This 9th grade geography lesson focuses on mountain formation through curling-up and refraction. The 45 minute lesson aims to teach students about how these geological processes shape the Earth's surface over short periods of time. Students will learn key concepts including orogeny, geosynclinal, anticlines, synclines, horsts and grabens. They will explore mountain formation through hands-on modeling and discussing examples from Anatolia. The teacher will use various techniques including discovery learning, problem solving, questioning and demonstrations with materials like play dough and blocks.

1. Lesson GEOGRAPHY
Level 9th Grade
Theme MOUNTAIN FORMATION
Content CURLING-UP AND REFRACTION
Duration 45 minutes
Objectives
Students;
* Become aware of that curling-up and
refractions are one of the most effective
powers to give shape to surface of the earth.
* Comprehend that new shapes on the
surface of the earth can happen in a short
time with the Orogeny (mountain formation).
* Know that the mountain formation is a
movement of mountain chain formation.
* Notice that the mountain formation occurs
through with curling-up and refraction.
* Notice that breaking or curling up of the
crust has a connection with the movement of
the crust slabs, consequently, with the
warmth and the pressure of the crust of the
earth.
* Become aware of that the pieces of crust
must be elastic in order the incident of
curling-up to happen, likewise; refraction
requires hard stones formed a long time ago
which are impossible to curl up.
* Know the meanings of the concepts
“geosynclinal”, “sedimentation”, “stream
erosion”, “stratification”, “side pressure”.
* Learn how curling-up and refraction occur.
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission.This publication [communication]
reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be
made of the information contained therein.

2. * Learn about the concepts “synclinal”,
“anticlinal”, “horst”, “graben”.
* Become aware that Anatolia was
underwater in 1st geological period.
* Share broken or twisted mountains they
saw with their friends.
* Comprehend the connection between
stream and pebbles; and how rounded
pebbles become round.
*Learns how a rounded pebble or a sea-stone
becomes round in the places of 3000-4000
meters of height.
* Specify important twisted and refracted
mountains and show their distribution on the
map.
Teaching and Learning Techniques
*Discovery
*Problem-solving
*Interrogation
*Explanation
*Learning while doing
*Observation
*Demonstration
Materials Used by Teacher and Students TEACHER: Teacher's book, wall map, atlases,
projector
STUDENT: Student's book, notebook, atlases, the
materials needed to demonstrate curliing-up
and refraction (play dough, board blocks).
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission.This publication [communication]
reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be
made of the information contained therein.

3. Procedure
DISCUSSION OF THE SUBJECT
-MOTIVATION: Why on earth is there a round pebble the top of a
mountain which is thousands of meters high ? We know that; a
rounded pebble must roll in thousands of kilometers in the water in
order to become round. But there is normally no stream at the top
of a mountain.
-INTRODUCTION: We are going to discuss the mountain range
formation, which is one of the internal forces. I wonder how the huge
mountains, which we often we see but hardly care about, come into
being?
OROGENY: It means mountain formation. It happens in two ways.
They are : * Curling- up
*Refraction
STAGES OF THE SUBJECTS
-We are going to explain how curling-up and refraction occur with
models.
1-Twisted mountain formation
Side pressure
Side pressure
Elastic layers
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission.This publication [communication]
reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be
made of the information contained therein.

4. 2-Mountain formation with refraction
Refraction
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
-A big part of Aegean Region was formed in the first geology period
and turned into a land. How do you think the mountains of Aegean
Region came into being?
-How did North Anatolia, East Black Sea Mountains were formed if
Turkey was under the ocean in the first period?
-Which power took out Turkey from the ocean floor?
-What is synclinal?
-What is horst?
-What is geosynclinal ?
-The skirts of a mountain are made up with various layers and
materials of big or small size. What is the reason for that?
-What do the layers explain to us?
RESULT:
We learnt the meanings of “mountain formation”, “curling-up”,
“refraction” in this lesson. We also learnt “anticlinal” which stays at
The top, “synclinal” which stays on the low level while curling-up, the
meaning of “horst” and “graben”, “geosynclinal”, the special feature
of schist during curling-up and refraction, and the “ocean sediments”.
We are going to discuss the continent formation, volcanoes, and
earthquakes in the next lesson.
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission.This publication [communication]
reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be
made of the information contained therein.

5. This project has been funded with support from the European Commission.This publication [communication]
reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be
made of the information contained therein.