The document summarizes key concepts from Lesson 28 on Lagrange multipliers, including:
1) Restating the method of Lagrange multipliers and providing justifications through elimination, graphical, and symbolic approaches.
2) Discussing second order conditions for constrained optimization problems, noting the importance of compact feasibility sets.
3) Providing the theorem on Lagrange multipliers and examples of its application to problems with more than two variables or multiple constraints.
S1. Fixed point iteration is a numerical method for solving equations of the form x = g(x) by making an initial guess x0 and repeatedly substituting xn into the right side to obtain xn+1.
S2. The method converges if |g'(α)| < 1, where α is the root and g' is the derivative of g. This ensures the error decreases at each iteration.
S3. Examples show the method can converge rapidly, as in Newton's method, or diverge, depending on the properties of g near the root. Aitken extrapolation can provide a better estimate of the root than the current iterate xn.
The document is a lesson on implicit differentiation and related concepts:
1) Implicit differentiation allows one to take the derivative of an implicitly defined relation between x and y, even if y is not explicitly defined as a function of x.
2) Examples are provided to demonstrate implicit differentiation, such as finding the slope of a tangent line to a curve.
3) The van der Waals equation is introduced to describe non-ideal gas properties, and implicit differentiation is used to find the isothermal compressibility of a van der Waals gas.
- Semi Regular Meshes can be subdivided using regular 1:4 subdivision or represented as Spherical Geometry Images mapped to the unit sphere.
- Subdivision Surfaces are generated by applying local interpolators repeatedly to refine a coarse control mesh. Common subdivision schemes include Linear, Butterfly, and Loop which are demonstrated in examples.
- Biorthogonal Wavelets can be constructed on meshes using a Lifting Scheme to create wavelet coefficients with vanishing moments, allowing for compression of mesh signals. Invariant neighborhoods are used to analyze the refinement of meshes across scales.
Changing variable is something we come across very often in Integration. There are many
reasons for changing variables but the main reason for changing variables is to convert the
integrand into something simpler and also to transform the region into another region which is
easy to work with. When we convert into a new set of variables it is not always easy to find the
limits. So, before we move into changing variables with multiple integrals we first need to see
how the region may change with a change of variables. In order to change variables in an
integration we will need the Jacobian of the transformation.
S1. Fixed point iteration is a numerical method for solving equations of the form x = g(x) by making an initial guess x0 and repeatedly substituting xn into the right side to obtain xn+1.
S2. The method converges if |g'(α)| < 1, where α is the root and g' is the derivative of g. This ensures the error decreases at each iteration.
S3. Examples show the method can converge rapidly, as in Newton's method, or diverge, depending on the properties of g near the root. Aitken extrapolation can provide a better estimate of the root than the current iterate xn.
The document is a lesson on implicit differentiation and related concepts:
1) Implicit differentiation allows one to take the derivative of an implicitly defined relation between x and y, even if y is not explicitly defined as a function of x.
2) Examples are provided to demonstrate implicit differentiation, such as finding the slope of a tangent line to a curve.
3) The van der Waals equation is introduced to describe non-ideal gas properties, and implicit differentiation is used to find the isothermal compressibility of a van der Waals gas.
- Semi Regular Meshes can be subdivided using regular 1:4 subdivision or represented as Spherical Geometry Images mapped to the unit sphere.
- Subdivision Surfaces are generated by applying local interpolators repeatedly to refine a coarse control mesh. Common subdivision schemes include Linear, Butterfly, and Loop which are demonstrated in examples.
- Biorthogonal Wavelets can be constructed on meshes using a Lifting Scheme to create wavelet coefficients with vanishing moments, allowing for compression of mesh signals. Invariant neighborhoods are used to analyze the refinement of meshes across scales.
Changing variable is something we come across very often in Integration. There are many
reasons for changing variables but the main reason for changing variables is to convert the
integrand into something simpler and also to transform the region into another region which is
easy to work with. When we convert into a new set of variables it is not always easy to find the
limits. So, before we move into changing variables with multiple integrals we first need to see
how the region may change with a change of variables. In order to change variables in an
integration we will need the Jacobian of the transformation.
The document discusses graph expansion, Tseitin formulas, and resolution proofs for constraint satisfaction problems (CSP). It begins with an outline and introduces SAT and the DPLL algorithm for solving boolean formulas. It then defines Tseitin formulas, which encode constraints on graphs as boolean formulas. The document establishes lower bounds on the size of resolution proofs for Tseitin formulas based on the expansion of the underlying graph. It also discusses applying these results to analyze the complexity of CSP.
This document discusses numerical integration techniques including the trapezoidal rule, Simpson's 1/3 rule, Simpson's 3/8 rule, and Gaussian integration formulas. It provides the formulas for calculating integration numerically using these methods and notes that accuracy increases with smaller interval widths h. Errors are estimated to be order h^2 for trapezoidal rule and order h^4 for Simpson's rules.
