The document discusses English syntax and describes the four main groups of syntactic structures. It explains that words can be combined into larger structures to convey various meanings. The structures are formed by combining two or fewer words and can be divided into constituents. Some examples of structures provided are noun phrases and verb phrases. The rest of the document elaborates on different types of syntactic structures such as modification structures, appositives, verbs as modifiers, adverbs as noun modifiers, and prepositional phrases as modifiers. It also provides examples and diagrams to illustrate syntactic heads and dependents.
Transformational generative grammar is a grammar that was proposed by American Linguist Noam Chomsky in his book entitled, Syntactic Structures in 1957. He talked about some major concepts that is Competence and Performance
Secondly most of our knowledge are innate and learners only have to learn idosyncratic features and thirdly he said that language is universal and deep structures in all languages are same they only differs at the level of transformational level.
Chomsky proposed two level of sentences; deep structures (shows the semantic content of a sentence) and surface structure (determines its phonetic form).
Phrase Structure rule provide us with the underlying syntactic structure of sentence. They are used to break down natural language sentence into its constituent parts. It is a tree diagram which has branches and nodes and each node followed the other.
Transformational Structure Rules contain two parts; Structural analysis specifying the class of strings of two which the rule applies. The second part specifies the structural change.
Morphophonemic rules deals with the alteration of phonetic of morphemes across morpheme boundary. It has a form of phonological rules but it is restricted to a particular morphological environment.
This Power Point presentation defines syntax and describes seven syntax rules for the English Language. The Presentation also discusses four issues English Language Learners find so difficult when it comes to learning and acquiring ESL.
Transformational generative grammar is a grammar that was proposed by American Linguist Noam Chomsky in his book entitled, Syntactic Structures in 1957. He talked about some major concepts that is Competence and Performance
Secondly most of our knowledge are innate and learners only have to learn idosyncratic features and thirdly he said that language is universal and deep structures in all languages are same they only differs at the level of transformational level.
Chomsky proposed two level of sentences; deep structures (shows the semantic content of a sentence) and surface structure (determines its phonetic form).
Phrase Structure rule provide us with the underlying syntactic structure of sentence. They are used to break down natural language sentence into its constituent parts. It is a tree diagram which has branches and nodes and each node followed the other.
Transformational Structure Rules contain two parts; Structural analysis specifying the class of strings of two which the rule applies. The second part specifies the structural change.
Morphophonemic rules deals with the alteration of phonetic of morphemes across morpheme boundary. It has a form of phonological rules but it is restricted to a particular morphological environment.
This Power Point presentation defines syntax and describes seven syntax rules for the English Language. The Presentation also discusses four issues English Language Learners find so difficult when it comes to learning and acquiring ESL.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Syntactic process
In English, words are combined into larger structures
to convey more various meaning. Words can be
lexical and functional. The combination of (no) more
than two words will produce various structural
meaning. The structures can be divided into four
principal groups.
3. What arethefour groups?
Hungry people
Hometown
Easily superior
Asexamplesof structureof …………..
It isformed by thecombination of:
…………… + …………………..
7. These are the basic structures as the bases for
morecomplex structures.
They can be used as the main outlines and
provide a framework of ideas and a basic
terminology
8. Thesestructuresarebased on:
1. English syntax is a many-layered organization of
relatively few typesof basic units
2. Every structure may be divided into its immediate
co nsituents (ICs) and ten subdivided until the
ultimate co nsituents
9. Structureof Modification
It consistsof two components:
Head + Modifier
Possiblemeaningsof modifier:
- to broaden
- to qualify
- to select
- to change
- to describe
- to affect
themeaning of thehead.
