LAMPS/ HALOGEN
19
It emits large power from yellow to red but less
power in blue and green.
This SPD means that it is difficult to distinguish
between blue from black under this light
20. LED
20
It emits large power in blue, green and yellow
but less power in red.
This SPD means that red objects will not appear
with their true color under led lighting
21. NON-CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM LIGHT
SOURCES
21
Fluorescent
Mercury vapor
Metal Halide
High pressure sodium
Low pressure sodium
22. FLUORESCENT
It emits SPIKES through several wavelengths.
It is suitable for most applications where not true
22
colors are required.
23. MERCURY VAPOR
It emits spikes of power in some blue and green
23
wavelengths and little else.
This light source is unsuitable for interior use.
24. METAL HALIDE
24
These sources emit numerous spikes of power
in wavelengths across the spectrum.
It is suitable for most applications including
some retail.
Ceramic metal halide has even more spikes.
25. HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM
25
It emits spikes of power in some yellow and
green wavelengths and little else.
This light source is unsuitable for interior use it is
used for street lighting.
26. LOW PRESSURE SODIUM
It emits spikes of power in only yellow
This light source is unsuitable for interior use it is
26
used for street lighting.
27. SOURCE COLOR CHARACTERISTICS
Color is defined with a variety of metrics but the 2 most
common are:
Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
27
31. CORRELATED COLOR TEMPERATURE
(CCT)
Represents the relative
whiteness of a light
source,
whether the source
appears warm, cool or
neutral.
Acceptable range of
CCTs for indoor
environments is
between 2500°K and
5000°K, with the higher
value representing a
cooler source 31
34. CRI of Selected Light Sources
Source CRI
Low Pressure Sodium <5
High Pressure Sodium 20
RGB LED (typical) 31
Mercury Vapor 43
Cool White Fluorescent 63
Metal halide 64
Cool White LED 70
Daylight Fluorescent 76
Warm White LED (YAG) 81
Tri-phosphor Fluorescent 82
F32T8 Tri-phosphor 85
BSY + R LED 93
Halogen MR16 99
Incandescent 100
34
35. CHAPTER OUTLINE
35
What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Comparison between different Types of Lamps
Ballasts/ Luminaires
Lighting Design
37. LUMINOUS FLUX
Luminous Flux is the light
output of a source
measured in all directions
Defined as the flow of light,
Φ
Measured in lumens
A lamp receives watts and
emits lumens. The measure
of success of doing this is
called efficacy and is
measured in lumens per
watt (lm/W)
37
39. LUMINOUS INTENSITY
Generally speaking, a light source emits its luminous
flux (Φ) in different directions and at different
intensities.
The visible radiant intensity in a particular direction is
called luminous intensity (I).
The unit of measurement is the candela (cd).
39
40. ILLUMINANCE (LUMINOUS LEVEL)
40
As luminous flux travels
outward from a source, it
ultimately impinges on
surfaces, where it is
reflected, transmitted,
and/or absorbed
Illuminance on a surface, E
is the density of luminous
flux incident on that surface
Measured in lumens per
square meter
Lumen/m2 is called a lux while
lumen/ft2 is called footcandle
43. It is the quantity of incidental light falling on a unit of surface,
taking into consideration that it is uniformly illuminated.
Unit of measurement is candelas per square meter
(cd/m2).
LUMINANCE
43
44. It is the quantity of incidental light falling on a unit of surface,
taking into consideration that it is uniformly illuminated.
Unit of measurement is candelas per square meter
(cd/m2).
LUMINANCE
44
47. COSINE LAW OF INCIDENCE
If the surface is turned so that the rays hit it at an
angle, the illuminated area will increase in size and
the illuminance will drop accordingly.
The ratio of the original illuminated area to the new
area is equal to the cosine of the angle through which
the surface has been moved. Therefore the
illuminance will fall by the factor of the cosine of
angle. This is where Lamberts Second Law comes in,
the COSINE LAW of illuminance.
47
48. If a surface is illuminated to 100 lux and is twisted
through an angle of 60 degrees then the illuminance
will
fall to half or 50 lux, because the cosine of 60 degrees
is
½.