This document contains solutions to 5 problems posed at the IMC 2017 conference. The solutions are summarized as follows:
1) The possible eigenvalues of the matrix A described in Problem 1 are 0, 1, and -1±√3i/2.
2) Problem 2 proves that for any differentiable function f satisfying the Lipschitz condition, f(x)2 < 2Lf(x) for all x.
3) Problem 3 shows that for any set S subset of {1,2,...,2017}, there exists an integer n such that the sequence ak(n) defined in the problem satisfies the property that ak(n) is a perfect square if and only if k is
The derivative of a composition of functions is the product of the derivatives of those functions. This rule is important because compositions are so powerful.
There are infinitely many maximal primitive positive clones in a diagonalizable algebra M* that serves as an algebraic model for provability logic GL. The paper constructs M* as the subalgebra of infinite binary sequences generated by the zero element (0,0,...). It defines primitive positive clones as sets of operations closed under existential definitions, and shows there are infinitely many maximal clones K1, K2, etc. that preserve the relations x = ¬Δi, x = ¬Δ2, etc. in M*. This provides a simple example of infinitely many maximal primitive positive clones.
Low Complexity Regularization of Inverse ProblemsGabriel Peyré
This document discusses regularization techniques for inverse problems. It begins with an overview of compressed sensing and inverse problems, as well as convex regularization using gauges. It then discusses performance guarantees for regularization methods using dual certificates and L2 stability. Specific examples of regularization gauges are given for various models including sparsity, structured sparsity, low-rank, and anti-sparsity. Conditions for exact recovery using random measurements are provided for sparse vectors and low-rank matrices. The discussion concludes with the concept of a minimal-norm certificate for the dual problem.
Stuff You Must Know Cold for the AP Calculus BC Exam!A Jorge Garcia
This document provides a summary of key concepts from AP Calculus that students must know, including:
- Differentiation rules like product rule, quotient rule, and chain rule
- Integration techniques like Riemann sums, trapezoidal rule, and Simpson's rule
- Theorems related to derivatives and integrals like the Mean Value Theorem, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, and Rolle's Theorem
- Common trigonometric derivatives and integrals
- Series approximations like Taylor series and Maclaurin series
- Calculus topics for polar coordinates, parametric equations, and vectors
This document defines continuity and uniform continuity of functions. A function f is continuous on a set S if small changes in the input x result in small changes in the output f(x). A function is uniformly continuous if the same relationship holds for all inputs and outputs simultaneously, not just for a fixed input. Several examples are provided to illustrate the difference. The key difference is that a continuous function may depend on the specific input point, while a uniformly continuous function does not. Functions that satisfy a Lipschitz inequality are proven to be uniformly continuous.
This calculus cheat sheet provides definitions and formulas for:
1) Integrals including definite integrals, anti-derivatives, and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
2) Common integration techniques like u-substitution and integration by parts.
3) Standard integrals of common functions like polynomials, trigonometric functions, logarithms, and exponentials.
This document contains the solution to a problem involving a sequence of continuously differentiable functions defined by a recurrence relation. The solution shows that:
1) The sequence is monotonically increasing and bounded, so it converges pointwise to a limit function g(x).
2) The limit function g(x) is the unique fixed point of the operator defining the recurrence, and is equal to 1/(1-x).
3) Uniform convergence on compact subsets is proved using Dini's theorem and properties of the operator.
This document summarizes key points from a course on recovery guarantees for inverse problems regularized with low-complexity priors. It discusses how gauges can model unions of linear subspaces corresponding to priors like sparsity, block sparsity, and low-rankness. It introduces the concept of dual certificates for characterizing solutions to noiseless inverse problems and establishes conditions under which tight dual certificates exist, ensuring stable recovery. In the compressed sensing setting, it states thresholds on the number of measurements needed to guarantee the existence of tight dual certificates for sparse vectors and low-rank matrices observed with a random measurement matrix.
3.2 implicit equations and implicit differentiationmath265
The document discusses implicit equations and implicit differentiation. It begins by explaining the difference between explicit and implicit forms of equations, using the example of y=1/x which can be written explicitly as y=1/x or implicitly as xy=1. It then introduces the concept of implicit differentiation, which involves taking the derivative of an implicit equation with respect to x and solving for the derivative of y with respect to x (y’). This allows one to find the slope of the curve at a point, even if the explicit form of the relation between x and y is difficult to determine from the implicit equation.
Deterministic finite automata (DFAs) are mathematical models of computation that can be used to represent regular languages. A DFA consists of: (1) a finite set of states, (2) a finite input alphabet, (3) a transition function mapping a state and input to another state, (4) a start state, and (5) a set of accepting states. DFAs can be represented visually using state transition diagrams or mathematically as a 5-tuple. Operations like union, intersection, and complement of languages can be modeled using operations like union, product, and complement of DFAs.
