Lesson one
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Syntax deals with how words are combined to form phrases and sentences. A phrase contains a head word along with optional modifiers that provide extra information about the head. Phrases are combined to form clauses, with a noun phrase serving as the subject and a verb phrase as the predicate. Constituent structure examines how words group together into meaningful units within clauses. Constituents can be moved, substituted, or ellipted without changing the core meaning of a sentence.
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Introduction to Phrase Structure
This document provides an introduction to phrase structure in English grammar. It discusses some key properties of English grammar, including linearity, hierarchy, and categorization. It then outlines some basic phrase structure rules, including the internal structure of noun phrases and determiners. The document also covers adverbial clauses, prepositional phrases, and the ordering of sentence-final adverbials. Overall, the document introduces some fundamental concepts in English phrase structure and grammar.
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The document discusses the constituent functions of noun phrases and sentences. It describes noun phrases as having three main functions: subject of a deep structure sentence, object of a verb phrase, and subject of a surface structure sentence. It provides examples to illustrate deep structure subjects and objects, and how subjects and objects can differ between deep and surface structures. The document also discusses other syntactic functions that embedded sentences can have, such as relative clauses, noun phrase complements, and verb phrase complements.
SYNTAX - head and modifiers
The document discusses the concept of heads and modifiers in linguistics. It defines a head as the key word that determines the syntactic type of a phrase. The head identifies the category of the phrase, such as a noun phrase having a noun as the head. Modifiers are optional elements that modify or change the meaning of the head. Modifiers can be premodifiers or postmodifiers, and the main types are adjectives and adverbs. Phrases can be endocentric, having an obligatory head, or exocentric, lacking a head.
Similarities and differences of word formation compound words, blends and phr...
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Morphology oral presentation:
Question:
Compound words, blends and phrasal words are formed through combining two free forms.
What are the differences and similarities between them?
btc-e chat history
An article (abbreviated art) is a word (or prefix or suffix) that is used with a noun to indicate th...
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This document discusses different aspects of vocabulary or "lexis" including:
- How base words can take on new meanings when combined with affixes like prefixes and suffixes.
- How words can have both a denotative or literal meaning as well as a figurative meaning depending on the context.
- How affixing base words changes their part of speech and transforms their meaning, which is known as word formation.
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This document provides an overview of English grammar concepts, including:
1. It defines grammar as the analysis of how words function in a language based on the usage of native speakers.
2. It discusses how words can be classified based on their functions, such as nouns naming things and verbs expressing actions.
3. It covers verb forms and tenses, including how the form changes based on subject and time (e.g. present vs. past).
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This document discusses words, sentences, and dictionaries. It makes several key points:
- Words can be the basic building blocks of language and sentences, but a sentence does not always need multiple words and can consist of a single word command.
- There is a distinction between a word as a type and its occurrences as tokens. The same word can appear as different tokens in a sentence.
- Not all words have unpredictable meanings that need to be defined in a dictionary. Some words have predictable meanings based on their sounds.
- Idioms and phrases can have meanings that are unpredictable from the individual words. Larger linguistic units like proverbs can also have non-literal meanings.
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This document provides an introduction to phrase structure in English grammar. It discusses some key properties of English grammar, including linearity, hierarchy, and categorization. It then outlines some basic phrase structure rules, including the internal structure of noun phrases and determiners. The document also covers adverbial clauses, prepositional phrases, and the ordering of sentence-final adverbials. Overall, the document introduces some fundamental concepts in English phrase structure and grammar.
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The document discusses the concept of heads and modifiers in linguistics. It defines a head as the key word that determines the syntactic type of a phrase. The head identifies the category of the phrase, such as a noun phrase having a noun as the head. Modifiers are optional elements that modify or change the meaning of the head. Modifiers can be premodifiers or postmodifiers, and the main types are adjectives and adverbs. Phrases can be endocentric, having an obligatory head, or exocentric, lacking a head.
Similarities and differences of word formation compound words, blends and phr...
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Question:
Compound words, blends and phrasal words are formed through combining two free forms.
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This document discusses different aspects of vocabulary or "lexis" including:
- How base words can take on new meanings when combined with affixes like prefixes and suffixes.
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- How affixing base words changes their part of speech and transforms their meaning, which is known as word formation.
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This document provides an overview of English grammar concepts, including:
1. It defines grammar as the analysis of how words function in a language based on the usage of native speakers.
2. It discusses how words can be classified based on their functions, such as nouns naming things and verbs expressing actions.
3. It covers verb forms and tenses, including how the form changes based on subject and time (e.g. present vs. past).
Some Summary of Morphology
This document discusses words, sentences, and dictionaries. It makes several key points:
- Words can be the basic building blocks of language and sentences, but a sentence does not always need multiple words and can consist of a single word command.
- There is a distinction between a word as a type and its occurrences as tokens. The same word can appear as different tokens in a sentence.
