Numerous LED products are currently ready for prime and are better than incumbent technologies for interior applications. But there are also many LED products that are not yet nearly as cost effective as high performance fluorescent, halogen infrared, MH, etc. This seminar will discuss reach-in frig/freezers, decorative lights, accent lighting, recessed cans, linear replacement lamps, troffers and other applications. A 0.4 - 0.6 watts per square foot with good lighting quality is attainable with highperformance task ambient lighting, without the need for expensive, more complex systems. Long-term life cycle costs will be included. (High bay lighting is not included, because there is another workshop dedicated to the subject.)

1. INTERIORS
LED vs. INCUMBENTS
(with big dose of task ambient)
STAN WALERCZYK, CLEP, LC
LIGHTING WIZARDS
8/8/10 version
1

2. WHO ARE YOU?
• Please introduce yourselves
– Name
– Company (optional)
– Function
• What you would specifically like to
learn?
2

3. STAN WALERCZYK’S BIO
• 21 years experience
– Distribution, maintenance, installer, retrofit contractor, fixture
designer, consultant, lighting designer, policy maker, researcher
• 500+ projects
• 30+ published articles
• 600+ seminars
• IESNA Member 1995 - 2008
– Currently on Spectral Effects Committee
• Certified Lighting Energy Professional by AEE
– CLEP Review Board member
• Lighting Certified by NCQLP
• Consultant for California Title 20 and Federal EPACT
• Consultant for Army Corp of Engineers CERL
• Assisted on DOE spectrally enhanced lighting research
• DOE CALiPER Guidance Committee member 3

4. DISCLAIMER
• I use to feel that I was totally on top of the
subjects that I would speak on
• But now with all of the developments with
LEDs, OLEDs, light emitting plasma and even
incumbent technologies for interiors and
exteriors, it is almost impossible for one
person to be on top of everything
• If any of you know significant details on any of
today’s material, please share it
– Without being an infomercial
4

5. NO
ENDORSEMENTS
• Although several manufacturers and
models are listed, none are endorsed
• Easier to talk about specifics than
generalities
5

6. FORMAT
• Please ask questions when we are
on that subject
• Periodic breaks
6

7. WHAT IS NOT INCLUDED
• Although hibays are interior, they are not
included in this seminar, because there is a
dedicated hibay seminar for them
– ‘Fluorescent, Induction, LED & MH - 10 Rounds
in the Hibay Arena’
• Although garages may be considered
interior, they are in my exterior lighting
seminar
– ‘EXTERIOR LIGHTING - LED, Induction, HPS,
MH, Plasma, Fluorescent’
7

8. SAVING ENERGY
• Yes, LEDs can save significant wattage and
KWH
• But incumbent technologies may be able to
save more energy cost effectively for some
applications
• As LED products improve and cost less, there
will be shifts
– So even if incumbents are better now, that may
not be the case in 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 years
8

9. HELPFUL WEBSITES
• Department of Energy Solid-State Lighting
– Google search ‘doe ssl’
• CALiPER test reports
• Benchmark reports
• Gateway studies
• Fact sheets
• Webinars
• More
9

10. HELPFUL WEBSITES
• Department of Energy Solid-State Lighting
– Lighting Facts
• www.lightingfacts.com
– LEDs For Interior Applications
• PDF of March 18 webcast
• www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/events_detail.html?event_id=
4163
10

11. HELPFUL WEBSITES
• Department of Energy
– Commercial Building Energy Alliances
• Technology and System Specification
Development
–LED Refrigerated Case Lighting
–And there are others
• www2.eere.energy.gov/buildings/alliances/tech
nologies.html
11

12. HELPFUL EMAIL
• Postings: From the Desk of Jim Brodrick
– About once a week
– March 16 version focused on how bad LED T8s are
– www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/postings.html
– postings@lightingfacts.com
12

13. HELPFUL WEBSITES
• Energy Star
– www.energystar.gov
• L Prize
– www.lightingprize.org
• Lighting For Tomorrow SSL Awards
– www.lightingfortomorrow.com
• Next Generation Luminaires Design Competition
– www.ngldc.org
13

14. HELPFUL WEBSITES
• Lighting Research Center
– www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/index.asp
• LEDs Magazine
– www.ledsmagazine.com
• Architectural SSL Magazine
– www.architecturalssl.com
14

15. HAS THE LIGHTING
INDUSTRY EVOLVED?
• Up to 2 years ago, I would have said yes
• But the last two years a lot of the LED
marketing literature and sales people,
remind me of reflector and CFL marketing
literature and sales people in the late 80s to
mid 90s
– Way too many LED sales people know very little
about lighting and may have been selling cars
recently
• Many do not even know what LM79 and LM80 are
15

16. TRUTH IN
ADVERTISING?
• Not only has the DOE CALiPER
Program revealed
– Many LED products not meeting
manufacturer specifications
– But also that many fluorescent,
incandescent and halogen products have
the same problem
16

17. TROPHY CHIPS
• In production runs, there are often some
LED chips that have very high lumens per
watt, which can be called trophy chips
• Be cautious of sample fixtures, especially
for large projects
– If free or directly furnished sample fixture(s)
from a manufacturer look very good, buy one or
more samples through a third party and
compare performance with original ones
17

18. WOW FACTOR
• Because LEDs are new and different, they
have the WOW factor much more than most
other lighting technologies
– But that not necessarily make them better with
regard to performance and cost effectiveness
• Early adopter manufacturers, specifiers,
contractors and end-customers are
important, but care should be taken not go
overboard
18

19. LUMENS PER WATT
• LED
– 6000K typically has about
• 20% more lumens per watt than 4000K
• 25% more lumens per watt than 3500K
– For exterior applications that lower CRI is okay 4000K
chips can have about the same lumens per watt has
higher CRI 6000K chips
– Most ‘white’ LEDs are really blue LEDs with similar
phosphors that fluorescents use
• The less that the spectrum has to be shifted to a lower CCT from
6000K, the more efficient the blue/phosphor conversion
• But 6000K will typically not work in interior applications
– Developments are being made with lower Kelvin LEDs
getting closer to the efficacy of 6000K
19