Change of variables in double integralsTarun Gehlot
1. The document discusses change of variables for double integrals, introducing the Jacobian determinant which relates the differentials of the original and transformed variables.
2. It provides an example of using a change of variables (u=x-y, v=x+y) to evaluate an integral over a parallelogram region.
3. Polar coordinates are also discussed as a common change of variables technique for double integrals, with an example evaluating an integral over a circular region in polar coordinates.
This document provides an overview of an upcoming course on inverse problems and regularization. The course will cover three topics: inverse problems, compressed sensing, and sparsity and L1 regularization. Inverse problems involve recovering an unknown signal x0 from noisy observations. Regularization is used to incorporate prior information and make the problem well-posed. Compressed sensing allows signals to be sampled below the Nyquist rate if they are sparse. The L1 norm is used as a convex relaxation of the sparsity prior, allowing sparse recovery problems to be solved as convex programs.
This document provides a summary of key concepts that must be known for AP Calculus, including:
- Curve sketching and analysis of critical points, local extrema, and points of inflection
- Common differentiation and integration rules like product rule, quotient rule, trapezoidal rule
- Derivatives of trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic, and inverse functions
- Concepts of limits, continuity, intermediate value theorem, mean value theorem, fundamental theorem of calculus
- Techniques for solving problems involving solids of revolution, arc length, parametric equations, polar curves
- Series tests like ratio test and alternating series error bound
- Taylor series approximations and common Maclaurin series
OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
Optimization techniques are methods for achieving the best possible result under given constraints. There are various classical and advanced optimization methods. Classical methods include techniques for single-variable, multi-variable without constraints, and multi-variable with equality or inequality constraints using methods like Lagrange multipliers or Kuhn-Tucker conditions. Advanced methods include hill climbing, simulated annealing, genetic algorithms, and ant colony optimization. Optimization has applications in fields like engineering, business/economics, and pharmaceutical formulation to improve processes and outcomes under constraints.
The Research Game project will motivate secondary school students by replicating the excitement of scientific research. Your schools will be able to take part in the game. http://rg.uws.ac.uk/
Description
Do your secondary students need motivation?
Do they understand how science works?
Would they want to take part in a science game?
The European ‘Research Game’ will inspire and teach your students the value and methodology of scientific research.
Your students can join the game, just write to us for more details.
The document discusses graph expansion, Tseitin formulas, and resolution proofs for constraint satisfaction problems (CSP). It begins with an outline and introduces SAT and the DPLL algorithm for solving boolean formulas. It then defines Tseitin formulas, which encode constraints on graphs as boolean formulas. The document establishes lower bounds on the size of resolution proofs for Tseitin formulas based on the expansion of the underlying graph. It also discusses applying these results to analyze the complexity of CSP.
This document discusses numerical integration techniques including the trapezoidal rule, Simpson's 1/3 rule, Simpson's 3/8 rule, and Gaussian integration formulas. It provides the formulas for calculating integration numerically using these methods and notes that accuracy increases with smaller interval widths h. Errors are estimated to be order h^2 for trapezoidal rule and order h^4 for Simpson's rules.
This document contains solutions to 5 problems posed at the IMC 2017 conference. The solutions are summarized as follows:
1) The possible eigenvalues of the matrix A described in Problem 1 are 0, 1, and -1±√3i/2.
2) Problem 2 proves that for any differentiable function f satisfying the Lipschitz condition, f(x)2 < 2Lf(x) for all x.
3) Problem 3 shows that for any set S subset of {1,2,...,2017}, there exists an integer n such that the sequence ak(n) defined in the problem satisfies the property that ak(n) is a perfect square if and only if k is
The derivative of a composition of functions is the product of the derivatives of those functions. This rule is important because compositions are so powerful.
There are infinitely many maximal primitive positive clones in a diagonalizable algebra M* that serves as an algebraic model for provability logic GL. The paper constructs M* as the subalgebra of infinite binary sequences generated by the zero element (0,0,...). It defines primitive positive clones as sets of operations closed under existential definitions, and shows there are infinitely many maximal clones K1, K2, etc. that preserve the relations x = ¬Δi, x = ¬Δ2, etc. in M*. This provides a simple example of infinitely many maximal primitive positive clones.
Low Complexity Regularization of Inverse ProblemsGabriel Peyré
This document discusses regularization techniques for inverse problems. It begins with an overview of compressed sensing and inverse problems, as well as convex regularization using gauges. It then discusses performance guarantees for regularization methods using dual certificates and L2 stability. Specific examples of regularization gauges are given for various models including sparsity, structured sparsity, low-rank, and anti-sparsity. Conditions for exact recovery using random measurements are provided for sparse vectors and low-rank matrices. The discussion concludes with the concept of a minimal-norm certificate for the dual problem.