COSINE LAW OF INCIDENCE
48
50. CHAPTER OUTLINE
50
What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Comparison between different Types of Lamps
Ballasts/ Luminaires
Lighting Design
51. Basics of Lighting Control Applications
> Essential Applications
One-way circuit
● 1 switch for one light
● Can be produced with
● a "one-way – 2 poles" switch ● a two-way switch
L
N
Breaker
Switch
Light
Schneider Electric - Division - Name – Date 51
52. Basics of Lighting Control Applications
> Advanced Applications
Alternatives for light control:
Infra red solution
●Good for controlling a light from at least 2 different
locations in the same room.
● Can be produced with
● An emitter (remote) + a receiver (wall-mounted),
including a switch mechanism.
● With Infra-red technology, the receiver must see the
emitter in order to capture the I-R beam correctly
● Application: Residential & small office
●Main advantage:
● control the light(s) without moving
(from the sofa, seniors, disabled people….)
L
N
R
E
Schneider Electric - Division - Name – Date 52
53. Basics of Lighting Control Applications
> Advanced Applications
Alternatives for light control:
RF system
●Principle:
● One RF emitter and one (or more) RF receivers
are associated
● ON/OFF, Dim Up/Down
● Application:
● Residential & small offices
●Main advantage:
● Control of light through walls
● Control of several light circuits
● Control of scenes or scenarios.
● Wide range of receivers (mobile
socket outlet, receiver for ceiling,
in walls)
E
L
N
R
Schneider Electric - Division - Name – Date 53
54. Basics of Lighting Control Applications
> Advanced Applications
Timer
What is it? What for?
●Keep the light ON for a predefined
time after switch-on
●Applications: staircases, halls,
corridors
●Main advantage:
● Save energy
L
N
Breaker
PB1
MIN
Schneider Electric - Division - Name – Date 54
55. Basics of Lighting Control Applications
> Advanced Applications
Time switch
What is it? What for?
●Switch ON every day at the same time
●Switch OFF every day at the same time
●Weekly/yearly program
●Several time slots/day
●Applications: Car park lighting, shop front windows
lighting,
●Main advantages:
● Save energy by setting the required time
to switch on.
● Improve comfort and security of people (no searching for
push-buttons in the dark, avoid aggression)
L
N
Breaker
IHP
Schneider Electric - Division - Name – Date 55
56. Basics of Lighting Control Applications
> Advanced Applications
Twilight switch
What is it? What for?
●Switch ON when the outdoor light is not
sufficient
●Switch OFF when the outdoor light increases
●Applications: External lightings / Professional
buildings, parking
●Main advantage:
● Save energy by adjusting the necessary
time to switch on.
● Improve comfort and security of people (not to
search push button in the darkness)
Breaker
L
N
I
C
Switch
(Optional)
Schneider Electric - Division - Name – Date 56
57. Basics of Lighting Control Applications
> Dimmers
What is a dimmer?
● It's an adjustable transformer used
to vary the level of lighting from 0 to
100% of lighting power
●Fields of application
100% 0
Schneider Electric - Division - Name – Date 57
58. Basics of Lighting Control Applications
> Dimmers
Customer benefits
●Provide comfort & energy savings in day-to-day life
● Step-less adjustment of lighting level
● Consumption proportional to lighting level
(Dim your light by 25% and save 20% of your energy)
●Extended lifetime of filament lamps
● Soft start eliminates inrush current
● Decreasing line voltage by 10% doubles lifetime
●Optimise working comfort & efficiency
Schneider Electric - Division - Name – Date 58
59. Basics of Lighting Control Applications
> What is it?
Movement and presence detection
●Movement detector
●Presence detector
● Field of application
Schneider Electric - Division - Name – Date 59
60. Basics of Lighting Control Applications
> What is it?
Movement detector
● 2 technologies in one product
●Movement detection part: based on Passive Infra-Red (PIR) technology, the
sensor detects movement in a sensing zone.
● Brightness detection part: comparison of the ambient light to a predefined
minimum level
● Combination of Movement detection + Insufficient Brightness = Light
automatically switched on for a set time period
+ =
Schneider Electric - Division - Name – Date 60
61. Basics of Lighting Control Applications
> What is it?