20. LED APPROXIMATE LUMENS PER WATT
CHIP FIXTURE
TIME AT STEADY STATE
WITHOUT DRIVER OR
FRAME TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
INCLUDING FIXTURE
LOSSES
EFFICIENCY
PAST 70 40
2009 100 70
2010 120-130 90-100
2011 150- 160 120-130
Although some chips have better LPW without
heat losses, other chips perform better in real
life applications
20

21. LUMENS PER WATT
• Incumbent technologies have standardized lamps
and, when necessary, standardized ballasts
– So can do comparisons of lumens per watt with lamps
and ballasts
• But there are really no standardized LED ‘lamps’
– So can really only do lumens per watt out of fixtures at
steady state temperatures
• Although incumbent bare lamps have high lumens per watt, a
bunch of the light may never get out of the fixtures and even the
light that gets out of the fixture may not go where it is useful
• While LEDs can direct most or all of the light out of the fixture
and where it should be directed
21

22. 22

23. 23

24. DIMMING
• LED
– LED chips dim quite well
– But not all LED fixtures or replacement lamps are
designed to dim
• DOE has found that
– Some LED products, which are listed to dim, do not dim well with
some or most dimmers
– Some LED products, which are not listed to dim, do dim well with
some or most dimmers
– Some LED products list approved incandescent dimmers
– Since LEDs can get more efficient when they dim,
because they run cooler when dimmed, LEDs will
probably be the future of dimming
• But may really need dedicated dimmers that provide full power to
the driver instead of incandescent type dimmers
24

25. DIMMING
• Fluorescent
– Fluorescents with dimming ballasts can dim, but
• Lumens per watt gets worse, because the more
dimming, the more power has to go to heating the
cathodes of the lamps
• Dimming ballasts are expensive
– CFLs have some special characteristics
• Dedicated dimmable screw-ins usually cannot dim
below 20%
• CFLs turn grayish or bluish when dimmed, which is
opposite of our cave man (or cave woman) heritage
25

26. DIMMING
• MH (Metal Halide)
– Can dim quite well with electronic ballast
• But only down to about 50%
– Since no lamp cathode heating, can be more efficient
than fluorescent dimming
• Induction
– Philips should introduce a dimming generator in 2010
– Sylvania is planning to come out with a bilevel generator in 2010
• LEP (Light Emitting Plasma)
– Can dim quite well with electronic digital amplifier
– Example is Luxim
• www.luxim.com
26

27. COLOR RENDERING
• CRI (Color Rendering Index)
– Based on how ‘natural’ pastel or unsaturated colors look
with various light sources
– Works fairly well for all incumbent light sources
27

28. COLOR RENDERING
• Although LEDs do not always do well with pastel
colors, they often do very well with bright or
saturated colors
– Often people think that LEDs with lower CRI make bright
colors look more natural than other light sources that
have higher CRI
– So do not automatically think that lower CRI LEDs are
inferior
– But there are numerous LED products with 90+ CRI,
which is excellent
• There is work going to replace CRI with another
color matrix that will include both
pastel/unsaturated and bright/saturated colors
28

29. LONG TERM COLOR CONSISTENCY
• LED
– There are two common ways to get white light
• Most common is white LED, which is really blue LED and yellow
phosphor
– Similar to the phosphors used in fluorescent lamps
• RGB (red, green and blue LEDs)
– Reverse rainbow
– Both can have color shift over time
• Wavelength of blue LEDs can change over time and the phosphor can
change as it ages and gets baked in its own way
• Red, green and blue LEDs have different lumen maintenance curves,
so if there no feedback loop with dimming drivers, color can easily shift
– With being so new, we have not really seen the potential full impact
of LEDs changing colors over time
– This could be an issue down the road in spaces with new and older
LED fixtures or replacement lamps
– Cree has a very interesting system in their LR6s and LR24s, which
is a combination of white and red LEDs with a feedback loop, so if
too high Kelvin light is sensed, the red LEDs get brighter 29

30. LONG TERM COLOR CONSISTENCY
• Fluorescent
– Color is typically very stable from start to end
• But CFLs can turn grayish when deeply dimmed
• MH
– Old style probe start lamps can be pinkish or bluish to
begin with and can get worse over time
– Pulse start quartz is better than probe start quartz
– Ceramic is usually quite good
30

31. ARE LEDS REALLY MORE
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY?
• Yes, fluorescent, HID and induction have mercury
– But the manufacturers have been doing a very good job
reducing it
– Many states require recycling
– Many fixtures can be kept for a long time, because
lamps and ballasts can be easily replaced
• LEDs do not contain any mercury
– But there are toxic chemicals used in production
– There is usually a lot of valuable aluminum or other
metals used for heat sinks
– Many fixtures are currently not designed to be easily
and cost effectively retrofitted 31

32. ARE LEDS REALLY MORE
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY?
• Some issues not often considered regarding LED
fixtures
– Water in manufacturing wafers/chips
– Energy to mine, transport and melt the heavy metal into
bars, which will be used for heat sinks
– Energy to melt the metal bars into heat sinks
– Energy to transport the heavy fixtures
– Energy to re-melt the heavy metal heat sinks into bars
or something directly useable after fixtures have been
decommissioned
32

33. ARE LEDS REALLY MORE
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY?
• The DOE hired Carnegie Mellon to do a cradle-to-
cradle study to see if LEDs are really more
environmentally friendly than incumbent
– That study should be completed and published soon
• Until then…
– Please consider hanging up the phone and kicking out
all LED sales people that lay out the marketing hype
that LEDs are so much more environmentally friendly
• After the report…
– Even if the report states that LEDs are not really more
environmentally friendly, there will still be a bunch of
LED sales people promoting superiority 33

34. DON’T BUY AN LED
PRODUCT UNLESS
• LM79 tested by a DOE or NVLAP approved or CALiPER
recognized lab
– This is initial lumens per watt out of fixture at steady-state operating
temperature
– Compare each product’s results with other LED product’s results
– Also compare with other technology products’ performance
• LM80 information
– At least 6000 hour so lumen maintenance data for the LED package
– ENERGY STAR requires 6000 hour lumen maintenance of 94.1% for
35,000 hour life or 91.8% for 25,000 hour life
– Verify in situ temperature of the LED package in the fixture
– Lumen maintenance is just one aspect of luminaire life and reliability
34