Stuff You Must Know Cold for the AP Calculus BC Exam!A Jorge Garcia
This document provides a summary of key concepts from AP Calculus that students must know, including:
- Differentiation rules like product rule, quotient rule, and chain rule
- Integration techniques like Riemann sums, trapezoidal rule, and Simpson's rule
- Theorems related to derivatives and integrals like the Mean Value Theorem, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, and Rolle's Theorem
- Common trigonometric derivatives and integrals
- Series approximations like Taylor series and Maclaurin series
- Calculus topics for polar coordinates, parametric equations, and vectors
This document defines continuity and uniform continuity of functions. A function f is continuous on a set S if small changes in the input x result in small changes in the output f(x). A function is uniformly continuous if the same relationship holds for all inputs and outputs simultaneously, not just for a fixed input. Several examples are provided to illustrate the difference. The key difference is that a continuous function may depend on the specific input point, while a uniformly continuous function does not. Functions that satisfy a Lipschitz inequality are proven to be uniformly continuous.
This calculus cheat sheet provides definitions and formulas for:
1) Integrals including definite integrals, anti-derivatives, and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
2) Common integration techniques like u-substitution and integration by parts.
3) Standard integrals of common functions like polynomials, trigonometric functions, logarithms, and exponentials.
This document contains the solution to a problem involving a sequence of continuously differentiable functions defined by a recurrence relation. The solution shows that:
1) The sequence is monotonically increasing and bounded, so it converges pointwise to a limit function g(x).
2) The limit function g(x) is the unique fixed point of the operator defining the recurrence, and is equal to 1/(1-x).
3) Uniform convergence on compact subsets is proved using Dini's theorem and properties of the operator.
This document summarizes key points from a course on recovery guarantees for inverse problems regularized with low-complexity priors. It discusses how gauges can model unions of linear subspaces corresponding to priors like sparsity, block sparsity, and low-rankness. It introduces the concept of dual certificates for characterizing solutions to noiseless inverse problems and establishes conditions under which tight dual certificates exist, ensuring stable recovery. In the compressed sensing setting, it states thresholds on the number of measurements needed to guarantee the existence of tight dual certificates for sparse vectors and low-rank matrices observed with a random measurement matrix.
3.2 implicit equations and implicit differentiationmath265
The document discusses implicit equations and implicit differentiation. It begins by explaining the difference between explicit and implicit forms of equations, using the example of y=1/x which can be written explicitly as y=1/x or implicitly as xy=1. It then introduces the concept of implicit differentiation, which involves taking the derivative of an implicit equation with respect to x and solving for the derivative of y with respect to x (y’). This allows one to find the slope of the curve at a point, even if the explicit form of the relation between x and y is difficult to determine from the implicit equation.
Deterministic finite automata (DFAs) are mathematical models of computation that can be used to represent regular languages. A DFA consists of: (1) a finite set of states, (2) a finite input alphabet, (3) a transition function mapping a state and input to another state, (4) a start state, and (5) a set of accepting states. DFAs can be represented visually using state transition diagrams or mathematically as a 5-tuple. Operations like union, intersection, and complement of languages can be modeled using operations like union, product, and complement of DFAs.
Change of variables in double integralsTarun Gehlot
1. The document discusses change of variables for double integrals, introducing the Jacobian determinant which relates the differentials of the original and transformed variables.
2. It provides an example of using a change of variables (u=x-y, v=x+y) to evaluate an integral over a parallelogram region.
3. Polar coordinates are also discussed as a common change of variables technique for double integrals, with an example evaluating an integral over a circular region in polar coordinates.
This document provides an overview of an upcoming course on inverse problems and regularization. The course will cover three topics: inverse problems, compressed sensing, and sparsity and L1 regularization. Inverse problems involve recovering an unknown signal x0 from noisy observations. Regularization is used to incorporate prior information and make the problem well-posed. Compressed sensing allows signals to be sampled below the Nyquist rate if they are sparse. The L1 norm is used as a convex relaxation of the sparsity prior, allowing sparse recovery problems to be solved as convex programs.
This document provides a summary of key concepts that must be known for AP Calculus, including:
- Curve sketching and analysis of critical points, local extrema, and points of inflection
- Common differentiation and integration rules like product rule, quotient rule, trapezoidal rule
- Derivatives of trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic, and inverse functions
- Concepts of limits, continuity, intermediate value theorem, mean value theorem, fundamental theorem of calculus
- Techniques for solving problems involving solids of revolution, arc length, parametric equations, polar curves
- Series tests like ratio test and alternating series error bound
- Taylor series approximations and common Maclaurin series
OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
Optimization techniques are methods for achieving the best possible result under given constraints. There are various classical and advanced optimization methods. Classical methods include techniques for single-variable, multi-variable without constraints, and multi-variable with equality or inequality constraints using methods like Lagrange multipliers or Kuhn-Tucker conditions. Advanced methods include hill climbing, simulated annealing, genetic algorithms, and ant colony optimization. Optimization has applications in fields like engineering, business/economics, and pharmaceutical formulation to improve processes and outcomes under constraints.
