This document provides guidance on identifying and stating a research problem for a study. It discusses designing a research title, describing the background of research, stating research questions, and indicating the scope and delimitations of the study. The document also addresses identifying a research problem, seeking problems for research, framing a title, writing the background, stating the problem, and defining the scope and limitations.

1. Identifying and
Stating the Problem

2. After this discussion, you are
expected to have the ability to…
⊹ a. Designs a research used in daily life. (CS_RS12-Id-e-1)
⊹ b. Writes a research title. (CS_RS12-Id-e-2)
⊹ c. Describes background of research. (CS_RS12-Id-e-3)
⊹ d. States research questions. (CS_RS12-Id-e-4)
⊹ e. Indicates scope and delimitation of study. (CS_RS12-Id-e-5)
⊹ f. Presents written statement of the problem. (CS_RS12-Id-e-7)
2

3. IdeNtifying AND STATING THE
PROBLEM

4. Identification of A Research Problem
⊹ Interest in the Subject Matter
⊹ Availability of information
⊹ Timeliness and relevance of the topic
Limitation on the subject
⊹ Personal resources
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5. 5
Purpose of Conducting Research
To add something to the current body of
knowledge.
• To find the answers to certain questions by:
➢ describing what happened
➢ predicting when things will happen
➢ explaining how and why certain events occur

6. 6
Significance of any research activity
1) Provides an analysis of the key issues, synthesis of threats and opportunities
which are likely to confront the decision & policy makers.
2) Identifies the appropriate parameters to assess the nature, magnitude/extent of
the issues under consideration.
3) Generates a blueprint for identifying relevant and viable alternatives to a problem
based on solid empirical evidence.
4) Provides guidepost for channeling scarce resources by searching for the best fit
between the problem and its different solutions.
5) Forces researchers to be analytical in finding appropriate solutions to problems
based on known facts.
6) Provides an opportunity for academic faculties to sharpen and hone their narrow
technical expertise which could be shared with their students, and.
7) Allows educational institutions to be recognized for scientific excellence

7. 7
SEEKING A PROBLEM
What are good resources for researchable problems?
• Theories to be validated, extend, or modified
• Other studies, particularly through research recommendations
• National or international trends or situations to be described or
improved
• Real-life problems, issues, experiences, or situations of SHS
students

8. 8
FRAMING THE TITLE
What are the standards in writing the research title?
A research title must…
• list key variables
• be written in a scientific or technical style
• be concise (no more than 12 words) and non-repetitive
• reflect SHS students’ context
• not explicitly provide reference to the research design

9. 9
Research/Project Title
• Introduces the project to the reader
• Identifies the program and the project components
• Must reflect the main purpose of the project and gives the reader the idea of what the researcher
proposes to do
• The goal in making the title is to describe the coverage of the research and delineates the scope
• List the most important factors to be studied as well as methodology/treatments to be used
• Categorize the words that can be grouped (e.g., height and weight can be grouped as growth,
flowers, and fruits as development)
• Compose the words to form a clear, eye-catching title
• Include the site of implementation
• Review for grammar and improve some of the words without changing their meaning/message
• Include in the title the common and scientific names
• Avoid using unnecessary words (effect, evaluation, study, experiment, trials, observations, results,
test, factors, analysis, etc.)

10. 10
Features of a good title:
• Short, easy to remember, and can easily be indexed and
retrieved
• Has few words that adequately describe the contents of
the paper (preferably not more than 14keywords or 2 lines)
• Embody the focus of the proposal and it is supported by
the stated objectives and expected outputs

11. 11
Examples of good titles
• Benchmark Assessment of the Industrial Tree Plantation-Based Industry in
the CARAGA Region
•Solid Waste Management Awareness and Practices among Senior High
School Students in a State College in Zamboanga City, Philippines

12. 12
Examples of good title
• Benchmark Assessment of the Industrial Tree Plantation-Based Industry in
the CARAGA Region
Examples of bad title
Evaluation and Cultural Management of Malunggay

13. 13
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This is the description that leads the reader to understand the research
questions and appreciate why they are asked.
In writing this section,
• Introduce and briefly define the variables under study
• Cite the most important study or related literature
• Be consistent with terms used
• nsure that paragraphs summarize unresolved issues, conflicting
findings, social concerns, or educational, national, or international
issues.
• rite the last paragraph to highlight the research gap

14. 14
INTRODUCTION = Rationale
Introductory paragraphs
➢ Primary goal: catch the attention of the readers and to get them
"turned on" about the subject.
➢ It sets the stage for the paper and puts your topic in perspective.
➢ The introduction often contains dramatic and general statements
about the need for the study. It uses dramatic illustrations or quotes to
set the tone.
➢ When writing the introduction, put yourself in your reader's position -
would you continue reading?

15. 15
THE RATIONALE
Rationale/ Problem Situation
State the problem clearly – discuss the problem by giving information
on what exactly is the problem, how long it has been a problem, the
situation encountered, and its negative consequences if not acted
upon.
• Previous works or reviews relevant to the problem may be cited
• State the current need of the country the proposal intends to address.
• The proposal should justify research expenditure in terms of the
potential benefits to be derived.

16. 16
A typical justification would include a brief introduction, a general statement
concerning the historical bases for R&D, utilization of the expected output, and
the impact of the information/ technology to be generated on the current body
of knowledge, the target users/beneficiaries, or stakeholders (rural farm
households; industry; commodity/sector or region and the country/national
economy).
Do not forget: Background of the study
• Describe the problem situation considering global, national, and local forces.
• Justify the existence of the problem situation by citing statistical data and
authoritative sources.
• Make a clinching statement that will relate the background to the proposed
research problem

17. 17
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
• This section contains the purpose statements and the research
question(s).
• Phrase questions with the data to be collected in mind. Answer the
questions and rephrase the question if your intended answer does not
match the query.
Example:
“This study (or research) aims to…(make congruent with title).”
“Specifically, this research (or study) seeks to answer the following
questions:”

18. 18
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
States the audience who will benefit from a study of the
problem and explains how the results will be significant to
them.
In writing this section, It should be written in paragraph
form, cite beneficiaries (e.g., students, professors or
teachers, university administrators, parents) of the results
of the study.
For each beneficiary group, specifically describe how they
will benefit from the findings.

19. 19
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
Scope
The scope of the study refers to the parameters under which the study will be
operating. The problem you seek to resolve will fit within certain parameters. Think
of the scope as the domain of your research – what is in the domain, and what is
not. You need to make it as clear as possible what you will be studying and what
factors are within the accepted range of your study. For example, if you are
studying the ill effects of bullying on Senior High school learners, the scope could
include both face-to-face bullying and cyber-bullying in grades 11 and 12.
Identify the boundaries of the study in terms of respondents, objectives, facilities,
area, time frame, and the issues on which the research is focused. This presents
the coverage of the research in terms of location, time, respondents, etc., and the
potential weaknesses or problems with the study identified by the researcher.

20. 20
In writing this section,
• cite data collection
• identify school involved, number of classes, their grade/year level, number of participants or
respondents, and topics of lessons covered (if applicable).
• state inadequate measures of variables, loss or lack of participants, small sample sizes,
measurement errors, and other factors typically related to data collection and analysis.
The scope and limitation should include the following:
1) A brief statement of the general purpose of the study.
2) The subject matter and topics were studied and discussed.
3) The locale of the study, where the data were gathered or the entity to which the data
belong.
4) The population or universe from which the respondents were selected. This must be large
enough to make generalizations significant.
5) The period of the study. This is the time, either months or years, during which the data were
gathered.