35. MORE HELPFUL INFO
REGARDING BUYING
LED PRODUCTS
• Lean toward manufacturers that have Lighting
Facts Label, www.lightingfacts.com
– With good results
• Lean toward ENERGY STAR rated products
• Lean toward manufacturers that have a proven
track record and deep pockets
– These manufacturers that got into LEDs early have
already learned a lot from the school of hard knocks
– These manufacturers can handle big warranty problems
35

36. LIFE
• LEDs
– Interior LED products are expected to last 30,000 -
50,000 hours, while still maintaining 70% of initial
lumens
• Although that is based on good science, it is still projections
– Currently LEDs are tested for 6,000 hours, and life is
based on extrapolating that info
– Within TM21 the IES is considering that life should not
be extrapolated more than 6 times testing duration
– One advantage of LEDs is that they can be turned on
and off very frequently without shortening lamp life
• In fact it may help increase life, because run cooler
– LED chips are usually not the weakest link
• Drivers and other components are
36

37. LIFE
• LED
– Since LEDs typically do not die, like most incumbent lamps, but just
get dimmer and dimmer over time
• In this way LEDs are like mercury vapor, which an old 1000 watter may
only provide 5 footcandles, but maintenance people do not want to
replace them, because the lamps are still working
– There are already a bunch of first generation LED exit signs that still
work, but do not provide sufficient light based on NFPA and/or city
codes
• People are hesitant to replace or retrofit these, because they are still
working
– But there could be some big time lawsuits against the building owner,
property management firm, etc. if people have a hard time getting out of a
building during a fire or power outage
– With LEDs facility managers and maintenance people will have to be
educated and motivated to retrofit or replace LED fixtures when they
do not provide sufficient light
• Maybe LED fixtures could have internal timers, which makes the lamps
flash on and off after so many hours 37

38. LIFE
• Incumbents
– Other technologies have been around long
enough
– So we have a much better idea how long they
last
38

39. WHAT ABOUT
LONG TERM MAINTENANCE?
• Look longer than just rated life of LED fixtures
– An LED fixture can look good up to its 50,000 hour life
compared to high performance incumbent technologies
• At 24/7 operation, that is less than 6 years
• At typical open office operation that is about 14 years
• At typical individual officer operation that is over 16 years
• Often spaces get a remodel about 10, 15 or 20 years
– Although LED pricing should come down dramatically
over time, there are still driver and maybe costs for heat
sinks, etc
• So let’s say that the parts cost down the road may be half of what
it is now
– So if an LED fixture costs $350 now, the retrofit or replacement
parts down the road may be half of that, which would be $175 39

40. WHAT ABOUT
LONG TERM MAINTENANCE?
• Using 1.5 times, which is also
150%, of rated life can be very
useful evaluating the cost
effectiveness of LED fixtures
compared to existing and high
performance incumbent technology
fixtures
40

41. WHAT ABOUT
LONG TERM MAINTENANCE?
• Fluorescent and HID fixtures can easily and cost
effectively get new lamps and ballasts to last
decades
– For example, parts and labor for a 2F32T8 fixture
• Group relamping every 25,000 hours may cost $10
• Group reballasting every 50,000 hours may cost $40
• $60 total at 50,000 hours with brand new lamps and
ballast
• $120 total at 100,000 hours with brand new lamps
and ballasts
41

42. WHAT ABOUT
LONG TERM MAINTENANCE?
• Really important to try to get LED fixtures that are
modular with easily replaceable LEDs and drivers
– And try to get LED troffers that you do not have to move
adjacent ceilings and have to work on fixture above T-
bar ceiling, which can take longer and be more a
dirt/dust problem
• With throw-away LED fixtures, make sure to
recycle the pounds of valuable metal used for heat
sinking
42

43. WHAT ABOUT
LONG TERM LIGHT LEVELS?
• LEDs maintain 70% of initial lumens at end of rated life (L70)
– Without some kind of control system, it will typically be
• Overlit to begin with so sufficient light at end of life
– Overlighting also uses additional wattage
• If proper light levels initially, there will usually be insufficient light at end of
life
• Retrofit or replace significantly earlier than rated life
– Which increases parts and labor costs
– Some kind of photocontrol,digital timer or central control system
controlling light levels may work very well
• But added cost and reliability would have to be evaluated
• There is a good chance that some LEDs will die before end
of life, which can further reduce light levels
43

44. WHAT ABOUT
LONG TERM LIGHT LEVELS?
• Most incumbent technologies lose much less light
at end of rated life, so this issue is not nearly as
critical as with LEDs
– 20% for high performance MH
– 8% - 10% for high performance T8
– 0% - 5% for incandescent, halogen & halogen infrared
• But induction typically loses 30% - 35% of light at
end of 100,000 hour rated life, so it has about the
same concerns as LEDs
44

45. THROUGHOUT THIS PRESENTATION
PLEASE REMEMBER
• Raise the bar
– Although LEDs have the ‘wow’ factor, compare the best
LEDs with high performance and usually much lower cost
incumbent technology products
• Long term maintenance costs
– What will the parts and labor costs be after an LED
replacement lamp or fixture reaches 30,000 - 50,000
hour end of life compared to parts and labor costs to
replace lamps and ballasts with incumbent technologies?
• Long term light levels
– Since LED rated life is based on 70% of initial lumens will
space need to be overlit to begin with or will some kind of
dimming system be required?
45

46. REACH-IN
FRIG/FREEZER
46

47. LED
• Good LED products, especially with occupancy
sensors work very good
– Since no heat is the light side, can reduce cooling load in
addition to wattage for lighting
• Walmart and many other store chains have already
or are in process of getting these
• Some utilities have done a lot of work making
specifications for rebates, for example
– www.smud.org
– www.pge.com
• DOE has an LED refrigerated spec in development
47

48. LED
• So far it has been mainly for frig/freezers
with vertical doors, but some companies are
also working on doorless horizontal
applications
• For some applications, important to have
LEDs that have a good red content
48

49. 2009 NEXT GENERATION LUMINAIRES
DESIGN COMPETITION
INDOOR - REFRIGERATED DISPLAY LIGHTING
• GE Lighting Solutions’ Immersion RV30
– 1295 lumens
– 29.0 watts
– 44.7 lumens per watt
49