Presence detector
● 2 technologies in one product + more accuracy + more intelligence
●Movement detection (PIR) + precision lens detection of very small
movements (a few cm)
Or + =
Lens defines a greater number of sensing segments = Very small movements detected
Schneider Electric - Division - Name – Date 61
62. Basics of Lighting Control Applications
> Shutters / Blind
Applications
For Residential●
Roof windows
And also sun breakers
and awnings
Roller blinds Slat shutters
Garage doors
Gates
Pool covers Home video
screens
Schneider Electric - Division - Name – Date 62
63. CHAPTER OUTLINE
63
What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Comparison between different Types of Lamps
Ballasts/ Luminaires
Lighting Design
64. PURPOSE OF THIS PART
To understand the theory of operation of the
different light sources.
To recognize the advantages and disadvantages
of each light source.
64
66. CHARACTERISTICS
Efficacy efficiency in lumens per watt
Color color temperature and color rendering
Lamp Life average hours of life
Temperature Sensitivity applicability issues
Starting and Warm Up ranges from instant to several
seconds
Restarting ranges from immediate to ten minutes
Dimming some do, some don’t, some have issues
Cost ranges from 10¢ to $5.00 per million lumen hours
66
71. ADVANTAGES/ DISADVANTAGES
(INCANDESCENT LAMPS)
71
Efficacy:
Low 70 to 90% of energy converted into heat
Quality of light rendition: High
Similar to sunlight (CRI=97%)
Warm color appearance
Average rated life: Short
Incandescent lamp loses filament material by evaporation
Typical 1000 hours
Purchase cost: Low inexpensive lamp
Operating cost: High
Lowest efficacy (10 to 35 lm/W)
Light control
dimmable
72. TUNGESTEN
Efficacy poor, most less than 30 lumens per watt
Color excellent color rendering at 2700‐3100K
Lamp Life short (500 hours) to medium (6000 hours)
Temperature Sensitivity none
Starting and Warm Up instant
Restarting instant
Dimming dims well with color temperature shift
Cost 50¢ to $1.00 per million lumen hours
72
74. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
(TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMPS)
74
The tungsten halogen lamp is another type of
incandescent lamp.
The halogen gas combines with the evaporated
tungsten, re-depositing it on the filament. This process
extends the life of the filament and keeps the bulb wall
from blackening and reducing light output
75. ADVANTAGES/ DISADVANTAGES
(TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMPS)
75
Efficacy:
Low 70 to 90% of energy converted into heat
Quality of light rendition: High
Similar to sunlight (CRI=97%)
Warm color appearance
Average rated life: Short
Incandescent lamp loses filament material by evaporation
Typical 3000 hours
Purchase cost: Low inexpensive lamp
Operating cost: High
Lowest efficacy (10 to 35 lm/W)
Light control
dimmable
79. HOW IT WORKS
(LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
79
When a suitable lighting voltage is applied
across the electrodes, an electric arc discharge
is initiated and the resulting current ionizes the
vaporized mercury in the tube
The ionized mercury emits ultra-violet (UV)
radiation that strikes and excites the phosphor
coating on the inside surface of the tube,
causing it to glow or fluoresce and produce
visible light
80. HOW IT WORKS
(LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
The exact makeup of the phosphors coating the
80
tube determines the color temperature of the
light produced by the lamp
A ballast is required to regulate the electric
current through the lamp
82. HOW IT WORKS
(LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
82
Preheat (“Switch Start)
A switch or starter establishes a complete circuit
through the ballast to preheat the filaments
When the filaments heat up, the starter opens and the
ballast provides a suitable voltage to light the lamp
and limits the current flow to the proper value
Several seconds may be required to complete the
starting operation
84. HOW IT WORKS
(LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
84
Rapid Start
transformers are introduced to pre-heat the cathodes
they are connected across the lamp pins so the
cathode voltage and resultant watts loss remain part
of the circuit while the lamp is operating
85. HOW IT WORKS
(LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
85
Trigger Start
a term used for ballasts, which operate pre-heat start
lamps in a rapid start manner
They supply higher filament voltages to heat the
electrodes to start pre-heat lamps and simulate the
rapid start system
Modified Rapid Start
Ballasts start the lamps in a rapid start mode, but
then, turn off or reduce the filament heat after the
lamps have started
86. HOW IT WORKS
(LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
86
Instant Start
Ballasts deliver an initial high voltage to light
specifically designed Instant Start Lamps
The arc current heats the filament by bombardment to
provide easy electron emission
No preheating of the filament is required to light the
lamp
87. FLUORESCENT
Efficacy good to superior, up to over 100 lumens per watt
Color good to excellent; choose color temp and CRI 80‐90
Lamp Life very long with some versions now 42,000 hours
Temperature Sensitivity significant, varies with product
Starting and Warm Up instant or rapid, some warm up
Restarting instant
Dimming expensive, but dims well with color quality shift
Cost 10¢ (non dimming) to $1.00 (dimming) per million
lumen hours
87
89. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
(COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
Consists of a lamp (often with a starter
integrated into the base), a lamp holder, and a
ballast
Based on the principle of the fluorescent tube in
which a phosphor coating transforms some of
the UV energy generated by the discharge into
light
89
90. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
(COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
Lamp Types
T4 diameter twin-tube two-pin lamps that have a
starter built into the lamp plug base; operate on an
inexpensive reactor magnetic ballasts (~ 5-13 W) and
are available for both modular and dedicated systems
T4 and T5 diameter quad-tube two-pin lamps with
plug bases and built-in starters (up to 27 W)
Both T4 and T5 diameter twin-tube and quad lamps
now available in four-pin versions that do not contain
a starter in the base and designed for use with
electronic ballasts
90
91. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
(HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS)
91
High intensity discharge (HID) lamps
Metal halide (MH)
High pressure sodium (HPS) lamps
high-pressure mercury vapor lamps
Like fluorescent lamps, HID lamps require ballasts to:
provide proper starting and operating voltages, and they produce
light through the discharge of an electric arc through a mixture of
gases
HID lamps utilize a compact “arc tube” in which very high
temperature and pressure exist; this small arc tube closely
resembles a point source of light, making HID lamps and their
luminaires both compact and powerful
94. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
HIGH PRESSURE MERCURY VAPOR
LAMP(HPL)
94
A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas
discharge lamp that uses an
electric arc through vaporized
mercury to produce light.
The arc discharge is generally
confined to a small fused quartz arc
tube mounted within a larger
borosilicate glass bulb.
The outer bulb may be clear or
coated with a phosphor; in either
case, the outer bulb provides
thermal insulation, protection from
the ultraviolet radiation the light
produces, and a convenient
mounting for the fused quartz arc
tube.
95. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
HIGH PRESSURE MERCURY VAPOR
LAMP(HPL)
95
Mercury vapor lamps are coated on
the inside of the outer bulb with a
phosphor that converts some
portion of the ultraviolet emissions
into red light.
This helps to fill in the otherwise
very-deficient red end of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
These lamps are generally called
"color corrected" lamps.
Most modern mercury vapor lamps
have this coating.
101. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
METAL HALIDE LAMPS
101
Light-producing element is the same as high-pressure
mercury lamp.
Halide salts are added as additional additives
inside arc tube to improve color rendition.
The CRI is improved to 90%.
102. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
METAL HALIDE LAMPS
Ceramic Discharge Metal Halide Lamps (CDM) :
Master Color
The use of a ceramic burner instead of quartz has
102
several advantages:
High efficacy (90 lm/W)
Very good color rendering (80 to 95%)
Stable color temperature over life
Available in low wattages: 20, 35 and 50W
103. CERAMIC METAL HALIDE
Efficacy good to superior, up to over 80 lumens per watt
Color good to excellent; choose color temp and CRI
80‐90+
Lamp Life Long, 12,000‐25,000 hours
Temperature Sensitivity None significant
Starting and Warm Up Slow start and warm up
Restarting must wait 3‐5 minutes to restrike
Dimming not recommended, can be used for energy
management purposes
Cost 50¢ to $1.00 per million lumen hours
103
104. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
SODIUM PRESSURE LAMPS
104
Arc tube compared with MH
lamps has small diameter to
maintain high temperature.
Light is produced by arc
discharge through sodium
vapor (yellow mono color
appearance).