The Research Game project will motivate secondary school students by replicating the excitement of scientific research. Your schools will be able to take part in the game. http://rg.uws.ac.uk/
Description
Do your secondary students need motivation?
Do they understand how science works?
Would they want to take part in a science game?
The European ‘Research Game’ will inspire and teach your students the value and methodology of scientific research.
Your students can join the game, just write to us for more details.
This short prayer asks God for blessings over a family gathering where there is not enough food for all eight attendees, only enough for five people. It references dancing and moving creatively as a form of common sense and humor. The prayer asks God to keep the whole family alive during the dinner.
The document discusses having nuggets with peas and carrots for dinner and preparing to have a conversation. It expresses gratitude and notes that the meal is finished.
The document discusses marketing communication strategies and consumer behavior. It covers topics such as developing a business strategy, understanding the marketing objectives of a company, analyzing market growth and share, and examining how consumer decision making works. Specific models and frameworks are referenced, including the BCG matrix, PIMS framework, and McKinsey's consumer decision journey model. Consumer segmentation and typologies are explored through various archetypes along a demandscape. The role of communication strategy, creative messaging, and digital impact are also summarized at a high level.
Multilingual Families : Informace k projektu Joel Josephson
Multilingual Families : Supporting multilingual families A linguistic treasure for Europe. Preserving the linguistic and multicultural diversity of Europe immigrants and bilingual families. http://www.multilingual-families.eu/
The “Multilingual Families” project is an important project that is targeted at preserving the languages and culture of the 47.3 million immigrants living in the European Union and the many families with parents with more than one language . These people represent a linguistic treasure house for Europe and one that must be preserved to enhance the linguistic and multi-cultural diversity of Europe.
To preserve this treasure in to the second generation, the children of immigrants and linguistically diverse parents, is vital as a continuing linguistic resource.
Children who are bilingual are also a strong beacon to their monolingual peers that bilingualism, or multilingualism is obtainable.
FANTASIE, DREAMS, WILLPOWER, GOALS, ACHIVEMENTS, SUCCESS! HOW TO USE THESE TO HAVE BOTH TIME & MONEY! LIVE YOUR LIFE WITH STYLE! get the CHARISMA of Lifestyle & Marketing...
This document provides an overview of how local governments can use social media. It defines social media and outlines the opportunities it provides for engaging stakeholders, sharing information quickly and informally, and listening to constituent needs. Examples are given of how social media has been used successfully in emergency management, feedback requests, and public education. The document concludes with recommendations for developing a social media strategy and identifies tools and resources for governments getting started with social media.
The document provides an overview of constrained optimization using Lagrange multipliers. It begins with motivational examples of constrained optimization problems and then introduces the method of Lagrange multipliers, which involves setting up equations involving the functions to optimize and constrain and a Lagrange multiplier. Examples are worked through to demonstrate solving these systems of equations to find critical points. Caution is advised about dividing equations where one side could be zero. A contour plot example visually depicts the constrained critical points.
Lesson 21: Curve Sketching II (Section 4 version)Matthew Leingang
The document provides guidance on graphing functions by outlining a checklist process involving 4 steps: 1) finding signs of the function, 2) taking the derivative to determine monotonicity and local extrema, 3) taking the second derivative to determine concavity, and 4) combining the information into a graph. An example function is then graphed in detail to demonstrate the full process.
Lesson 26: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (Section 4 version)Matthew Leingang
The First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus looks at the area function and its derivative. It so happens that the derivative of the area function is the original integrand.
Lesson 21: Curve Sketching II (Section 10 version)Matthew Leingang
The document provides an outline and examples for graphing functions. It includes a checklist for graphing a function, which involves finding where the function is positive, negative, zero or undefined. It then discusses finding the first and second derivatives to determine monotonicity and concavity. Examples are provided to demonstrate this process, including graphing the function f(x) = x + √|x| and f(x) = xe-x^2. Key aspects like asymptotes, points of non-differentiability, and putting the analysis together into a graph are also covered.
S1. Fixed point iteration is a numerical method for solving equations of the form x = g(x) by making an initial guess x0 and repeatedly substituting xn into the right side to obtain xn+1.
S2. The method converges if g(x) is continuous and λ, the maximum absolute value of the derivative of g(x), is less than 1.
S3. Examples show that fixed point iteration can converge slowly if the derivative of g(x) at the root is close to 1, and Aitken's method can be used to accelerate convergence by extrapolating the iterates.