50. FLUORESCENT
• Majority of 5’ lamps, which are low volume and
relatively expensive
• If have T12, definitely do something
• Many existing T8s systems do not have the best
lamps or the best ballasts
• High performance T8 lamp and ballast systems
can often save 20% wattage compared to generic
T8 systems, which will also reduce cooling load
– In many applications could go with a bilevel system
controlled by an occupancy sensor
• Before jumping into LEDs, good to ‘raise the bar’
and see if they are cost effective compared to high
performance T8 systems 50

51. DECORATIVE
51

52. DECORATIVE
• Christmas/decorative lights
– LED versions are becoming a no brainer
• Small lamps in chandeliers
– Usually sparkle is important, and the amount of light is not critical
– Although there are decorative shaped CFLs with small bases, which
last much longer than incandescents, with white phosphor - No
Sparkle
– There are decorative LEDs available with small bases that have long
life and sparkle
• When getting these types of LED lights
– Get ones with good warranties
– Especially from big box stores. check with them if they require lumen
maintenance tests before they carry certain products
52

53. OMNI
DIRECTIONAL
(FANCY NAME FOR
SOMETHING LIKE AN A19)
53

54. LED
• If you see some without any cooling fins or
another good way way of getting rid of heat
– Do not even think of buying it
• Getting better all of the time, but still not really cost
effective to replace CFLs
• But when there is at least one winner of the L
Prize in this category, they should be ready for
prime time
– Philips has made an entry
– Others will too
– There can be up 4 winners in each category
54

55. CFLs
• Although some people give CFLs a bad wrap,
CFLs are quite good in many applications
– Screw-ins can often cost $.25 with upstream rebates
– Lumens per watt are quite good
– CRI is quite good, typically in the 80s
– Life is much longer than incandescents
– Mercury is really not that much of an issue
• Although quite good, there are some drawbacks,
and maybe best to consider a temporary solution
– Until LEDs or something else becomes ready for prime
time
55

56. NEW KID ON THE BLOCK
• Vu1 Technology
– www.vu1.com
• This is not an incumbent, but another new
lighting technology, which is not considered
solid state by the DOE
• Interesting to see if it really becomes a cost
effective solution
56

57. ACCENT
LIGHTING
57

58. LED ACCENT LIGHTS
• Good, Bad and Ugly
– Some good products
– Some not so good with honest specifications
– Some not so good with way over zealous
marketing hype
– Verified in various CALiPER Rounds
• Cool
– Since LEDs do not emit any heat from the light
side, they can be very good lighting flowers,
produce, etc. without damaging them
58

59. LED MR16s
• Best LED MR16s that DOE has tested so far can only
replace up to 20W halogen MR16
– MR16s are on the small side for higher wattage LEDs to be able to
dissipate sufficient heat
– Most halogen MR16s are 50W standard or 35 - 37W infrared
– Existing LED MR16s may work fine in
• Overlit applications
• Elevators, which are often overlit
• Some aesthetic applications, where light levels not that important
• Check if existing and new step down transformers will work
with LED MR16s, because LED MR16s are such low
wattage and will not activate step down transformers
59

60. HALOGEN MR16s
• If existing are standard halogen
– Can switch to lower wattage halogen infrareds
• For example, 50W to 35 - 37W
• If existing are halogen infrareds
– Maybe keep for 1- 2 years
• LED MR16s should be cost effective for many
applications in 1 - 2 years
60

61. LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38
• The larger the lamp, the easier it is to
dissipate heat
• If can use larger lamp, go with it
• There are some LED reflector lamps without
any cooling fins
– Do not even think of buying
• Some retail chain stores have already
started switching to good LED reflector
lamps
61

62. LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38
• One good one is Cree’s LRP38
– 2009 Lighting For Tomorrow Solid State Lighting
Competition Special Focus Award For Technical
Innovation
• 537 lumens
• 11W
• 50 lumens per watt
• 93 CRI
• 2700K
62

63. LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38
• MSI iPAR-38 looks very interesting
– www.msissl.com
– Technology for adjustable
• 10W with 550 lumens
• 12W with 650 lumens
• 16W with 800 lumens
– Proprietary Intelligent Communication
• Type of bar code reader can provide
– Manufacturing info
– Installation info
– Hours of use
– Wattage setting
63

64. LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38
• LED R or PAR38s will really be ready for prime
time after there is at least one winner of the L Prize
in this category
64

65. LED MODULAR EXAMPLE
65

66. HALOGEN PAR 20, 30 & 38
• Just like MR16s, there are halogen infrared
PAR lamps
– Which can save 10 - 20 watts compared to
standard halogens
• If standard halogens now, maybe go with
halogen infrared now and wait 1 - 2 years to
go with LEDs
66

67. CMH ACCENT LIGHTS
• Ceramic Metal Halide with electronic ballasting
have
– Excellent CRI
– Quite good lumens per watt
– Reasonable long life
• Available as
– Small omni directional lamps which can go into fixtures
with reflectors
– PAR lamps
– PAR lamps with integral electronic ballasts
• GE, Philips and Sylvania have 23 - 25 watt PAR38s with 10,000+
hour rated life
67

68. RECESSED
CANS
68

69. LED
• Recessed cans for residential and
commercial are a great application for LEDs
– Majority of ENERGY STAR LED products are
recessed cans
69

70. LED
• Cree LR6 family
– Original award winning kit has been around for a while
• Pricing is now about $70 from distribution
• Finally also available in 277V
– Now also LR6-DR1000 higher lumen and higher
wattage version available
• 2009 Lighting For Tomorrow Solid State Lighting Competition
Grand Prize
– Later this year or next year LR6-HE high efficiency
version should be available
• 109 lumens per watt out of the fixture
– Probably better than anything else out of the fixture
• 2009 Lighting For Tomorrow Solid State Lighting Competition
Special Focus Award For High Efficacy
70

71. LED
Typical Cree LR6
71

72. LED
2009 Next Generation Luminaires Design Competition
Recognized Winners - Indoor - Downlighting
• Philips Lightolier’s Calculite
– 1048 lumens
– 19.6 watts
– 53.6 lumens per watt
• Edison Price Lighting’s LED Round OS DL/5-800
– 653 lumens
– 14.7 watts
– 44.4 lumens per watt
72