- Not all words have unpredictable meanings that need to be defined in a dictionary. Some words have predictable meanings based on their sounds.
- Idioms and phrases can have meanings that are unpredictable from the individual words. Larger linguistic units like proverbs can also have non-literal meanings.
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The evenings have recently turned very cold, according to a short document. It discusses linguistic concepts like constituents, immediate constituents, and the relationship between linguistic units of different sizes, including sentences, clauses, phrases, words and morphemes. It also covers the differences between simple and complex sentences.
Phrase Definition, Types and Examples.pdf
Phrases are important parts of a language that contribute to effective communication by adding depth, clarity, and specificity to our sentences. Read more: https://www.englishphobia.com/2023/05/phrase-definition-types-examples.html
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The document discusses various grammatical features including syntax, collocations, fixed expressions, idioms, word complementation, phrasal verbs, semantics, and semantic precision. It provides definitions and examples for each feature.
grammaticality, deep & surface structure, and ambiguity
This document discusses English morphology and syntax. It covers several key topics:
1. What is syntax and syntactic structure, including parts of speech and phrase structure.
2. The difference between deep and surface structure, where deep structure is the underlying form and surface structure is the actual form after transformations.
3. Grammaticality, which refers to sentences that follow syntactic rules rather than other factors like meaning or truth.
4. Types of ambiguities, including lexical ambiguities due to ambiguous words, and structural ambiguities due to multiple possible syntactic trees.
Syntax (II Bimestre)
Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja
Inglés
Syntax
II Bimestre
Abril-Agosto 2007
Ponente: Dra. Rosario Burneo
Syntax (II Bimestre)
Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja
Inglés
Syntax
II Bimestre
Abril-Agosto 2007
Ponente: Dr. Rosario Burneo
Lesson two
This document discusses different grammatical constructions and word classes. It covers phrases, clauses, and sentences built from smaller linguistic units. It describes active and passive constructions, imperative constructions, and existential constructions. It also discusses the criteria used to recognize phrases based on morpho-syntactic, syntactic, and semantic factors. Finally, it defines content words and grammatical words, and explains the concept of speech acts.
English Syntax Primer Bimestre
language is a social, cultural and psychological phenomenon that serves the purpose of communication among human beings
Describing Language- by AYLİN AYDIN, Uludag University
This document provides an overview of key concepts in English grammar including parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives), word classes (countable vs. uncountable nouns), morphology (morphemes), syntax, spoken vs. written grammar, problems with grammar rules, vocabulary, meaning, and the sounds of language. It discusses topics such as stress, intonation, individual sounds, and paralinguistic features of language including gestures, facial expressions, and proximity. The document is from Uludag University's English Language Teaching Department and focuses on explaining foundational elements of grammar.
Semantics [Report in Language Study]
This slideshow is about the discussion on semantics as a sub-discipline of linguistics that deals with the study of meaning.
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Lesson one
- 1. Syntax and Teaching Grammar Lesson: ONE Dra. Rosario María Burneo
- 2. Texto Guía An Introducción to English Syntax By Jim Miller
- 3. Phonology Morphology Linguistics Syntax Semantics
- 4. Syntax deals with how words are put together to form phrases; how phases are joined to form clauses; and how clauses form sentences. Syntax enables speakers to compose complex messages in order to communicate effectively.
- 5. UNIT ONE: HEADS AND MODIFIERS The head of a phrase is the word that carries the most meaning.The head controls all other words in the phrase.. A modifier provides extra information about the head word. Houses These old houses The houses in my town Modifiers: complements and adjuncts
- 6. Complements are mandatory Adjuncts are optional Mark bought a car for you yesterday C (DO) Ad (PP) Heads and modifiers build different types of phrases Noun phrase: the large house Ad. phrase: very sad Prep. Phrase: in the garden Verb Phrase: work hard
- 7. Phrases and Clauses A phrase is a unit of meaning, which enables speakers to refer to persons, things, actions, events , places, times and other situations. A clause is a larger structure formed basically by two main constituents: noun phrase (subject) and verb phrase (predicate).
- 8. UNIT TWO: Constituent Structure • It is the way words form larger structures showing meaning. • A constituent is a word or string of words expressing meaning. The Ecuadorian tropical forest has a rich variety of animals • NP: Ecuadorian tropical forest • VP: has a rich variety of animals
- 9. 1. Transposition. Constituents can be moved from one position in the clause to another without altering meaning. Last Sunday, I went to the church I went to the church last Sunday 2. Substitution It shows that a single word can substitute for a string of words hanging together as a constituent. We put the books on the desk We put the books there
- 10. 3. Ellipsis It deletes the second occurrence of the same constituent when two clauses are joined by the conjunction ‘and’. •My dog killed a rat •My dog ate the rat •My dog killed a rat and ate it
- 11. God bless you Thank you