Lesson 26: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (Section 10 version)Matthew Leingang
The First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus looks at the area function and its derivative. It so happens that the derivative of the area function is the original integrand.
Computing integrals with Riemann sums is like computing derivatives with limits. The calculus of integrals turns out to come from antidifferentiation. This startling fact is the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus!
This document provides instructions for a MATLAB assignment with two parts. Part I involves constructing Lagrange interpolants for a given function. Students are asked to create MATLAB function files for Lagrange interpolation and for defining a test function, as well as a script file to test the interpolation. Part II involves solving a system of linear ordinary differential equations and constructing the solution at discrete time points. Students are asked to create a function file to solve the ODE using eigenvalues and eigenvectors, and a script file to test it on a sample problem. Detailed hints are provided for both parts.
The document is notes for a lesson on partial derivatives. It introduces partial derivatives and their motivation as slopes of curves through a point on a multi-variable function. It defines partial derivatives mathematically and gives an example. It also discusses second partial derivatives and notes that mixed partials are always equal due to Clairaut's Theorem when the function is continuous. Finally, it provides an example of calculating second partial derivatives.
Bai giang ham so kha vi va vi phan cua ham nhieu bienNhan Nguyen
This document introduces differentials in functions of several variables. It begins with a review of differentials in two variables using differentials dx and dy. It then extends the concept to functions of several variables, where the total differential dz is defined as the sum of its partial derivatives with respect to each variable times the differentials of those variables. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating total differentials and comparing them to actual changes. The relationship between differentiability and continuity is also discussed.
Computing integrals with Riemann sums is like computing derivatives with limits. The calculus of integrals turns out to come from antidifferentiation. This startling fact is the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus!
The document describes the process of integration by partial fractions. It explains that when the degree of the numerator is greater than or equal to the denominator, division is performed. Otherwise, the denominator is factored. For each linear factor, the numerator is written as a sum of terms divided by that factor. For multiple linear factors, the numerator is written as a sum of terms divided by powers of that factor. Examples are provided to demonstrate these steps.
The document provides a review outline for Midterm I in Math 1a. It includes the following topics:
- The Intermediate Value Theorem
- Limits (concept, computation, limits involving infinity)
- Continuity (concept, examples)
- Derivatives (concept, interpretations, implications, computation)
- It also provides learning objectives and outlines for each topic.
This document discusses limit laws and theorems for computing limits. It provides 10 limit laws for operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, powers, and roots. It also presents theorems for direct substitution, limits of functions that are equal near a point, and using algebraic manipulations to find limits. The squeeze/sandwich theorem is introduced for limits bounded above and below by functions that approach the same limit. Examples demonstrate applying these limit concepts.
This document discusses limit laws and theorems for computing limits. It provides 10 limit laws for operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, powers, and roots. It also covers the direct substitution property, that limits can be found by substituting the point into the function if it is defined, and two important theorems: that limits can be compared if one function is always less than or equal to another, and the squeeze/sandwich theorem which allows limits to be found if a function is squeezed between two others with known limits. Examples are provided to illustrate finding limits through algebraic manipulation and using these theorems.
Similar to Lesson 28: Lagrange Multipliers II (20)
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Things to Consider When Choosing a Website Developer for your Website | FODUUFODUU
Choosing the right website developer is crucial for your business. This article covers essential factors to consider, including experience, portfolio, technical skills, communication, pricing, reputation & reviews, cost and budget considerations and post-launch support. Make an informed decision to ensure your website meets your business goals.
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Overview
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6
Lesson 28: Lagrange Multipliers II
1. Lesson 28 (Sections 18.2–5)
Lagrange Multipliers II
Math 20
November 28, 2007
Announcements
Problem Set 11 assigned today. Due December 5.
next OH: Today 1–3 (SC 323)
Midterm II review: Tuesday 12/4, 7:30-9:00pm in Hall E
Midterm II: Thursday, 12/6, 7-8:30pm in Hall A
2. Outline
A homework problem
Restating the Method of Lagrange Multipliers
Statement
Justifications
Second order conditions
Compact feasibility sets
Ad hoc arguments
Analytic conditions
Example: More than two variables
More than one constraint
3. Problem 17.1.10
Problem
Maximize the quantity f (x, y , z) = Ax a y b z c subject to the
constraint that px + qy + rz = m. (Here A, a, b, c, p, q, r , m are
positive constants.)
4. Problem 17.1.10
Problem
Maximize the quantity f (x, y , z) = Ax a y b z c subject to the
constraint that px + qy + rz = m. (Here A, a, b, c, p, q, r , m are
positive constants.)