73. LED
2009 Next Generation Luminaires Design Competition
Recognized Winners - Indoor - Downlighting
• Sea Gull Lighting / Juice Works’
LED Surface Mount Downlight
– 610 lumens
– 14.0 watts
– 43.6 lumens per watt
– Downlight, but not recessed can
• Cooper Lighting’s Halo LED 900
– 740 lumens
– 14.1 watts
– 52.5 lumens per watt
73

74. LED
2009 Next Generation Luminaires Design Competition
Recognized Winners - Indoor - Downlighting
• Intense Lighting’s SS4
– 655 lumens
– 15.0 watts
– 43.7 lumens per watt
• Cree’s LR6-DR1000
– 1020 lumens
– 11.9 watts
– 85.7 lumens per watt
– Same picture as before
74

75. CFL
• CFLs are reasonably efficacious, but
– Not nearly efficacious as high performance T8 systems
– Most are only rated for 10,000 - 12,000 hours
– Many recessed can fixtures for them have very bad fixture
efficiency
• Like 50 - 60%
• But there are some CFL recessed cans with more like
75% fixture efficiency
• Usually best to try to
– Have just one lamp per fixture
– Minimize lamp types
75

76. LINEAR
REPLACEMENT
LAMPS
76

77. LED T8s
• There are hordes of sales people trying to
sell these, because of potential huge volume
and profit
– Often Pinocchio-nose marketing hype
• But the DOE has not tested one yet is nearly
as good as high performance fluorescent
T8s with high performance ballasts
• Lamp cost can often range from $40 to $150
with proposed up to 50,000 hour realistic life
77

78. LED T8s
• How they are connected
– Some use existing fluorescent ballast, which
consumes extra wattage, and the ballast would
have to be replaced when it burns out
• Ballasts typically have a 50,000 - 60,000 hour rated life
– Some have internal driver, which requires
removing existing fluorescent ballast and rewiring
to lamp holders
• May void UL listing of fixture
– Some come with their external drivers
78

79. LED T8s
• DOE documents
– Performance of T12 and T8 Fluorescent lamps and LED Linear
Replacement Lamps
• January 2009 Benchmark Report
• Includes that since LED T8s mainly shine light down, so between
fixtures and walls can be quite dark
– CALIPER Round 9
• October 2009 Report
– LED Performance Specification Series: T8 Replacement Lamps
• Asking Manufacturers for at least 2,700 lumens
– That would require them to be 2 to 3 times more efficient than existing while
keeping their existing 15 - 20 watts
• April 2010
• http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/t8_replace
ment-lamps.pdf
79

80. LED T8s
• As the DOE states, LEDs often do not do that well
taking the shapes of other technology lamps
– Difficulty with distribution, heat sinks, etc.
• What looks really ugly
– In parabolic troffers
80

81. CALiPER-tested LED T8s
½ The Light Output or ½ the Luminaire Efficacy
SSL vs Fluorescent in 2' x 4' Troffers
5000
F40 in
Lensed Troffer
Luminaire Output (lumens)
4000
F32 in
Parabolic Troffer
3000
2000
SSL
1000
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Luminaire Efficacy (lm/W)
Source: U.S. Department of Energy 81

82. FLUORESCENT T8s
• Since many rebate programs require what
are called high performance, super or 3rd
generation T8s and what are called basic
grade or 1st generation T8s will not be
allowed to sold in 2012, we will just focus on
the good ones
– Highest lumen long life
• www.cee1.org
– Extra long life mid lumen
82

83. FLUORESCENT T8s
• Some basic grade T8s do not have very
good lamp life with instant start ballasts
• T8 lamps can last much shorter than rated
life when driven by instant start ballasts and
controlled by occupancy sensors
– But good T8 lamps can last as long as they
should when turned on and off frequently, when
driven by program start ballasts
• Parallel wired program start ballasts are highly
recommended
83

84. FLUORESCENT T8s
• Although there is a lot of hype for T5s and
T5HOs, high performance T8 lamps and
ballasts typically provide
– More lumens per watt
– More BF flexibility
– Longer life when driven with program start
ballasts
– Lower lamp and ballast cost initially and down
the road
– Minimization of lamp and ballast types
– American jobs
84

85. 4' T8 LAMP LIFE, LUMENS, CRI & MERCURY
3000-4100K 5000K MAX LAMP LIFE HOURS
LAMP WATTS CATALOG CATALOG MG INSTANT START PROGRAM START
CRI CRI
LUMENS LUMENS OF HG 3 HR 12 HR 3 HR 12 HR
1.7 - 15,000 - 20,000 - 20,000 - 24,000 -
1st GENERATION - GENERIC 32 2800 75-78 2800 75-78
<10 24,000 30,000 30,000 36,000
2nd GENERATION - 2800 - 1.7 - 15,000 - 20,000 - 20,000 - 24,000 -
32 2950 81-85 80-85
GENERIC 2950 <10 24,000 30,000 30,000 36,000
GE HL 32 3100 82 3000 80 3.95 25,000 36,000 36,000 42,000
GE SXL 32 2850 81+ 2750 80 3.95 31,000 40,000 40,000 46,000
PHILIPS ADV 32 3100 85 3100 82 1.7 24,000 30,000 30,000 36,000
PHILIPS PLUS 32 2950 85 2850 82 1.7 30,000 36,000 36,000 42,000
PHILIPS ADV XLL 32 2950 85 2850 82 1.7 36,000 40,000 40,000 46,000
SYLVANIA XP 32 3000 85 2850 85 2.9 24,000 40,000 40,000 42,000
SYLVANIA XPS 32 3100 85 3100 81 2.9 24,000 40,000 40,000 42,000
SYLVANIA XP/XL 32 2950 85 2900 80 3.5 36,000 50,000 52,000 55,000
GE SPX 28W 28 2725 82 2625 80 3.95 24,000 30,000 36,000 42,000
PHILIPS ADV 28W 28 2725 85 2675 82 1.7 24,000 30,000 30,000 36,000
SYLVANIA XP 28W 28 2725 85 2650 80 2.9 24,000 40,000 40,000 42,000
SYLVANIA XP XL 28W 28 2600 85 2600 80 3.5 36,000 50,000 52,000 55,000
GE SPX 25W 25 2400 85 2350 80 3.95 36,000 40,000 40,000 46,000
PHILIPS ADV 25W 25 2500 85 2400 85 1.7 24,000 30,000 30,000 36,000
PHILIPS ADV XLL 25W 25 2400 85 2350 82 1.7 36,000 40,000 40,000 46,000
SYLVANIA XP 25W 25 2475 85 2400 80 2.9 24,000 40,000 40,000 42,000
SYLVANIA XP XL 25W 25 2475 85 2400 80 3.5 36,000 50,000 52,000 55,000
1.4 - 20,000 - 25000 -
F28T5 25-28 2900+ 85 2750+ 85 * *
2.5 30,000 40,000
1.4 - 20,000 - 25000 -
F54T5HO 49-54 5000 85 4800+ 85 * *
2.5 30,000 40,000
Lamp manufacturers may alter rated lamp life and lumen specifications, so get updates from manufacturers.
Prepared by Stan Walercyk of Lighing Wizards 7/15/10 version. w w w .lightingw izards.com
85