11. Noun asHead
Themodifierscan be:
1. ADJECTIVE: good book
great work
remarkabletales
Theruleis: Adj + Noun
Rarely AdjectivefollowstheNoun (Noun + Adjective) in:
- technical terms or quotations: court-martial, darkness
visible
- when adjectivesisapart of alarger structure: afigurevagueand shadowy, aman taller than
I thought
12. 2. Nouns:
- in possessive:
my father’shousemeaning houseof my father
that woman’sdoctor meaning doctor of that woman
- in noun-adjuct:
afather imagemeaning an imagelikefather
that woman doctor meaning that doctor who isawoman
13. Post-head dependents which are not complements in a VP are
adjuncts
Adjunctsarenever obligatory
Adjunctsmodify someaspect of thepossiblereferenceof theVP
Different typesof phrasescan act asan adjunct in aVP (XPis an
abbreviation foran unspecified type of phrase)
Adjunctscan befronted to pre-Subject
Adjuncts
14. Somecharacteristicsof noun modifiers:
1. noun adjunct isalmost alwayssingular
Ex.: dog daysvsdog’slife
2. Certain noun-determiners (this/these and that/those) exhibit the
phenomenon of concord
Ex.: that boy’sbook = book of that boy
that boysbook = that book for boys
thoseboys’ book = book of thoseboys
thoseboys’ books= booksof thoseboys
thoseboysbooks= thosebooksfor boys
15. 3. Most nonpersonal nounsdo not havethe(-‘ s) inflection
Ex.: co mmunicatio ns o fficer, reparatio ns agreement,
4. A few nouns have certain irregular forms which can help identify the
possessiveand plurality of thenoun
Ex.: woman doctor (noun adjunct) vswoman’sdoctor (possessive)
women doctors(noun adjunct) vs women’sdoctors(possessive)
16. Appositive
Appositive is a noun, noun-headed structure of modification, or a structure of coordination
madeup of nounsor noun-headed structuresmodifying anoun head which it follows.
ex.: - Hisbrother, adoctor, wastherealso
- Mr. Jones, theart critic, praised thepainting
- Thechildren, both boysand girls, received presents
- thepoet, Chaucer, …
- theproduct, cellophane, …
- Professor Jones…
- Vice-President Smith …
- TheRiver Duddon
17. verbs can function as modifiers in the following
forms:
- present participle(preor post head)
- past participle(preor post head)
- to infinitive(alwayspost head)
3. Verbsasmodifiers
18. Present/past participlemodifiers
Pre-Head (if they areby-itself).
Examples: - running water
- baked potatoes
Post-head (if they arepartsof alarger structure)
Examples: - water running in thestreet
- potatoesbaked slowly
19. To infinitives
Examples: - Money to burn
- Theman to see
What about thefollowing:
a. A pleasing table
b. A rotting table
c. A dining table
Can you discriminateeach of those?
20. 4. AdverbsasNoun modifiers
In English it seldom occurs as noun modifiers. If so, it occurs
immediately after the noun modified. They are adverbs of then (today,
daily, seldom, etc.) and there(outside, ahead, backward, etc.) groups.
Example: - thepeoplehere
- Thetemperatureoutside
- Heavensabove
And the thus/so-class (easily, slowly, aloud, etc) groups only modify
present participleverbs, such ashisspeaking rapidly, o ur acting to gether.
21. 5. Prepositional PhrasesasNoun
modifiers
This phrase consists of prepositions and lexical words.
Preposition can be simple prepositions: one-morpheme preposition
(after, as, at, etc), two-morpheme prepositions (about, above, across), and
three-morphemeprepositions ( against, concerning, considering),
compound prepositions (adverb+preposition) such as across from,
along with, apart from, and phrasal prepositions (simple preposition, a
noun, and another simple preposition) such as in regard to, in spite of, by
meansof, etc.
23. Verbs as the Heads
Head: V
Dependents:
Pre-head modifier: AdvP
Post-head modifier: AdvP/PP
(Post-head) complement: NP/PP/AdvP/clause
24. S
Subject:NP Tense:AUX Predicate:VP
The boy has run very quickly
head:V PtHdMod:AdvP
S
Subject:NP Tense:AUX Predicate:VP
The bo y has very quickly run
PrHdMod:AdvP V
25. Adjective as the Head
• Head
• Dependents:
• Prehead Modifier (PrHdMod)
• Posthead Complement (Comp)
AdjP
PrHdMod:AdvP Head:Adj Comp:PP
so very impro bably keen o n that mo vie
crazy abo ut that mo vie
26. Adverb as the Head
• head: Adv
• dependents:
• prehead modifier: AdvP
• posthead complement: PP/ clause
more carefully than Jo
so very quickly that he fell o ver
quickly *than Jo / that he fello ver
PrHdMod: Head: Comp:
AdvP Adv PP/Clause
27. Preposition as the Head
• head: P
• Prehead modifier: AdvP
• Posthead complement: NP/PP
PP
PrHdMod:AdvP Head:P Comp:NP
straight tho ugh The intersectio n
almo st right into the cro wd
barely in the water