Solution (By elimination)
Solving the constraint for z in terms of x and y , we get
m − px − qy
z=
r
So we optimize the unconstrained function
Aab
x y (m − px − qy )c
f (x, y ) =
rc
5. We have
∂f (x, y ) A
= c ax a−1 y b (m − px − qy )c + x a y b c(m − px − qy )c−1 (−p)
x r
A
= c x a−1 y b (m − px − qy )c−1 [a(m − px − qy ) − cpx]
r
Likewise
∂f (x, y ) A
= c x a y b−1 (m − px − qy )c−1 [b(m − px − qy ) − cqy ]
y r
So throwing out the critical points where x = 0, y = 0, or z = 0
(these give minimal values of f , not maximal), we get
(a + c)px + aqy = am
bpx + (b + c)qy = bm
6. This is a fun exercise in Cramer’s Rule:
am aq 1 1
amq
bm (b + c)q b b+c
x= =
(a + c)p aq a+c a
pq
bp (b + c)q b b+c
amqc m a
= =
pq(ac + bc + c 2 ) p a+b+c
It follows that
m b m c
y= z=
q a+b+c r a+b+c
If this is a utility-maximization problem subject to fixed budget,
the portion spent on each good ( px , for instance) is the relative
m
a
degree to which that good multiplies utility ( a+b+c ).
7. Outline
A homework problem
Restating the Method of Lagrange Multipliers
Statement
Justifications
Second order conditions
Compact feasibility sets
Ad hoc arguments
Analytic conditions
Example: More than two variables
More than one constraint
8. Theorem (The Method of Lagrange Multipliers)
Let f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) and g (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) be functions of several
variables. The critical points of the function f restricted to the set
g = 0 are solutions to the equations:
∂f ∂g
(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = λ (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) for each i = 1, . . . , n
∂xi ∂xi
g (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = 0.
Note that this is n + 1 equations in n + 1 variables x1 , . . . , xn , λ.
9. Graphical Justification
In two variables, the critical points of f restricted to the level curve
g = 0 are found when the tangent to the the level curve of f is
parallel to the tangent to the level curve g = 0.
11. These tangents have slopes
dy fx dy gx
=− =−
and
dx fy dx gy
f g
So they are equal when
fy
fx g f
= x =⇒ x =
fy gy gx gy
or
fx = λgx
fy = λgy
12. Symbolic Justification
Suppose that we can use the relation g (x1 , . . . , xn ) = 0 to solve for
xn in terms of the the other variables x1 , . . . , xn−1 , after making
some choices. Then the critical points of f (x1 , . . . , xn ) are
unconstrained critical points of f (x1 , . . . , xn (x1 , . . . , xn−1 )).
f
x1 x2 xn
···
xn−1
x1 x2 ···
13. Now for any i = 1, . . . , n − 1,
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂xn
= +
∂xi ∂xi ∂xn ∂xi
g g
∂f ∂f ∂g /∂xi
−
=
∂xi ∂xn ∂g /∂xn
∂f
If = 0, then
∂xi g
∂f /∂xi ∂g /∂xi ∂f /∂xi ∂f /∂xn
⇐⇒
= =
∂f /∂xn ∂g /∂xn ∂g /∂xi ∂g /∂xn
∂f ∂g
So as before, =λ for all i.
∂xi ∂xi
14. Another perspective
To find the critical points of f subject to the constraint that
g = 0, create the lagrangian function
L = f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) − λg (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )
If L is restricted to the set g = 0, L = f and so the constrained
critical points are unconstrained critical points of L . So for each i,
∂L ∂f ∂g
= 0 =⇒ =λ .
∂xi ∂xi ∂xi
But also,
∂L
= 0 =⇒ g (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = 0.
∂λ
15. Outline
A homework problem
Restating the Method of Lagrange Multipliers
Statement
Justifications
Second order conditions
Compact feasibility sets
Ad hoc arguments
Analytic conditions
Example: More than two variables
More than one constraint
16. Second order conditions
The Method of Lagrange Multipliers finds the constrained critical
points, but doesn’t determine their “type” (max, min, neither).
So what then?
17. A dash of topology
Cf. Sections 17.2–3
Definition
A subset of Rn is called closed if it includes its boundary.
18. A dash of topology
Cf. Sections 17.2–3
Definition
A subset of Rn is called closed if it includes its boundary.
x2 + y2 ≤ 1
x2 + y2 ≤ 1 y ≥0
not closed closed
closed
Basically, if a subset is described by ≤ or ≥ inequalities, it is closed.
19. Definition
A subset of Rn is called bounded if it is contained within some
ball centered at the origin.
x2 + y2 ≤ 1
x2 + y2 ≤ 1 y ≥0
bounded not bounded
bounded
20. Definition
A subset of Rn is called compact if it is closed and bounded.
x2 + y2 ≤ 1
x2 + y2 ≤ 1 y ≥0
not compact not compact
compact
21. Optimizing over compact sets
Theorem (Compact Set Method)
To find the extreme values of function f on a compact set D of
Rn , it suffices to find
the (unconstrained) critical points of f “inside” D
the (constrained) critical points of f on the “boundary” of D.