119. ADVANTAGES
LED
LEDs don't have filaments that will burn out, so they last
119
much longer.
Additionally, their small plastic bulb makes them a lot more
durable. They also fit more easily into modern electronic
circuits.
But the main advantage is efficiency.
In conventional incandescent bulbs, the light-production
process involves generating a lot of heat (the filament must
be warmed).
This is completely wasted energy, unless you're using the
lamp as a heater, because a huge portion of the available
electricity isn't going toward producing visible light.
120. ADVANTAGES
LED
LEDs produce more light per watt than incandescent
bulbs; this is useful in battery powered or energy-saving
devices.
LEDs can emit light of an intended color without the use
of color filters that traditional lighting methods require.
This is more efficient and can lower initial costs.
The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus
its light. Incandescent and fluorescent sources often
require an external reflector to collect light and direct it in
a usable manner.
120
121. ADVANTAGES
LED
When used in applications where dimming is required,
LEDs do not change their color tint as the current
passing through them is lowered, unlike incandescent
lamps, which turn yellow.
LEDs are ideal for use in applications that are subject to
frequent on-off operation, unlike fluorescent lamps that
burn out more quickly when cycled frequently, or HID
lamps that require a long time before restarting.
121
122. ADVANTAGES
LED
122
LEDs, being solid state components, are difficult to
damage with external shock. Fluorescent and
incandescent bulbs are easily broken if dropped on the
ground.
LEDs can have a relatively long useful life.
LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED
will achieve full brightness in microseconds
LEDs can be very small and are easily populated onto
printed circuit boards.
LEDs do not contain mercury, unlike compact
fluorescent lamps.
123. DISADVANTAGES
LED
LEDs are currently more expensive, price per lumen, on
an initial capital cost basis, than more conventional
lighting technologies. The additional expense partially
stems from the relatively low lumen output and the drive
circuitry and power supplies needed. However, when
considering the total cost of ownership (including energy
and maintenance costs), LEDs far surpass incandescent
or halogen sources and begin to threaten compact
fluorescent lamps.
123
LED performance largely depends on the ambient
temperature of the operating environment. Over-driving
the LED in high ambient temperatures may result in
overheating of the LED package, eventually leading to
device failure.
124. DISADVANTAGES
LED
LEDs must be supplied with the correct current. This can
124
involve series resistors or current-regulated power
supplies.
The spectrum of some white LEDs differs significantly
from a black body radiator, such as the sun or an
incandescent light. The spike at 460 nm and dip at
500 nm can cause the color of objects to be perceived
differently under LED illumination than sunlight or
incandescent sources.
125. CHAPTER OUTLINE
125
What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Comparison between different Types of Lamps
Ballasts/ Luminaires
Lighting Design
126. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
BALLASTS
126
Lamp Ballasts:
A lamp ballast is part of the control gear in a
fluorescent fixture which is inserted between the
supply and one or more discharge lamps which, by
means of inductance, capacitance, or a combination
of both to:
provide correct starting voltage
match the line voltage to the operating voltage of the lamp
limit the lamp current to prevent immediate destruction (because
once the arc is struck the lamp impedance decreases
127. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
BALLASTS
127
Types of FL Lamp Ballasts
Electromagnetic Ballast
High Frequency Electronic Ballasts
133. HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRONIC BALLASTS
133
High Frequency Electronic Ballasts
Also called “solid-state ballasts” which operate at 20
kHz using electronic switching power supply circuits
Increase lamp-ballast efficacy, leading to increased
energy efficiency of the fixture and lower operating
costs
They operate lamps using electronic switching power
supply circuits; take incoming 60 Hz power (230 V)
and convert it to high frequency AC (usually 20 to 40
kHz)
134. HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRONIC BALLASTS
134
High Frequency Electronic Ballasts
End losses are reduced resulting to overall lamp-ballast
system efficacy increase of 15% to 20%
More expensive than other ballasts
135. ELECTRONIC BALLASTS VS MAGNETIC
BALLASTS
135
Electronic Ballasts vs Magnetic Ballasts
Electronic ballasts are readily available that operate 3
or 4 lamps, allowing the use of a single ballast,
reducing both installation and field wiring labor costs
Reduced weight
Quieter operation
Reduced lamp flicker