86. 4' LINEAR FLUORESCENT EFFICACY TABLE
initial lamp mean or mean or
initial mean or
catalog or lumens standard initial 8000 hour 8000 hour
lamp lamp ballast system system 8000 hour
4' lamp type photopic per ballast system lumen system
watts quant type watts lumens system
lamp lamp factor lumens maint- lumens per
per watt lumens
lumens watts enance watt
3100 32 96.9 2 EE IS 0.87 53 5394 101.8 95% 5124 96.7
high performance F32T8 3100 32 96.9 2 EE PS 1.15 70 7130 101.9 95% 6774 96.8
3100 32 96.9 2 G IS 0.87 58 5394 93.0 95% 5124 88.4
extra long life 2950 2950 32 92.2 2 EE IS 0.87 53 5133 96.8 95% 4876 92.0
lumen F32T8 2950 32 92.2 2 G IS 0.87 58 5133 88.5 95% 4876 84.1
2800 32 87.5 2 EE IS 0.87 53 4872 91.9 95% 4628 87.3
basic grade F32T8
2800 32 87.5 2 G IS 0.87 58 4872 84.0 95% 4628 79.8
2850 30 95.0 2 EE IS 0.87 51 4959 97.2 95% 4711 92.4
30W F32T8
2850 30 95.0 2 G IS 0.87 55 4959 90.2 95% 4711 85.7
2750 28 98.2 2 EE IS 0.87 48 4785 99.7 95% 4546 94.7
28W F32T8
2750 28 98.2 2 G IS 0.87 51 4785 93.8 95% 4546 89.1
2440 25 97.6 2 EE IS 0.87 42 4246 101.1 95% 4033 96.0
25W F32T8
2440 25 97.6 2 G IS 0.87 47 4246 90.3 95% 4033 85.8
extra long life 25W 2400 25 96.0 2 EE IS 0.87 42 4176 99.4 95% 3967 94.5
F32T8 2400 25 96.0 2 G IS 0.87 47 4176 88.9 95% 3967 84.4
high lumen F28T5 3050 28 108.9 2 EE PS 0.95 58 5795 99.9 93% 5389 92.9
typical F28T5 2900 28 103.6 2 PS 1.00 64 5800 90.6 93% 5394 84.3
26W F28T5 2900 26 111.5 2 EE PS 0.95 55 5510 100.2 92% 5069 92.2
26W high lumen F28T5 3050 26 117.3 2 EE PS 1.15 67 7015 104.7 92% 6454 96.3
51W F54T5HO 5000 51 98.0 2 EE PS 1.00 108 10000 92.6 92% 9200 85.2
typical F54T5HO 5000 54 92.6 2 PS 1.00 117 10000 85.5 93% 9300 79.5
F34T12 800 3100 34 91.2 2 RS E 0.85 60 5270 87.8 93% 4901 81.7
F34T12 CW 2650 34 77.9 2 RS M 0.88 72 4664 64.8 87% 4058 56.4
notes: Lumens, lumen maintenance, ballast factors and wattages may vary among various manufacturers.
In enclosed fixtures, since reduced wattage F32T8s consume less heat they can often operate closer to optimal 77 degrees F
temperature, so may provide more light than this table shows compared to full wattage.
Although efficacy can be improved with IS and RS ballasts with T5s and T5HOs, lamp life can be greatly reduced and lamp
manufacturers may not warranty lamps.
93% is used as an average EOL lumen maintenance for T5HOs. 90% - 94% range among manufacturers.
All wattages based on 277V. EE IS is extra efficient instant start. G IS is generic instant start. EE PS is extra efficient program start.
PS is program start. RS E is rapis start electronic. RS M is rapid start magnetic.
Extra long life is 36,000 hours with IS and 40,000 hours with PS ballasts at 3 hour cycles.
86
Prepared by Stan Walerczyk of Lighting Wizards www.lightingwizards.com 11/11/09 version

87. FLUORESCENT T8s
• Some LED marketing literature and sales people try to make
fluorescent T8s look bad, like
– Stating that T8s only last 15,000 or even just 10,000 hours
• It is true that rated life for fluorescents, HID, incandescents and halogen
is when half of the lamps have burned out and half are still working in
laboratory conditions
– Small percentage of lamps may only last a few months
– Small percentage of lamps may last over a decade
– Large majority of T8 lamps will last at least 80% of rated life when not
turned on and off too much
• For example, most 42,000 hour rated T8 lamps will last at least 33,600 hours
when not turned on and off too much
• GE, Philips and Sylvania do a good job policing each other on lumen
and life ratings
87

88. FLUORESCENT T8s
• Starting is the hardest on fluorescent lamps
– Lamp life can really get short with instant start ballasts and
occupancy sensors that turn on and off the lights more than 4 times
per day on average
– Program start ballasts really help lamp life when lamps are cycled
on and off a lot
• When I go over the pros and cons of instant and program start ballasts
with T8s, over half of my clients select parallel wired program start
ballasts
• So the next time you see LED literature or hear an LED
sales person stating that good fluorescent T8 lamps last
less than 20,000 hours, you could
– Throw away the LED marketing literature
– Delete the LED file in your computer
– Hang up on the LED sales person
– Tell the LED sales person to leave
88

89. TROFFERS
89

90. LED
• One that gets frequent mention is Cree’s LR24
2x2 troffer
– 2008 Lighting For Tomorrow Solid State Lighting
Competition
• Honorable Mention, Efficacy
– Now 2 versions
• 3200 lumens & 44W
• 3800 lumens & 52W
– Dimmable
– I have been specifying for
• High profile conference rooms
– 3200W version performed very well compared to other
LED and high performance T8 troffers in DOE
CALiPER Round 9 Testing 90