22. Ad hoc arguments
If D is not compact, sometimes it’s still easy to argue that as x
gets farther away, f becomes larger, or smaller, so the critical
points are “obviously” maxes, or mins.
23. Ad hoc arguments
If D is not compact, sometimes it’s still easy to argue that as x
gets farther away, f becomes larger, or smaller, so the critical
points are “obviously” maxes, or mins.
(Example later)
24. Analytic conditions
Recall Equation 16.13, cf. Section 18.4
For the two-variable constrained optimization problem, we
have (look in the book if you want the gory details):
Lλλ Lλx Lλy
0 gx gy
d 2f
fxy − λgxy = Lxλ Lxx Lxy
− λgxx
= gx fxx
dx 2
Ly λ Lyx Lyy
g − λgyx gyy − λgyy
gy fyx
The critical point is a local max if this determinant is
negative, and a local min if this is positive.
The matrix on the right is the Hessian of the Lagrangian. But
there is still a distinction between this and the unconstrained
case. The constrained extrema are critical points of the
Lagrangian, not extrema.
Don’t worry too much about this!
25. Outline
A homework problem
Restating the Method of Lagrange Multipliers
Statement
Justifications
Second order conditions
Compact feasibility sets
Ad hoc arguments
Analytic conditions
Example: More than two variables
More than one constraint
26. Problem 17.1.10
Problem
Maximize the quantity f (x, y , z) = Ax a y b z c subject to the
constraint that px + qy + rz = m. (Here A, a, b, c, p, q, r , m are
positive constants.)
27. Problem 17.1.10
Problem
Maximize the quantity f (x, y , z) = Ax a y b z c subject to the
constraint that px + qy + rz = m. (Here A, a, b, c, p, q, r , m are
positive constants.)
Solution
The Lagrange equations are
Aax a−1 y b z c = λp
Abx a y b−1 z c = λq
Acx a y b z c−1 = λr
We rule out any solution with x, y , z, or λ equal to 0 (they will
minimize f , not maximize it).
28. Dividing the first two equations gives
ay p bp
= =⇒ y = x
bx q aq
Dividing the first and last equations gives
az p cp
= =⇒ z = x
cx r ar
Plugging these into the equation of constraint gives
bp cp m a
px + x + x = m =⇒ x =
a a p a+b+c
29. Outline
A homework problem
Restating the Method of Lagrange Multipliers
Statement
Justifications
Second order conditions
Compact feasibility sets
Ad hoc arguments
Analytic conditions
Example: More than two variables
More than one constraint
30. General method for more than one constraint
If we are optimizing f (x1 , . . . , xn ) subject to gj (x1 , . . . , xn ) ≡ 0,
j = 1, . . . , m we need multiple lambdas for them. The new
Lagrangian is
m
L (x1 , . . . , xn ) = f (x1 , . . . , xn ) − λj gj (x1 , . . . , xn )
j=1
∂L ∂L
The conditions are that = 0 and = 0 for all i and j. In
∂xi ∂λj
other words,
∂f ∂g1 ∂gm
+ · · · + λm
= λ1 (all i)
∂xi ∂xi ∂xi
gj (x1 , . . . , xn ) = 0 (all j)
32. Example
Find the minimum distance between the curves xy = 1 and
x + 2y = 1.
Reframing this, we can minimize
f (x, y , u, v ) = (x − u)2 + (y − v )2
subject to the constraints
xy − 1 = 0 u + 2v = 1.
34. The Lagrangian is
L = (x − u)2 + (y − v )2 − λ(xy − 1) − µ(u + 2v − 1)
So the Lagrangian equations are
2(x − u) = λy −2(x − u) = µ
2(y − v ) = λx −2(y − v ) = 2µ
Dividing the two λ equations and the two µ equations gives
x −u x −u
y 1
= =.
y −v y −v
x 2
Since the left-hand-sides are the same, we have 2y =√ Since
x.
√ 1 1
√ , or x = − 2, y = − √
xy = 1, we can say either x = 2, y = 2 2
35. √ 1
Suppose x = 2, y = √. Then
2
√ √
2−u 1 32
=⇒ 2u − v =
=
1 2 2
√ −v
2
This along with u + 2v = 1 gives
√ √
1 1
4−3 2
u= 1+3 2 v=
5 10
√ 1
If we instead choose x = − 2, y = − √2 , we get
√
1 1 3
2+ √
1−3 2
u= v=
5 5 2
37. Because f gets larger as x, y , u, and v get larger, the absolute
minimum is the smaller of these two critical values. So the
√
1
minimum distance is 5 9 − 4 2 .