91. T8 FLUORESCENT
• There is a new generation of high performance
2x4 1F32T8 troffers that can be installed in typical
8x10 spacing
– Depending on BF and if instant or program start extra
efficient ballast, wattage can range from 24 - 39 with
direct relationship to lumens
– Manufacturers and models include
• Deco DPL-C
– www.getdeco.com (but may not be in website yet)
• Finelite HPR
– www.finelite.com
– Hopefully DOE will test at least one of these with LED
troffers in an upcoming CALiPER round
91

92. T8 FLUORESCENT
Office with Finelite HPRs
92

93. T8 FLUORESCENT
• Existing 2x4 troffers can be cost effectively
retrofitted down to 1F32T8
– Standard lensed troffers can often get a 1-cove white
reflector
• About $55 - $60 total installed cost
– Parabolic troffers can get upscale kits
• Such as ALP’s RHT kit
– www.alplighting.com/pdf/uardiac%20rht.pdf
– About $110 - $120 total installed cost
93

94. TROFFERS
• LED troffers may cost about $350 and are rated for
50,000 hours, but may last significantly longer
• Fluorescent high performance troffers may cost
$100 - $175 with ballasts rated for 60,000 - 75,000
hours and good lamps driven parallel program start
ballasts, rated for 30,000 - 46,000 hours
– Recommended to group relamp and reballast at 70 -
80% of rated lives
• Initial labor cost may be about the same
• This is a great time to consider
– Raise the bar
– Long term maintenance costs
– Long term light levels
94

95. SUSPENDED
INDIRECT/DIRECT
FIXTURES
95

96. LED
• LEDs could run cooler with less heat sinking
than in troffers and recessed cans
• Uniform uplight with some not too intense
downlight are challenges
• It will take a while for LED suspended
fixtures to be cost effective compared high
performance fluorescent suspended fixtures
– Now LED 4 footer may cost $300 - $400
96

97. T8 FLUORESCENT
• Well designed suspended indirect/direct fixtures with
1F32T8 per cross section
– Can provide quite low power densities
– Total installed cost often less than individual troffers
• When can have relatively long rows in new construction and gut rehabs
• One lamp per cross section is usually much better than two
or three for
– Optimal light distribution
• Usually batwing
– Best fixture efficiency
– Lowest wattage
– Lowest fixture cost
• Fixture cost may be $25 - $40 per linear foot depending on
type of fixture, quantity, etc.
97

98. T8 FLUORESCENT
• Make sure fixture reflectors are designed for T8s
and not for T5s/T5HOs
• There are many good manufacturers and models
– For example, Finelite offers several good models,
including Series 12, 15 and 16
– These are photos of Series 12 with white cross blade
98

99. AT LAST
TASK
AMBIENT
LIGHTING
WHERE LEDs CAN WORK WITH INCUMBENTS
99

100. TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING
• Task ambient lighting is having relatively low
footcandle ambient lighting and additional task
lighting when and where need it
• Light levels drop off exponentially as distance
increases between source and task
– For example if double distance, 1/4 the footcandles
– Much less wattage getting high light levels from a task
light 2’ away from task, than from ceiling fixtures 6’ away
from task
• This strategy may be the most cost effective way to
have very low power densities while providing good
quality lighting
• In typical offices, usually .4 - .6 watts per square
foot is easily attainable 100

101. TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING
• Ambient, in offices, works very well with either
– New or retrofitted 2x4 high performance troffers that have
1 high performance & often high Kelvin 32W F32T8 and
high performance parallel wired program start ballasting
• Maybe tandem wire ballast per pair of troffers
– New or retrofitted suspended indirect/direct fixtures with 1
high performance & often high Kelvin 32W F32T8 per
cross section and high performance parallel wired
program start ballasting
• Ambient lighting can provide 10 - 20 footcandles on
desks
– Often more light is worse than less light, because more light can
cause more glare and higher contrast ratios
101

102. TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING
• Existing task
– For a long time most modular office systems had fluorescent
undercabinet task lights
• But most of these fixtures
– Use way too much wattage
– Are glare bombs
» Hitting shiny paper and/or desks and then bounced into eyes
– Provide too much light
» That is why often gray scale tube guards to reduce amount of light, but
still uses all of the wattage
– Often difficult to replace ballasts
» Many ballast compartments too small for standard sized extra efficient
ballasts
– Sometimes still T12s with magnetic ballasts or T8s with magnetic ballasts
– There are some good CFL desk mount task lights
• But way too many people still use energy hog incandescent or quartz
halogen
102

103. TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING
• High performance LED task
– There are some very good LED task light systems
• One example is the Finelite PLS (Personal Lighting System)
– 3, 6 & 9W undercabinet fixture
» Not a glare bomb
» Uses metal shelf as a heat sink
– 3, 6 & 9W desk mount fixture
» My 6 watter provides 50 footcandles directly underneath with no other
lighting contribution
– Optional occupancy sensor
– For a decent quantity
» 1 undercabinet fixture, 1 desk mount fixture, occupancy sensor, power
supply and cables may cost $200 or less
– New version has the switch before the power supply, so zero wattage when
fixtures are off
– For individual offices that do not have shelves over desks, often just a
desk mount fixture is recommended
103

104. TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING
• Finelite PLS
– Both undercabinets and desk mounts won 2007 Lighting For
Tomorrow Awards
– Desk mount, which is also called ‘Curve’ won 2009 Next Generation
Luminaires Design Competition
• Best In Class - Task Lighting
www.finelite.com/sustainability/professional-development
104

105. TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING
• There are several other LED office task lights, including
Philips Color Kinetics UC Philips Alko Lincs100 & sensor
Luxo Air Luxo Ninety Steelcase Kast
105

106. TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING
• PG&E’s Emerging Technology Program’s ‘High Efficiency
Office Low Ambient / Task Lighting Pilot Project’
– www.etcc-ca.com/project-search/search-
results_m126/criteria:1/query:any/jr_endyear:2009/jr_organization:Pacific+Gas+and
+Electric+%28PG%26E%29/order:alpha/page:2/limit:10/
– .66 watts per square foot
– If 5000K and high performance fixed output ballasts would have
been used, that power density could have been lower
– Although dimming ballasts were used in the suspended ambient
fixtures, that was for tuning, not for energy savings
– This report clearly states that it would be much more cost effective
to go with fixed output instant start ballasts
• Since there are millions and millions of square feet of
offices in North America and the world, reducing wattage
and improving lighting is so important
106

107. TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING
• There are also integral or one-piece fluorescent task
ambient lighting systems
– One example is Tambient
• www.elliptipar.com/tambient
107

108. TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING
• With good task ambient lighting the power density can be
low all of the time that expensive and complex dimming
daylight harvesting peak load shedding systems are not
cost effective
– Even with dimming ballasts in ambient fixtures, good task lights
are usually recommended
• My ‘Dimming vs. Nondimming Ballasts - 10 Rounds in the
Daylight Harvesting and Peak Load Shedding’ seminar
covers these issues in detail
108

109. TYPICAL OFFICE 12' long x 10' wide x 9' high
$0.150 KWH rate $0.05 /KWH 1st year saved rebate 15 years of long term benefit
existing proposed
long term
payback
benefit
pay- including long
annual watts annual rated lamp including
fixture & appr. appr. back maintenance term
total annual elect- option total per watts elec- life @ 3 maintenance
application retrofit/replacement option description incen- installed just savings & benefit
watts hours rical letter watts square redux trical hour savings &
type tive cost elec- worker just elec-
cost foot savings cycles worker
tricity productivity tricity
productivity
benefits
benefits
Retrofit each troffer with 3 25W F32T8
30,000 -
A 5000K lamps & .71 BF extra efficient 112 0.93 68 $41 $14 $120 2.6 2.2 $506 $628
36,000
program start parallel wired ballast
Retrofit each troffer with upscale kit which
eliminates parabolic louvers, 1 high lumen 30,000 -
B 78 0.65 102 $61 $20 $230 3.4 1.9 $708 $1,443
F32T8 5000K lamp & 1.15 BF extra efficient 36,000
program start ballast
Retrofit each troffer with upscale kit which
eliminates parabolic louvers, 1 high lumen 30,000 -
B1 F32T8 5000K lamp & .89 BF extra efficient 67 0.56 113 $68 $23 $310 36,000 4.2 2.1 $730 $1,747
program start ballast. Also include for T8s
12 x 10 x 7W LED task light.
9 office Retrofit each troffer with upscale kit which
area with eliminates parabolic louvers, 1 high lumen 30,000 -
2 2x4 18 B2 F32T8 5000K lamp & .71 BF extra efficient 62 0.52 118 $71 $24 $380 36,000 5.0 2.3 $706 $1,980
cell program start ballast. Also include for T8s
parabolic 2 7W LED task lights.
troffers, Remove both troffers. Install 8' suspended
each with indirect/direct fixture that has 2 high lumen 30,000 -
3 32W 700 C 70 0.58 110 $66 $22 $410 5.9 2.7 $602 $1,790
F32T8 5000K lamps & 1.15 BF extra 36,000
series efficient program start ballast.
20,000 180 4000 $108 Remove both troffers. Install 8' suspended
hour rated direct/indirect fixture that has 2 high lumen 30,000 -
F32T8s C1 F32T8 5000K lamps & .89 BF extra efficient 63 0.53 117 $70 $23 $490 36,000 6.6 2.7 $586 $2,166
and instant start ballast. Also include 7W for T8s
generic LED task light.
.88 BF
Remove both troffers. Install 8' suspended
ballasting
direct/indirect fixture that has 2 high lumen 30,000 -
(1.51
C2 F32T8 5000K lamps & .71 BF extra efficient 60 0.50 120 $72 $24 $560 36,000 7.4 2.7 $544 $2,488
watts per
instant start ballast. Also include 2 for T8s
square
7W LED task lights.
foot)
Retrofit each troffer with 3 15W LED T8
25,000 -
F2 lamps. Also include 2 7W LED task lights to 104 0.87 76 $46 $15 $640 13.7 8.6 $59 $470
50,000
provide sufficient light.
Remove both troffers. Install 2 high
G performance 2x2 LED troffers, set at full 82 0.68 98 $59 $20 $900 50,000 15.0 9.4 $2 $531
41W, so sufficient light at end of life.
Remove both troffers. Install 2 high
G1 performance 2x2 LED troffers, set at 34W. 75 0.63 105 $63 $21 $980 50,000 15.2 8.5 -$14 $742
Also include 7W LED task light.
Remove both troffers. Install 2 high
G2 performance 2x2 LED troffers, set at 28W. 70 0.58 110 $66 $22 $1,060 50,000 15.7 8.7 -$48 $744
Also include 2 7W LED task lights.
copyright of Stan Walerczyk of Lighting Wizards, www.lightingwizards.com, 1/10/10 version
109

110. WHERE I NEVER THOUGHT
I WOULD HAVE A LIGHT
• Sylvania Ecolight (watered powered)
– www.sylvania.com/AboutUs/Pressxpress/Tradeshowevents/Lig
htfair2009/Press+Releases/SYLVANIAECOLIGHTWATERPO
WEREDLEDSHOWERLIGHT.htm
110

111. FAKE TV
• www.faketv.com/#
111

112. WRAP UP
• Questions
• Comments
• Applications
112

113. ALL OF STAN’S SEMINARS
• INTERIORS - LEDs vs. Incumbents with
a big dose of task ambient lighting
• EXTERIOR LIGHTING
LED, Induction, HPS, MH, LEP, Fluorescent
• FREE FOR ALL IN THE HIBAY ARENA
Fluorescent, Induction, LED & MH
• HOW LOW CAN YOU GO
– Which is 1/2 of Advanced Lighting Retrofit Options
• DIMMING vs. NON-DIMMING
10 Rounds in the Daylight Harvesting and Peak Load
Reduction Arena
• LIGHTING 101
• LIGHTING CONTROLS
– For 2011
113
• Also custom ones for specific purposes

114. THAT’S ALL FOLKS
• Please fill out any applicable forms
• Contact information for Stan Walerczyk
– 925-944-9481(San Francisco Bay Area)
– stan@lightingwizards.com
– www.lightingwizards.com
• Thanks for attending
114